1
夫恢恢乾德，萬類之所資始； 蕩蕩坤儀，九區之所均載。 考羲軒於往統，肇承天而理物； 訊炎昊於前辟，爰制地而疏疆。 襲冠帶以辨諸華，限要荒以殊遐裔，區分中外，其來尚矣。 九夷八狄，被青野而亙玄方； 七戎六蠻，綿西宇而橫南極。 繁種落，異君長，遇有道則時遵聲教，鐘無妄則爭肆虔劉，趨扇風塵，蓋其常性也。 詳求遐議，曆選深謨，莫不待以羈縻，防其猾夏。
Heaven's far-reaching creative power is what gives every living kind its first beginning. Earth's encompassing order holds the nine regions on an even plane. Tracing Fuxi and the Yellow Emperor through antiquity, the sages first took Heaven's mandate and set the world in order. They consulted the luminous forebears, then surveyed the soil and drew its outer marches. Robes and caps marked Chinese civilization, the inner and outer marches fenced off the far hinterlands, and the distinction between the heartland and beyond has been honored since high antiquity. The nine eastern Yi and eight northern Di stretch from green eastern wastes across the somber north. The seven Rong and six Man peoples thread the western wastes and reach toward the southern edge. Tribes proliferate under many chiefs: when the court embodies the Way they heed civilization for a season, but when calamity strikes they turn to raiding; raising turmoil in the borderlands is almost their default bent. Statesmen have long weighed distant counsel and layered plans: the usual answer is loose overlordship on the frontier, backed by vigilance against aggression toward China.
2
武帝受終衰魏，廓境全吳，威略既申，招攜斯廣，迷亂華之議，矜來遠之名，撫舊懷新，歲時無怠，凡四夷入貢者，有二十三國。 既而惠皇失德，中宗遷播，凶徒分據，天邑傾淪，朝化所覃，江外而已，賝貢之禮，於茲殆絕，殊風異俗，所未能詳。 故采其可知者，爲之傳云。 北狄竊號中壤，備於載記； 在其諸部種類，今略書之。
When Emperor Wu of Jin succeeded the tottering Wei, swallowed Wu, and let his armies speak, he reached far for allies, brushed aside nativist panic, and burnished the fame of welcoming distant peoples—soothing old clients and courting new ones year after year—until twenty-three foreign realms were sending tribute. Then the feckless Hui Emperor squandered moral authority, Emperor Yuan fled south, rebels carved up the north, and the capital fell; imperial influence ran only to the lands beyond the river, tribute from abroad nearly stopped, and the finer points of every foreign custom were lost to record. What follows is drawn only from what the sources still allow us to know. The northern peoples' brief seizure of the heartland is already laid out in the standard histories. Their subsidiary tribes are summarized here in outline.
3
東夷
The Eastern Yi.
4
東夷，夫餘國、馬韓、辰韓、肅慎氏、倭人、裨離等十國。
The Eastern Yi section comprises ten polities: Puyŏ, Mahan, Chinhan, the Sushen, the Wa, Pilü, and several others named in the text.
6
夫餘國
Puyŏ
7
=夫餘國，在玄菟北千餘-{里}-，南接鮮卑，北有弱水，地方二千里，戶八萬，有城邑宮室，地宜五穀。 其人強勇，會同揖讓之儀有似中國。 其出使，乃衣錦罽，以金銀飾腰。 其法，殺人者死，沒入其家； 盜者一責十二； 男女淫，婦人妒，皆殺之。 若有軍事，殺牛祭天，以其蹄占吉凶，蹄解者爲凶，合者爲吉。 死者以生人殉葬，有槨無棺。 其居喪，男女皆衣純白，婦人著布面衣，去玉佩。 出善馬及貂豽、美珠，珠大如酸棗。 其國殷富，自先世以來，未嘗被破。 其王印文稱「穢王之印」。 國中有古穢城，本穢貃之城也。
Puyŏ sits more than a thousand li north of Xuantu Commandery, with Xianbei along its southern frontier and the Weak River to the north; the kingdom spans two thousand square li, counts eighty thousand households, maintains walled towns and palace compounds, and its fields suit the staple grains. The people are hardy and bold, and their formal gatherings—with bows and yielding precedence—look much like Chinese court etiquette. Envoys dress in brocade felts and belt themselves with gold and silver when they travel abroad. Murder is a capital crime, and the killer's entire household is forfeited to the state. Theft is punished with a twelvefold restitution. Adultery and wifely jealousy alike carry the death penalty. Before a campaign they sacrifice an ox to Heaven and read the hooves: split hooves mean ill luck, closed hooves mean a good omen. The dead take human victims into the grave; burials use an outer shell but no inner coffin. Mourners of both sexes dress entirely in white; women veil their faces in plain cloth and lay aside their jade ornaments. Their exports include fine horses, sable and wildcat furs, and lustrous pearls the size of small jujubes. The realm is wealthy, and for generations it had never been conquered—until later troubles. The royal seal bears the legend 'Seal of the King of Mo,' reflecting the older graph still carved on Puyŏ regalia. The kingdom still holds an old fortress called Mo City, traditionally the seat of the Huimo (Hui-Mo) confederation.
8
武帝時，頻來朝貢，至，爲慕容廆所襲破，其王依慮自殺，子弟走保沃沮。 帝爲下詔曰：「夫餘王世守忠孝，爲惡虜所滅，其湣念之。 若其遺類足以復國者，當爲之方計，使得存立。」 有司奏護東夷校尉鮮于嬰不救夫餘，失於機略。 詔免嬰，以何龕代之。 明年，夫餘後王依羅遣詣龕，求率見人還復舊國。 仍請援。 龕上列，遣督郵賈沈以兵送之。 廆又要之于路，沈與戰，大敗之，廆衆退，羅得復國。 爾後每爲廆掠其種人，賣於中國。 帝湣之，又發詔以官物贖還，下司、冀二州，禁市夫餘之口。
Under Emperor Wu they often sent tribute, but on one such mission Murong Hui shattered their host; King Yilü took his own life, while princes and kinsmen fled into the Okjeo marshes for safety. The emperor issued an edict: 'Puyŏ's kings have long upheld loyalty and filial duty; a vicious foe wiped them out, and the court grieves for them. If enough survivors remain to rebuild the kingdom, ministers should lay plans so the state can endure.' The bureaus reported that Xianyu Ying, Colonel of the Eastern Yi, had withheld relief from Puyŏ and mishandled the crisis. An edict removed Ying from office and appointed He Kan in his place. The following year King Yiluo of the restored line appealed to He Kan, asking to lead his people home and refound the kingdom. He also begged for military support. He Kan forwarded the petition and sent the inspector Jia Shen with an escort to convoy them north. Murong Hui tried to ambush the column; Jia Shen gave battle, routed him decisively, and Yiluo recovered his kingdom once the Murong forces pulled back. Thereafter Murong Hui repeatedly raided Puyŏ captives and sold them into the Central Plains slave markets. The emperor took pity, ordered officials to buy the captives back with state funds, and instructed Si and Ji provinces to ban the sale of Puyŏ people.
10
三韓
The Three Han (Samhan)
12
韓種有三：一曰馬韓，二曰辰韓，三曰弁韓。 辰韓在帶方南，東西以海爲限。
The Han peoples fall into three branches: Mahan, Chinhan, and Pyŏnhan (Byŏnhan). Chinhan lies south of Daifang Commandery, hemmed by ocean on both east and west.
13
馬韓居山海之間，無城郭，凡有小國五十六所，大者萬戶，小者數千家，各有渠帥。 俗少綱紀，無跪拜之禮。 居處作土室，形如塚，其戶向上，舉家共在其中，無長幼男女之別。 不知乘牛馬，畜者但以送葬。 俗不重金銀錦罽，而貴瓔珠，用以綴衣或飾發垂耳。 其男子科頭露紒，衣布袍，履草蹻，性勇悍。 國中有所調役，及起築城隍，年少勇健者皆鑿其背皮，貫以大繩，以杖搖繩，終日歡呼力作，不以爲痛。 善用弓楯矛櫓，雖有鬥爭攻戰，而貴相屈服。 俗信鬼神，常以五月耕種畢，群聚歌舞以祭神； 至十月農事畢，亦如之。 國邑各立一人主祭天神，謂爲天君。 又置別邑，名曰蘇塗，立大木，懸鈴鼓。 其蘇塗之義，有似西域浮屠也，而所行善惡有異。
Mahan occupies the belt between coast and hills without walled cities: fifty-six petty chiefdoms, the largest near ten thousand households, the smallest a few thousand, each under its own headman. Customs are loosely ordered, and they observe no formal kneeling-and-bowing etiquette. They live in tomb-shaped earthen huts with roof hatches; entire families crowd inside without separating elders from youths or men from women. They neither ride cattle nor horses; livestock is kept solely for funeral processions. Gold, silver, and brocade matter little; strings of pearls are treasured for trimming robes or dangling from hair and ears. Men shave their crowns, knot their hair atop bare scalps, wear plain gowns and straw sandals, and are fierce by temperament. When corvée gangs go out to raise city walls, the young and hardy have ropes threaded through slits cut in their backs; foremen swing the lines with poles while the workers whoop through the day as if they felt no pain. They handle bows, shields, spears, and pavises well; even in battle they prize forcing the foe to submit rather than annihilating him. They are spirit-fearing: each fifth month, after the spring planting ends, whole villages gather to sing, dance, and sacrifice. They repeat the festival in the tenth month when the harvest work is done. Every chiefdom appoints a single priest of the sky god, locally titled 'Lord of Heaven.' They maintain sacred precincts called Sutu, where tall poles carry bells and drums for ritual. The Sutu cult resembles the Buddhist shrines of the Western Regions in outward form, though its moral teaching diverges sharply.
14
武帝、二年，其主頻遣使入貢方物，七年、八年、十年，又頻至。 ，詣東夷校尉何龕上獻。 復來，明年又請內附。
In the second year of Emperor Wu's reign their chief kept sending envoys with local tribute, and he appeared again often in the seventh, eighth, and tenth years. They then went to He Kan, Colonel of the Eastern Yi, to deliver the presentation. They returned the next season, and the year after that petitioned to be enrolled as imperial subjects.
15
辰韓在馬韓之東，自言秦之亡人避役入韓，韓割東界以居之，立城柵，言語有類秦人，由是或謂之爲秦韓。 初有六國，後稍分爲十二，又有弁辰，亦十二國，合四五萬戶，各有渠帥，皆屬於辰韓。 辰韓常用馬韓人作主，雖世世相承，而不得自立，明其流移之人，故爲馬韓所制也。 地宜五穀，俗饒蠶桑，善作縑布，服牛乘馬。 其風俗可類馬韓，兵器亦與之同。 初生子，便以石押其頭使扁。 喜舞，善彈瑟，瑟形似築。
Chinhan lies east of Mahan; by their own account they are Qin dynasty runaways who crossed the border to escape labor levies, were given the eastern marches to settle, built palisaded towns, and speak a dialect close to old Qin speech—so outsiders sometimes call them 'Qin Han.' They began as six chiefdoms that later split into twelve; Pyŏnjin adds another dozen polities, altogether some forty or fifty thousand households under local headmen, all owing allegiance to Chinhan. Chinhan routinely installs Mahan nobles as puppet kings; succession continues, yet native rulers never gain real independence—clear proof that these are immigrant lineages held in check by Mahan. The soil supports the staple grains, sericulture thrives, homespun is excellent, and the people both plow with oxen and ride horses. Daily life resembles Mahan, and their arms match Mahan patterns. Newborns have a stone pressed on the skull to flatten the forehead—a deliberate ideal of beauty. They love dancing and play the se zither well; the instrument looks like a hammered zhu.
16
武帝，其王遣使獻方物。 二年復來朝貢，七年又來。
Under Emperor Wu their ruler sent envoys bearing regional tribute. They returned for court audience in the second year and again in the seventh.
18
肅慎氏
Sushen
19
=肅慎氏一名挹婁，在不咸山北，去夫餘可六十日行。 東濱大海，西接寇漫汗國，北極弱水。 其土界廣袤數千里，居深山窮谷，其路險阻，車馬不通。 夏則巢居，冬則穴處。 父子世爲君長。 無文墨，以言語爲約。 有馬不乘，但以爲財產而已。 無牛羊，多畜豬，食其肉，衣其皮，績毛以爲布。 有樹名雒常，若中國有聖帝代立，則其木生皮可衣。 無井灶，作瓦鬲，受四五升以食。 坐則箕踞，以足挾肉而啖之，得凍肉，坐其上令暖。 土無鹽鐵，燒木作灰，灌取汁而食之。 俗皆編發，以布作襜，徑尺餘，以蔽前後。 將嫁娶，男以毛羽插女頭，女和則持歸，然後致禮娉之。 婦貞而女淫，貴壯而賤老，死者其日即葬之於野，交木作小槨，殺豬積其上，以爲死者之糧。 性凶悍，以無憂哀相尚。 父母死，男子不哭泣，哭者謂之不壯。 相盜竊，無多少皆殺之，故雖野處而不相犯。 有石砮，皮骨之甲，檀弓三尺五寸，楛矢長尺有咫。 其國東北有山出石，其利入鐵，將取之，必先祈神。
The Sushen—also known as Yilou—live north of Mount Buxian, about sixty days' march from Puyŏ. They front the sea on the east, touch the Koumanhan polity on the west, and run northward to the Weak River. Their domain spans thousands of li of rugged highlands; paths are so treacherous that carts and horses cannot penetrate. Summer homes are platforms in the trees; winter shelter is dug into the earth. Chieftainship passes from father to son without break. They keep no written records; agreements are sealed by word of mouth alone. Horses are hoarded as wealth, not ridden for transport. Cattle and sheep are absent, but pig herds are large; they eat pork, wear pigskin, and weave animal hair into cloth. They revere a 'Luochang' tree whose bark, they say, becomes wearable whenever a sage Son of Heaven ascends in China. They cook without proper hearths or wells, using small earthen cauldrons that hold only a few pints of food. They squat with knees wide, pinch meat between the toes to eat, and thaw frozen cuts by sitting on them. With no native salt or iron, they leach lye from wood ash and drink the bitter brine. Everyone braids the hair and wraps the body in a foot-wide cloth apron front and back. Courtship begins when a suitor sticks plumes in a girl's hair; if she accepts, he carries her home and only then completes bride-price formalities. Married women are expected to be faithful while maidens may take lovers; the strong are honored and the aged slighted; corpses go to the field the same day under a lattice of logs, with slaughtered pigs stacked above as provisions for the ghost. They are truculent by nature and admire a show of dry-eyed stoicism. Sons must not cry at a parent's funeral—tears are read as weakness. Theft of any amount is punished with death, which keeps even scattered hamlets from robbing neighbors. Their kit includes stone arrowheads, hide-and-bone armor, sandalwood bows three and a half feet long, and oak-shafted arrows eighteen inches in length. A northeastern peak yields a stone as hard as cast iron; miners pray to the spirits before they cut any out.
20
周武王時，獻其楛矢、石砮。 逮于周公輔成王，復遣使入賀，爾後千餘年，雖秦漢之盛，莫之致也。 及文帝作相，魏景元末，來貢楛矢、石砮、弓甲、貂皮之屬。 魏帝詔歸於相府，賜其王傉雞錦罽、綿帛。 至武帝元康初，復來貢獻。 元帝中興，又詣江左貢其石砮。 至成帝時，通貢于石季龍，四年方達。 季龍問之，答曰：「每候牛馬向西南眠者三年矣，是知有大國所在，故來一云。」
In the days of King Wu of Zhou they already offered tribute of oak-shafted arrows and stone heads. They sent another mission when the Duke of Zhou ruled for the boy king Cheng, then fell silent for a millennium—even the might of Qin and Han could not draw them back to court. Late in Wei's Jingyuan era, while Sima Yan still held the chancellorship, they renewed contact with gifts of arrows, stone heads, armor, and sable skins. The Wei court forwarded the tribute to the chancellor's bureau and sent King Nuji brocades and silks in return. Early in Emperor Wu's Yuankang reign they appeared at court once more. After Emperor Yuan revived the house south of the river, they crossed the Yangzi to present another gift of stone arrowheads. Under Emperor Cheng they sent tribute toward Shi Hu, but the mission needed four years to complete the journey. Shi Hu questioned the envoys, who replied: 'For three years our herds have slept facing southwest—an omen that a great realm lies in that direction—so we came to seek it.'
22
倭人
The Wa (Japan)
23
=在帶方東南大海中，依山島為國。 地多山林，無良田，食海物。 舊有百餘小國相接，至魏時，有三十國通好，戶有七萬。 男子無大小，悉黥面文身，自謂太伯之後。 又言上古使詣中國，皆自稱大夫。 昔夏少康之子封於會稽，斷髮文身以避蛟龍之害。 今倭人好沈沒取魚，亦文身以厭水禽。 計其道里，當會稽東冶之東。 其男子衣以橫幅，但結束相連，略無縫綴。 婦人衣如單被，穿其中央以貫頭，而皆被髮徒跣。 其地溫暖，俗種禾稻紵麻而蠶桑織績。 土無牛馬，有刀楯弓箭，以鐵為鏃。 有屋宇，父母兄弟臥息異處。 食飲用俎豆。 嫁娶不持錢帛，以衣迎之。 死有棺無槨，封土為冢。 初喪，哭泣不食肉，已葬，舉家入水澡浴自潔，以除不祥。 其舉大事，輒灼骨以占吉凶。 不知正歲四節，但計秋收之時以為年紀。 人多壽百年，或八九十。 國多婦女，不淫不妒。 無爭訟。 犯輕罪者沒其妻孥，重者族滅其家。 舊以男子為主，漢末倭人亂，攻伐不定，乃立女子爲王，名曰卑彌呼。
They dwell in the ocean southeast of Daifang Commandery, building their kingdom on clustered islands and coastal hills. Forested hills dominate and arable soil is scarce, so the diet relies heavily on seafood. Legend speaks of over a hundred petty realms; by the Wei period thirty still exchanged embassies, with some seventy thousand households all told. Every male, young or old, tattoos face and limbs and claims descent from Taibo of Wu. They add that ancient envoys to the Central Plains always presented themselves with the Chinese title 'grandee.' They cite the son of Xia Shaokang, enfeoffed at Kuaiji, who cropped his hair and tattooed his skin to ward off river dragons. Today's Wa are avid pearl divers and fishermen, tattooing themselves, they say, to frighten away sharks and sea monsters. By dead reckoning their archipelago lies east of the Eastern Ye naval station in old Kuaiji. Men wrap themselves in a single bolt of cloth, belted into place with almost no needlework. Women wear poncho-like shifts with a head hole cut in the middle, hair unbound and feet bare. The climate is mild; they grow rice, hemp, and ramie, and practice sericulture for cloth. Cattle and horses are absent, but iron-tipped bows, knives, and shields are common. They build proper houses, yet fathers, mothers, and brothers sleep in separate rooms. Meals are served on Chinese-style stands and trenchers. Marriages need no bride-price in coin; a gift of robes suffices to fetch the bride. Burials use inner coffins only, heaped over with a simple earthen mound. Mourners wail and abstain from meat until the funeral; afterward the entire family bathes in a stream to wash away pollution. Major decisions are preceded by scapulimancy—cracking heated bones for omens. They ignore the Chinese calendar; a year is reckoned from harvest to harvest. Many live a full century; octogenarians are common. Women outnumber men, yet adultery and jealousy are rare. Litigation is practically unknown. Petty crime costs a man his wife and children; serious crime brings extermination of the whole lineage. Kings had always been male, but the late-Han turmoil among the Wa produced endless civil war until the chiefs raised a woman named Himiko to the throne.
24
宣帝之平公孫氏也，其女王遣使至帶方朝見，其後貢聘不絶。 及文帝作相，又數至。 泰始初，遣使重譯入貢。
After Sima Yi crushed the Gongsun regime, Queen Himiko sent envoys to Daifang, and tribute thereafter never stopped. During Sima Zhao's regency they visited repeatedly. Early in the Taishi era they again sent missions, relayed through interpreters, bearing tribute.
26
裨離
Pilü
27
=裨離國在肅慎西北，馬行可二百日，領戶二萬。 養雲國去裨離馬行又五十日，領戶二萬。 寇莫汗國去養雲國又百日行，領戶五萬餘。 一群國去莫汗又百五十日，計去肅慎五萬餘-{里}-。 其風俗土壤並未詳。
Pilü lies northwest of the Sushen country, some two hundred days' ride away, with about twenty thousand households. Yangyun is another fifty days' ride beyond Pilü and also claims twenty thousand households. Kou Mohan lies a hundred days beyond Yangyun and numbers over fifty thousand households. Yiqun is a hundred fifty days past Mohan—well over fifty thousand li from the Sushen heartland by the reckoning here. Their manners and terrain are nowhere described in detail.
28
，各遣小部獻其方物。 至太熙初，復有牟奴國帥逸芝惟離、模盧國帥沙支臣芝、於離末利國帥加牟臣芝、蒲都國帥因末、繩全國帥馬路、沙樓國帥釤加，各遣正副使詣東夷校尉何龕歸化。
Each of these peoples then sent minor parties with regional tribute. Early in the Taixi era, chiefs named Yizhi Weili of Mourou, Shazhi Chenzhi of Molu, Jiamou Chenzhi of Yulimoli, Yinmo of Pudu, Malu of Shengquan, and Shan Jia of Shalou each sent paired envoys to Colonel He Kan to offer allegiance.
29
西戎
The Western Rong
30
西戎，吐谷渾、焉耆國、龜茲國、大宛國、康居國、大秦國、吐谷渾、吐延、葉延、辟奚、視連、視羆、樹洛幹。
The Western Rong chapter lists Tuyuhun (with sub-biographies for Tuyan, Yeyan, Pixi, Shilian, Shirong, and Shuluogan), Yanqi, Kucha, Dayuan, Kangju, and Da Qin.
32
吐谷渾
Tuyuhun
33
=吐谷渾，慕容廆之庶長兄也，其父涉歸分部落一千七百家以隸之。 及涉歸卒，廆嗣位，而二部馬鬥，廆怒曰：「先公分建有別，奈何不相遠離，而令馬鬥！」 吐谷渾曰：「馬爲畜耳，鬥其常性，何怒於人！ 乖別甚易，當去汝於萬里之外矣。」 於是遂行。 廆悔之，遣其長史史那蔞馮及父時耆舊追還之。 吐谷渾曰：「先公稱卜筮之言，當有二子克昌，祚流後裔。 我卑庶也、理無並大，今因馬而別，殆天所啟乎！ 諸君試驅馬令東，馬若還東，我當相隨去矣。」 樓馮遣從者二千騎，擁馬東出數百步，輒悲鳴西走。 如是者十餘輩，樓馮跪而言曰：「此非人事也。」 遂止。 鮮卑謂兄爲阿幹，廆追思之，作《阿幹之歌》，歲暮窮思，常歌之。
Tuyuhun was Murong Hui's senior half-brother; their father Shegui assigned him seventeen hundred families. After Shegui's death Murong Hui took the throne; when herds from the two camps brawled, Hui fumed: 'Our father split the herds for a reason—why mingle them until the stallions fight?' Tuyuhun retorted: 'Horses are animals; scrapping is what they do—why blame us? Breaking away is simple enough: I will take my people ten thousand li from you.' With that he struck westward. Murong Hui thought better of it and sent chief clerk Shinalou Feng and his father's old retainers to overtake him. ' Tuyuhun answered: 'Father's oracle promised two thriving lines whose fortune would reach distant heirs. I am the younger son with no claim to equal rank; if Heaven means us to divide over a horse fight, so be it. Try driving the herds east—if they wheel west again, I will follow fate westward.' Feng sent two thousand riders to prod the herds east, but within a few hundred paces the animals wheeled west, wailing.' ' After a dozen attempts Feng knelt and admitted: 'This is beyond human power.' He gave up the chase.' Xianbei calls an elder brother agan; Murong Hui composed the 'Agan Song' and sang it each year-end, brooding on his lost brother.
34
吐谷渾謂其部落曰：「我兄弟俱當享國，廆及曾玄才百餘年耳。 我玄孫已後，庶其昌乎！」 於是乃西附陰山。 屬永嘉之亂，始度隴而西，其後子孫據有西零已西甘松之界，極乎白蘭數千里。 然有城郭而不居，隨逐水草，廬帳爲屋，以肉酪爲糧。 其官置長史、司馬、將軍，頗識文字。 其男子通服長裙，帽或戴冪䍦。 婦人以金花爲首飾，辮髪縈後，綴以珠貝。 其婚姻，富家厚出娉財，竊女而去。 父卒，妻其群母； 兄亡，妻其諸嫂。 喪服制，葬訖而除。 國無常稅，調用不給，輒斂富室商人，取足而止。 殺人及盜馬者罪至死，他犯則征物以贖。 地宜大麥，而多蔓菁，頗有菽粟。 出蜀馬、犛牛。 西北雜種謂之爲阿柴虜，或號爲野虜焉。 吐谷渾年七十二卒，有子六十人，長曰吐延，嗣。
' Tuyuhun told his followers: 'Murong Hui may rule a century, no more. From my great-grandsons onward, our line will rise.' He then moved west to the Yinshan range.' When the Yongjia catastrophe struck he crossed Longxi westward; later generations held the belt from west of Xiling to Gansong and onward to Bailan—several thousand li of steppe. They built towns but lived in felt tents, following pasture, and lived on meat and fermented milk. They appointed chief clerks, majors, and generals, and had a modest command of writing. Men wore long skirts and sometimes veiled caps. Women braided their hair, coiled it behind, and decked it with gold flowers, pearls, and shell. Wealthy houses pay heavy bride-prices and carry off brides by elopement. When a father dies, his heir takes the widowed concubines as wives under their levirate custom. When an elder brother dies, his younger brothers marry the widows in the same fashion. They observe mourning grades but shed them as soon as the burial ends. There was no fixed tax schedule—shortfalls were met by squeezing merchants and rich households until the need was covered. Murder and horse theft brought execution; lesser crimes were ransomed with goods. The soil favors barley and turnips, with some beans and millet. They export Sichuan-style horses and yaks. Northwestern tribes call them the Acha Rong, or simply 'the wild Rong.' Tuyuhun died at seventy-two, leaving sixty sons; the eldest, Tuyan, succeeded.
35
吐延身長七尺八寸，雄姿魁傑，羌虜憚之，號曰項羽。 性俶儻不群，嘗慷慨謂其下曰：「大丈夫生不在中國，當高光之世，與韓、彭、吳、鄧並驅中原，定天下雌雄，使名垂竹帛，而潛竄窮山，隔在殊俗，不聞禮教於上京，不得策名於天府，生與麋鹿同群，死作氈裘之鬼，雖偷觀日月，獨不愧於心乎！」 性酷忍，而負其智，不能恤下，爲羌酋薑聰所刺。 劍猶在其身，謂其將紇拔泥曰：「豎子刺吾，吾之過也，上負先公，下愧士女。 所以控制諸羌者，以吾故也。 吾死之後，善相葉延，速保白蘭。」 言終而卒。 在位十三年，有子十二人，長子葉延嗣。
Tuyan stood seven feet eight inches, towered like a champion, and the Qiang dubbed him their 'Xiang Yu.' 'If a hero misses the Han founding age,' he told his men, 'he should still have matched Han Xin or Wu Qi on the Central Plain; hiding in barbarian hills, cut off from the capital's rites, nameless in heaven's registers, living like a deer and dying a felt-tent ghost—can such a life face the sun without shame?' He was ruthless, arrogant, and harsh to his men, until the Qiang chief Jiang Cong assassinated him. ' With the blade still in his chest he told general Heba Ni: 'That boy skewered me through my own fault—I have failed our father and shamed my people. Only I held the Qiang in check. After my death, guard Yeyan and fall back on the Bailan fastness.' He died as he finished speaking.' He ruled thirteen years and left twelve sons; Yeyan, the eldest, succeeded.
36
葉延年十歲，其父爲羌酋薑聰所害，每旦縛草爲薑聰之象，哭而射之，中之則號泣，不中則瞋目大呼。 其母謂曰：「姜聰，諸將已屠鱠之矣，汝何爲如此？」 葉延泣曰：「誠知射草人不益于先仇，以申罔極之志耳。」 性至孝，母病，五日不食，葉延亦不食。 長而沈毅，好問天地造化、帝王年曆。 司馬薄洛鄰曰：「臣等不學，實未審三皇何父之子，五帝誰母所生。」 延曰：「自羲皇以來，符命玄象昭言著見，而卿等面牆，何其鄙哉！ 語曰『夏蟲不知冬冰』，良不虛也。」 又曰：「《禮》云『公孫之子得以王父字爲氏』，吾祖始自昌黎光宅於此，今以吐谷渾爲氏，尊祖之義也。」 在位二十三年卒，年三十三。 有子四人，長子辟奚嗣。
At ten, after Jiang Cong murdered his father, Yeyan shaped straw effigies of Cong each dawn, weeping as he shot them—wailing when he hit, roaring when he missed. His mother said, 'Jiang Cong is dead—your officers minced him already—why torture yourself?' Yeyan wept, 'I know straw targets do not kill my enemy; I only vent a child's bottomless grief.' He was deeply filial: when his mother took ill he fasted five days, and Yeyan fasted with her. As a man he grew grave and inquisitive, pressing visitors about cosmogony and dynastic chronology. Steward Boluolin admitted, 'We are ignorant—we cannot say who fathered the Three Sovereigns or who bore the Five Emperors.' Yeyan snapped, 'Since Fuxi, heaven's omens have been plain as print—how can you plead ignorance? As the proverb says, summer bugs know nothing of winter ice—you prove it.' He added: The Rites allow a grandson to adopt a grandfather's name as clan; our forebear came out of Changli to settle here, so we will call ourselves Tuyuhun in his honor.' He reigned twenty-three years and died at thirty-three. He left four sons; Pixi, the eldest, succeeded.
37
辟奚性仁厚慈惠。 初聞苻堅之盛，遣使獻馬五十匹，金銀五百斤。 堅大悅，拜爲安遠將軍。 時辟奚三弟皆專恣，長史鐘惡地恐爲國害，謂司馬乞宿雲曰：「昔鄭莊公、秦昭王以一弟之寵，宗祀幾傾，況今三孽並驕，必爲社稷之患。 吾與公忝當元輔，若獲保首領以沒于地，先君有問，其將何辭！ 吾今誅之矣。」 宿雲請白辟奚，惡地曰：「吾王無斷，不可以告。」 於是因群下入覲，遂執三弟而誅之。 辟奚自投於床，惡地等奔而扶之，曰：「臣昨夢先王告臣云：『三弟將爲逆亂，汝速除之。』 臣謹奉先王之命矣。」 辟奚素友愛，因恍惚成疾，謂世子視連曰：「吾禍滅同生，何以見之於地下！ 國事大小，汝宜攝之，吾餘年殘命，寄食而已。」 遂以憂卒。 在位二十五年，時年四十二。 有子六人，視連嗣。
Pixi was mild, generous, and humane. Learning of Fu Jian's power, he sent fifty horses and five hundred jin of gold and silver. Fu Jian was delighted and named him General Who Pacifies the Distance. Pixi's three brothers grew overbearing; chief clerk Zhong Edi told major Qisuyun, 'Duke Zhuang of Zheng and King Zhaoxiang of Qin nearly lost the state to spoiled brothers—three such men will ruin us. If we cling to our necks while the realm collapses, what will we say to our late lord? I mean to kill them now.' Suyun wished to warn Pixi, but Edi said their soft king must not hear the plot.' They entered court with the crowd, seized the three royal brothers, and put them to death. Pixi collapsed on his couch; Edi caught him and lied, "I dreamed your late father commanded me: the three princes mean to rebel—purge them at once. I have obeyed that ghostly order." Pixi, ever fond of his brothers, sickened with grief and told crown prince Shilian, "I have murdered my own blood—how can I face them below? Take the reins of every matter; I am only a living corpse waiting for porridge.' He died of a broken heart. He had reigned twenty-five years and died at forty-two. Six sons survived him; Shilian inherited the throne.
38
視連既立，通娉於乞伏乾歸，拜爲白蘭王。 視連幼廉慎有志性，以父憂卒，不知政事，不飲酒遊田七年矣。 鐘惡地進曰：「夫人君者，以德-{御}-世，以威齊衆，養以五味，娛以聲色。 此四者，聖帝明王之所先也，而公皆略之。 昔昭公儉嗇而喪，偃王仁義而亡，然則仁義所以存身，亦所以亡己。 經國者，德禮也； 濟世者，刑法也。 二者或差，則綱維失緒。 明公奕葉重光，恩結西夏，雖仁孝發于天然，猶宜憲章周孔，不可獨追徐偃之仁，使刑德委而不建。」 視連泣曰：「先王追友于之痛，悲憤升遐，孤雖纂業，屍存而已。 聲色游娛，豈所安也！ 綱維刑禮，付之將來。」 臨終，謂其子視羆曰：「我高祖吐谷渾公常言子孫必有興者，永爲中國之西籓，慶流百世。 吾已不及，汝亦不見，當在汝之子孫輩耳。」 在位十五年而卒。 有二子，長曰視羆，少曰烏紇堤。
Shilian allied by marriage with Qifu Gangui of Western Qin and received the title King of Bailan. As a youth Shilian was scrupulous and serious; mourning a father who had died of sorrow, he refused wine, hunts, and active rule for seven years. ' Zhong Edi urged him: a ruler must blend kindness with majesty, comfort the senses, and feed the people—four things sage-kings put first. You have neglected all four. Duke Zhao of Lu starved on parsimony; King Yan of Xu perished on mercy—virtue alone can save or ruin a throne. Rites and virtue are the state's warp. Laws and punishments are its weft. Lose either thread and the whole fabric unravels. Your clan shines with accumulated virtue, yet you must model the Duke of Zhou and Confucius, not the lone mercy of King Yan that left law empty.' Shilian wept, "Father died of fraternal grief; I sit on the throne like a corpse. Music, women, and sport cannot heal me. Leave law and ritual to a later reign.' Dying, he told Shirong, "Our ancestor swore an heir would rise as China's western shield for a hundred generations. I shall miss that dawn; you will too—look for it in your children's age.' He reigned fifteen years and died. He left two sons: Shirong and Wugatidi.
39
視羆性英果，有雄略，嘗從容謂博士金城騫苞曰：「《易》云：『動靜有常，剛柔斷矣。』 先王以仁宰世，不任威刑，所以剛柔靡斷，取輕鄰敵。 當仁不讓，豈宜拱默者乎！ 今將秣馬厲兵，爭衡中國，先生以爲何如？」 苞曰：「大王之言，高世之略，秦隴英豪所願聞也。」 於是虛襟撫納，衆赴如歸。 乞伏乾歸遣使拜爲使持節、都督龍涸已西諸軍事、沙州牧、白蘭王。 視羆不受，謂使者曰：「自晉道不綱，奸雄競逐，劉、石虐亂，秦、燕跋扈，河南王處形勝之地，宜當糾合義兵，以懲不順，奈何私相假署，擬僭群凶！ 寡人承五祖之休烈，控弦之士二萬，方欲掃氛秦隴，清彼沙涼，然後飲馬涇渭，戮問鼎之豎，以一丸尼封東關，閉燕趙之路，迎天子于西京，以盡遐籓之節，終不能如季孟、子陽妄自尊大。 爲吾白河南王，何不立勳帝室，策名王府，建當年之功，流芳來葉邪！」 乾歸大怒，然憚其強，初猶結好，後竟遣衆擊之。 視羆大敗，退保白蘭。 在位十一年，年三十三卒。 子樹洛幹年少，傳位於烏紇堤。
Shirong, bold and ambitious, once asked the scholar Qian Bao, "The Book of Changes says motion and rest each have their rule; firm and supple must be judged. Our fathers ruled with kindness, not terror, so we seemed soft and neighbors despised us. When duty calls, a man cannot stay mute! I mean to sharpen swords and vie for the Central Plain—your view?" Bao answered, "That is a plan worthy of the age—every warrior of Longyou longs to hear it."' He opened his court and recruits poured in like kin coming home.' Gangui invested him as area commander west of Longqi, shepherd of Sha province, and King of Bailan. ' Shirong refused the patent and told the envoy that with China in chaos the Prince of Henan should rally loyal armies instead of handing out private commissions like every other warlord. I command twenty thousand riders under five heroic forebears; I will purge Qin-Liang, clear the western sands, wash my horses in the Jing and Wei, cut down pretenders who eye the tripods, seal the passes to Yan and Zhao, and escort the emperor home to Chang'an—yet I will not ape Gongshu Shu or Li Yi in crowning myself. Tell Gangui to serve the Jin house, earn a place in its registers, and win fame for his heirs instead.' Gangui raged yet dreaded him, feigned friendship, then sent an army. Shirong was routed and fled to the Bailan fastness. He ruled eleven years and died at thirty-three. Prince Shuluogan was a minor, so the throne passed to uncle Wugatidi.
40
烏紇堤一名大孩，性軟弱，耽酒淫色，不恤國事。 乞伏乾歸之入長安也，烏紇堤屢抄其境。 乾歸怒，率騎討之。 烏紇堤大敗，亡失萬餘口，保于南涼，遂卒于胡國。 在位八年，時年三十五。 視羆之子樹洛幹立。
Wugatidi, also called Dahai, was a drunk and a lecher who ignored government. When Gangui marched on Chang'an, Wugatidi raided his marches again and again. Gangui struck back with a cavalry expedition. Wugatidi lost ten thousand followers, fled to Southern Liang, and died among the Hu. He reigned eight years and died at thirty-five. Shuluogan, Shirong's son, took the throne.
41
樹洛幹九歲而孤，其母念氏聰惠有姿色，烏紇堤妻之，有寵，遂專國事。 洛幹十歲便自稱世子，年十六嗣立，率所部數千家奔歸莫何川，自稱大都督、車騎大將軍、大單于、吐谷渾王。 化行所部，衆庶樂業，號爲戊寅可汗，沙漒雜種莫不歸附。 乃宣言曰：「孤先祖避地於此，暨孤七世，思與群賢共康休緒。 今士馬桓桓，控弦數萬，孤將振威梁益，稱霸西戎，觀兵三秦，遠朝天子，諸君以爲何如？」 衆咸曰：「此盛德之事也，願大王自勉！」 乞伏乾歸甚忌之，率騎二萬，攻之於赤水。 樹洛幹大敗，遂降乾歸，乾歸拜爲平狄將軍、赤水都護，又以其弟吐護真爲捕虜將軍、層城都尉。 其後屢爲乞伏熾磐所破，又保白蘭，慚憤發病而卒。 在位九年，時年二十四。 熾磐聞其死，喜曰：「此虜矯矯，所謂有豕白蹄也。」 有子四人，世子拾虔嗣。 其後世嗣不絕。
Orphaned at nine, he saw his clever mother wed Wugatidi, who favored her and seized the government. At ten he declared himself crown prince; at sixteen he led thousands of families to the Mohe River, proclaiming himself shanyu and King of Tuyuhun. His rule won the people; tribes hailed him as the Wuyin Qaghan and flocked to his banner. ' He told his nobles, "Seven generations have camped in this refuge; I want you to help me build a lasting peace. Our host counts tens of thousands—I mean to awe Liang and Yi, dominate the western tribes, show force in Sanqin, and bow to the Jin emperor—what say you?' They cried, "That is the deed of a sage-king—lead on!"' Gangui, alarmed, brought twenty thousand riders to Chishui.' Shuluogan surrendered and Gangui named him Pacifier of the Di and warden of Chishui, while his brother became warden of the frontier forts. Qifu Chipan broke him repeatedly; he died of shame in Bailan. He reigned nine years and died at twenty-four. ' Chipan sneered, "That stiff-necked barbarian is the white-hoofed pig of the omen."' Four sons survived; Shiqian inherited.' The line continued without break.
43
焉耆國
Yanqi (Karashahr)
44
=焉耆國西去洛陽八千二百里，其地南至尉犁，北與烏孫接，方四百里。 四面有大山，道險隘，百人守之，千人不過。 其俗丈夫翦發，婦人衣襦，著大袴。 婚姻同華夏。 好貨利，任奸詭。 王有侍衛數十人，皆倨慢無尊卑之禮。
Yanqi lies 8,200 li west of Luoyang, borders Wusun on the north and Yuli on the south, and covers some four hundred square li. Ringed by mountains, its defiles let a hundred hold off a thousand. Men crop their hair; women wear jackets and baggy trousers. Wedding rites resemble Chinese practice. They are greedy and fond of guile. The king keeps a few dozen guards who slouch without court etiquette.
45
武帝太康中，其王龍安遣子入侍。 安夫人獪胡之女，妊身十二月，剖脅生子，曰會，立之爲世子。 會少而勇傑，安病篤，謂會曰：「我嘗爲龜茲王白山所辱，不忘於心。 汝能雪之，乃吾子也。」 及會立，襲滅白山，遂據其國，遣子熙歸本國爲王。 會有膽氣籌略，遂霸西胡，蔥嶺以東莫不服。 然恃勇輕率，嘗出宿於外，爲龜茲國人羅雲所殺。
Under Emperor Wu, King Long'an sent a son as hostage. Long'an's Hu wife carried twelve months, bore a son named Hui from a side cut, and had him named heir. The brave youth Hui heard his dying father say, "Kucha's King Baishan shamed me—never forget. Avenge that insult and you are truly my son.' Hui then crushed Baishan, seized Kucha, and installed his son Xi as king of Yanqi. Hui dominated the western regions; every state east of the Pamirs bowed. His rash courage killed him: a Kuchean named Luoyun murdered him on a night camp.
46
其後張駿遣沙州刺史楊宣率衆疆理西域，宣以部將張植爲前鋒，所向風靡。 軍次其國，熙距戰於賁侖城，爲植所敗。 植時屯鐵門，未至十餘-{里}-，熙又率衆先要之于遮留穀。 植將至，或曰：「漢祖畏于柏人，岑彭死于彭亡，今穀名遮留，殆將有伏？」 植單騎嘗之，果有伏發。 植馳擊敗之，進據尉犁，熙率群下四萬人肉袒降于宣。 呂光討西域，復降於光。 及光僭位，熙又遣子入侍。
Later Zhang Jun sent Yang Xuan west; Zhang Zhi led his van and swept all before him. Xi met Zhang Zhi at Benlun and was routed. Zhi camped at the Iron Gate; Xi ambushed him in Zhelu Gorge ten li short. ' A soldier warned, "Emperors feared place-names—this gorge means 'detain'—expect a trap."' Zhi scouted alone and sprung the ambush.' Zhi charged through, took Yuli, and Xi surrendered forty thousand men to Yang Xuan. He later submitted to Lü Guang's expedition. When Lü Guang seized the throne, Xi again sent a hostage.
48
龜茲國
Kucha
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=龜茲國西去洛陽八千二百八十-{里}-，俗有城郭，其城三重，中有佛塔廟千所。 人以田種畜牧爲業，男女皆翦發垂項。 王宮壯麗，煥若神居。
Kucha lies 8,280 li west of Luoyang, ringed by triple walls and a thousand Buddhist shrines. The people farm and herd; both sexes crop their hair to neck length. The royal palace gleams like a celestial mansion.
50
武帝太康中，其王遣子入侍。 惠懷末，以中國亂，遣使貢方物于張重華。 苻堅時，堅遣其將呂光率衆七萬伐之，其王白純距境不降，光進軍討平之。
Under Emperor Wu the king of Kucha sent a prince to Luoyang. As Jin collapsed at the end of Hui and Huai, they sent tribute to Zhang Chonghua of Former Liang. Fu Jian ordered Lü Guang west with seventy thousand men; King Baichun resisted until Guang crushed the kingdom.
52
大宛國
Dayuan (Ferghana)
53
=大宛國去洛陽萬三千三百五十-{里}-，南至大月氏，北接康居，大小七十餘城。 土宜稻麥，有蒲陶酒，多善馬，馬汗血。 其人皆深目多須。 其俗娶婦先以金同心指鐶爲娉，又以三婢試之。 不男者絕婚。 姦淫有子，皆卑其母。 與人馬乘不調墜死者，馬主出斂具。 善市賈，爭分銖之利，得中國金銀，輒爲器物，不用爲幣也。
Dayuan sits 13,350 li from Luoyang, reaches the Yuezhi on the south and Kangju on the north, and holds seventy-odd cities. The land grows rice and wheat, makes wine from grapes, and breeds the blood-sweating horses of legend. The people are deep-eyed and bearded. Grooms send a gold joint ring as bride-price and test brides with three servant girls. If the groom proves impotent, the match is voided. Children of adultery are raised to despise their mothers. When a guest falls from a poorly trained mount and dies, the horse's owner pays for the burial. They love haggling; Chinese gold and silver are cast into vessels, never left as bullion.
54
，武帝遣使楊顥拜其王藍庾爲大宛王。 藍庾卒，其子摩之立，遣使貢汗血馬，
Emperor Wu later sent Yang Hao to recognize King Lanyu of Dayuan. Lanyu's son Mozhi succeeded him and sent the famous sweat-blooded horses as tribute.
56
康居國
Kangju
57
=康居國在大宛西北可二千里，與粟弋、伊列鄰接。 其王居蘇薤城。 風俗及人貌、衣服略同大宛。 地和暖，饒桐柳蒲陶，多牛羊，出好馬。 泰始中，其王那鼻遣使上封事，並獻善馬。
Kangju lies two thousand li northwest of Ferghana, beside Suyi and Yilie. The king resides at Suoxie. Dress and faces resemble Dayuan. The climate is mild, paulownia and grapes abound, herds thrive, and the horses are excellent. In Taishi, King Nabi sent a memorial and fine horses.
59
大秦國
Da Qin (Rome)
60
=大秦國一名犁鞬，在西海之西，其地東西南北各數千里。 有城邑，其城周回百餘-{里}-。 屋宇皆以珊瑚爲棁栭，琉璃爲牆壁，水精爲柱礎。 其王有五宮，其宮相去各十-{里}-，每旦于一宮聽事，終而復始。 若國有災異，輒更立賢人，放其舊王，被放者亦不敢怨。 有官曹簿領，而文字習胡，亦有白蓋小車、旌旗之屬，及郵驛制置，一如中州。 其人長大，貌類中國人而胡服。 其土多出金玉寶物、明珠、大貝，有夜光璧、駭雞犀及火浣布，又能刺金縷繡及積錦縷罽。 以金銀爲錢，銀錢十當金錢之一。 安息、天竺人與之交市於海中，其利百倍。 鄰國使到者，輒廩以金錢。 途經大海，海水鹹苦不可食，商客往來皆齎三歲糧，是以至者稀少。
Da Qin—called Lijian—lies beyond the western sea, a realm thousands of li on a side. Its capital's walls stretch over a hundred li. Beams are coral, walls glass, and column bases crystal. The king rotates among five palaces ten li apart, holding court in each by turns. Disasters trigger abdication: a worthy replaces the king, who leaves without protest. Bureaucracy, post roads, and Hu-style script mirror China. They look like Chinese giants in foreign dress. Exports include luminous jade, fireproof cloth, and gold-thread embroidery. Silver coins trade at ten to one against gold. Parthian and Indian merchants reap hundredfold profits at sea. Envoys are feasted and paid in gold. The ocean crossing is so long and the water undrinkable that caravans pack three years' food, so few arrive.
61
漢時都護班超遣掾甘英使其國，入海，船人曰：「海中有思慕之物，往者莫不悲懷。 若漢使不戀父母妻子者，可入。」 英不能渡。 武帝太康中，其王遣使貢獻。
Ban Chao sent Gan Ying toward Rome; sailors warned of sea spirits that break the heart. Only men without family ties may sail on.' Gan Ying turned back. Under Emperor Wu the king of Da Qin sent tribute.
62
南蠻
Southern Man tribes
63
南蠻，林邑、扶南。
The Southern Man section covers Linyi and Funan.
65
林邑
Linyi (Champa)
66
=林邑國本漢時象林縣，則馬援鑄柱之處也，去南海三千里。 後漢末，縣功曹姓區，有子曰連，殺令自立爲王，子孫相承。 其後王無嗣，外孫范熊代立。 熊死，子逸立。 其俗皆開北戶以向日，至於居止，或東西無定。 人性凶悍，果於戰鬥，便山習水，不閑平地。 四時暄暖，無霜無雪，人皆倮露徒跣，以黑色爲美。 貴女賤男，同姓爲婚，婦先娉婿。 女嫁之時，著迦盤衣，橫幅合縫如井欄，首戴寶花。 居喪翦鬢謂之孝，燔屍中野謂之葬。 其王服天冠，被纓絡，每聽政，子弟侍臣皆不得近之。
Linyi began as Han's Xianglin county, where Ma Yuan raised his column, three thousand li from the southern coast. Late in Later Han a clerk surnamed Ou had a son Lian who murdered the magistrate and founded a royal line. When the line failed, grandson Fan Xiong took the throne. Fan Xiong's son Yi followed. Houses face north for light; settlements shift with the seasons. They are fierce fighters in jungle and river, awkward on open plains. Warm year-round, they go barefoot and prize dark skin. Women choose husbands, same-surname marriage is allowed, and daughters rank above sons. Brides don wraparound kapan robes and jeweled crowns. They shave temples for mourning and cremate the dead in the fields. The king hears lawsuits alone in heaven crown and jeweled veil.
67
自孫權以來，不朝中國。 至武帝太康中，始來貢獻。 ，範逸死，奴文纂位。 文，日南西卷縣夷帥範椎奴也。 嘗牧牛澗中，獲二鯉魚，化成鐵，用以爲刀。 刀成，乃對大石嶂而咒之曰：「鯉魚變化，冶成雙刀，石嶂破者，是有神靈。」 進斫之，石即瓦解。 文知其神，乃懷之。 隨商賈往來，見上國制度，至林邑，遂教逸作宮室、城邑及器械。 逸甚愛信之，使爲將。 文乃譖逸諸子，或徙或奔。 及逸死，無嗣，文遂自立爲王。 以逸妻妾悉置之高樓，從己者納之，不從者絕其食。 於是乃攻大岐界、小岐界、式僕、徐狼、屈都、乾魯、扶單等諸國，並之，有衆四五萬人。 遣使通表入貢於帝，其書皆胡字。 至，文率其衆攻陷日南，害太守夏侯覽，殺五六千人，餘奔九真，以覽屍祭天，鏟平西卷縣城，遂據日南。 告交州刺史硃蕃，求以日南北鄙橫山爲界。
Since Sun Quan's day they ignored Chinese suzerainty. They first sent tribute under Emperor Wu. When Fan Yi died childless, his retainer Wen seized the throne. Wen had been a slave of the Fan clan head in Rinan's Xijuan. Herding cattle, he netted two carp that turned to iron and forged a blade. He forged twin blades and swore at a cliff: if the rock splits, the gods favor him.' He struck and the cliff shattered. He kept the magical swords. Traveling with merchants he studied Chinese ways, then built Fan Yi palaces, walls, and arms. Fan Yi made him a favorite general. Wen slandered the princes until they fled or were exiled. When Yi died heirless, Wen crowned himself. He starved Fan Yi's harem on a tower, admitting only women who submitted to him. He conquered a ring of chiefdoms and gathered forty or fifty thousand warriors. He sent memorials in Cham script and offered tribute to Jin. Wen stormed Rinan, slew Warden Xia Houlan, massacred thousands, chased survivors to Jiuzhen, sacrificed the warden's body, razed Xijuan, and seized the commandery. He demanded Mount Heng as the new frontier in a letter to Inspector Zhu Fan.
68
初，徼外諸國嘗齎寶物自海路來貿貨，而交州刺史、日南太守多貪利侵侮，十折二三。 至刺史姜壯時，使韓戢領日南太守，戢估較太半，又伐船調枹，聲云征伐，由是諸國恚憤。 且林邑少田，貪日南之地，戢死絕，繼以謝擢，侵刻如初。 及覽至郡，又耽荒於酒，政教愈亂，故被破滅。
Frontier traders had long been fleeced by greedy Jiaozhou and Rinan officials who skimmed two or three tenths of every cargo. Under Jiang Zhuang, Han Ji as warden seized more than half their goods and pressed boats for a phantom war, enraging every kingdom. Linyi lacked fields and coveted Rinan; when Han Ji died, Xie Zhuo resumed the extortion. Warden Lan drank away his administration, so the coast fell to Wen.
69
既而文還林邑。 是歲，硃蕃使督護劉雄戍于日南，文復攻陷之。 四年，文又襲九真，害士庶十八九。 明年，征西督護滕畯率交廣之兵伐文于盧容，爲文所敗，退次九真。 其年，文死，子佛嗣。
Wen then withdrew to Linyi. Zhu Fan sent Liu Xiong to recover Rinan; Wen crushed him too. In the fourth year he ravaged Jiuzhen and slaughtered nine in ten of the people. Next year Teng Jun attacked him at Lurong and was routed, falling back to Jiuzhen. Wen died and his son Fo inherited.
70
升平末，廣州刺史勝含率衆伐之，佛懼，請降，含與盟而還。 至孝武帝甯康中，遣使貢獻。 至義熙中，每歲又來寇日南、九真、九德等諸郡，殺傷甚衆，交州遂致虛弱，而林邑亦用疲弊。
At Shengping's end Sheng Han forced Fo to surrender and withdrew after a treaty. Under Xiaowu's Ningkang era Fo again sent tribute. Through the Yixi years he raided Rinan, Jiuzhen, and Jiude yearly, bleeding Jiaozhou white while exhausting his own realm.
71
佛死，子胡達立，上疏貢金盤椀及金鉦等物。
Fo was succeeded by Huda, who sent gold vessels with his memorial.
73
扶南
Funan
74
=扶南西去林邑三千餘-{里}-，在海大灣中，其境廣袤三千里，有城邑宮室。 人皆醜黑拳發，倮身跣行。 性質直，不爲寇盜，以耕種爲務，一歲種，三歲獲。 又好雕文刻鏤，食器多以銀爲之，貢賦以金銀珠香。 亦有書記府庫，文字有類于胡。 喪葬婚姻略同林邑。
Funan sits three thousand li west of Linyi in a great gulf, with cities across three thousand li of coast. The people are dark, woolly-haired, and go nearly naked. They are honest farmers who sow one year and reap the third. They carve silver tableware and pay tribute in gold, pearls, and incense. They keep archives in a script akin to Kharosthi. Marriage and mourning echo Linyi custom.
75
其王本是女子，字葉柳。 時有外國人混潰者，先事神，夢神賜之弓，又教載舶入海。 混潰旦詣神祠，得弓，遂隨賈人泛海至扶南外邑。 葉柳率衆禦之，混潰舉弓，葉柳懼，遂降之。 於是混潰納以爲妻，而據其國。 後胤衰微，子孫不紹，其將範尋復世王扶南矣。
Their first monarch was a woman named Yeliu. A stranger Hunhun dreamed the gods gave him a bow and bade him sail to Funan. He took the bow at dawn and rode merchant ships to a Funan port. Queen Yeliu marched against him, quailed when he raised the divine bow, and surrendered. Hunhun married her and seized the throne. Later kings failed; general Fan Xun restored the dynasty.
76
武帝泰始初，遣使貢獻。 太康中，又頻來。 穆帝升平初，復有竺旃檀稱王，遣使貢馴象。 帝以殊方異獸，恐爲人患，詔還之。
At Taishi's start the king sent tribute. Taikang saw repeated embassies. Early in Shengping a ruler styled Zhu Zhantan sent a trained elephant. The court feared a rogue elephant and sent it home.
77
北狄
The Northern Di
78
北狄，匈奴。
The Northern Di section opens with the Xiongnu.
80
匈奴
The Xiongnu
81
=匈奴之類，總謂之北狄。 匈奴地南接燕趙，北暨沙漠，東連九夷，西距六戎。 世世自相君臣，不稟中國正朔。 夏曰薰鬻，殷曰鬼方，周曰獫狁，漢曰匈奴。 其強弱盛衰、風俗好尚區域所在，皆列于前史。
All northern steppe peoples are classed as Xiongnu here. Their steppe runs from Yan-Zhao to the desert, from the eastern Yi to the western Rong. They keep their own calendar and khans, ignoring Chinese reign titles. Xia knew them as Xunyu, Shang as Guifang, Zhou as Xianyun, Han as Xiongnu. Earlier histories already narrate their waxing, waning, and ways.
82
前漢末，匈奴大亂，五單于爭立，而呼韓邪單于失其國，攜率部落，入臣於漢。 漢嘉其意，割并州並界以安之。 於是匈奴五千餘落入居朔方諸郡，與漢人雜處。 呼韓邪感漢恩，來朝，漢因留之，賜其邸舍，猶因本號，聽稱單于，歲給綿絹錢穀，有如列侯。 子孫傳襲，歷代不絕。 其部落隨所居郡縣，使宰牧之，與編戶大同，而不輸貢賦。 多歷年所，戶口漸滋，彌漫北朔，轉難禁制。 後漢末，天下騷動，群臣競言胡人猥多，懼必爲寇，宜先爲其防。 建安中，魏武帝始分其衆爲五部，部立其中貴者爲帥，選漢人爲司馬以監督之。 魏末，復改帥爲都尉。 其左部都尉所統可萬餘落，居於太原故茲氏縣； 右部都尉可六千餘落，居祁縣； 南部都尉可三千餘落，居蒲子縣； 北部都尉可四千餘落，居新興縣； 中部都尉可六千餘落，居大陵縣。
Late Former Han split the steppe among five shanyus; Huhanye lost and submitted to Han. Han rewarded him with pasture along Bingzhou's frontier. Over five thousand Xiongnu camps settled inside Shuofang and mingled with Han farmers. Huhanye, grateful for Han favor, stayed at court in a subsidized mansion, kept his shanyu title, and drew a stipend like a Chinese noble. His line held the title for generations without break. They were administered like commoners but paid no taxes. Their numbers swelled along the northern marches until control frayed. Late Han ministers panicked that inner Hu settlers would rebel. Cao Cao split them into five divisions overseen by Han majors. Wei renamed the tribal commanders as commandants. The left commandant led over ten thousand camps around old Zishi in Taiyuan. The right commandant had six thousand camps in Qi county. The southern commandant held three thousand camps at Puzi. The northern commandant had four thousand camps in Xinxing. The central commandant led six thousand camps at Daling.
83
武帝踐阼後，塞外匈奴大水，塞泥、黑難等二萬餘落歸化，帝復納之，使居河西故宜陽城下。 後復與晉人雜居，由是平陽、西河、太原、新興、上党、樂平諸郡靡不有焉。 ，單于猛叛，屯孔邪城。 武帝遣婁侯何楨持節討之。 楨素有志略，以猛衆凶悍，非少兵所制，乃潛誘猛左部督李恪殺猛，於是匈奴震服，積年不敢復反。 其後稍因忿恨，殺害長史，漸爲邊患。 侍御史西河郭欽上疏曰：
Jin Wudi admitted twenty thousand flood refugees from beyond the wall and parked them west of the Yellow River near old Yiyang. They soon mingled with Jin subjects across Pingyang, Xihe, Taiyuan, Xinxing, Shangdang, and Leping. Shanyu Meng then rebelled from Kongye. Wudi sent He Zhen with imperial baton to crush the revolt. He Zhen bribed Meng's officer Li Ke to assassinate him, cowing the horde for years. Later grudges led them to murder Chinese officials and stir frontier trouble. Censor Guo Qin of Xihe memorialized the throne:
84
帝不納。 至，復有匈奴胡太阿厚率其部落二萬九千三百人歸化。 七年，又有匈奴胡都大博及萎莎胡等各率種類大小凡十萬餘口，詣雍州刺史扶風王駿降附。 明年，匈奴都督大豆得一育鞠等復率種落大小萬一千五百口，牛二萬二千頭，羊十萬五千口，車廬什物不可勝紀，來降，並貢其方物，帝並撫納之。
The emperor ignored him. Later the chieftain Tai Ahou brought twenty-nine thousand followers to surrender. In the seventh year Dubo, Weisha Hu, and others delivered over a hundred thousand people to Prince Sima Jun of Fufeng. Next year another column brought eleven thousand five hundred families, vast herds, and baggage; the court admitted them all.
85
北狄以部落爲類，其入居塞者有屠各種、鮮支種、寇頭種、烏譚種、赤勒種、捍蛭種、黑狼種、赤沙種、鬱鞞種、萎莎種、禿童種、勃蔑種、羌渠種、賀賴種、鐘跂種、大樓種、雍屈種、真樹種、力羯種，凡十九種，皆有部落，不相雜錯。 屠各最豪貴，故得爲單于，統領諸種。 其國號有左賢王、右賢王、左奕蠡王、右奕蠡王、左于陸王、右于陸王、左漸尚王、右漸尚王、左朔方王、右朔方王、左獨鹿王、右獨鹿王、左顯祿王、右顯祿王、左安樂王、右安樂王、凡十六等，皆用單于親子弟也。 其左賢王最貴，唯太子得居之。 其四姓，有呼延氏、卜氏、蘭氏、喬氏。 而呼延氏最貴，則有左日逐、右日逐，世爲輔相； 卜氏則有左沮渠、右沮渠； 蘭氏則有左當戶、右當戶； 喬氏則有左都侯、右都侯。 又有車陽、沮渠、餘地諸雜號，猶中國百官也。 其國人有綦毋氏、勒氏、皆勇健，好反叛。 武帝時，有騎督綦毋伣邪伐吳有功，遷赤沙都尉。
Inner Xiongnu splintered into nineteen named branches—Tuge, Xianzhi, Koutou, and the rest—each keeping separate camps. The Tuge were highest and supplied the shanyu who ruled the rest. Sixteen royal titles—worthy kings, guili kings, and so on—went to the khan's brothers and sons. Left Worthy King was the highest post, reserved for the heir. Four great clans were Huyan, Bu, Lan, and Qiao. Huyan chiefs monopolized the Left and Right Rizhu posts as hereditary chancellors. The Bu clan held Left and Right Juqu offices. The Lan clan held Left and Right Danghu. The Qiao clan held Left and Right Douhou. Miscellaneous titles mirrored Chinese bureaucracy. Qiwu and Le families were famed warriors and rebels. Wudi promoted Qiwu Xianye, who had served against Wu, to commandant of Chisha.
86
惠帝元康中，匈奴郝散攻上黨，殺長吏，入守上郡。 明年，散弟度元又率馮翊、北地羌胡攻破二郡。 自此已後，北狄漸盛，中原亂矣。
Yuankang saw Hao San seize Shangdang and kill its officials. His brother Duyuan then smashed Fengyi and Beidi with Qiang and Hu allies. After that the northern tribes grew bold and China slid into chaos.
87
史評
Historiographers' appraisal
88
史臣曰：夫宵形稟氣，是稱萬物之靈，系土隨方，乃有群分之異。 蹈仁義者爲中寓，肆凶獷者爲外夷，譬諸草木，區以別矣。 夷狄之徒，名教所絕，窺邊侯隙，自古爲患，稽諸前史，憑陵匪一。 軒皇北逐，唐帝南征，殷後東戡，周王西狩，皆所以禦其侵亂也。 嬴劉之際，匈奴最強； 元成之間，呼韓委質，漢嘉其節，處之中壤。 歷年斯永，種類逾繁，舛號殊名，不可勝載。 爰及泰始，匪革前迷，廣辟塞垣，更招種落，納萎莎之後附，開育鞠之新降，接帳連韝，充郊掩甸。 既而沸脣成俗，鳴鏑爲群，振鴞響而挻災，恣狼心而逞暴。 何楨縱策，弗沮於奸萌； 郭欽馳疏，無救於妖漸。 未環星紀，坐傾都邑，黎元塗地，凶族滔天。 跡其所由，抑武皇之失也。 吐谷渾分緒偽燕，遠辭正嫡，率東胡之餘衆，掩西羌之舊宇，綱疏政暇，地廣兵全，廓萬里之基，貽一匡之訓，弗忘忠義，良可嘉焉。 吐延夙標宏偉，見方于項籍，始遵朝化，遽夭于姜聰，高節不群，亦殊籓之秀也。 葉延至孝，寄新哀於射草； 辟奚深友，邁古烈于分荊； 視連蒸蒸，光奉先之義； 視羆矯矯，蘊經時之略； 洛幹童幼，早擅英規，未騁雄心，先摧凶手，奉順者必敗，豈天亡晉乎！ 且渾廆連枝，生自邊極，各謀孫而翼子，咸革裔而希華。 廆胤奸凶，假鳳圖而竊號，渾嗣忠謹，距龍涸而歸誠。 懷奸者數世而亡，資忠者累葉彌劭，積善余慶，斯言信矣。
They write: endowed with form and breath, humankind is cleverest, yet geography divides barbarian from Chinese. The humane belong to the heartland; the savage dwell beyond—like plants sorted by soil. Frontier peoples stand outside Confucian rites and have raided whenever China weakened. Sage-kings struck in every direction to repel them. Between Qin Shihuang and Gaozu the Xiongnu peaked; under Yuandi and Chengdi Huhanye submitted and Han lodged him inside the wall. Centuries passed, clans multiplied, and titles beyond counting. Taishi widened the frontier, welcomed Weisha and Yuju bands until camps carpeted the inner pasture. They grew arrogant, rode in war bands, and turned wolfish. Even He Zhen's plots could not choke the conspiracy at birth; Guo Qin's urgent memorial could not halt the gathering storm. Within a dozen years they overturned Luoyang and drowned the realm in blood. The editors blame this on Emperor Wu's policy. Tuyuhun broke from Murong Yan, led Donghu remnants west, seized Qiang grazing lands, built a vast realm, and kept faith with Jin—worthy of praise. Tuyan, likened to Xiang Yu, died serving Jin against a Qiang blade—a frontier hero. Yeyan vented grief on straw effigies—paragon filial piety; Pixi loved brothers beyond the call—rare loyalty; Shilian honored his father's memory; Shirong harbored grand strategy; Boy-king Shuluogan showed genius yet fell to treachery—almost as if heaven had doomed Jin. Hun and Hui were brothers from the edge of the world, yet one line turned Chinese while the other stayed steppe. Murong Hui's line seized the Yan throne; Tuyuhun's line kept faith with western Jin. Treachery burned out fast; loyalty flourished—proving the proverb that virtue brings reward.
89
贊曰：逖矣前王，區別群方。 叛由德弛，朝因化昌。 武后升圖，智昧遷胡。 遽淪家國，多謝明謨。 谷渾英奮，思矯穨運； 克昌其緒，實資忠訓。
Verse: ancient kings drew borders among the peoples. Rebellion followed lost virtue; order followed true teaching. Emperor Wu's successors took the throne with little wit for the Hu settlers they had invited inside. Throne and hearth were lost—little thanks to the court's vaunted wisdom. Tuyuhun strove to mend the broken age; and his house endured through loyal teaching.