1
蕭銑蕭銑,後梁宣帝曾孫也。 祖岩,隋開皇初叛隋降於陳,陳亡,為文帝所誅。 銑少孤貧,傭書自給,事母以孝聞。 煬帝時,以外戚擢授羅川令。
Xiao Xian was a great-grandson of Emperor Xuan of the Later Liang. His grandfather Yan had defected from Sui to Chen at the start of the Kaihuang era; after Chen's fall, Emperor Wen of Sui had him put to death. Orphaned and poor in his youth, Xian earned his living as a copyist and won renown for his devotion to his mother. During the reign of Emperor Yang, he was elevated on account of his imperial connections and appointed magistrate of Luochuan.
2
大業十三年,岳州校尉董景珍、雷世猛,旅帥鄭文秀、許玄徹、萬瓚、徐德基、郭華,沔州人張繡等同謀叛隋。 郡縣官屬眾欲推景珍為主,景珍曰:「吾素寒賤,雖假名號,眾必不從。 今若推主,當從眾望。 羅川令蕭銑,梁氏之後,寬仁大度,有武皇之風。 吾又聞帝王膺籙,必有符命,而隋氏冠帶,盡號『起梁』,斯乃蕭家中興之兆。 今請以為主,不亦應天順人乎?」 眾乃遣人諭意,銑大悅,報景珍書曰:「我之本國,昔在有隋,以小事大,朝貢無闕。 乃貪我土宇,滅我宗祊,我是以痛心疾首,無忘雪恥。 今天啟公等,協我心事,若合符節,豈非上玄之意也! 吾當糾率士庶,敬從來請。」 即日集得數千人,揚言討賊而實欲相應。 遇潁川賊帥沈柳生來寇羅川縣,銑擊之,不利,因謂其眾曰:「岳州豪傑首謀起義,請我為主。 今隋政不行,天下皆叛,吾雖欲獨守,力不自全。 且吾先人昔都此地,若從其請,必復梁祚,遣召柳生,亦當從我。」 眾皆大悅,即日自稱梁公,改隋服色,建梁旗幟。 柳生以眾歸之,拜為車騎大將軍,率眾往巴陵。 自起軍五日,遠近投附者數萬人。
In the thirteenth year of Daye, the Yuezhou commandant Dong Jingzhen and Lei Shimeng, together with the brigade leaders Zheng Wenxiu, Xu Xuanzhe, Wan Chan, Xu Diji, and Guo Hua, Zhang Xiu of Mianzhou, and others, conspired to rise against the Sui. The local officials and populace wanted to make Jingzhen their leader, but he said, "I have always been poor and obscure; even if I took a royal title, the people would never truly follow me. If we are to choose a leader now, we ought to follow the people's wishes. The magistrate of Luochuan, Xiao Xian, is a descendant of the Liang royal house — generous and broad-minded, with something of Emperor Wu's bearing. I have also heard that when emperors receive the Mandate, heaven sends omens — and among Sui officials, many bear the style name "Rising Liang," a sign that the Xiao house is destined to rise again. Let us make him our leader — would that not be to follow Heaven's will and the people's desire?" The rebels then sent envoys to convey their proposal. Xian was delighted and wrote back to Jingzhen: "My ancestral kingdom, under the Sui, had served the greater power faithfully, never failing in tribute or attendance at court. Yet they coveted our lands and destroyed our ancestral temples — that is why I have been consumed with grief and rage, never forgetting the debt of vengeance. Now Heaven has sent you to share my purpose — if our aims truly match, is this not the will of Heaven itself! I shall rally the gentry and common people and respectfully accept your invitation." That same day he mustered several thousand men, publicly vowing to suppress bandits while in truth preparing to join the uprising. When the Yingchuan bandit chief Shen Liusheng raided Luochuan County, Xian attacked him but was defeated. He then told his followers, "The heroes of Yuezhou were the first to rise in rebellion and have asked me to lead them. Sui rule has collapsed and the whole realm is in revolt; even if I wished to stand alone, I lack the strength to survive. Moreover, my ancestors once ruled from this region; if I accept their invitation, the Liang dynasty may rise again. Summon Liusheng — he will follow me as well." His followers rejoiced. That same day he proclaimed himself Duke of Liang, cast off Sui regalia, and raised the banners of Liang. Liusheng submitted with his troops and was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry; Xian then marched toward Baling at the head of his forces. Within five days of raising his army, tens of thousands from near and far had flocked to his banner.
3
景珍遣徐德基、郭華率州中首領數百人詣軍迎謁,未及見銑,而前造柳生。 柳生謂其下曰:「我先奉梁公,勳居第一。 今岳州兵眾,位多於我,我若入城,便出其下。 不如殺德基,質其首領,獨挾梁王進取州城。」 遂與左右殺德基,方詣中軍白銑。 銑大驚曰:「今欲撥亂,忽自相殺,我不能為汝主矣。」 乃步出軍門。 柳生大懼,伏地請罪,銑責而赦之,令復舊位。 銑陳兵入城,景珍進言於銑曰:「徐德基丹誠奉主,柳生凶悖擅殺之,若不加誅,何以為政? 且其為賊,凶頑已久,今雖從義,不革此心,同處一城,必將為變。 若不預圖,後悔無及。」 銑又從之。 景珍遂斬柳生於城內。 其下將帥皆潰散。 銑於是築壇於城南,燔燎告天,自稱梁王。 以有異鳥之瑞,建元為鳳鳴。 義寧二年,僭稱皇帝,署置百官,一准梁故事。 偽謚其從父琮為孝靖帝,祖岩為河間忠烈王,父璇為文憲王。 封董景珍為晉王,雷世猛為秦王,鄭文秀為楚王,許玄徹為燕王,萬瓚為魯王,張繡為齊王,楊道生為宋王。 隋將張鎮州、王仁壽擊之,不能克。 及聞隋滅,鎮州因與寧長真等率嶺表諸州盡降於銑。 九江鄱陽,初有林士弘僭號,俄自相誅滅,士弘逃於安成之山洞,其郡亦降於銑。 遣其將楊道生攻陷南郡,張繡略定嶺表,東至三硤,南盡交址,北拒漢川,皆附之,勝兵四十餘萬。
Jingzhen sent Xu Diji and Guo Hua with several hundred local leaders to welcome the army, but before they could reach Xian they went ahead to Liusheng's camp. Liusheng told his men, "I was the first to rally to the Duke of Liang, and my merit ranks first among you all. The Yuezhou forces are numerous and hold higher rank than I; if I enter the city, I will be subordinate to them. Better to kill Diji, take the other leaders hostage, and march on the prefectural city with the King of Liang under our sole control." He and his men then killed Diji and only afterward went to headquarters to inform Xian. Xian was appalled. "We mean to restore order to the realm," he said, "yet you turn on one another — I can no longer be your leader." He walked out of the camp gate on foot. Terrified, Liusheng prostrated himself to beg forgiveness. Xian rebuked him but pardoned him and restored him to his former command. Xian marched into the city at the head of his troops. Jingzhen urged him: "Xu Diji served you with absolute loyalty, yet Liusheng murdered him on his own authority. If such a man goes unpunished, how can you govern? Moreover, he has been a bandit chief for years — vicious and intractable. Though he now claims to follow the righteous cause, his nature has not changed. If he remains in the same city, he will surely make trouble. If we do not act preemptively, we will regret it when it is too late." Xian again took his advice. Jingzhen then had Liusheng beheaded inside the city walls. His officers and troops scattered in disarray. Xian then built an altar south of the city, offered burnt sacrifices to Heaven, and proclaimed himself King of Liang. Because of an omen involving a strange bird, he adopted the era name Fengming (Phoenix Cry). In the second year of Yining, he declared himself emperor, appointed a full bureaucracy, and modeled his court on Liang precedent. He conferred posthumous titles within his rebel regime: his father's cousin Cong as Emperor Xiaojing, his grandfather Yan as Loyal and Fierce King of Hejian, and his father Xuan as Cultured and Exemplary King. He enfeoffed Dong Jingzhen as King of Jin, Lei Shimeng as King of Qin, Zheng Wenxiu as King of Chu, Xu Xuanzhe as King of Yan, Wan Chan as King of Lu, Zhang Xiu as King of Qi, and Yang Daosheng as King of Song. The Sui generals Zhang Zhenzhou and Wang Renshou attacked him but could not defeat him. When word came that Sui had fallen, Zhenzhou joined Ning Changzhen and others in bringing all the Lingnan prefectures over to Xian's side. At Jiujiang and Poyang, Lin Shihong had first declared himself a rival ruler, but his followers soon turned on one another. Shihong fled to a mountain cave in Ancheng, and the region submitted to Xian as well. He sent Yang Daosheng to capture Nan commandery and Zhang Xiu to pacify Lingnan. His domain stretched east to the Three Gorges, south to Jiaozhi, and north to the Han River — all submitted to him, and his effective forces exceeded four hundred thousand.
4
武德元年,遷都江陵,修復園廟。 引岑文本為中書侍郎,令掌機密。 銑又遣楊道生攻硤州,刺史許紹出兵擊破之,赴水死者大半。 高祖詔夔州總管趙郡王孝恭率兵討之,拔其通、開二州,斬偽東平郡王蕭阇提。 時諸將橫恣,多專殺戮,銑因令罷兵,陽言營農,實奪將帥之權也。 其大司馬董景珍之弟為偽將軍,怨銑放其兵,遂謀為亂,事洩,為銑所誅。 時景珍出鎮長沙,銑下書赦之,召還江陵,景珍懼,遣間使詣孝恭送款。 銑遣其齊王張繡攻之,景珍謂繡曰:「『前年醢彭越,往年殺韓信』,卿豈不見之乎? 奈何今日相攻!」 繡不答,進兵圍之。 景珍潰圍而走,為其麾下所殺。 銑以繡為尚書令,繡恃勳驕慢,專恣弄權,銑又惡而殺之。 既大臣相次誅戮,故人邊將皆疑懼,多有叛者,銑不能復製,以故兵勢益弱。
In the first year of Wude, he moved his capital to Jiangling and restored the imperial ancestral temples. He appointed Cen Wuben Vice Director of the Secretariat and entrusted him with confidential state affairs. Xian again sent Yang Daosheng against Xiazhou, but Prefect Xu Shao marched out and routed him — more than half his men drowned trying to escape across the water. Emperor Gaozu ordered Prince Xiaogong of Zhao, area commander of Kuizhou, to campaign against him. Xiaogong captured Tong and Kai prefectures and beheaded Xian's puppet Dongping Prince, Xiao Sheti. His generals had grown arrogant and willful, often killing at will. Xian therefore ordered the armies disbanded, publicly citing the need to return to farming, but in truth to strip his commanders of military power. Dong Jingzhen's younger brother, a general in Xian's regime, resented having his troops disbanded and plotted rebellion. When the plot was exposed, Xian had him executed. Jingzhen was then stationed at Changsha. Xian issued a pardon and summoned him back to Jiangling. Fearful, Jingzhen sent a secret envoy to Xiaogong to offer his surrender. Xian sent his King of Qi, Zhang Xiu, to attack him. Jingzhen told Zhang Xiu, "'The year before last they made Peng Yue into mincemeat; last year they killed Han Xin' — have you not seen how this ends? Why must you attack me today!" Zhang Xiu made no reply and pressed the siege. Jingzhen broke out of the encirclement and fled, but his own men killed him. Xian appointed Zhang Xiu Director of the Department of State Affairs, but Zhang Xiu, arrogant on account of his merit, abused his power. Xian came to loathe him and had him killed. With his chief ministers executed one after another, his old comrades and frontier generals grew fearful and suspicious. Many rebelled, and Xian could no longer control them — his military strength steadily declined.
5
四年,高祖命趙郡王孝恭及李靖率巴蜀兵發自夔州,沿流而下; 廬江王瑗從襄州道,黔州刺史田世康趣辰州道,黃州總管周法明趣夏口道以圖銑。 及大軍將至,銑江州總管蓋彥舉以五州降。 又遣其將文士弘等率兵拒戰,孝恭與李靖皆擊破之,進逼其都。 初,銑之放兵散也,自留宿衛兵士數千人,忽聞孝恭至而倉卒追兵,並江、嶺之南,道里遼遠,未能相及。 孝恭縱兵入郭,布長圍以守之。 數日,克其水城,獲其舟船數千艘。 其交州總管丘和、長史高士廉、司馬杜之松等先來謁銑,聞兵敗,便詣李靖來降。 銑自度救兵不至,謂其群下曰:「天不祚梁,數歸於滅。 若待力屈,必害黎元,豈以我一人致傷百姓? 及城未拔,宜先出降,冀免亂兵,幸全眾庶。 諸人失我,何患無君?」 乃巡城號令,守陴者皆慟哭。 銑以太牢告於其廟,率官屬緦縗布幘而詣軍門,曰:「當死者唯銑,百姓非有罪也,請無殺掠。」 孝恭囚之,送於京師。 銑降後數日,江南救兵十餘萬一時大至,知銑降,皆送款於孝恭。 銑至,高祖數其罪,銑對曰:「隋失其鹿,英雄競逐,銑無天命,故至於此。 亦猶田橫南面,非負漢朝。 若以為罪,甘從鼎鑊。」 竟斬於都市,年三十九。 銑自初起,五年而滅。 杜伏威杜伏威,齊州章丘人也。 少落拓,不治產業,家貧無以自給,每穿窬為盜。 與輔公祏為刎頸之交。 公祏姑家以牧羊為業,公祏數攘羊以饋之,姑有憾焉,因發其盜事。 郡縣捕之急,伏威與公祏遂俱亡命,聚眾為群盜,時年十六。 常營護諸盜,出則居前,入則殿後,故其黨咸服之,共推為主。
In the fourth year, Emperor Gaozu ordered Prince Xiaogong of Zhao and Li Jing to lead Ba-Shu troops from Kuizhou downstream along the Yangzi; Prince Yuan of Lujiang advanced from Xiangzhou, Qianzhou Prefect Tian Shikang pressed in from Chenzhou, and Huangzhou area commander Zhou Faming moved on Xiakou — all converging on Xian. As the Tang armies approached, Xian's Jiangzhou area commander Gai Yanju surrendered with five prefectures. He sent Wen Shihong and other generals to resist, but Xiaogong and Li Jing defeated them and advanced on his capital. Earlier Xian had disbanded his armies and kept only a few thousand palace guards. When word came that Xiaogong had arrived, he tried desperately to recall his forces — but those south of the Yangzi and beyond the Lingnan ranges were too far away to reach him in time. Xiaogong stormed the outer city and laid siege with a tight encirclement. Within days they captured his river fortress and seized several thousand of his vessels. His Jiaozhou area commander Qiu He, chief administrator Gao Shilian, and vice minister Du Zhisong had earlier come to pay court to Xian; when they heard of his defeat, they went straight to Li Jing and surrendered. Seeing that relief would not come, Xian told his followers, "Heaven no longer favors Liang; our fate is sealed. If we hold out until our strength fails, the common people will suffer — shall I alone bring ruin upon them? Before the city falls, I ought to surrender first, in hope of sparing the people from the ravages of battle. You will lose me — but you will find another lord easily enough." He then walked the walls giving his orders, and the defenders on the battlements wept aloud. Xian offered the great sacrifice at his ancestral temple, then led his officials to the enemy camp in mourning dress and cloth headbands. "Only I deserve to die," he said; "the people are innocent. I beg you not to slaughter or plunder them." Xiaogong took him prisoner and sent him to the capital. A few days after Xian surrendered, more than a hundred thousand relief troops from south of the Yangzi arrived at once. Learning of his surrender, they all submitted to Xiaogong. When Xian arrived at court, Emperor Gaozu recounted his crimes. Xian replied, "When Sui lost the realm, heroes contended for it. I lacked Heaven's mandate — that is why it has come to this. It is like Tian Heng claiming kingship — not a betrayal of Han. If you deem that a crime, I gladly accept death in the cauldron." In the end he was beheaded in the capital marketplace. He was thirty-nine years old. From his first rising to his fall, Xian's regime lasted five years. Du Fuwei was a native of Zhangqiu in Qizhou. In his youth he was wild and shiftless, never managing the family estate. Poor and unable to support himself, he made his living as a burglar. He and Fu Gongshi were sworn brothers, bound by an oath unto death. Fu Gongshi's aunt's family raised sheep for a living. Gongshi repeatedly stole sheep to give to Fuwei. His aunt, resentful, reported his thefts to the authorities. The authorities pursued them hotly, and Fuwei and Gongshi fled together, gathering followers into a bandit band. Fuwei was sixteen at the time. He always guarded his fellow bandits on raids — marching out he took the lead, returning he brought up the rear. His comrades all respected him and chose him as their leader.
6
大業九年,率眾入長白山,投賊帥左君行,不被禮,因捨去,轉掠淮南,自稱將軍。 時下邳有苗海潮,亦聚眾為盜,伏威使公祏謂曰:「今同苦隋政,各興大義,力分勢弱,常恐見擒,何不合以為強,則不患隋軍相制。 若公能為主,吾當敬從,自揆不堪,可來聽命,不則一戰以決雄雌。」 海潮懼,即以其眾歸於伏威。 江都留守遣校尉宋顥率兵討之,伏威與戰,陽為奔北,引入葭蘆中,而從上風縱火,迫其步騎陷於大澤,火至皆燒死。 有海陵賊帥趙破陣,聞伏威兵少而輕之,遣使召伏威,請與併力。 伏威令公祏嚴兵居外以待變,親將十人持牛酒入謁。 破陣大悅,引伏威入幕,盡集其酋帥縱酒高會。 伏威於坐斬破陣而並其眾。 由此兵威稍盛,復屠安宜。
In the ninth year of Daye he led his followers to Mount Changbai and joined the bandit chief Zuo Junxing, but Junxing treated him poorly, so he left. He then turned to raiding Huainan and styled himself General. At Xiapi, Miao Haichao had also raised a bandit band. Fuwei sent Fu Gongshi to tell him, "We alike suffer under Sui rule and have each raised the banner of rebellion. Divided, we are weak and easily captured. Why not unite our forces? Together we need not fear the Sui armies. If you can lead, I will follow you gladly. If I am unworthy, come take command yourself — otherwise let battle decide between us." Haichao was frightened and submitted with all his followers. The Jiangdu garrison commissioner sent Commandant Song Hao against him. Fuwei feigned retreat, luring Song's men into the reed marshes, then set fire from upwind. Trapped in the swamp, Song's infantry and cavalry were burned alive. The Hailing bandit chief Zhao Pozhen, hearing that Fuwei's force was small, despised him and sent an envoy inviting Fuwei to join forces. Fuwei ordered Fu Gongshi to hold the troops ready outside while he himself led ten men bearing oxen and wine to Zhao's camp. Pozhen was delighted, brought Fuwei into his tent, gathered all his chieftains, and held a grand feast. At the feast Fuwei struck off Pozhen's head and absorbed his entire band. His military prestige grew thereafter, and he again put Anyi to the sword.
7
煬帝遣右御衛將軍陳棱以精兵八千討之,棱不敢戰,伏威遺棱婦人之服以激怒之,並致書號為「陳姥」,棱大怒,悉兵而至。 伏威逆拒,自出陣前挑戰,棱部將射中其額,伏威怒,指之曰:「不殺汝,我終不拔箭。」 遂馳之。 棱部將走奔其陣,伏威因入棱陣,大呼衝擊,所向披靡,獲所射者,使其拔箭,然後斬之,攜其首復入棱軍奮擊,殺數十人。 棱陣大潰,僅以身免。 乘勝破高郵縣,引兵據歷陽,自稱總管,分遣諸將略屬縣,所至輒下,江淮間小盜爭來附之。 伏威嘗選敢死之士五千人,號為「上募」,寵之甚厚,與同甘苦。 有攻戰,輒令上募擊之,及戰罷閱視,有中在背,便殺之,以其退而被擊也。 所獲貲財,皆以賞軍士,有戰死者,以其妻妾殉葬,故人自為戰,所向無敵。
Emperor Yang sent Right Imperial Guard General Chen Ling with eight thousand elite troops against him. Chen Ling hesitated to engage. Fuwei sent him women's clothing to provoke him and a letter addressing him as "Old Dame Chen." Enraged, Chen Ling marched out with his entire force. Fuwei met him in battle and rode out to challenge him personally. One of Chen Ling's officers shot him in the forehead. Fuwei, enraged, pointed at the man and cried, "I will not pull out this arrow until I have killed you!" He spurred his horse and charged. The officer fled back to Chen Ling's lines. Fuwei plunged into the enemy formation, shouting as he charged and cutting down all before him. He seized the archer, made him pull out the arrow, then beheaded him. Carrying the head, he charged back into Chen Ling's army and killed dozens more. Chen Ling's army collapsed in rout; he barely escaped with his life. Following up his victory, he captured Gaoyou County and established himself at Liyang, proclaiming himself area commander. He sent his generals to subdue the surrounding counties, which fell one after another. Small bandits throughout the Jiang-Huai region flocked to join him. Fuwei once selected five thousand dare-to-die warriors, called them the Elite Recruitment, treated them with exceptional favor, and shared their hardships. In battle he always sent the Elite Recruitment to the fore. After each engagement he inspected his men, and anyone with a wound in the back was executed — proof that he had turned and fled. All booty went to reward his soldiers. When a man fell in battle, his wives and concubines were buried with him. His men therefore fought willingly, and his army was invincible.
8
宇文化及之反也,署為歷陽太守,伏威不受。 又移居丹陽,進用人士,大修器械,薄賦斂,除殉葬法,其犯姦盜及官人貪濁者,無輕重皆殺之。 仍上表於越王侗,侗拜伏威為東道大總管,封楚王。 太宗之圍王世充,遣使招之,伏威請降。 高祖遣使就拜東南道行台尚書令、江淮以南安撫大使、上柱國,封吳王,賜姓李氏,預宗正屬籍,封其子德俊為山陽公,賜帛五千段、馬三百匹。 伏威遣其將軍陳正通、徐紹宗率兵來會。 武德四年,遣其將軍王雄誕討李子通於杭州,擒之以獻。 又破汪華於歙州,盡有江東、淮南之地,南接於嶺,東至於海。 尋聞太宗平劉黑闥,進攻徐圓朗,伏威懼而來朝,拜為太子太保,仍兼行台尚書令。 留於京師,禮之甚厚,位在齊王元吉之上,以寵異之。 初,輔公祏之反也,詐稱伏威之令,以紿其眾,高祖遣趙郡王孝恭討之。 時伏威在長安暴卒。 及公祏平,孝恭收得公祏反辭,不曉其詐,遽以奏聞,乃除伏威名,籍沒其妻子。 貞觀元年,太宗知其冤,赦之,復其官爵,葬以公禮。 輔公祏輔公祏,齊州臨濟人。 隋末,從杜伏威為群盜。 初,伏威自稱總管,以公祏為長史。 李子通之敗沈法興也,伏威使公祏以精卒數千渡江討之。 子通率眾數萬以拒公祏,兵鋒甚銳。 公祏簡甲士千人,皆使執長刀,仍令千餘人隨後,令之曰:「有卻者斬。」 公祏自領餘眾,復居其後。 俄而子通方陣而前,公祏所遣千人皆殊死決戰,公祏乃縱左右翼攻之,子通大潰,降其眾數千人。 公祏尋與伏威遣使歸國,拜為淮南道行台尚書左僕射,封舒國公。 初,伏威與公祏少相愛狎,公祏年長,伏威每兄事之,軍中咸呼為伯,畏敬與伏威等。 伏威潛忌之,為署其養子闞棱為左將軍,王雄誕為右將軍,推公祏為僕射,外示尊崇,而陰奪其兵權。 公祏知其意,怏怏不平,乃與故人左遊仙偽學道辟榖以遠其事。 武德五年,伏威將入朝,留公祏居守,復令雄誕典兵以副公祏,陰謂曰:「吾入京,若不失職,無令公祏為變。」 其後左遊仙乃說公祏令反。 會雄誕屬疾於家,公祏奪其兵,詐言伏威不得還江南,貽書令其起兵。 因僭即偽位,自稱宋國,於陳故都築宮以居焉。 署置百官,以左遊仙為兵部尚書、東南道大使、越州總管。 大修兵甲,轉漕糧饋。 時吳興賊帥沈法興據毗陵,公祏擊破之。 又遣其將馮惠亮屯於博望山,陳正通、徐紹宗屯於青林山以拒官軍。 高祖命趙郡王孝恭率諸將奮擊,大破之。 紹宗、正通以五騎奔於丹陽。 公祏懼而遁走,欲就左遊仙於會稽,至武康,為野人所執,送於丹陽,孝恭斬之,傳首京師。 公祏與伏威同起,至滅凡十三載,江東悉平。 初,伏威養壯士三十餘人為假子,分領兵馬,唯闞棱、王雄誕知名。 闞棱闞棱,齊州臨濟人。 善用大刀,長一丈,施兩刃,名為陌刃,每一舉,輒斃數人,前無當者。 及伏威據有江淮之地,棱數有戰功,署為左將軍。 伏威步兵皆出自群賊,類多放縱,有相侵奪者,棱必殺之,雖親故無所舍,令行禁止,路不拾遺。 後從伏威入朝,拜左領軍將軍,遷越州都督。 及公祏僭號,棱從軍討之,與陳正通相遇。 陣方接,棱脫兜鍪謂賊眾曰:「汝不識我邪? 何敢來戰!」 其眾多棱舊之所部,由是各無鬥志,或有還拜者。 公祏之破,棱功居多,頗有自矜之色。 及擒公祏,誣棱與己通謀。 又杜伏威、王雄誕及棱家產在賊中者,合從原放,孝恭乃皆籍沒。 棱訴理之,有忤於孝恭,孝恭怒,遂以謀反誅之。 王雄誕王雄誕者,曹州濟陰人。 初,伏威之起也,用其計,屢有克獲,署為驃騎將軍。 伏威後率眾渡淮,與海陵賊李子通合。 後子通惡伏威雄武,使騎襲之,伏威被重瘡墮馬,雄誕負之,逃於葭蘆中。 伏威復招集餘黨,攻劫郡縣,隋將來整又擊破之,亡失餘眾。 其部將西門君儀妻王氏勇決多力,負伏威而走,雄誕率麾下壯士十餘人衛護。 隋軍追至,雄誕輒還御之,身被數槍,勇氣彌厲,竟脫伏威。 時闞棱年長於雄誕,故軍中號棱為大將軍,雄誕為小將軍。
When Yuwen Huaji rebelled, he offered Fuwei the post of prefect of Liyang, but Fuwei refused. He moved his base to Danyang, recruited talented men, greatly expanded his armory, lightened taxes, and abolished the practice of burying wives with the dead. Adulterers, thieves, and corrupt officials were all put to death without regard to rank. He submitted a memorial to Prince Yue of Tong, who appointed him Grand Commander of the Eastern Circuit and enfeoffed him as King of Chu. When Emperor Taizong besieged Wang Shichong, he sent envoys to win Fuwei over, and Fuwei offered to surrender. Emperor Gaozu sent envoys to appoint him Director of the Department of State Affairs for the Southeastern Circuit, Pacification Commissioner for the lands south of the Jiang and Huai, and Pillar of State, enfeoffing him as Prince of Wu and granting him the imperial surname Li. His name was entered in the clan registry, his son Dejun was made Duke of Shanyang, and he received five thousand bolts of silk and three hundred horses. Fuwei sent his generals Chen Zhengtong and Xu Shaozong with troops to join the campaign. In the fourth year of Wude he sent Wang Xiongdan against Li Zitong at Hangzhou; Wang captured him and presented him to the court. He also defeated Wang Hua at Shezhou and came to hold all of Jiangdong and Huainan, his domain reaching south to the Lingnan ranges and east to the sea. When he learned that Emperor Taizong had defeated Liu Heita and was campaigning against Xu Yuanlang, Fuwei, fearful, came to court. He was appointed Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent while retaining his post as Director of the Department of State Affairs. He remained in the capital, where he was treated with exceptional honor, his rank placed above Prince Qi Yuanji as a mark of special favor. When Fu Gongshi rebelled, he falsely claimed to act on Fuwei's orders to deceive his followers. Emperor Gaozu sent Prince Xiaogong of Zhao against him. At that time Fuwei died suddenly in Chang'an. When Gongshi was defeated, Xiaogong seized his rebel correspondence. Not recognizing the deception, he reported immediately to the throne. Fuwei's name was struck from the rolls and his wife and children were confiscated. In the first year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong learned of the injustice, posthumously pardoned him, restored his offices and titles, and buried him with ducal honors. Fu Gongshi was a native of Linji in Qizhou. At the end of the Sui dynasty he followed Du Fuwei into banditry. When Fuwei first proclaimed himself area commander, he appointed Gongshi his chief administrator. When Li Zitong defeated Shen Faxing, Fuwei sent Gongshi with several thousand elite troops across the Yangzi to attack Li. Li Zitong led tens of thousands to resist Gongshi, and his army fought with great ferocity. Gongshi selected a thousand armored warriors armed with long blades and placed more than a thousand men behind them with the order: "Anyone who retreats will be beheaded." Gongshi himself led the remaining troops and took up position in the rear. When Li Zitong advanced in battle formation, Gongshi's thousand front-line warriors fought to the death. Gongshi then unleashed his flanking forces, routing Li Zitong completely and accepting the surrender of several thousand of his men. Gongshi soon joined Fuwei in sending envoys to submit to the Tang court. He was appointed Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs for the Huainan Circuit and enfeoffed as Duke of Shu. In their youth Fuwei and Gongshi had been close friends. Gongshi was the elder, and Fuwei always treated him as an elder brother. The army called him Elder Uncle and respected him as they did Fuwei himself. Fuwei secretly grew jealous of him. He appointed his foster son Kan Ling as Left General and Wang Xiongdan as Right General, while promoting Gongshi to Vice Director — outwardly honoring him but secretly stripping him of military power. Gongshi understood his intent and grew resentful. He and his old friend Zuo Youxian pretended to study the Way and practice grain avoidance to distance themselves from court affairs. In the fifth year of Wude, as Fuwei prepared to go to court, he left Gongshi in charge of Jiangnan and ordered Wang Xiongdan to assist him with the troops. He told Xiongdan privately, "If I retain my position in the capital, do not let Gongshi rebel." Zuo Youxian then persuaded Gongshi to rebel. When Wang Xiongdan fell ill at home, Gongshi seized his troops, falsely claimed that Fuwei could not return to Jiangnan, and sent orders for the army to rise in rebellion. He then presumptuously declared himself emperor of a State of Song and built a palace at the former Chen capital to serve as his residence. He appointed a full bureaucracy, making Zuo Youxian Minister of War, Commissioner of the Southeastern Circuit, and area commander of Yuezhou. He greatly expanded his armaments and organized grain transport by canal. The Wuxing bandit chief Shen Faxing held Piling at the time; Gongshi attacked and defeated him. He sent Feng Huiliang to hold Mount Bowang and Chen Zhengtong and Xu Shaozong to hold Mount Qinglin against the imperial forces. Emperor Gaozu ordered Prince Xiaogong of Zhao to lead the generals in a fierce assault and inflicted a crushing defeat. Shaozong and Zhengtong fled to Danyang with only five horsemen. Terrified, Gongshi fled toward Kuaiji to join Zuo Youxian. At Wukang he was seized by local villagers and sent to Danyang, where Xiaogong beheaded him and sent his head to the capital. Gongshi had risen with Fuwei; from their first rising to his fall thirteen years passed, and Jiangdong was fully pacified. Fuwei had taken more than thirty stalwart warriors as foster sons, each commanding troops; only Kan Ling and Wang Xiongdan were widely known. Kan Ling was a native of Linji in Qizhou. He excelled with a great blade ten feet long, double-edged, called the street blade. With each swing several men fell, and none could stand before him. When Fuwei held the Jiang-Huai region, Ling won repeated victories and was appointed Left General. Fuwei's infantry, drawn from bandit ranks, were largely undisciplined. Ling executed anyone who robbed his fellows, sparing neither kin nor friends. His discipline was so strict that lost objects lay untouched on the roads. He later followed Fuwei to court, was appointed General of the Left Guard Army, and was made area commander of Yuezhou. When Gongshi declared himself emperor, Ling joined the campaign against him and encountered Chen Zhengtong. As the battle lines met, Ling removed his helmet and called to the rebel troops, "Do you not know who I am? How dare you fight me!" Many of them had once served under Ling, and they lost all will to fight; some turned and bowed to him. Ling's merit in defeating Gongshi was the greatest, and he grew somewhat proud. When Gongshi was captured, he falsely accused Ling of conspiring with him. The family property of Du Fuwei, Wang Xiongdan, and Ling that had fallen into rebel hands should have been restored, but Xiaogong confiscated it all. Ling appealed for justice, offending Xiaogong, who in anger had him executed on a charge of treason. Wang Xiongdan was a native of Jiyin in Caozhou. When Fuwei first rose, he relied on Xiongdan's counsel and won repeated victories, appointing him General of Agile Cavalry. Fuwei later led his forces across the Huai and joined with the Hailing bandit Li Zitong. Li Zitong, resenting Fuwei's martial prowess, sent cavalry to attack him. Fuwei was gravely wounded and fell from his horse; Xiongdan carried him on his back and fled into the reed marshes. Fuwei rallied his remnant followers and raided the commanderies and counties, but the Sui general Lai Zheng defeated him again and he lost what remained of his force. His officer Ximen Junyi's wife, Lady Wang, was brave and exceptionally strong. She carried Fuwei on her back as they fled, while Xiongdan led a dozen of his finest warriors to guard them. When Sui troops pursued, Xiongdan always turned to fight them off. He took several spear wounds, yet fought with growing fury until Fuwei was safe. Kan Ling was older than Xiongdan, so the army called Ling the Great General and Xiongdan the Little General.
9
後伏威令輔公祏擊李子通於江都,使雄誕與棱為副,戰於溧水,子通大敗。 公祏乘勝追之,卻為子通所破,軍士皆堅壁不敢出。 雄誕謂公祏曰:「子通軍無營壘,且狃於初勝而不設備,若擊之,必克。」 公祏不從。 雄誕以其私屬數百人銜枚夜擊之,因順風縱火,子通大敗,走渡太湖,復破沈法興,居其地。 高祖聞伏威據有吳、楚,遣使諭之。 雄誕率眾討之,子通以精兵守獨松嶺,雄誕遣其部將陳當率千餘人,出其不意,乘高據險,多張旗幟,夜則縛炬火於樹上,佈滿山澤間。 子通大懼,燒營而走,保於杭州。 雄誕追擊敗之,擒子通於陣,送於京師。 歙州首領汪華,隋末據本郡稱王十餘年,雄誕回軍擊之。 華出新安洞口以拒雄誕,甲兵甚銳。 雄誕伏精兵於山谷間,率羸弱數千人當之,戰才合,偽退歸本營。 華攻之不能克,會日暮欲還,雄誕伏兵已據其洞口,華不得入,窘急面縛而降。 蘇州賊帥聞人遂安據崑山縣而無所屬,伏威又命雄誕攻之。 雄誕以崑山險隘,難以力勝,遂單騎詣其城下,陳國威靈,示以禍福,遂安感悅,率諸將出降。 以前後功授歙州總管,封宜春郡公。 伏威之入朝也,留輔公祏鎮江南,而兵馬屬於雄誕。 公祏將為逆,奪其兵,拘之別室,遣西門君儀諭以反計,雄誕曰:「當今方太平,吳王又在京輦,國家威靈,無遠不被,公何得為族滅事耶! 雄誕有死而已,不敢聞命。」 公祏知不可屈,遂縊殺之。 雄誕善撫卹將士,皆得其死力,每破城鎮,約勒部下,絲毫無犯,故死之日,江南士庶莫不為之流涕。 高祖嘉其節,命其子果襲封宜春郡公。 太宗即位,追贈左衛大將軍、越州都督,謚曰忠。
Later Fuwei ordered Fu Gongshi to attack Li Zitong at Jiangdu, with Xiongdan and Ling as his deputies. They fought at Lishui and routed Li Zitong completely. Gongshi pursued in victory but was in turn defeated by Li Zitong; his soldiers held their camps and dared not venture out. Xiongdan told Gongshi, "Li Zitong's army has no fortified camp and, emboldened by their first victory, is unprepared. If we attack now, we are sure to win." Gongshi refused. Xiongdan led several hundred of his personal followers in a night attack with gags in their mouths, setting fire downwind. Li Zitong was routed and fled across Lake Tai. Xiongdan then defeated Shen Faxing and occupied his territory. When Emperor Gaozu learned that Fuwei held Wu and Chu, he sent envoys to summon him. Xiongdan led his forces against Li Zitong, who held Dusong Ridge with elite troops. Xiongdan sent Chen Dang with more than a thousand men to take him by surprise, seizing the high ground and planting many banners. At night they bound torches to the trees until the hills and marshes blazed with light. Terrified, Li Zitong burned his camp and fled to Hangzhou. Xiongdan pursued, defeated him, captured Li Zitong on the field, and sent him to the capital. The Shezhou chieftain Wang Hua had held his commandery and styled himself king for more than ten years at the end of Sui. Xiongdan turned his army to attack him. Wang Hua marched out from the Xinan pass to resist Xiongdan with a fierce, well-armored force. Xiongdan hid elite troops in the valleys and advanced with a few thousand weak troops as bait. As soon as battle was joined, he feigned retreat to his camp. Wang Hua attacked but could not break through. At dusk he tried to withdraw, but Xiongdan's ambush had already seized the pass. Unable to enter, Wang Hua bound himself and surrendered in desperation. The Suzhou bandit chief Wenren Sui'an held Kunshan County without acknowledging any master. Fuwei again ordered Xiongdan to attack him. Finding Kunshan narrow and defensible and difficult to take by force, Xiongdan rode alone to the city walls, proclaimed the imperial majesty, and showed the consequences of resistance and submission. Moved, Sui'an led his generals out to surrender. For his accumulated merits he was appointed area commander of Shezhou and enfeoffed as Duke of Yichun. When Fuwei went to court, he left Fu Gongshi to hold Jiangnan while placing the troops under Xiongdan's command. When Gongshi prepared to rebel, he seized Xiongdan's troops and confined him in a separate room, sending Ximen Junyi to urge him to join. Xiongdan said, "The realm is at peace, the Prince of Wu is at court, and imperial authority reaches to the farthest corners — how can you undertake an act that will destroy your entire clan! I have only death to offer — I will not obey such an order." Knowing he could not be swayed, Gongshi had him strangled. Xiongdan was skilled at winning the loyalty of his officers and men, who served him unto death. Whenever he captured a town, he strictly forbade his troops from harming the populace. When he died, gentry and commoners throughout Jiangnan wept for him. Emperor Gaozu praised his integrity and ordered his son Guo to inherit the title of Duke of Yichun. When Emperor Taizong took the throne, he posthumously awarded him the titles of Left Guard General and area commander of Yuezhou, with the posthumous name Loyal.
10
果,垂拱初官至廣州都督,安西大都護。 沈法興沈法興,湖州武康人也。 父恪,陳特進、廣州刺史。 法興,隋大業末為吳興郡守。 東陽賊帥樓世干舉兵圍郡城,煬帝令法興與太僕丞元祐討之。 俄而宇文化及弒煬帝於江都,法興自以代居南土,宗族數千家,為遠近所服,乃與祐部將孫士漢、陳果仁執祐於坐,號令遠近。 以誅化及為名,發自東陽,行收兵,將趨江都,下餘杭郡,比至烏程,精卒六萬。 毗陵郡通守路道德率兵拒之,法興請與連和,因會盟襲殺道德,進據其城。 時齊郡賊帥樂伯通據丹陽,為化及城守,法興使果仁攻陷之,於是據有江表十餘郡,自署江南道總管。 復聞越王侗立,乃上表於侗,自稱大司馬、錄尚書事、天門公。 承製置百官,以陳果仁為司徒,孫士漢為司空,蔣元超為尚書左僕射,殷芊為尚書左丞,徐令言為尚書右丞,劉子翼為選部侍郎,李百藥為府掾。
Guo, at the beginning of the Chuigong era, rose to area commander of Guangzhou and Grand Protector of the Pacified West. Shen Faxing was a native of Wukang in Huzhou. His father Ke had been a Special Advancement of Chen and prefect of Guangzhou. At the end of the Daye era under Sui, Faxing was prefect of Wuxing commandery. The Dongyang bandit chief Lou Shigan besieged the commandery city. Emperor Yang ordered Faxing and the Vice Director of the Imperial Stud, Yuan You, to suppress him. Soon Yuwen Huaji murdered Emperor Yang at Jiangdu. Faxing, whose family had lived in the south for generations and whose clan numbered thousands of households respected throughout the region, joined Yuan You's subordinate generals Sun Shihan and Chen Guoren in seizing You at a banquet and proclaiming authority over the surrounding lands. Marching under the banner of punishing Huaji, he set out from Dongyang, gathering troops as he went toward Jiangdu. He captured Yuhang commandery, and by the time he reached Wucheng his elite force numbered sixty thousand. Lu Daode, communicating defender of Piling commandery, led troops to resist him. Faxing proposed an alliance, then ambushed and killed Daode at the treaty meeting and seized the city. The Qijun bandit chief Yue Botong held Danyang in service of Huaji. Faxing sent Chen Guoren to capture it and thereby came to hold more than ten commanderies south of the Yangzi, proclaiming himself area commander of the Jiangnan Circuit. When he learned that Prince Yue of Tong had been enthroned, he submitted a memorial to him, styling himself Grand Marshal, Recorder of the Department of State Affairs, and Duke of Tianmen. By imperial rescript he appointed a full bureaucracy: Chen Guoren as Minister of Education, Sun Shihan as Minister of Works, Jiang Yuanchao as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, Yin Qian as Left Assistant Director, Xu Lingyan as Right Assistant Director, Liu Ziyi as Vice Director of the Selection Bureau, and Li Baiyao as a bureau aide.
11
法興自克毗陵後,謂江淮已南可指捴而定,專立威刑,將士有小過,便即誅戮,而言笑自若,由是將士解體。 稱梁,建元曰延康,改易隋官,頗依陳氏故事。 是時,杜伏威據歷陽,陳棱據江都,李子通據海陵,並握強兵,俱有窺覦江表之志。 法興三面受敵,軍數挫衄。 陳棱尋被李子通圍於江都,棱窘急,送質求救,法興使其子綸領兵數萬救之。 子通率眾攻綸,大敗,乘勝渡江,陷其京口。 法興使蔣元超拒之於庱亭,元超戰死。 法興與左右數百人投吳郡賊帥聞人遂安,遣其將葉孝辯迎之。 法興至中路而悔,欲殺孝辯,更向會稽。 孝辯覺之,法興懼,乃赴江死。 初,法興以義寧二年起兵,至武德三年而滅。 李子通李子通,東海丞人也。 少貧賤,以魚獵為事。 居鄉里,見班白提挈者,必代之。 性好施惠,家無蓄積,睚眥之怨必報。 隋大業末,有賊帥左才相,自號博山公,據齊郡之長白山,子通歸之,以武力為才相所重。 有鄉人陷於賊者,必全護之。 時諸賊皆殘忍,唯子通獨行仁恕,由是人多歸之,未半歲,兵至萬人。 才相稍忌之,子通自引去,因渡淮,與杜伏威合。 尋為隋將來整所敗,子通擁其餘眾奔海陵,得眾二萬,自稱將軍。 初,宇文化及以隋將軍陳棱為江都太守,子通率師擊之。 棱南求救於沈法興,西乞師於杜伏威,二人各以兵至,伏威屯清流,法興保楊子,相去數十里間。 子通納言毛文深進計,募江南人詐為法興之兵,夜襲伏威。 伏威不悟,恨法興之侵己,又遣兵襲法興。 二人相疑,莫敢先動。 子通遂得盡銳攻陷江都,陳棱奔於伏威。 子通入據江都,盡虜其眾,因僭即皇帝位,國稱吳,建元為明政。
After capturing Piling, Faxing believed the lands south of the Jiang and Huai could be taken at a gesture. He ruled through terror, executing officers and soldiers for the slightest fault while chatting and laughing as if nothing had happened. His troops lost all morale. He declared himself ruler of Liang, adopted the era name Yankang, reformed the Sui bureaucracy, and largely followed Chen precedent. At that time Du Fuwei held Liyang, Chen Ling held Jiangdu, and Li Zitong held Hailing — each commanding a powerful army and each eyeing the lands south of the Yangzi. Faxing was beset on three sides, and his armies suffered repeated defeats. Soon Chen Ling was besieged at Jiangdu by Li Zitong. In desperate straits, Ling sent hostages to plead for aid, and Faxing dispatched his son Lun at the head of tens of thousands of men to relieve him. Zitong led his army against Lun and routed him, then pressed his advantage across the river and seized Jingkou. Faxing sent Jiang Yuanchao to hold Tingting, but Yuanchao was killed in battle. Faxing fled to the Wujun bandit chief Wenren Sui'an with several hundred followers and sent his general Ye Xiaobian to receive him. Midway on the journey Faxing had second thoughts and plotted to kill Xiaobian, then turned toward Kuaiji instead. Xiaobian discovered the plot. In terror, Faxing threw himself into the river and drowned. Faxing had first raised troops in the second year of Yining and was destroyed by the third year of Wude. Li Zitong was a native of Cheng in Donghai. In his youth he was poor and humble, making his living by fishing and hunting. In his home village he would always take the burdens from any white-haired elder he saw carrying loads. He was generous by nature and kept nothing in store, yet he always exacted revenge for the slightest slight. At the end of the Daye era, the bandit chief Zuo Caixiang styled himself Duke of Boshan and held Changbai Mountain in Qijun. Zitong joined him and won Caixiang's esteem through his fighting prowess. Whenever fellow villagers fell into the bandits' hands, he always protected them. All the other bandit leaders were cruel, but Zitong alone practiced mercy, and many men flocked to him. Within half a year his force numbered ten thousand. Caixiang grew jealous of him, and Zitong withdrew on his own initiative, crossed the Huai, and joined Du Fuwei. Soon the Sui general Lai Zheng defeated him. Zitong gathered the survivors and fled to Hailing, where he mustered twenty thousand men and proclaimed himself General. Yuwen Huaji had appointed the Sui general Chen Ling prefect of Jiangdu, and Zitong led his army against him. Chen Ling appealed south to Shen Faxing and west to Du Fuwei for reinforcements. Both came with their armies — Fuwei encamped at Qingliu and Faxing held Yangzi, some tens of li apart. Zitong's Remonstrance Director Mao Wenshen devised a stratagem to recruit Jiangnan men disguised as Faxing's soldiers for a night attack on Fuwei. Fuwei did not see through the ruse. Believing Faxing had attacked him, he sent troops against Faxing in turn. Mutual suspicion kept both armies motionless. Zitong then threw his full strength into the assault, captured Jiangdu, and Chen Ling fled to Fuwei. Zitong seized Jiangdu, absorbed Chen Ling's entire force, and proclaimed himself emperor of Wu with the era name Mingzheng.
12
丹陽賊帥樂伯通率眾萬餘來降,子通拜尚書左僕射。 更進擊法興於庱亭,斬其僕射蔣元超,法興棄城宵遁,遂有晉陵之地。 獲法興府掾李百藥,引為內史侍郎,使典文翰; 以法興尚書左丞殷芊為太常卿,使掌禮樂。 由是隋郡縣及江南人士多歸之。 後伏威遣輔公祏攻陷丹陽,進屯溧水,子通擊之,反為公祏所敗。 又屬糧盡,子通棄江都,保於京口,江西之地盡歸伏威。 子通又東走太湖,鳩集亡散,得二萬人,襲沈法興於吳郡,破之,率其官屬都於餘杭。 東至會稽,南至千嶺,西距宣城,北至太湖,盡有其地。
The Danyang bandit chief Yue Botong surrendered with more than ten thousand followers, and Zitong appointed him Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. He advanced again against Faxing at Tingting, killed Faxing's Vice Director Jiang Yuanchao, and drove Faxing from the city in a night flight, securing Jiling. He captured Faxing's aide Li Baiyao and appointed him Secretariat Vice Director in charge of documents; he made Faxing's former Left Assistant Director Yin Qian Minister of Ceremonies to oversee rites and music. Thereafter many officials and gentry from the former Sui commanderies and Jiangnan submitted to him. Later Fuwei sent Fu Gongshi to take Danyang and advance to Lishui. Zitong attacked him but was defeated. Supplies ran out, and Zitong abandoned Jiangdu for Jingkou while all the territory west of the river fell to Fuwei. Zitong fled east to Lake Tai, rallied scattered survivors to twenty thousand men, routed Shen Faxing at Wujun, and moved his court to Yuhang. His domain stretched east to Kuaiji, south to Qianling, west to Xuancheng, and north to Lake Tai.
13
未幾,杜伏威遣其將王雄誕攻之,大戰於蘇州,子通敗績,退保餘杭。 雄誕進逼之,戰於城下,軍覆敗,子通窮蹙請降。 伏威執之,並其左僕射樂伯通送於京師,盡收其地。 高祖不之罪,賜宅一區、公田五頃,禮賜甚厚。 及伏威來朝,子通謂伯通曰:「伏威既來,東方未靜,我所部兵,多在江外,往彼收之,可有大功於天下矣。」 遂相與亡,至藍田關,為吏所獲,與伯通俱伏誅。 時又有朱粲、林士弘、張善安,皆僭號於江、淮之間。 朱粲朱粲者,亳州城父人也。 初為縣佐史。 大業末,從軍討長白山賊,遂聚結為群盜,號「可達寒賊」,自稱迦樓羅王,眾至十餘萬。 引軍渡淮,屠竟陵、沔陽,後轉掠山南,郡縣不能守,所至殺戮,噍類無遺。 義寧中,招慰使馬元規擊破之。 俄而收輯餘眾,兵又大盛,僭稱楚帝於冠軍,建元為昌達,攻陷鄧州,有眾二十萬。 粲所克州縣,皆發其藏粟以充食,遷徙無常,去輒焚余貲,毀城郭,又不務稼穡,以劫掠為業。 於是百姓大餒,死者如積,人多相食。 軍中罄竭,無所虜掠,乃取嬰兒蒸而啖之,因令軍士曰:「食之美者,寧過於人肉乎! 但令他國有人,我何所慮?」 即勒所部,有略得婦人小兒皆烹之,分給軍士,乃稅諸城堡,取小弱男女以益兵糧。 隋著作佐郎陸從典、通事舍人顏愍楚因譴左遷,並在南陽,粲悉引之為賓客,後遭飢餒,合家為賊所啖。 又諸城懼稅,皆相攜逃散。 顯州首領楊士林、田瓚率兵以背粲,諸州響應,相聚而攻之,大戰於淮源。 粲敗,以數千兵奔於菊潭縣,遣使請降。 高祖令假散騎常侍段確迎勞之,確因醉,侮粲曰:「聞卿啖人,作何滋味?」 粲曰:「若啖嗜酒之人,正似糟藏豬肉。」 確怒,慢罵曰:「狂賊,入朝後一頭奴耳,更得啖人乎!」 粲懼,於坐收確及從者數十人,奔於王世充,拜為龍驤大將軍。 東都平,獲之,斬於洛水之上。 士庶嫉其殘忍,競投瓦礫以擊其屍,須臾封之若冢。 林士弘林士弘者,饒州鄱陽人也。 大業十二年,與其鄉人操師乞起為群盜。 師乞自號元興王,攻陷豫章郡而據之,以士弘為大將軍。 隋遣持書侍御史劉子翊率師討之,師乞中矢而死。 士弘代董其眾,復與子翊大戰於彭蠡湖,隋師敗績,子翊死之。 士弘大振,兵至十餘萬。 大業十三年,徙據虔州,自稱皇帝,國號楚,建元太平,以其黨王戎為司空。 攻陷臨川、廬陵、南康、宜春等諸郡,北至九江,南洎番禺,悉有其地。 其黨張善安保南康郡,懷貳於士弘,以舟師循江而下,擊破豫章。 士弘尚有南昌、虔、循、潮數州之地。 及蕭銑破後,散兵稍往歸之,士弘復振。 荊州總管趙王孝恭遣使招慰之,其循、潮二州並來降。 武德五年,士弘遣其弟鄱陽王藥師率兵二萬攻圍循州,刺史楊略與戰,大破之。 士弘懼而遁走,潛保於安城之山洞。 王戎亦以南昌來降,拜為南昌州刺史。 戎於是召士弘藏之於宅,招誘舊兵,更謀作亂。 其年,洪州總管張善安密知其事,發兵討之,會士弘死,部兵潰散,戎為善安所虜。 張善安張善安者,兗州方與人也。 年十七便為劫盜,轉掠淮南,有眾百餘人。 會孟讓為王世充所破,其散卒稍歸之,得八百人。 襲破廬江郡,因渡江,附林士弘於豫章。 士弘不信之,營於南塘上。 善安憾之,襲擊士弘,焚其郛郭。 而士弘後去豫章,善安復來據之,仍以其地歸國,授洪州總管。 輔公祏之反也,善安亦舉兵相應,公祏以為西南道大行台。 安撫使李大亮以兵擊之,兩軍隔水而陣,大亮諭以禍福。 答曰:「善安無背逆之心,但為將士所誤。 今欲歸降,又恐不免於死。」 大亮謂曰:「張總管既有降心,吾亦不相疑阻。」 因獨身逾澗就之,入其陣,與善安握手交言,示無猜意。 善安大喜,因許降,將數十騎至大亮營,大亮引之而入,因令武士執之,從者遁走。 既而送善安於長安,稱不與公祏交通,高祖初善遇之。 及公祏敗,搜得其書,與相往復,遂誅之。 羅藝羅藝,字子延,本襄陽人也,寓居京兆之雲陽。 父榮,隋監門將軍。 藝性桀黠,剛愎不仁,勇於攻戰,善射,能弄槊。 大業時,屢以軍功官至虎賁郎將,煬帝令受右武衛大將軍李景節度,督軍於北平。 藝少習戎旅,分部嚴肅,然任氣縱暴,每凌侮於景,頻為景所辱,藝深銜之。 後遇天下大亂,涿郡物殷阜,加有伐遼器仗,倉粟盈積。 又臨朔宮中多珍產,屯兵數萬,而諸賊競來侵掠。 留守官虎賁郎將趙什住、賀蘭誼、晉文衍等皆不能拒,唯藝獨出戰,前後破賊不可勝計,威勢日重。 什住等頗忌藝,藝陰知之,將圖為亂,乃宣言於眾曰:「吾輩討賊,甚有功效,城中倉庫山積,制在留守之官,而無心濟貧,此豈存恤之意也!」 以此言激怒其眾,眾人皆怨。 既而旋師,郡丞出城候藝,藝因執之陳兵,而什住等懼,皆來聽命。 於是發庫物以賜戰士,開倉以賑窮乏,境內咸悅。 殺渤海太守唐禕等不同己者數人,威振邊朔,柳城、懷遠並歸附之。 藝黜柳城太守楊林甫,改郡為營州,以襄平太守鄧暠為總管,藝自稱幽州總管。 宇文化及至山東,遣使召藝,藝曰:「我隋室舊臣,感恩累葉,大行顛覆,實所痛心。」 乃斬化及使者,而為煬帝發喪,大臨三日。 竇建德、高開道亦遣使於藝,藝謂官屬曰:「建德、開道,皆劇賊耳,化及弒逆,並不可從。 今唐公起兵,皆符人望,入據關右,事無不成。 吾率眾歸之,意已決矣,有沮眾異議者必戮之。」 會我使人張道源綏輯山東,遣人諭意,藝大悅。 武德三年,奉表歸國,詔封燕王,賜姓李氏,預宗正屬籍。
Before long Du Fuwei's general Wang Xiongdan attacked him. After a great battle at Suzhou, Zitong was defeated and retreated to Yuhang. Xiongdan pressed the siege and defeated him beneath the walls. Cornered, Zitong offered to surrender. Fuwei took him captive, along with his Left Vice Director Yue Botong, and sent them to the capital, recovering all of Zitong's territory. Emperor Gaozu did not punish him but granted him a residence and five qing of public land with generous honors. When Fuwei came to court, Zitong said to Botong, "With Fuwei at the capital the east is still unsettled. Most of my troops remain beyond the Yangzi. If we go and rally them, we could win great merit under Heaven." They fled together but were captured at Lantian Pass and executed along with Botong. Around the same time Zhu Can, Lin Shihong, and Zhang Shian all proclaimed themselves rulers in the Jiang-Huai region. Zhu Can was a native of Chengfu in Bozhou. He had begun as a county clerical assistant. At the end of the Daye era he joined the campaign against the Changbai Mountain bandits, then gathered a band of robbers calling themselves the Kedahan Bandits. He styled himself King Garuda and gathered more than a hundred thousand followers. He crossed the Huai and massacred the populations of Jingling and Mianyang, then ravaged the lands south of the mountains. Counties could not hold him, and his armies slaughtered everyone in their path without exception. During the Yining era the pacification commissioner Ma Yuangui defeated him. He soon reassembled his force, proclaimed himself Emperor of Chu at Guanjun with the era name Changda, captured Dengzhou, and commanded two hundred thousand men. In every county he seized he emptied the granaries for provisions, moved constantly, burned what he could not carry, and destroyed city walls. He scorned agriculture and lived by plunder alone. The people starved. Corpses piled in heaps, and cannibalism became widespread. When his army's supplies were exhausted and there was nothing left to plunder, he had infants steamed and eaten, then told his soldiers, "Among delicacies, what could surpass human flesh! As long as other lands still have people, what do we have to fear?" He then ordered that any women or children taken in raids be cooked and distributed to the troops, and levied the walled towns for boys and girls to supplement his army's rations. The Sui officials Lu Congdian, Assistant Editorial Director, and Yan Mintu, Communications Attendant, had been demoted to Nanyang for disciplinary offenses. Can took them both as retainers, but in the famine that followed his men devoured their entire households. Towns throughout his domain fled en masse for fear of his levies. The Xianzhou leaders Yang Shilin and Tian Zan rebelled against him, and other prefectures rose in response. They joined forces and met him in a great battle at Huaiyuan. Can was defeated and fled to Jutan county with a few thousand men, then sent envoys to offer surrender. Emperor Gaozu sent the Acting Regular Attendant Duan Que to receive him. Que, drunk, mocked Can, saying, "I hear you eat human flesh — how does it taste?" Can replied, "If you eat a drunkard, it is like pork cured in wine lees." Que flew into a rage and sneered, "Mad bandit! Once you reach court you'll be nothing but a slave — will you still eat people then!" Terrified, Can seized Que and several dozen attendants at the banquet and fled to Wang Shichong, who appointed him Dragon-Charger Grand General. When the Eastern Capital was pacified he was captured and beheaded on the banks of the Luo River. Gentry and commoners, loathing his cruelty, pelted his corpse with tiles and stones until it was heaped like a tomb. Lin Shihong was a native of Poyang in Raozhou. In the twelfth year of the Daye era he and his fellow villager Cao Shiji raised a band of robbers. Shiji styled himself King of Yuanxing, seized Yuzhang commandery, and appointed Shihong Grand General. The Sui sent the Attendant Censor Bearing Documents Liu Ziyi against him. Shiji was struck by an arrow and killed. Shihong took command of his force and fought Liu Ziyi again on Poyang Lake. The Sui army was routed and Ziyi was killed. Shihong's power swelled until his army numbered more than a hundred thousand. In the thirteenth year of Daye he moved his base to Qianzhou, proclaimed himself emperor of Chu with the era name Taiping, and appointed his follower Wang Rong Minister of Works. He captured Linchuan, Luling, Nankang, Yichun, and other commanderies, holding all the territory from Jiujiang in the north to Panyu in the south. His follower Zhang Shian held Nankang commandery but harbored divided loyalties. He led a fleet downriver and seized Yuzhang. Shihong still held Nanchang, Qian, Xun, and Chao prefectures. After Xiao Xian's defeat, scattered troops gradually rallied to him and Shihong revived his power. Prince Zhao Xiaogong, area commander of Jingzhou, sent envoys to win him over, and his Xun and Chao prefectures submitted. In the fifth year of Wude, Shihong sent his brother the Prince of Poyang, Yaoshi, with twenty thousand men to besiege Xunzhou. Prefect Yang Lue defeated him utterly. Shihong fled in fear and hid in a mountain cave near Ancheng. Wang Rong also surrendered Nanchang and was appointed prefect of Nanchang. Rong then summoned Shihong and hid him in his house, rallied former soldiers, and plotted another uprising. That year the Hongzhou area commander Zhang Shian learned of the plot and attacked. Shihong died in the fighting, his troops scattered, and Rong was captured by Shian. Zhang Shian was a native of Fangyu in Yanzhou. At seventeen he had already turned to banditry and raided Huainan with a band of more than a hundred men. When Meng Rang was defeated by Wang Shichong, his scattered troops gradually joined Shian until he had eight hundred men. He raided and captured Lujiang commandery, crossed the Yangzi, and joined Lin Shihong at Yuzhang. Shihong distrusted him and encamped on the south bank of the pond. Shian, resenting this treatment, attacked Shihong and burned his outer defenses. When Shihong later withdrew from Yuzhang, Shian seized it again and submitted the territory to the Tang, receiving appointment as Hongzhou area commander. When Fu Gongshi rebelled, Shian also rose in support and was made Grand Marshal of the Southwest Circuit on Gongshi's staff. The Pacification Commissioner Li Daliang attacked him. The two armies faced each other across the water while Daliang urged him to consider the consequences. He replied, "Shian has no heart for rebellion but was led astray by his officers and men. Now I wish to surrender, yet I fear I will not escape execution." Daliang said, "Since Area Commander Zhang already wishes to surrender, I will not stand in your way." He then crossed the stream alone, entered Shian's camp, shook his hand, and spoke with him openly to show he meant no treachery. Shian was overjoyed and agreed to surrender. He came to Daliang's camp with several dozen horsemen. Daliang ushered him in, then had his warriors seize him while his escort fled. He was soon sent to Chang'an, where he claimed he had had no dealings with Gongshi. Emperor Gaozu at first treated him kindly. When Gongshi was defeated, a search uncovered letters exchanged between them, and Shian was executed. Luo Yi, style name Ziyan, was originally from Xiangyang but had settled in Yunyang in Jingzhao. His father Rong had been a Gate Guard General under the Sui. Yi was fierce and cunning, obstinate and cruel, bold in battle, an expert archer, and skilled with the lance. During the Daye era he rose through repeated military achievements to Tiger-Fierce Commandant. Emperor Yang placed him under the command of Li Jing, Grand General of the Right Martial Guard, to supervise troops at Beiping. Trained from youth in military affairs, Yi ran a tight and disciplined command, but he was headstrong and violent and constantly insulted Li Jing. Jing in turn frequently humiliated him, and Yi nursed a deep grudge. When the empire fell into chaos, Zhuo commandery was rich in goods and stocked with weapons for the Liaodong campaign and overflowing granaries. The Lingshuo Palace nearby held a wealth of rare goods, and tens of thousands of soldiers were encamped there, yet bandits from every direction pressed in to raid. The garrison officers Zhao Shizhu, Helan Yi, and Jin Wenyian, all Tiger Elite guards, could not hold them off. Luo Yi alone took the field, defeating bandits in countless engagements until his prestige grew daily. Shizhu and the others grew jealous of Yi. Yi learned of their hostility in secret and planned a revolt. He addressed the troops: "We have fought the bandits with great success, yet the city's granaries overflow while the garrison officers who control them show no concern for the poor. Where is their compassion?" These words inflamed the soldiers, and resentment spread through the ranks. When he marched back, the assistant magistrate came out to receive him. Yi seized him and paraded his troops. Shizhu and the others, in fear, all submitted to his orders. He distributed weapons from the arsenal to his soldiers, opened the granaries to feed the needy, and won the loyalty of the entire region. He executed several dissenters, including the Bohai prefect Tang Yi. His authority dominated the northern frontier, and Liucheng and Huaiyuan both submitted to him. Yi deposed the Liucheng prefect Yang Linpu, reorganized the commandery as Yingzhou, appointed Deng Hao of Xiangping as regional commander, and styled himself Chief Commander of Youzhou. When Yuwen Huaji reached Shandong, he sent envoys to summon Luo Yi. Yi replied: "I am a longtime servant of the Sui dynasty, indebted through generations to the throne. The ruin of the imperial house grieves me deeply." He then executed Yuwen Huaji's envoy, held funeral rites for Emperor Yang, and mourned for three days. Dou Jiande and Gao Kaidao also sent envoys. Yi told his staff: "Jiande and Kaidao are nothing but violent rebels, and Yuwen Huaji is a regicide — we must follow none of them. The Duke of Tang has raised his banners in accord with the people's wishes, holds the Guanzhong region, and cannot fail to prevail. I have decided to lead our forces to submit to him. Anyone who dissents and discourages the troops shall be put to death." It happened that the Tang envoy Zhang Daoyuan was organizing Shandong and sent a messenger with the court's invitation. Yi was overjoyed. In the third year of Wude he submitted a memorial pledging allegiance. The Emperor enfeoffed him as Prince of Yan, granted him the surname Li, and entered his name in the imperial clan registers.
14
太宗之擊劉黑闥也,藝領本兵數萬,破黑闥弟什善於徐河,俘斬八千人。 明年,黑闥引突厥俱入寇,藝復將兵與隱太子建成會於洺州,因請入朝,高祖遇之甚厚,俄拜左翊衛大將軍。 藝自以功高位重,無所降下,太宗左右嘗至其營,藝無故毆擊之。 高祖怒,以屬吏,久而乃釋,待之如初。 時突厥屢為寇患,以藝素有威名,為北夷所憚,令以本官領天節軍將鎮涇州。
When Taizong campaigned against Liu Heita, Yi led tens of thousands of his own troops, defeated Heita's brother Shishan at the Xu River, and killed or captured eight thousand men. The following year Heita led Turkic allies in another invasion. Yi again took the field and joined Crown Prince Jiancheng at Mingzhou. He then requested an audience at court. Gaozu received him warmly and soon appointed him General-in-Chief of the Left Yuyi Guard. Proud of his merit and high rank, Yi deferred to no one. When some of Taizong's attendants visited his camp, he beat them without provocation. Gaozu was furious and turned him over to the judicial officers. After a long detention he was released and treated as before. The Turks raided repeatedly in those years. Because Yi's longstanding reputation terrified the northern tribes, he was ordered to keep his rank, command the Tianjie Army, and guard Jingzhou.
15
太宗即位,拜開府儀同三司,而藝懼不自安,遂於涇州詐言閱武,因追兵,矯稱奉密詔勒兵入朝,率眾軍至於豳州。 治中趙慈皓不知藝反,馳出謁之,藝遂入據豳州。 太宗命吏部尚書長孫無忌、右武候大將軍尉遲敬德率眾討藝。 王師未至,慈皓與統軍楊岌潛謀擊之,事洩,藝執慈皓繫獄。 岌時在城外,覺變,遽勒兵攻之,藝大潰,棄妻子,與數百騎奔於突厥。 至寧州界,過烏氏驛,從者漸散,其左右斬藝,傳首京師,梟之於市。 復其本姓羅氏。 藝弟壽,時為利州都督,緣坐伏誅。 先是,曹州女子李氏為五戒,自言通於鬼物,有病癩者,就療多愈,流聞四方,病人自遠而至,門多車騎。 高祖聞之,詔赴京師。 因往來藝家,謂藝妻孟氏曰:「妃骨相貴不可言,必當母儀天下。」 孟篤信之,命密觀藝,又曰:「妃之貴者,由於王; 王貴色發矣,十日間當升大位。」 孟氏由是遽勸反,孟及李皆坐斬。 梁師都梁師都,夏州朔方人也。 代為本郡豪族,仕隋鷹揚郎將。 大業末,罷歸。 屬盜賊群起,師都陰結徒黨數千人,殺郡丞唐宗,據郡反。 自稱大丞相,北連突厥。 隋將張世隆擊之,反為所敗。 師都因遣兵掠定雕陰、弘化、延安等郡,於是僭即皇帝位,稱梁國,建元為永隆。 突厥始畢可汗遺以狼頭纛,號為大度毗伽可汗。 師都乃引突厥居河南之地,攻破鹽川郡。
When Taizong took the throne, Yi was made Senior Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal. Uneasy and afraid, he staged a military review at Jingzhou, rallied his troops under a forged secret edict ordering them to march on the capital, and advanced to Binzhou. The assistant administrator Zhao Cihao, unaware of the rebellion, rode out to greet him. Yi seized Binzhou. Taizong ordered the Minister of Personnel Zhangsun Wuji and General Yuchi Jingde to lead troops against him. Before the imperial army arrived, Cihao and the commanding general Yang Ji plotted a surprise attack, but the plan was discovered. Yi seized Cihao and threw him in prison. Yang Ji, outside the walls, sensed the plot and attacked at once. Yi was routed utterly, abandoned his family, and fled north with a few hundred horsemen to seek Turkic refuge. At the Ningzhou border, near Wushi Post, his followers deserted him one by one. His own men struck off his head, sent it to the capital, and had it displayed in the market. His original surname Luo was restored. Yi's brother Shou, then military governor of Lizhou, was executed by association with the crime. Earlier, a Caozhou woman surnamed Li had taken the Five Precepts and claimed communion with spirits. Lepers who sought her treatment were often cured. Fame spread in every direction, and the sick journeyed from far away until chariots and horses crowded her gate. Gaozu heard of her and summoned her to the capital. She frequented Yi's household and told his wife Lady Meng: "Your bone structure is too noble for words. You are fated to become empress of the realm." Lady Meng believed her completely and had her husband watched in secret. The woman added: "Your high station depends on the Prince; the Prince's royal bearing has already emerged. Within ten days he will take the throne." Thus urged, Lady Meng pressed her husband to rebel. She and Li were both executed. Liang Shidu was a native of Shuofang in Xia Province. His clan had dominated the commandery for generations. Under the Sui he held the rank of Eagle-Brave guard officer. At the end of the Daye reign he left office and returned home. When bandit armies rose everywhere, Shidu secretly gathered several thousand followers, killed the assistant magistrate Tang Zong, and seized the commandery in revolt. He styled himself Grand Chancellor and allied with the Turks to the north. The Sui general Zhang Shilong attacked him but was defeated in turn. Shidu then sent armies to seize Diaoyin, Honghua, Yan'an, and neighboring commanderies, declared himself emperor of a Liang state, and adopted the era name Yonglong. The Turkic khan Shibi bestowed on him a wolf-head banner and titled him Khan Dadu Pijia. Shidu then settled Turkic forces south of the Yellow River and captured Yanchuan commandery.
16
武德二年,高祖遣延州總管段德操督兵討之。 師都與突厥之眾數千騎來寇延安,營於野豬嶺。 德操以眾寡不敵,按甲以挫其銳。 後伺師都稍怠,遣副總管梁禮率眾擊之,德操以輕騎出其不意。 師都與禮酣戰久之,德操多張旗幟,奄至其後,師都大潰,逐北二百餘里,虜男女二百餘口。 經數月,師都又以步騎五千來寇,德操擊之,俘斬略盡。 及劉武周之敗,師都大將張舉、劉旻相次來降,師都大懼,遣其尚書陸季覽說處羅可汗曰:「比者中原喪亂,分為數國,勢均力弱,所以北附突厥。 今武周既滅,唐國益大,師都甘從亡破,亦恐次及可汗。 願可汗行魏孝文之事,遣兵南侵,師都請為鄉導。」 處羅從之。 謀令莫賀咄設入自原州,泥步設與師都入自延州,處羅入自并州,突利可汗與奚、霫、契丹、靺鞨入自幽州,合於竇建德,經滏口道來會於晉、絳。 兵臨發,遇處羅死,乃止。 高祖又令德操悉發邊兵進擊師都,拔其東城。 師都退據西城,又求救於突厥頡利可汗,頡利以勁兵萬騎救援之。 時稽胡大帥劉仚成率眾降師都,師都信讒殺之,於是群情疑懼,多叛師都來降。 師都勢蹙,乃往朝頡利,為陳入寇之計。 自此頻致突厥之寇,邊州略無寧歲。 頡利可汗之寇渭橋,亦師都計也。 頡利政亂,太宗知師都勢危援孤,以書諭之,不從。 遣夏州長史劉旻、司馬劉蘭經略之。 有得其生口者,輒縱遣令為反間,離其君臣之計。 頻選輕騎踐其禾稼,城中漸虛,歸命者相繼,皆善遇之。 由是益相猜阻。 有李正寶、辛獠兒者,皆其名將,謀執師都,事洩不果,正寶竟來降。 貞觀二年,太宗遣右衛大將軍柴紹、殿中少監薛萬均討之,又使劉旻、劉蘭率勁卒直據朔方東城以逼之。 頡利可汗遣兵來援師都,紹逆擊破之,進屯城下。 師都兵勢日蹙,其從父弟洛仁斬師都,詣紹降,拜洛仁為右驍衛將軍,封朔方郡公。 師都自起至滅,凡十二歲。 以其地為夏州。 時又有劉季真、李子和,屯據北邊,與劉武周、梁師都遞為表裡。 劉季真劉季真者,離石胡人也。 父龍兒,隋末擁兵數萬,自號劉王,以季真為太子。 龍兒為虎賁郎將梁德所斬,其眾漸散。 及義師起,季真與弟六兒復舉兵為盜,引劉武周之眾攻陷石州。 季真北連突厥,自稱突利可汗,以六兒為拓定王,甚為邊患。 時西河公張綸、真鄉公李仲文俱以兵臨之,季真懼而來降,授石州總管,賜姓李氏,封彭城郡王。 季真見宋金剛與官軍相持於澮州,久而未決,遂親伏武周,與之合勢。 及金剛敗,季真亡奔高滿政,尋為所殺。 李子和李子和者,同州蒲城人也。 本姓郭氏。 大業末,為左翊衛,犯罪徙榆林,見郡內大飢,遂潛引敢死士,得十八人,攻郡門,執郡丞王才,數以不恤百姓,斬之,開倉以賑窮乏。 自稱永樂王,建元為正平,尊其父為太公,以弟子政為尚書令,子端、子升為左、右僕射。 有眾二千餘騎,南連梁師都,北附突厥始畢可汗,並送子為質以自固。 始畢先署劉武周為定楊天子,梁師都為解事天子,又以子和為平楊天子,子和固辭不敢當,始畢乃更署子和為屋利設。 武德元年,遣使歸款,授榆林郡守。 尋就拜雲州總管,封金河郡公。 二年,進封郕國公。 時師都強暴,子和慮為所攻,尋勒兵襲師都寧朔城,克之。 子和既絕師都,又伺突厥間釁,遣使以聞,為處羅可汗候騎所獲,處羅大怒,囚其弟子升。 子和自以孤危,甚懼。 四年,拔戶口南徙,詔以延州故城居之。 五年,從太宗平劉黑闥,陷陣有功。 高祖嘉其誠節,賜姓李氏,拜右武衛將軍。 貞觀元年,賜實封三百戶。 十一年,除婺州刺史,改封夷國公。 顯慶元年,累轉黔州都督。 以年老乞骸骨,許之,加金紫光祿大夫。 麟德九年卒。 史臣曰史臣曰:蕭銑聚烏合之眾,當鹿走之時,放兵以奪將權,殺舊以求位定,洎大軍奄至,束手出降,宜哉! 杜伏威恃勇聚徒,見機歸國,或致疑於高祖,竟見雪於太宗。 輔公祏竊兵為叛,王雄誕守節不回,訓子孫以忠貞,感士庶之流涕。 子通修仁馭眾,終懷貳以伏誅; 羅藝歸國立功,信妖言而為叛。 善始令終者,鮮矣! 沈法興狂賊,梁師都凶人,皆至覆亡,殊無改悔。 自隋朝維絕,宇縣瓜分,小則鼠竊狗偷,大則鯨吞虎據。 大唐舉義,兆庶歸仁,高祖運應瑤圖,太宗天資神武,群凶席捲,寰海鏡清,祚享永年,功宣後代,謚曰神堯、文武,豈不韙哉!
In the second year of Wude, Gaozu sent the Yanzhou commander Duan Decao to lead troops against him. Shidu led several thousand Turkic horsemen against Yan'an and encamped at Wild Boar Ridge. Outnumbered, Decao held his troops in check to blunt the enemy's momentum. When Shidu grew careless, Decao sent his deputy Liang Li to attack while he himself struck with light cavalry from an unexpected quarter. While Shidu and Liang Li battled fiercely, Decao raised a forest of banners and struck from the rear. Shidu fled in rout. The Tang forces pursued him over two hundred li and captured more than two hundred men and women. Months later Shidu returned with five thousand foot and horse soldiers. Decao attacked and killed or captured nearly all of them. After Liu Wuzhou's defeat, Shidu's generals Zhang Ju and Liu Min surrendered in succession. In alarm, Shidu sent his minister Lu Jilan to urge Khan Chuluo: "The Central Plains have been torn by chaos into rival states too evenly matched to survive alone. That is why we turned north to the Turks. Now that Wuzhou is destroyed, Tang grows stronger daily. Shidu would rather perish than submit, yet I fear the Khan will be next. I beg the Khan to follow Emperor Xiaowen of Wei's example, send armies southward into China, and let Shidu guide them as your native scout." Chuluo agreed. The plan called for Moheduo's division to enter through Yuanzhou, Nibu's division with Shidu through Yanzhou, Chuluo through Bingzhou, and Khan Tuli with the Xi, Khitan, and Mohe through Youzhou. They would join Dou Jiande along the Fuyao route and assemble at Jinyang and Jiang. The armies were about to march when Chuluo died, and the campaign was abandoned. Gaozu again ordered Decao to mobilize all frontier troops, advance on Shidu, and capture his eastern citadel. Shidu fell back to the western citadel and appealed to the Turkic khan Jieli, who sent ten thousand elite horsemen to his aid. The Ji-hu chieftain Liu Qian'cheng had surrendered to Shidu with his followers, but Shidu believed slanders against him and had him killed. Morale collapsed, and many of his men deserted to the Tang. With his power failing, Shidu went in person to Jieli and urged a fresh invasion of China. From then on Turkic raids came repeatedly, and the frontier knew scarcely a year of peace. Jieli's raid on the Wei Bridge was also Shidu's doing. When Jieli's court fell into turmoil, Taizong knew Shidu was isolated and desperate. He sent letters urging surrender, but Shidu refused. He dispatched Liu Min, administrator of Xiazhou, and Liu Lan, his military affairs secretary, to conduct the campaign. Captured enemy soldiers were released and turned back as agents of discord to sow distrust between Shidu and his officers. Light cavalry repeatedly ravaged his crops. His city grew empty as defectors came in steady streams, and all were treated generously. Suspicion between Shidu and his men deepened. Two of his best generals, Li Zhengbao and Xin Liaor, plotted to seize him, but the conspiracy failed. Zhengbao defected to the Tang. In the second year of Zhenguan, Taizong sent General Chai Shao and Xue Wanjun against him while Liu Min and Liu Lan led elite troops to seize Shuofang's eastern citadel. Jieli sent troops to relieve the siege. Chai Shao repulsed them and encamped beneath the walls. As Shidu's army weakened daily, his cousin Luoren slew him and surrendered to Chai Shao. Luoren was made General of the Right Upright Cavalry Guard and enfeoffed as Duke of Shuofang. From his rise to his fall, Shidu had lasted twelve years. His territory was reorganized as Xia Province. At the same time Liu Jizhen and Li Zihe held the northern frontier in alliance with Liu Wuzhou and Liang Shidu. Liu Jizhen was a non-Chinese tribesman of Lishi. His father Long'er had raised tens of thousands of troops at the end of the Sui, styled himself King Liu, and named Jizhen his crown prince. Long'er was slain by the Tiger Elite guard Liang De, and his followers dispersed. When the Tang uprising began, Jizhen and his brother Liu'er again took to brigandage, joined Liu Wuzhou, and captured Shizhou. Jizhen allied with the Turks to the north, styled himself Khan Tuli, made Liu'er Prince Tuoding, and became a serious frontier threat. When Zhang Lun of Xihe and Li Zhongwen of Zhenxiang marched against him with armies, Jizhen surrendered in fear. He was made commander of Shizhou, granted the surname Li, and enfeoffed as Prince of Pengcheng. Seeing Song Jingang and the imperial armies deadlocked at Fenzhou, Jizhen went over to Wuzhou in person and joined his campaign. When Jingang was defeated, Jizhen fled to Gao Manzheng and was soon killed by him. Li Zihe was a native of Pucheng in Tong Province. His family name was originally Guo. At the end of Daye he served in the Left Yuyi Guard but was banished to Yulin for a crime. Seeing famine grip the commandery, he secretly gathered eighteen daredevils, stormed the gates, seized the assistant magistrate Wang Cai, denounced him for neglecting the people, executed him, and opened the granaries to feed the starving. He declared himself King of Yongle, adopted the era name Zhengping, honored his father as Grand Duke, appointed his brother Zizheng as chief minister, and his sons Ziduan and Zisheng as vice premiers. He commanded more than two thousand horsemen, allied with Liang Shidu to the south and Khan Shibi to the north, sending his sons as hostages to both. Shibi had first named Liu Wuzhou Son of Heaven of Dingyang and Liang Shidu Son of Heaven Who Handles Affairs. He offered Zihe the title Son of Heaven of Pingyang, but Zihe refused. Shibi then gave him the Turkic title Wuli She. In the first year of Wude he sent envoys pledging allegiance and was appointed prefect of Yulin. He was soon made commander of Yunzhou and enfeoffed as Duke of Jinhe. In the second year his rank was raised to Duke of Bie. When Shidu grew violent and aggressive, Zihe feared attack and seized Shidu's citadel at Ningshuo. Having broken with Shidu, Zihe watched for a rift with the Turks and sent messengers to report it. Chuluo's scouts captured them. Enraged, Chuluo imprisoned Zihe's son Zisheng. Feeling isolated and exposed, Zihe was deeply afraid. In the fourth year he moved his people south. An edict settled them in Yanzhou's abandoned city. In the fifth year he followed Taizong against Liu Heita and distinguished himself in battle. Gaozu praised his loyalty, granted him the surname Li, and made him General of the Right Martial Guard. In the first year of Zhenguan he received an enfeoffment of three hundred tax households. In the eleventh year he was appointed prefect of Wuzhou and re-enfeoffed as Duke of Yi. In the first year of Xianqing he rose through successive posts to military governor of Qianzhou. He petitioned to retire on grounds of age. The request was granted, and he was given the honorary title Grand Master with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. He died in the ninth year of Linde. The historiographer writes: Xiao Xian rallied a rabble at the hour when the realm was up for grabs. He disbanded his armies to strip his generals of power and killed his old comrades to secure his throne. When the Tang armies arrived, he surrendered without a fight — as he deserved. Du Fuwei, trusting in his courage, gathered followers and seized the moment to submit to the Tang. He may have aroused Gaozu's suspicion, but was ultimately vindicated under Taizong. Fu Gongshi seized the army and rebelled; Wang Xiongdan held firm and would not yield, leaving his descendants a lesson in loyalty that moved the people to tears. Li Zitong governed his followers with benevolence, yet in the end turned disloyal and was executed; Luo Yi submitted to the Tang and won merit, then believed sorcerous prophecy and rebelled. How few there are who begin well and end well! Shen Faxing was a mad rebel and Liang Shidu a vicious brute; both were destroyed without the slightest repentance. Since the fall of Sui, the realm was carved into fragments — petty rebels stole like rats and dogs, while great warlords seized territory like whales and tigers. When Great Tang raised the banner of righteousness, the people flocked to its benevolence. Gaozu's fortune matched Heaven's design; Taizong was divinely martial by nature. The rebels were swept away, and the realm was made mirror-clear. The dynasty was destined to endure, its achievements proclaimed to posterity — posthumous names Spirit-Yao and Civil-Martial. How fitting!
17
贊曰:失政資盜,圖王僭號。 真主勃興,風驅電掃。
In praise: Misrule bred bandits who plotted thrones and usurped royal titles. The true sovereign rose in power and swept them away like wind and lightning.