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卷五十二 列傳第二: 后妃下

Volume 52 Biographies 2: Empresses and Consorts 2

Chapter 56 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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1
Xiao Xian was a great-grandson of Emperor Xuan of the Later Liang. His grandfather Yan had defected from Sui to Chen at the start of the Kaihuang era; after Chen's fall, Emperor Wen of Sui had him put to death. Orphaned and poor in his youth, Xian earned his living as a copyist and won renown for his devotion to his mother. During the reign of Emperor Yang, he was elevated on account of his imperial connections and appointed magistrate of Luochuan.
2
In the thirteenth year of Daye, the Yuezhou commandant Dong Jingzhen and Lei Shimeng, together with the brigade leaders Zheng Wenxiu, Xu Xuanzhe, Wan Chan, Xu Diji, and Guo Hua, Zhang Xiu of Mianzhou, and others, conspired to rise against the Sui. The local officials and populace wanted to make Jingzhen their leader, but he said, "I have always been poor and obscure; even if I took a royal title, the people would never truly follow me. If we are to choose a leader now, we ought to follow the people's wishes. The magistrate of Luochuan, Xiao Xian, is a descendant of the Liang royal house — generous and broad-minded, with something of Emperor Wu's bearing. I have also heard that when emperors receive the Mandate, heaven sends omens — and among Sui officials, many bear the style name "Rising Liang," a sign that the Xiao house is destined to rise again. Let us make him our leader — would that not be to follow Heaven's will and the people's desire?" The rebels then sent envoys to convey their proposal. Xian was delighted and wrote back to Jingzhen: "My ancestral kingdom, under the Sui, had served the greater power faithfully, never failing in tribute or attendance at court. Yet they coveted our lands and destroyed our ancestral temples — that is why I have been consumed with grief and rage, never forgetting the debt of vengeance. Now Heaven has sent you to share my purpose — if our aims truly match, is this not the will of Heaven itself! I shall rally the gentry and common people and respectfully accept your invitation." That same day he mustered several thousand men, publicly vowing to suppress bandits while in truth preparing to join the uprising. When the Yingchuan bandit chief Shen Liusheng raided Luochuan County, Xian attacked him but was defeated. He then told his followers, "The heroes of Yuezhou were the first to rise in rebellion and have asked me to lead them. Sui rule has collapsed and the whole realm is in revolt; even if I wished to stand alone, I lack the strength to survive. Moreover, my ancestors once ruled from this region; if I accept their invitation, the Liang dynasty may rise again. Summon Liusheng — he will follow me as well." His followers rejoiced. That same day he proclaimed himself Duke of Liang, cast off Sui regalia, and raised the banners of Liang. Liusheng submitted with his troops and was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry; Xian then marched toward Baling at the head of his forces. Within five days of raising his army, tens of thousands from near and far had flocked to his banner.
3
便
Jingzhen sent Xu Diji and Guo Hua with several hundred local leaders to welcome the army, but before they could reach Xian they went ahead to Liusheng's camp. Liusheng told his men, "I was the first to rally to the Duke of Liang, and my merit ranks first among you all. The Yuezhou forces are numerous and hold higher rank than I; if I enter the city, I will be subordinate to them. Better to kill Diji, take the other leaders hostage, and march on the prefectural city with the King of Liang under our sole control." He and his men then killed Diji and only afterward went to headquarters to inform Xian. Xian was appalled. "We mean to restore order to the realm," he said, "yet you turn on one another — I can no longer be your leader." He walked out of the camp gate on foot. Terrified, Liusheng prostrated himself to beg forgiveness. Xian rebuked him but pardoned him and restored him to his former command. Xian marched into the city at the head of his troops. Jingzhen urged him: "Xu Diji served you with absolute loyalty, yet Liusheng murdered him on his own authority. If such a man goes unpunished, how can you govern? Moreover, he has been a bandit chief for years — vicious and intractable. Though he now claims to follow the righteous cause, his nature has not changed. If he remains in the same city, he will surely make trouble. If we do not act preemptively, we will regret it when it is too late." Xian again took his advice. Jingzhen then had Liusheng beheaded inside the city walls. His officers and troops scattered in disarray. Xian then built an altar south of the city, offered burnt sacrifices to Heaven, and proclaimed himself King of Liang. Because of an omen involving a strange bird, he adopted the era name Fengming (Phoenix Cry). In the second year of Yining, he declared himself emperor, appointed a full bureaucracy, and modeled his court on Liang precedent. He conferred posthumous titles within his rebel regime: his father's cousin Cong as Emperor Xiaojing, his grandfather Yan as Loyal and Fierce King of Hejian, and his father Xuan as Cultured and Exemplary King. He enfeoffed Dong Jingzhen as King of Jin, Lei Shimeng as King of Qin, Zheng Wenxiu as King of Chu, Xu Xuanzhe as King of Yan, Wan Chan as King of Lu, Zhang Xiu as King of Qi, and Yang Daosheng as King of Song. The Sui generals Zhang Zhenzhou and Wang Renshou attacked him but could not defeat him. When word came that Sui had fallen, Zhenzhou joined Ning Changzhen and others in bringing all the Lingnan prefectures over to Xian's side. At Jiujiang and Poyang, Lin Shihong had first declared himself a rival ruler, but his followers soon turned on one another. Shihong fled to a mountain cave in Ancheng, and the region submitted to Xian as well. He sent Yang Daosheng to capture Nan commandery and Zhang Xiu to pacify Lingnan. His domain stretched east to the Three Gorges, south to Jiaozhi, and north to the Han River — all submitted to him, and his effective forces exceeded four hundred thousand.
4
使
In the first year of Wude, he moved his capital to Jiangling and restored the imperial ancestral temples. He appointed Cen Wuben Vice Director of the Secretariat and entrusted him with confidential state affairs. Xian again sent Yang Daosheng against Xiazhou, but Prefect Xu Shao marched out and routed him — more than half his men drowned trying to escape across the water. Emperor Gaozu ordered Prince Xiaogong of Zhao, area commander of Kuizhou, to campaign against him. Xiaogong captured Tong and Kai prefectures and beheaded Xian's puppet Dongping Prince, Xiao Sheti. His generals had grown arrogant and willful, often killing at will. Xian therefore ordered the armies disbanded, publicly citing the need to return to farming, but in truth to strip his commanders of military power. Dong Jingzhen's younger brother, a general in Xian's regime, resented having his troops disbanded and plotted rebellion. When the plot was exposed, Xian had him executed. Jingzhen was then stationed at Changsha. Xian issued a pardon and summoned him back to Jiangling. Fearful, Jingzhen sent a secret envoy to Xiaogong to offer his surrender. Xian sent his King of Qi, Zhang Xiu, to attack him. Jingzhen told Zhang Xiu, "'The year before last they made Peng Yue into mincemeat; last year they killed Han Xin' — have you not seen how this ends? Why must you attack me today!" Zhang Xiu made no reply and pressed the siege. Jingzhen broke out of the encirclement and fled, but his own men killed him. Xian appointed Zhang Xiu Director of the Department of State Affairs, but Zhang Xiu, arrogant on account of his merit, abused his power. Xian came to loathe him and had him killed. With his chief ministers executed one after another, his old comrades and frontier generals grew fearful and suspicious. Many rebelled, and Xian could no longer control them — his military strength steadily declined.
5
沿 宿 便 鹿 穿 殿
In the fourth year, Emperor Gaozu ordered Prince Xiaogong of Zhao and Li Jing to lead Ba-Shu troops from Kuizhou downstream along the Yangzi; Prince Yuan of Lujiang advanced from Xiangzhou, Qianzhou Prefect Tian Shikang pressed in from Chenzhou, and Huangzhou area commander Zhou Faming moved on Xiakou — all converging on Xian. As the Tang armies approached, Xian's Jiangzhou area commander Gai Yanju surrendered with five prefectures. He sent Wen Shihong and other generals to resist, but Xiaogong and Li Jing defeated them and advanced on his capital. Earlier Xian had disbanded his armies and kept only a few thousand palace guards. When word came that Xiaogong had arrived, he tried desperately to recall his forces — but those south of the Yangzi and beyond the Lingnan ranges were too far away to reach him in time. Xiaogong stormed the outer city and laid siege with a tight encirclement. Within days they captured his river fortress and seized several thousand of his vessels. His Jiaozhou area commander Qiu He, chief administrator Gao Shilian, and vice minister Du Zhisong had earlier come to pay court to Xian; when they heard of his defeat, they went straight to Li Jing and surrendered. Seeing that relief would not come, Xian told his followers, "Heaven no longer favors Liang; our fate is sealed. If we hold out until our strength fails, the common people will suffer — shall I alone bring ruin upon them? Before the city falls, I ought to surrender first, in hope of sparing the people from the ravages of battle. You will lose me — but you will find another lord easily enough." He then walked the walls giving his orders, and the defenders on the battlements wept aloud. Xian offered the great sacrifice at his ancestral temple, then led his officials to the enemy camp in mourning dress and cloth headbands. "Only I deserve to die," he said; "the people are innocent. I beg you not to slaughter or plunder them." Xiaogong took him prisoner and sent him to the capital. A few days after Xian surrendered, more than a hundred thousand relief troops from south of the Yangzi arrived at once. Learning of his surrender, they all submitted to Xiaogong. When Xian arrived at court, Emperor Gaozu recounted his crimes. Xian replied, "When Sui lost the realm, heroes contended for it. I lacked Heaven's mandate — that is why it has come to this. It is like Tian Heng claiming kingship — not a betrayal of Han. If you deem that a crime, I gladly accept death in the cauldron." In the end he was beheaded in the capital marketplace. He was thirty-nine years old. From his first rising to his fall, Xian's regime lasted five years. Du Fuwei was a native of Zhangqiu in Qizhou. In his youth he was wild and shiftless, never managing the family estate. Poor and unable to support himself, he made his living as a burglar. He and Fu Gongshi were sworn brothers, bound by an oath unto death. Fu Gongshi's aunt's family raised sheep for a living. Gongshi repeatedly stole sheep to give to Fuwei. His aunt, resentful, reported his thefts to the authorities. The authorities pursued them hotly, and Fuwei and Gongshi fled together, gathering followers into a bandit band. Fuwei was sixteen at the time. He always guarded his fellow bandits on raids — marching out he took the lead, returning he brought up the rear. His comrades all respected him and chose him as their leader.
6
使 使
In the ninth year of Daye he led his followers to Mount Changbai and joined the bandit chief Zuo Junxing, but Junxing treated him poorly, so he left. He then turned to raiding Huainan and styled himself General. At Xiapi, Miao Haichao had also raised a bandit band. Fuwei sent Fu Gongshi to tell him, "We alike suffer under Sui rule and have each raised the banner of rebellion. Divided, we are weak and easily captured. Why not unite our forces? Together we need not fear the Sui armies. If you can lead, I will follow you gladly. If I am unworthy, come take command yourself — otherwise let battle decide between us." Haichao was frightened and submitted with all his followers. The Jiangdu garrison commissioner sent Commandant Song Hao against him. Fuwei feigned retreat, luring Song's men into the reed marshes, then set fire from upwind. Trapped in the swamp, Song's infantry and cavalry were burned alive. The Hailing bandit chief Zhao Pozhen, hearing that Fuwei's force was small, despised him and sent an envoy inviting Fuwei to join forces. Fuwei ordered Fu Gongshi to hold the troops ready outside while he himself led ten men bearing oxen and wine to Zhao's camp. Pozhen was delighted, brought Fuwei into his tent, gathered all his chieftains, and held a grand feast. At the feast Fuwei struck off Pozhen's head and absorbed his entire band. His military prestige grew thereafter, and he again put Anyi to the sword.
7
使 便退
Emperor Yang sent Right Imperial Guard General Chen Ling with eight thousand elite troops against him. Chen Ling hesitated to engage. Fuwei sent him women's clothing to provoke him and a letter addressing him as "Old Dame Chen." Enraged, Chen Ling marched out with his entire force. Fuwei met him in battle and rode out to challenge him personally. One of Chen Ling's officers shot him in the forehead. Fuwei, enraged, pointed at the man and cried, "I will not pull out this arrow until I have killed you!" He spurred his horse and charged. The officer fled back to Chen Ling's lines. Fuwei plunged into the enemy formation, shouting as he charged and cutting down all before him. He seized the archer, made him pull out the arrow, then beheaded him. Carrying the head, he charged back into Chen Ling's army and killed dozens more. Chen Ling's army collapsed in rout; he barely escaped with his life. Following up his victory, he captured Gaoyou County and established himself at Liyang, proclaiming himself area commander. He sent his generals to subdue the surrounding counties, which fell one after another. Small bandits throughout the Jiang-Huai region flocked to join him. Fuwei once selected five thousand dare-to-die warriors, called them the Elite Recruitment, treated them with exceptional favor, and shared their hardships. In battle he always sent the Elite Recruitment to the fore. After each engagement he inspected his men, and anyone with a wound in the back was executed — proof that he had turned and fled. All booty went to reward his soldiers. When a man fell in battle, his wives and concubines were buried with him. His men therefore fought willingly, and his army was invincible.
8
使 使使 紿 使 使 使 使 使 西
When Yuwen Huaji rebelled, he offered Fuwei the post of prefect of Liyang, but Fuwei refused. He moved his base to Danyang, recruited talented men, greatly expanded his armory, lightened taxes, and abolished the practice of burying wives with the dead. Adulterers, thieves, and corrupt officials were all put to death without regard to rank. He submitted a memorial to Prince Yue of Tong, who appointed him Grand Commander of the Eastern Circuit and enfeoffed him as King of Chu. When Emperor Taizong besieged Wang Shichong, he sent envoys to win Fuwei over, and Fuwei offered to surrender. Emperor Gaozu sent envoys to appoint him Director of the Department of State Affairs for the Southeastern Circuit, Pacification Commissioner for the lands south of the Jiang and Huai, and Pillar of State, enfeoffing him as Prince of Wu and granting him the imperial surname Li. His name was entered in the clan registry, his son Dejun was made Duke of Shanyang, and he received five thousand bolts of silk and three hundred horses. Fuwei sent his generals Chen Zhengtong and Xu Shaozong with troops to join the campaign. In the fourth year of Wude he sent Wang Xiongdan against Li Zitong at Hangzhou; Wang captured him and presented him to the court. He also defeated Wang Hua at Shezhou and came to hold all of Jiangdong and Huainan, his domain reaching south to the Lingnan ranges and east to the sea. When he learned that Emperor Taizong had defeated Liu Heita and was campaigning against Xu Yuanlang, Fuwei, fearful, came to court. He was appointed Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent while retaining his post as Director of the Department of State Affairs. He remained in the capital, where he was treated with exceptional honor, his rank placed above Prince Qi Yuanji as a mark of special favor. When Fu Gongshi rebelled, he falsely claimed to act on Fuwei's orders to deceive his followers. Emperor Gaozu sent Prince Xiaogong of Zhao against him. At that time Fuwei died suddenly in Chang'an. When Gongshi was defeated, Xiaogong seized his rebel correspondence. Not recognizing the deception, he reported immediately to the throne. Fuwei's name was struck from the rolls and his wife and children were confiscated. In the first year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong learned of the injustice, posthumously pardoned him, restored his offices and titles, and buried him with ducal honors. Fu Gongshi was a native of Linji in Qizhou. At the end of the Sui dynasty he followed Du Fuwei into banditry. When Fuwei first proclaimed himself area commander, he appointed Gongshi his chief administrator. When Li Zitong defeated Shen Faxing, Fuwei sent Gongshi with several thousand elite troops across the Yangzi to attack Li. Li Zitong led tens of thousands to resist Gongshi, and his army fought with great ferocity. Gongshi selected a thousand armored warriors armed with long blades and placed more than a thousand men behind them with the order: "Anyone who retreats will be beheaded." Gongshi himself led the remaining troops and took up position in the rear. When Li Zitong advanced in battle formation, Gongshi's thousand front-line warriors fought to the death. Gongshi then unleashed his flanking forces, routing Li Zitong completely and accepting the surrender of several thousand of his men. Gongshi soon joined Fuwei in sending envoys to submit to the Tang court. He was appointed Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs for the Huainan Circuit and enfeoffed as Duke of Shu. In their youth Fuwei and Gongshi had been close friends. Gongshi was the elder, and Fuwei always treated him as an elder brother. The army called him Elder Uncle and respected him as they did Fuwei himself. Fuwei secretly grew jealous of him. He appointed his foster son Kan Ling as Left General and Wang Xiongdan as Right General, while promoting Gongshi to Vice Director — outwardly honoring him but secretly stripping him of military power. Gongshi understood his intent and grew resentful. He and his old friend Zuo Youxian pretended to study the Way and practice grain avoidance to distance themselves from court affairs. In the fifth year of Wude, as Fuwei prepared to go to court, he left Gongshi in charge of Jiangnan and ordered Wang Xiongdan to assist him with the troops. He told Xiongdan privately, "If I retain my position in the capital, do not let Gongshi rebel." Zuo Youxian then persuaded Gongshi to rebel. When Wang Xiongdan fell ill at home, Gongshi seized his troops, falsely claimed that Fuwei could not return to Jiangnan, and sent orders for the army to rise in rebellion. He then presumptuously declared himself emperor of a State of Song and built a palace at the former Chen capital to serve as his residence. He appointed a full bureaucracy, making Zuo Youxian Minister of War, Commissioner of the Southeastern Circuit, and area commander of Yuezhou. He greatly expanded his armaments and organized grain transport by canal. The Wuxing bandit chief Shen Faxing held Piling at the time; Gongshi attacked and defeated him. He sent Feng Huiliang to hold Mount Bowang and Chen Zhengtong and Xu Shaozong to hold Mount Qinglin against the imperial forces. Emperor Gaozu ordered Prince Xiaogong of Zhao to lead the generals in a fierce assault and inflicted a crushing defeat. Shaozong and Zhengtong fled to Danyang with only five horsemen. Terrified, Gongshi fled toward Kuaiji to join Zuo Youxian. At Wukang he was seized by local villagers and sent to Danyang, where Xiaogong beheaded him and sent his head to the capital. Gongshi had risen with Fuwei; from their first rising to his fall thirteen years passed, and Jiangdong was fully pacified. Fuwei had taken more than thirty stalwart warriors as foster sons, each commanding troops; only Kan Ling and Wang Xiongdan were widely known. Kan Ling was a native of Linji in Qizhou. He excelled with a great blade ten feet long, double-edged, called the street blade. With each swing several men fell, and none could stand before him. When Fuwei held the Jiang-Huai region, Ling won repeated victories and was appointed Left General. Fuwei's infantry, drawn from bandit ranks, were largely undisciplined. Ling executed anyone who robbed his fellows, sparing neither kin nor friends. His discipline was so strict that lost objects lay untouched on the roads. He later followed Fuwei to court, was appointed General of the Left Guard Army, and was made area commander of Yuezhou. When Gongshi declared himself emperor, Ling joined the campaign against him and encountered Chen Zhengtong. As the battle lines met, Ling removed his helmet and called to the rebel troops, "Do you not know who I am? How dare you fight me!" Many of them had once served under Ling, and they lost all will to fight; some turned and bowed to him. Ling's merit in defeating Gongshi was the greatest, and he grew somewhat proud. When Gongshi was captured, he falsely accused Ling of conspiring with him. The family property of Du Fuwei, Wang Xiongdan, and Ling that had fallen into rebel hands should have been restored, but Xiaogong confiscated it all. Ling appealed for justice, offending Xiaogong, who in anger had him executed on a charge of treason. Wang Xiongdan was a native of Jiyin in Caozhou. When Fuwei first rose, he relied on Xiongdan's counsel and won repeated victories, appointing him General of Agile Cavalry. Fuwei later led his forces across the Huai and joined with the Hailing bandit Li Zitong. Li Zitong, resenting Fuwei's martial prowess, sent cavalry to attack him. Fuwei was gravely wounded and fell from his horse; Xiongdan carried him on his back and fled into the reed marshes. Fuwei rallied his remnant followers and raided the commanderies and counties, but the Sui general Lai Zheng defeated him again and he lost what remained of his force. His officer Ximen Junyi's wife, Lady Wang, was brave and exceptionally strong. She carried Fuwei on her back as they fled, while Xiongdan led a dozen of his finest warriors to guard them. When Sui troops pursued, Xiongdan always turned to fight them off. He took several spear wounds, yet fought with growing fury until Fuwei was safe. Kan Ling was older than Xiongdan, so the army called Ling the Great General and Xiongdan the Little General.
9
使 使 滿 退 西
Later Fuwei ordered Fu Gongshi to attack Li Zitong at Jiangdu, with Xiongdan and Ling as his deputies. They fought at Lishui and routed Li Zitong completely. Gongshi pursued in victory but was in turn defeated by Li Zitong; his soldiers held their camps and dared not venture out. Xiongdan told Gongshi, "Li Zitong's army has no fortified camp and, emboldened by their first victory, is unprepared. If we attack now, we are sure to win." Gongshi refused. Xiongdan led several hundred of his personal followers in a night attack with gags in their mouths, setting fire downwind. Li Zitong was routed and fled across Lake Tai. Xiongdan then defeated Shen Faxing and occupied his territory. When Emperor Gaozu learned that Fuwei held Wu and Chu, he sent envoys to summon him. Xiongdan led his forces against Li Zitong, who held Dusong Ridge with elite troops. Xiongdan sent Chen Dang with more than a thousand men to take him by surprise, seizing the high ground and planting many banners. At night they bound torches to the trees until the hills and marshes blazed with light. Terrified, Li Zitong burned his camp and fled to Hangzhou. Xiongdan pursued, defeated him, captured Li Zitong on the field, and sent him to the capital. The Shezhou chieftain Wang Hua had held his commandery and styled himself king for more than ten years at the end of Sui. Xiongdan turned his army to attack him. Wang Hua marched out from the Xinan pass to resist Xiongdan with a fierce, well-armored force. Xiongdan hid elite troops in the valleys and advanced with a few thousand weak troops as bait. As soon as battle was joined, he feigned retreat to his camp. Wang Hua attacked but could not break through. At dusk he tried to withdraw, but Xiongdan's ambush had already seized the pass. Unable to enter, Wang Hua bound himself and surrendered in desperation. The Suzhou bandit chief Wenren Sui'an held Kunshan County without acknowledging any master. Fuwei again ordered Xiongdan to attack him. Finding Kunshan narrow and defensible and difficult to take by force, Xiongdan rode alone to the city walls, proclaimed the imperial majesty, and showed the consequences of resistance and submission. Moved, Sui'an led his generals out to surrender. For his accumulated merits he was appointed area commander of Shezhou and enfeoffed as Duke of Yichun. When Fuwei went to court, he left Fu Gongshi to hold Jiangnan while placing the troops under Xiongdan's command. When Gongshi prepared to rebel, he seized Xiongdan's troops and confined him in a separate room, sending Ximen Junyi to urge him to join. Xiongdan said, "The realm is at peace, the Prince of Wu is at court, and imperial authority reaches to the farthest corners — how can you undertake an act that will destroy your entire clan! I have only death to offer — I will not obey such an order." Knowing he could not be swayed, Gongshi had him strangled. Xiongdan was skilled at winning the loyalty of his officers and men, who served him unto death. Whenever he captured a town, he strictly forbade his troops from harming the populace. When he died, gentry and commoners throughout Jiangnan wept for him. Emperor Gaozu praised his integrity and ordered his son Guo to inherit the title of Duke of Yichun. When Emperor Taizong took the throne, he posthumously awarded him the titles of Left Guard General and area commander of Yuezhou, with the posthumous name Loyal.
10
西 使
Guo, at the beginning of the Chuigong era, rose to area commander of Guangzhou and Grand Protector of the Pacified West. Shen Faxing was a native of Wukang in Huzhou. His father Ke had been a Special Advancement of Chen and prefect of Guangzhou. At the end of the Daye era under Sui, Faxing was prefect of Wuxing commandery. The Dongyang bandit chief Lou Shigan besieged the commandery city. Emperor Yang ordered Faxing and the Vice Director of the Imperial Stud, Yuan You, to suppress him. Soon Yuwen Huaji murdered Emperor Yang at Jiangdu. Faxing, whose family had lived in the south for generations and whose clan numbered thousands of households respected throughout the region, joined Yuan You's subordinate generals Sun Shihan and Chen Guoren in seizing You at a banquet and proclaiming authority over the surrounding lands. Marching under the banner of punishing Huaji, he set out from Dongyang, gathering troops as he went toward Jiangdu. He captured Yuhang commandery, and by the time he reached Wucheng his elite force numbered sixty thousand. Lu Daode, communicating defender of Piling commandery, led troops to resist him. Faxing proposed an alliance, then ambushed and killed Daode at the treaty meeting and seized the city. The Qijun bandit chief Yue Botong held Danyang in service of Huaji. Faxing sent Chen Guoren to capture it and thereby came to hold more than ten commanderies south of the Yangzi, proclaiming himself area commander of the Jiangnan Circuit. When he learned that Prince Yue of Tong had been enthroned, he submitted a memorial to him, styling himself Grand Marshal, Recorder of the Department of State Affairs, and Duke of Tianmen. By imperial rescript he appointed a full bureaucracy: Chen Guoren as Minister of Education, Sun Shihan as Minister of Works, Jiang Yuanchao as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, Yin Qian as Left Assistant Director, Xu Lingyan as Right Assistant Director, Liu Ziyi as Vice Director of the Selection Bureau, and Li Baiyao as a bureau aide.
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便 使 使 西
After capturing Piling, Faxing believed the lands south of the Jiang and Huai could be taken at a gesture. He ruled through terror, executing officers and soldiers for the slightest fault while chatting and laughing as if nothing had happened. His troops lost all morale. He declared himself ruler of Liang, adopted the era name Yankang, reformed the Sui bureaucracy, and largely followed Chen precedent. At that time Du Fuwei held Liyang, Chen Ling held Jiangdu, and Li Zitong held Hailing — each commanding a powerful army and each eyeing the lands south of the Yangzi. Faxing was beset on three sides, and his armies suffered repeated defeats. Soon Chen Ling was besieged at Jiangdu by Li Zitong. In desperate straits, Ling sent hostages to plead for aid, and Faxing dispatched his son Lun at the head of tens of thousands of men to relieve him. Zitong led his army against Lun and routed him, then pressed his advantage across the river and seized Jingkou. Faxing sent Jiang Yuanchao to hold Tingting, but Yuanchao was killed in battle. Faxing fled to the Wujun bandit chief Wenren Sui'an with several hundred followers and sent his general Ye Xiaobian to receive him. Midway on the journey Faxing had second thoughts and plotted to kill Xiaobian, then turned toward Kuaiji instead. Xiaobian discovered the plot. In terror, Faxing threw himself into the river and drowned. Faxing had first raised troops in the second year of Yining and was destroyed by the third year of Wude. Li Zitong was a native of Cheng in Donghai. In his youth he was poor and humble, making his living by fishing and hunting. In his home village he would always take the burdens from any white-haired elder he saw carrying loads. He was generous by nature and kept nothing in store, yet he always exacted revenge for the slightest slight. At the end of the Daye era, the bandit chief Zuo Caixiang styled himself Duke of Boshan and held Changbai Mountain in Qijun. Zitong joined him and won Caixiang's esteem through his fighting prowess. Whenever fellow villagers fell into the bandits' hands, he always protected them. All the other bandit leaders were cruel, but Zitong alone practiced mercy, and many men flocked to him. Within half a year his force numbered ten thousand. Caixiang grew jealous of him, and Zitong withdrew on his own initiative, crossed the Huai, and joined Du Fuwei. Soon the Sui general Lai Zheng defeated him. Zitong gathered the survivors and fled to Hailing, where he mustered twenty thousand men and proclaimed himself General. Yuwen Huaji had appointed the Sui general Chen Ling prefect of Jiangdu, and Zitong led his army against him. Chen Ling appealed south to Shen Faxing and west to Du Fuwei for reinforcements. Both came with their armies — Fuwei encamped at Qingliu and Faxing held Yangzi, some tens of li apart. Zitong's Remonstrance Director Mao Wenshen devised a stratagem to recruit Jiangnan men disguised as Faxing's soldiers for a night attack on Fuwei. Fuwei did not see through the ruse. Believing Faxing had attacked him, he sent troops against Faxing in turn. Mutual suspicion kept both armies motionless. Zitong then threw his full strength into the assault, captured Jiangdu, and Chen Ling fled to Fuwei. Zitong seized Jiangdu, absorbed Chen Ling's entire force, and proclaimed himself emperor of Wu with the era name Mingzheng.
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使 使 西 西
The Danyang bandit chief Yue Botong surrendered with more than ten thousand followers, and Zitong appointed him Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. He advanced again against Faxing at Tingting, killed Faxing's Vice Director Jiang Yuanchao, and drove Faxing from the city in a night flight, securing Jiling. He captured Faxing's aide Li Baiyao and appointed him Secretariat Vice Director in charge of documents; he made Faxing's former Left Assistant Director Yin Qian Minister of Ceremonies to oversee rites and music. Thereafter many officials and gentry from the former Sui commanderies and Jiangnan submitted to him. Later Fuwei sent Fu Gongshi to take Danyang and advance to Lishui. Zitong attacked him but was defeated. Supplies ran out, and Zitong abandoned Jiangdu for Jingkou while all the territory west of the river fell to Fuwei. Zitong fled east to Lake Tai, rallied scattered survivors to twenty thousand men, routed Shen Faxing at Wujun, and moved his court to Yuhang. His domain stretched east to Kuaiji, south to Qianling, west to Xuancheng, and north to Lake Tai.
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退 使 使 使 便 西 使 涿 使 使 使 使
Before long Du Fuwei's general Wang Xiongdan attacked him. After a great battle at Suzhou, Zitong was defeated and retreated to Yuhang. Xiongdan pressed the siege and defeated him beneath the walls. Cornered, Zitong offered to surrender. Fuwei took him captive, along with his Left Vice Director Yue Botong, and sent them to the capital, recovering all of Zitong's territory. Emperor Gaozu did not punish him but granted him a residence and five qing of public land with generous honors. When Fuwei came to court, Zitong said to Botong, "With Fuwei at the capital the east is still unsettled. Most of my troops remain beyond the Yangzi. If we go and rally them, we could win great merit under Heaven." They fled together but were captured at Lantian Pass and executed along with Botong. Around the same time Zhu Can, Lin Shihong, and Zhang Shian all proclaimed themselves rulers in the Jiang-Huai region. Zhu Can was a native of Chengfu in Bozhou. He had begun as a county clerical assistant. At the end of the Daye era he joined the campaign against the Changbai Mountain bandits, then gathered a band of robbers calling themselves the Kedahan Bandits. He styled himself King Garuda and gathered more than a hundred thousand followers. He crossed the Huai and massacred the populations of Jingling and Mianyang, then ravaged the lands south of the mountains. Counties could not hold him, and his armies slaughtered everyone in their path without exception. During the Yining era the pacification commissioner Ma Yuangui defeated him. He soon reassembled his force, proclaimed himself Emperor of Chu at Guanjun with the era name Changda, captured Dengzhou, and commanded two hundred thousand men. In every county he seized he emptied the granaries for provisions, moved constantly, burned what he could not carry, and destroyed city walls. He scorned agriculture and lived by plunder alone. The people starved. Corpses piled in heaps, and cannibalism became widespread. When his army's supplies were exhausted and there was nothing left to plunder, he had infants steamed and eaten, then told his soldiers, "Among delicacies, what could surpass human flesh! As long as other lands still have people, what do we have to fear?" He then ordered that any women or children taken in raids be cooked and distributed to the troops, and levied the walled towns for boys and girls to supplement his army's rations. The Sui officials Lu Congdian, Assistant Editorial Director, and Yan Mintu, Communications Attendant, had been demoted to Nanyang for disciplinary offenses. Can took them both as retainers, but in the famine that followed his men devoured their entire households. Towns throughout his domain fled en masse for fear of his levies. The Xianzhou leaders Yang Shilin and Tian Zan rebelled against him, and other prefectures rose in response. They joined forces and met him in a great battle at Huaiyuan. Can was defeated and fled to Jutan county with a few thousand men, then sent envoys to offer surrender. Emperor Gaozu sent the Acting Regular Attendant Duan Que to receive him. Que, drunk, mocked Can, saying, "I hear you eat human flesh — how does it taste?" Can replied, "If you eat a drunkard, it is like pork cured in wine lees." Que flew into a rage and sneered, "Mad bandit! Once you reach court you'll be nothing but a slave — will you still eat people then!" Terrified, Can seized Que and several dozen attendants at the banquet and fled to Wang Shichong, who appointed him Dragon-Charger Grand General. When the Eastern Capital was pacified he was captured and beheaded on the banks of the Luo River. Gentry and commoners, loathing his cruelty, pelted his corpse with tiles and stones until it was heaped like a tomb. Lin Shihong was a native of Poyang in Raozhou. In the twelfth year of the Daye era he and his fellow villager Cao Shiji raised a band of robbers. Shiji styled himself King of Yuanxing, seized Yuzhang commandery, and appointed Shihong Grand General. The Sui sent the Attendant Censor Bearing Documents Liu Ziyi against him. Shiji was struck by an arrow and killed. Shihong took command of his force and fought Liu Ziyi again on Poyang Lake. The Sui army was routed and Ziyi was killed. Shihong's power swelled until his army numbered more than a hundred thousand. In the thirteenth year of Daye he moved his base to Qianzhou, proclaimed himself emperor of Chu with the era name Taiping, and appointed his follower Wang Rong Minister of Works. He captured Linchuan, Luling, Nankang, Yichun, and other commanderies, holding all the territory from Jiujiang in the north to Panyu in the south. His follower Zhang Shian held Nankang commandery but harbored divided loyalties. He led a fleet downriver and seized Yuzhang. Shihong still held Nanchang, Qian, Xun, and Chao prefectures. After Xiao Xian's defeat, scattered troops gradually rallied to him and Shihong revived his power. Prince Zhao Xiaogong, area commander of Jingzhou, sent envoys to win him over, and his Xun and Chao prefectures submitted. In the fifth year of Wude, Shihong sent his brother the Prince of Poyang, Yaoshi, with twenty thousand men to besiege Xunzhou. Prefect Yang Lue defeated him utterly. Shihong fled in fear and hid in a mountain cave near Ancheng. Wang Rong also surrendered Nanchang and was appointed prefect of Nanchang. Rong then summoned Shihong and hid him in his house, rallied former soldiers, and plotted another uprising. That year the Hongzhou area commander Zhang Shian learned of the plot and attacked. Shihong died in the fighting, his troops scattered, and Rong was captured by Shian. Zhang Shian was a native of Fangyu in Yanzhou. At seventeen he had already turned to banditry and raided Huainan with a band of more than a hundred men. When Meng Rang was defeated by Wang Shichong, his scattered troops gradually joined Shian until he had eight hundred men. He raided and captured Lujiang commandery, crossed the Yangzi, and joined Lin Shihong at Yuzhang. Shihong distrusted him and encamped on the south bank of the pond. Shian, resenting this treatment, attacked Shihong and burned his outer defenses. When Shihong later withdrew from Yuzhang, Shian seized it again and submitted the territory to the Tang, receiving appointment as Hongzhou area commander. When Fu Gongshi rebelled, Shian also rose in support and was made Grand Marshal of the Southwest Circuit on Gongshi's staff. The Pacification Commissioner Li Daliang attacked him. The two armies faced each other across the water while Daliang urged him to consider the consequences. He replied, "Shian has no heart for rebellion but was led astray by his officers and men. Now I wish to surrender, yet I fear I will not escape execution." Daliang said, "Since Area Commander Zhang already wishes to surrender, I will not stand in your way." He then crossed the stream alone, entered Shian's camp, shook his hand, and spoke with him openly to show he meant no treachery. Shian was overjoyed and agreed to surrender. He came to Daliang's camp with several dozen horsemen. Daliang ushered him in, then had his warriors seize him while his escort fled. He was soon sent to Chang'an, where he claimed he had had no dealings with Gongshi. Emperor Gaozu at first treated him kindly. When Gongshi was defeated, a search uncovered letters exchanged between them, and Shian was executed. Luo Yi, style name Ziyan, was originally from Xiangyang but had settled in Yunyang in Jingzhao. His father Rong had been a Gate Guard General under the Sui. Yi was fierce and cunning, obstinate and cruel, bold in battle, an expert archer, and skilled with the lance. During the Daye era he rose through repeated military achievements to Tiger-Fierce Commandant. Emperor Yang placed him under the command of Li Jing, Grand General of the Right Martial Guard, to supervise troops at Beiping. Trained from youth in military affairs, Yi ran a tight and disciplined command, but he was headstrong and violent and constantly insulted Li Jing. Jing in turn frequently humiliated him, and Yi nursed a deep grudge. When the empire fell into chaos, Zhuo commandery was rich in goods and stocked with weapons for the Liaodong campaign and overflowing granaries. The Lingshuo Palace nearby held a wealth of rare goods, and tens of thousands of soldiers were encamped there, yet bandits from every direction pressed in to raid. The garrison officers Zhao Shizhu, Helan Yi, and Jin Wenyian, all Tiger Elite guards, could not hold them off. Luo Yi alone took the field, defeating bandits in countless engagements until his prestige grew daily. Shizhu and the others grew jealous of Yi. Yi learned of their hostility in secret and planned a revolt. He addressed the troops: "We have fought the bandits with great success, yet the city's granaries overflow while the garrison officers who control them show no concern for the poor. Where is their compassion?" These words inflamed the soldiers, and resentment spread through the ranks. When he marched back, the assistant magistrate came out to receive him. Yi seized him and paraded his troops. Shizhu and the others, in fear, all submitted to his orders. He distributed weapons from the arsenal to his soldiers, opened the granaries to feed the needy, and won the loyalty of the entire region. He executed several dissenters, including the Bohai prefect Tang Yi. His authority dominated the northern frontier, and Liucheng and Huaiyuan both submitted to him. Yi deposed the Liucheng prefect Yang Linpu, reorganized the commandery as Yingzhou, appointed Deng Hao of Xiangping as regional commander, and styled himself Chief Commander of Youzhou. When Yuwen Huaji reached Shandong, he sent envoys to summon Luo Yi. Yi replied: "I am a longtime servant of the Sui dynasty, indebted through generations to the throne. The ruin of the imperial house grieves me deeply." He then executed Yuwen Huaji's envoy, held funeral rites for Emperor Yang, and mourned for three days. Dou Jiande and Gao Kaidao also sent envoys. Yi told his staff: "Jiande and Kaidao are nothing but violent rebels, and Yuwen Huaji is a regicide — we must follow none of them. The Duke of Tang has raised his banners in accord with the people's wishes, holds the Guanzhong region, and cannot fail to prevail. I have decided to lead our forces to submit to him. Anyone who dissents and discourages the troops shall be put to death." It happened that the Tang envoy Zhang Daoyuan was organizing Shandong and sent a messenger with the court's invitation. Yi was overjoyed. In the third year of Wude he submitted a memorial pledging allegiance. The Emperor enfeoffed him as Prince of Yan, granted him the surname Li, and entered his name in the imperial clan registers.
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When Taizong campaigned against Liu Heita, Yi led tens of thousands of his own troops, defeated Heita's brother Shishan at the Xu River, and killed or captured eight thousand men. The following year Heita led Turkic allies in another invasion. Yi again took the field and joined Crown Prince Jiancheng at Mingzhou. He then requested an audience at court. Gaozu received him warmly and soon appointed him General-in-Chief of the Left Yuyi Guard. Proud of his merit and high rank, Yi deferred to no one. When some of Taizong's attendants visited his camp, he beat them without provocation. Gaozu was furious and turned him over to the judicial officers. After a long detention he was released and treated as before. The Turks raided repeatedly in those years. Because Yi's longstanding reputation terrified the northern tribes, he was ordered to keep his rank, command the Tianjie Army, and guard Jingzhou.
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When Taizong took the throne, Yi was made Senior Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal. Uneasy and afraid, he staged a military review at Jingzhou, rallied his troops under a forged secret edict ordering them to march on the capital, and advanced to Binzhou. The assistant administrator Zhao Cihao, unaware of the rebellion, rode out to greet him. Yi seized Binzhou. Taizong ordered the Minister of Personnel Zhangsun Wuji and General Yuchi Jingde to lead troops against him. Before the imperial army arrived, Cihao and the commanding general Yang Ji plotted a surprise attack, but the plan was discovered. Yi seized Cihao and threw him in prison. Yang Ji, outside the walls, sensed the plot and attacked at once. Yi was routed utterly, abandoned his family, and fled north with a few hundred horsemen to seek Turkic refuge. At the Ningzhou border, near Wushi Post, his followers deserted him one by one. His own men struck off his head, sent it to the capital, and had it displayed in the market. His original surname Luo was restored. Yi's brother Shou, then military governor of Lizhou, was executed by association with the crime. Earlier, a Caozhou woman surnamed Li had taken the Five Precepts and claimed communion with spirits. Lepers who sought her treatment were often cured. Fame spread in every direction, and the sick journeyed from far away until chariots and horses crowded her gate. Gaozu heard of her and summoned her to the capital. She frequented Yi's household and told his wife Lady Meng: "Your bone structure is too noble for words. You are fated to become empress of the realm." Lady Meng believed her completely and had her husband watched in secret. The woman added: "Your high station depends on the Prince; the Prince's royal bearing has already emerged. Within ten days he will take the throne." Thus urged, Lady Meng pressed her husband to rebel. She and Li were both executed. Liang Shidu was a native of Shuofang in Xia Province. His clan had dominated the commandery for generations. Under the Sui he held the rank of Eagle-Brave guard officer. At the end of the Daye reign he left office and returned home. When bandit armies rose everywhere, Shidu secretly gathered several thousand followers, killed the assistant magistrate Tang Zong, and seized the commandery in revolt. He styled himself Grand Chancellor and allied with the Turks to the north. The Sui general Zhang Shilong attacked him but was defeated in turn. Shidu then sent armies to seize Diaoyin, Honghua, Yan'an, and neighboring commanderies, declared himself emperor of a Liang state, and adopted the era name Yonglong. The Turkic khan Shibi bestowed on him a wolf-head banner and titled him Khan Dadu Pijia. Shidu then settled Turkic forces south of the Yellow River and captured Yanchuan commandery.
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退西 殿使 西 滿 使 使 祿 鹿
In the second year of Wude, Gaozu sent the Yanzhou commander Duan Decao to lead troops against him. Shidu led several thousand Turkic horsemen against Yan'an and encamped at Wild Boar Ridge. Outnumbered, Decao held his troops in check to blunt the enemy's momentum. When Shidu grew careless, Decao sent his deputy Liang Li to attack while he himself struck with light cavalry from an unexpected quarter. While Shidu and Liang Li battled fiercely, Decao raised a forest of banners and struck from the rear. Shidu fled in rout. The Tang forces pursued him over two hundred li and captured more than two hundred men and women. Months later Shidu returned with five thousand foot and horse soldiers. Decao attacked and killed or captured nearly all of them. After Liu Wuzhou's defeat, Shidu's generals Zhang Ju and Liu Min surrendered in succession. In alarm, Shidu sent his minister Lu Jilan to urge Khan Chuluo: "The Central Plains have been torn by chaos into rival states too evenly matched to survive alone. That is why we turned north to the Turks. Now that Wuzhou is destroyed, Tang grows stronger daily. Shidu would rather perish than submit, yet I fear the Khan will be next. I beg the Khan to follow Emperor Xiaowen of Wei's example, send armies southward into China, and let Shidu guide them as your native scout." Chuluo agreed. The plan called for Moheduo's division to enter through Yuanzhou, Nibu's division with Shidu through Yanzhou, Chuluo through Bingzhou, and Khan Tuli with the Xi, Khitan, and Mohe through Youzhou. They would join Dou Jiande along the Fuyao route and assemble at Jinyang and Jiang. The armies were about to march when Chuluo died, and the campaign was abandoned. Gaozu again ordered Decao to mobilize all frontier troops, advance on Shidu, and capture his eastern citadel. Shidu fell back to the western citadel and appealed to the Turkic khan Jieli, who sent ten thousand elite horsemen to his aid. The Ji-hu chieftain Liu Qian'cheng had surrendered to Shidu with his followers, but Shidu believed slanders against him and had him killed. Morale collapsed, and many of his men deserted to the Tang. With his power failing, Shidu went in person to Jieli and urged a fresh invasion of China. From then on Turkic raids came repeatedly, and the frontier knew scarcely a year of peace. Jieli's raid on the Wei Bridge was also Shidu's doing. When Jieli's court fell into turmoil, Taizong knew Shidu was isolated and desperate. He sent letters urging surrender, but Shidu refused. He dispatched Liu Min, administrator of Xiazhou, and Liu Lan, his military affairs secretary, to conduct the campaign. Captured enemy soldiers were released and turned back as agents of discord to sow distrust between Shidu and his officers. Light cavalry repeatedly ravaged his crops. His city grew empty as defectors came in steady streams, and all were treated generously. Suspicion between Shidu and his men deepened. Two of his best generals, Li Zhengbao and Xin Liaor, plotted to seize him, but the conspiracy failed. Zhengbao defected to the Tang. In the second year of Zhenguan, Taizong sent General Chai Shao and Xue Wanjun against him while Liu Min and Liu Lan led elite troops to seize Shuofang's eastern citadel. Jieli sent troops to relieve the siege. Chai Shao repulsed them and encamped beneath the walls. As Shidu's army weakened daily, his cousin Luoren slew him and surrendered to Chai Shao. Luoren was made General of the Right Upright Cavalry Guard and enfeoffed as Duke of Shuofang. From his rise to his fall, Shidu had lasted twelve years. His territory was reorganized as Xia Province. At the same time Liu Jizhen and Li Zihe held the northern frontier in alliance with Liu Wuzhou and Liang Shidu. Liu Jizhen was a non-Chinese tribesman of Lishi. His father Long'er had raised tens of thousands of troops at the end of the Sui, styled himself King Liu, and named Jizhen his crown prince. Long'er was slain by the Tiger Elite guard Liang De, and his followers dispersed. When the Tang uprising began, Jizhen and his brother Liu'er again took to brigandage, joined Liu Wuzhou, and captured Shizhou. Jizhen allied with the Turks to the north, styled himself Khan Tuli, made Liu'er Prince Tuoding, and became a serious frontier threat. When Zhang Lun of Xihe and Li Zhongwen of Zhenxiang marched against him with armies, Jizhen surrendered in fear. He was made commander of Shizhou, granted the surname Li, and enfeoffed as Prince of Pengcheng. Seeing Song Jingang and the imperial armies deadlocked at Fenzhou, Jizhen went over to Wuzhou in person and joined his campaign. When Jingang was defeated, Jizhen fled to Gao Manzheng and was soon killed by him. Li Zihe was a native of Pucheng in Tong Province. His family name was originally Guo. At the end of Daye he served in the Left Yuyi Guard but was banished to Yulin for a crime. Seeing famine grip the commandery, he secretly gathered eighteen daredevils, stormed the gates, seized the assistant magistrate Wang Cai, denounced him for neglecting the people, executed him, and opened the granaries to feed the starving. He declared himself King of Yongle, adopted the era name Zhengping, honored his father as Grand Duke, appointed his brother Zizheng as chief minister, and his sons Ziduan and Zisheng as vice premiers. He commanded more than two thousand horsemen, allied with Liang Shidu to the south and Khan Shibi to the north, sending his sons as hostages to both. Shibi had first named Liu Wuzhou Son of Heaven of Dingyang and Liang Shidu Son of Heaven Who Handles Affairs. He offered Zihe the title Son of Heaven of Pingyang, but Zihe refused. Shibi then gave him the Turkic title Wuli She. In the first year of Wude he sent envoys pledging allegiance and was appointed prefect of Yulin. He was soon made commander of Yunzhou and enfeoffed as Duke of Jinhe. In the second year his rank was raised to Duke of Bie. When Shidu grew violent and aggressive, Zihe feared attack and seized Shidu's citadel at Ningshuo. Having broken with Shidu, Zihe watched for a rift with the Turks and sent messengers to report it. Chuluo's scouts captured them. Enraged, Chuluo imprisoned Zihe's son Zisheng. Feeling isolated and exposed, Zihe was deeply afraid. In the fourth year he moved his people south. An edict settled them in Yanzhou's abandoned city. In the fifth year he followed Taizong against Liu Heita and distinguished himself in battle. Gaozu praised his loyalty, granted him the surname Li, and made him General of the Right Martial Guard. In the first year of Zhenguan he received an enfeoffment of three hundred tax households. In the eleventh year he was appointed prefect of Wuzhou and re-enfeoffed as Duke of Yi. In the first year of Xianqing he rose through successive posts to military governor of Qianzhou. He petitioned to retire on grounds of age. The request was granted, and he was given the honorary title Grand Master with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. He died in the ninth year of Linde. The historiographer writes: Xiao Xian rallied a rabble at the hour when the realm was up for grabs. He disbanded his armies to strip his generals of power and killed his old comrades to secure his throne. When the Tang armies arrived, he surrendered without a fight — as he deserved. Du Fuwei, trusting in his courage, gathered followers and seized the moment to submit to the Tang. He may have aroused Gaozu's suspicion, but was ultimately vindicated under Taizong. Fu Gongshi seized the army and rebelled; Wang Xiongdan held firm and would not yield, leaving his descendants a lesson in loyalty that moved the people to tears. Li Zitong governed his followers with benevolence, yet in the end turned disloyal and was executed; Luo Yi submitted to the Tang and won merit, then believed sorcerous prophecy and rebelled. How few there are who begin well and end well! Shen Faxing was a mad rebel and Liang Shidu a vicious brute; both were destroyed without the slightest repentance. Since the fall of Sui, the realm was carved into fragments — petty rebels stole like rats and dogs, while great warlords seized territory like whales and tigers. When Great Tang raised the banner of righteousness, the people flocked to its benevolence. Gaozu's fortune matched Heaven's design; Taizong was divinely martial by nature. The rebels were swept away, and the realm was made mirror-clear. The dynasty was destined to endure, its achievements proclaimed to posterity — posthumous names Spirit-Yao and Civil-Martial. How fitting!
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In praise: Misrule bred bandits who plotted thrones and usurped royal titles. The true sovereign rose in power and swept them away like wind and lightning.
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