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卷六十六 列傳第十六: 房玄齡 杜如晦

Volume 66 Biographies 16: Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui

Chapter 70 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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1
Wang Gui, styled Shujie, was a native of Qi in Taiyuan. During the Wei dynasty the family bore the Wuhuan clan name. His great-grandfather Shennian fled from Wei to Liang and took the surname Wang once again. His grandfather Sengbian had served Liang as Grand Marshal and Director of the Imperial Secretariat. His father Yi had been Administrator of Leling under Northern Qi. Gui lost his father while still young. Refined and calm by nature, with few desires, he possessed deep ambition and a steady mind. He could live contentedly in poverty, embodied the Way in his conduct, and would not enter friendships lightly. His younger uncle Po was a leading scholar of the day with a sharp eye for character. He once told those close to him, "The future of our house rests on this boy alone. At the end of the Kaihuang era he was appointed Master of Ceremonies. When Po was executed for his part in the Prince of Han's rebellion, Gui faced punishment as an associate and fled into the South Mountains, where he remained a fugitive for more than ten years.
2
When Emperor Gaozu entered the pass, Li Gang, Registrar of the Chancellor's Office, recommended Gui as a man of integrity and discernment, and he was appointed Advisory Assessor in the Heir Apparent's Office. When the Eastern Palace was established, he was appointed Aide to the Heir Apparent. He was soon transferred to Principal Mentor and was greatly honored by the crown prince. Later, for his connection with the crown prince's secret plotting, he was exiled to Xizhou. After Li Jiancheng was executed, Emperor Taizong, who had long known his ability, summoned him and appointed him Remonstrating Adviser. In the first year of Zhenguan, Taizong once told his attending officials, "An upright ruler with wicked ministers cannot bring about good order; nor can upright ministers serving a wicked ruler bring about good order. Only when ruler and minister meet like fish and water can the realm be at peace. In former times Emperor Gaozu of Han was nothing but a farmer. He took up a three-foot sword and settled the realm, and the broad vision and blessings that passed to his descendants were surely brought about by employing worthy ministers. I am not enlightened, but I am fortunate that you all often set me right. I hope through your excellent counsel to bring the realm to peace. Gui replied, "I have heard that wood follows the line and becomes straight, and a ruler who heeds remonstrance becomes sage. Therefore in antiquity sage rulers always had seven remonstrating ministers who, if their words went unheeded, would one after another die in the effort. Your Majesty opens your sage understanding and accepts humble counsel. I serve in a court where nothing is taboo, and I truly wish to pour forth all my ignorant and misguided words." Taizong praised this and ordered that from then on, whenever officials of the Central Secretariat and Chancellery and those of third rank or higher entered the inner hall, remonstrating officials must accompany them. Gui ever offered loyal sincerity and made many proposals for improvement. Taizong's regard for him grew ever deeper. He was granted the title Baron of Yongning County, promoted to Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and concurrently appointed Right Assistant to the Heir Apparent.
3
In the second year he replaced Gao Shilian as Palace Attendant. Once, while at leisure, Taizong conversed with Gui over a feast. A beautiful woman waited at his side — originally a concubine of the Prince of Lujiang. When the prince was defeated she was seized and entered the palace. Taizong pointed to her and said, "The Prince of Lujiang was wicked. Like a bandit he killed her husband and took her for himself. His cruelty was so extreme — how could he not perish! Gui rose from his seat and said, "Does Your Majesty consider it right or wrong that the Prince of Lujiang took this woman?" Taizong said, "He killed a man and took his wife — and you ask me whether it was right or wrong. Why?" He replied, "I have read in Guanzi that when Duke Huan of Qi passed through Guo, he asked the elders, 'Why did Guo perish? The elders said, 'Because he favored what should be favored and hated what should be hated. The duke said, 'If what you say is true, that was a worthy ruler — how could he have perished? The elders said, 'It is not so. The lord of Guo favored what should be favored but could not employ the good; he hated what should be hated but could not remove the wicked. That is why Guo perished. Today this woman is still at your side. I privately take it that Your Majesty's sacred heart approves of this. If Your Majesty considers it wrong, this is knowing what is wicked yet not removing it." Although Taizong did not dismiss this woman, he greatly valued Gui's words. At that time Zu Xiaosun, Vice Minister of Ceremonies, was reproached by Taizong because the palace women's music he taught did not please him. Gui and Wen Yanbo remonstrated, "Xiaosun has a masterly understanding of music; it is not that he is negligent. I only fear that those Your Majesty consults are not the right people and so mislead Your Majesty's sight and hearing. Moreover, Xiaosun is a refined gentleman. Your Majesty suddenly blames him for teaching female musicians — I fear the realm will be astonished. Taizong angrily said, "You are all my closest advisers. You should offer loyal and forthright counsel — why do you instead fawn on subordinates and deceive your superior, speaking on Xiaosun's behalf!" Wen Yanbo bowed in apology; Gui alone did not bow. He said, "I once served the former palace — my crime already deserved death. Your Majesty spared my life out of compassion and, despite my unworthiness, placed me near the inner councils, demanding loyalty and forthrightness from me. What I say now — is it for private ends? I did not expect Your Majesty suddenly to rebuke me on a matter of doubt. It is Your Majesty who has wronged me; I have not wronged Your Majesty. The emperor fell silent and let the matter drop. The next day the emperor said to Fang Xuanling, "Since antiquity, it has been difficult for emperors to accept remonstrance. In former times even King Wu of Zhou did not employ Bo Yi and Shu Qi. King Xuan was a worthy ruler, yet Duke Du was still killed though innocent. Day and night I aspire to the sages of old, yet regret that I cannot reach up to the ancients. Yesterday when I rebuked Yanbo and Wang Gui, I deeply regretted it. Do not let this keep you from offering forthright counsel."
4
使 退
At that time Fang Xuanling, Li Jing, Wen Yanbo, Dai Zhou, Wei Zheng, and Gui jointly oversaw state affairs. Later, while attending a feast, Taizong said to Gui, "Your discernment is clear and penetrating, and you are especially skilled in discussion. You should appraise Fang Xuanling and the others, and also assess yourself — which of you is most worthy? He replied, "In diligent service to the state, knowing nothing he ought not to do — I am not the equal of Xuanling; in talent combining civil and military, going forth as general and entering as chancellor — I am not the equal of Li Jing; in detailed and lucid memorials, in receiving and issuing with perfect fairness — I am not the equal of Wen Yanbo; in handling complexity and resolving urgency, ensuring every task is accomplished — I am not the equal of Dai Zhou; in taking remonstrance as his heart's purpose, ashamed that his ruler falls short of Yao and Shun — I am not the equal of Wei Zheng. As for stirring the muddy and lifting the clear, hating wickedness and loving goodness — among these several men I too have my own day-long strength. Taizong deeply approved his words. The assembled ministers each felt he had fully expressed what was in their hearts, and called it a definitive assessment. Later he was advanced to the rank of Grand Duke of the Commandery. In the seventh year, for leaking forbidden words from within the palace, he was demoted to Prefect of Tong Prefecture. The following year he was recalled and appointed Minister of Rites. In the eleventh year, together with various Confucian scholars he corrected and fixed the 《Five Rites》. When the work was complete, he was granted three hundred bolts of silk and one son was enfeoffed as Baron of a County. That same year he was additionally appointed tutor to the Prince of Wei. After this the emperor questioned Vice Director Wei Ting, "Wang Gui is tutor to Li Tai, Prince of Wei. What should the etiquette be when they meet? Wei Ting replied, "The etiquette of meeting one's teacher — bow and respond according to ritual." The prince asked Gui about loyalty and filial piety. Gui answered, "Your Majesty is the prince's ruler — in serving a ruler one should think of utmost loyalty; Your Majesty is the prince's father — in serving a father one should think of utmost filial piety. The Way of loyalty and filial piety can establish one's person and make one's name. In one's own lifetime one may enjoy Heaven's blessing; its lingering fragrance can pass down to later generations. The prince said, "I have heard your teaching on the Way of loyalty and filial piety. I wish to hear what one should study." Gui replied, "Liu Cang, Prince of Dongping of Han, said, 'Doing good is the greatest joy.' The emperor told his attending officials, "Imperial sons since antiquity, born within the palace gates, when they come of age have none who were not arrogant and dissolute. Therefore ruin has followed one after another, and few have been able to save themselves. I now strictly instruct my sons and younger brothers, wishing that all may reach safety. I have long employed Wang Gui and know him well. Because his intentions rest in loyalty and filial piety, I have chosen him as my son's tutor. You should tell Tai, 'In the way you treat Gui, treat him as you would treat me — then you may be without fault." Tai would each time bow to Gui first, and Gui also held himself to the role of teacher. Public opinion approved." At that time Gui's son Jingzhi was married to Princess Nanping. Ritual provides for the ceremony of a wife presenting herself to her husband's parents. Since recent times, when princesses were given in marriage, this ceremony had all been abandoned. Gui said, "Now our sovereign is reverent and enlightened, and in every action follows the laws and institutions. That I accept the princess's visit — is it for my personal glory? It is to complete the beauty of the state's institutions. Thereupon he and his wife took their seats, and had the princess personally hold the hairpin and perform the hand-washing and food-serving rites. When the ceremony was complete she withdrew. Thereafter whenever a princess married where she had parents-in-law, the full rites of a wife were observed — beginning with Gui.
5
In his youth Gui was poor and cold; when people gave him gifts, at first he did not refuse or thank them; when he became eminent, he generously repaid them all. Even if the giver had already died, he would certainly provide relief for his wife and children. He treated his widowed sister-in-law with full propriety. In raising his orphaned nephews his benevolence and righteousness were utmost. Kinsmen in hardship he also often supported. Gui had long been prominent, yet he did not establish a private ancestral temple. For the seasonal offerings he still sacrificed in his bedroom. For this he was impeached by the judicial authorities. Taizong showed him forbearance and did not punish him, but had a temple built for him to shame his conscience. Gui was frugal to the point of failing ritual propriety, and contemporary opinion on this account slighted him somewhat. In the thirteenth year he fell ill. An edict ordered the princess to his residence to visit him, and Minister of Revenue Tang Jian was dispatched to adjust his medicines and diet. Soon after he died, aged sixty-nine. Taizong wore plain garments and mourned in a separate hall, grieving for a long time. An edict ordered Li Tai, Prince of Wei, to lead all officials in person to attend the mourning. He was posthumously appointed Minister of Personnel, with the posthumous title Yi.
6
祿 簿 使祿
His eldest son Chongji inherited the title and rose to the office of Director in the Ministry of Enfeoffment. His youngest son Jingzhi, through marriage to the princess, was appointed Commandant of Escorts. For association with Crown Prince Chenggan he was exiled beyond the mountains. Chongji's grandson Xu, in the early Kaiyuan era, served as Director of the Left Department and concurrently as Attending Censor. At that time Lu Chongdao, Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, having been convicted and sentenced to exile in Lingnan, escaped and hid in the Eastern Capital, where he was denounced by an enemy family. Emperor Xuanzong ordered Xu to investigate the case. Xu wished to wield authority on his own, so he arrested and imprisoned several dozen of Chongdao's kin and associates, all put to extreme torture, and only then fabricated their guilt. Chongdao and his three sons were all sentenced to death; friends and relatives were all beaten with the rod and exiled or demoted. At that time those convicted were mostly men of renown, and the realm regarded it as an injustice. Xu also fell out with Censor-in-Chief Li Jie and they mutually impeached each other. Jie was in the end demoted to Prefect of Qu Prefecture. Once Xu had gotten his way, he acted with arbitrary power and favor, and thereafter the court both feared and despised him. Before long, for the crime of corruption he was dismissed to serve as Sheriff of Longchuan. He died of indignation and resentment, to the great satisfaction of his contemporaries. Dai Zhou, styled Xuanyin, was a native of Anyang in Xiang Prefecture. Upright and capable by nature, he had a talent for practical administration. He was well versed in law and especially skilled at reading official documents. At the end of the Sui Daye era he served as Recorder in the Chancellery. Su Wei, Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and Pei Ju, Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, treated him with great respect. Prince of Yue Tong appointed him Gentleman Attendant. When Wang Shichong was about to usurp Tong's throne, Zhou said to him, "The bond between ruler and minister should be as close as that between father and son. In principle one must share their joys and sorrows and stand by them from beginning to end. Your Excellency, with your civil and military talents, bear the charge of the state. Whether it survives or perishes depends on what you do today. What I wish is that you devote yourself sincerely to the royal house, take Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou as your models, and make the state secure as Mount Tai and your family pass down generations of emolument — then all within the realm would be supremely fortunate. Shichong answered with deceptive praise and, after expressing appreciation, dismissed him. Later Shichong forced the Prince of Yue to bestow the Nine Bestowals upon him, and Zhou again remonstrated forcefully. Shichong did not accept his counsel. Zhou was therefore sent out as Chief Administrator of Zheng Prefecture and ordered to garrison Wulao together with his elder brother's son Xingben. When Taizong captured Wulao and took him prisoner, he appointed him Army Staff Officer in the Prince of Qin's Office. When Taizong ascended the throne, he appointed Zhou Director in the Ministry of War and enfeoffed him as Baron of Wuchang County.
7
便 忿忿 忿
In the first year of Zhenguan he was transferred to Vice Minister of Justice. At that time Zhangsun Wuji, Minister of Personnel, was once summoned and entered the Eastern Upper Hall without removing the sword at his belt. Feng Deyi, Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, proposed that the gate-guard captain who had failed to notice should be punished with death; Wuji, for mistakenly bringing it in, should be fined twenty jin of copper. The emperor agreed. Zhou objected, "The captain's failure to notice and Wuji's bringing it in are both mistakes alike. Before one's sovereign a subject may not plead mistake. According to the law, 'For supplying the imperial bath, medicines, food, drink, or boats — if through mistake one did not know, all are punishable by death. If Your Majesty records his merit, that is not for the judicial authorities to decide; if one must follow the law, a copper fine is not the proper middle course. Taizong said, "Law is not my law alone — it is the law of the realm. How can you, because Wuji is a kinsman of the state, wish to show favor to him?" He ordered the matter decided again. Deyi held to his original proposal. Taizong was about to follow it when Zhou again said, "The captain incurred guilt because of Wuji; by law the penalty should be lighter. If one considers the mistake, the circumstances are the same, yet life and death would differ utterly. I venture to press my request firmly. The emperor praised him and in the end spared the captain from death. At that time the court was vigorously conducting selections and appointments. Some had falsely claimed inherited privilege. The emperor ordered them to confess; those who did not would be guilty of a capital crime. Before long a case of fraud was exposed. Zhou, following the law, sentenced the offender to exile and submitted the decision. The emperor said, "I issued an edict that those who did not confess should die. Now you sentence exile — this shows the realm that I am not to be trusted. Do you wish to sell judgments? Zhou said, "If Your Majesty executes him at once, that is beyond my reach. Since the case has been handed to the authorities, I dare not violate the law." The emperor said, "You keep the law yourself, yet make me break faith?" Zhou said, "Law is how the state establishes great trust with the realm; words are merely what anger or joy of the moment give rise to. Your Majesty, moved by a moment's anger, promised death; now knowing it cannot be done, you place the matter within the law. This is restraining a small anger to preserve great trust. If you follow anger and violate trust, I privately regret this for Your Majesty. The emperor said, "When the law errs, you can set it right — what have I to worry about!" Zhou often remonstrated boldly and held firm to the law in this way. In the criminal cases he discussed there were never wrongful convictions; he adapted his arguments to each situation and his words flowed like a spring. That year he was transferred to Right Assistant Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and soon after promoted to Left Assistant Director. Previously, each year during flood or drought grain was issued from the principal granaries. Where there were no granaries, people went to other prefectures for food, and the common people often suffered hunger and want. In the second year Zhou submitted a memorial, "Flood, drought, and calamity are what even the sage rulers of old could not avoid. A state without nine years' reserves is what the Book of Rites clearly warns against. Now after the chaos of war, households are depleted and ruined. Each year's tax payments do not actually fill the granaries. It is immediately issued out and barely suffices for the current year. If calamity strikes, with what will we provide relief? Therefore in the Sui Kaihuang era a system was established: people throughout the realm paid grain by graduated rates into what were called community granaries. Through the era of Emperor Wen there was no famine. By the middle of the Daye era, state expenses were insufficient and the goods of the community granaries were all taken to meet official costs. Therefore at the end there was nothing with which to provide relief. From princes and dukes down to the common people, calculating the acreage of cultivated fields and crops, each autumn at harvest, assessing according to the seedlings and encouraging payment by rule, all should be made to contribute grain. In districts of rice and wheat the same tax applies. Each pays where he resides, and community relief granaries are established. Taizong followed his proposal. Because his family was poor, the emperor gave him one hundred thousand cash.
8
At that time Xiao Yu, Left Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, was dismissed from office, and Vice Director Feng Deyi also died. Taizong said to Zhou, "The Imperial Secretariat is the backbone of the realm, from which all offices receive direction. If one matter goes wrong, the realm will surely suffer from it. Now I entrust the duties of Director and Vice Director to you — you should live up to what I expect. Bright and quick by nature, Zhou was adept at governance and decided matters with clarity and speed. Commentators held that among left and right assistant directors who fulfilled their duties, since the Wude era there had been only one such man. He also held the post of Remonstrating Adviser and was ordered to attend the emperor on alternate days with Wei Zheng. In the third year he was promoted to Minister of Revenue and concurrently appointed Acting Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent. Previously, Du Ruhui, Right Vice Director, had sole charge of selections and appointments. On his deathbed he requested that selection affairs be entrusted to Zhou. An edict therefore ordered Zhou to concurrently administer the Ministry of Personnel; his posts as Minister of Revenue, Assistant to the Heir Apparent, and Remonstrating Adviser remained as before. Although Zhou had practical ability, he lacked scholarly learning. While in the Ministry of Personnel he suppressed men of letters and favored legal officials, and was much ridiculed in contemporary opinion. In the fourth year he was removed as Minister of Personnel, retained his original post to participate in court governance, and soon after was advanced to Grand Duke of the Commandery. In the fifth year Taizong was about to restore the Luoyang palace. Zhou submitted a memorial remonstrating:
9
便 洿 調 殿
Your Majesty faces the accumulated evils of a hundred kings and comes after the tyrannical Sui, rescuing embers from the coals and saving the surviving people from hanging upside down. The distant have come and the near are at peace; the realm is tranquil. Such great merit and virtue — how could a subject like me presume to praise them? I am truly a petty man; my talent and insight do not reach far. I know only what is before my eyes and do not grasp long-term strategy. I venture to pour forth my humble sincerity and discuss matters within my official charge. Recently I have seen that within the passes and beyond the Yellow River, army regiments have been established everywhere. Wealthy households and strong young men have all joined the military. Added to this is labor on the Jiucheng palace. The remaining laborers are nearly exhausted. Within two thousand li of the capital, men are first assigned to the Court of the National Granaries and the Directorate of Palace Buildings. Even if any remain, how could their number be worth recording? Disorder and separation have only just ended; households are few and weak. When one man enters service, the whole family is ruined. Those entering the army are pressed for weapons and gear; those on labor service are charged for dry rations. Whole households struggle to manage, and many cannot make ends meet. In my foolish thinking, I fear this will provoke resentment and sighing. Since the seventh month excessive rains have fallen. In Henan and Hebei the fields are low and waterlogged. Even in a year of timely abundance and good harvest, the outcome cannot yet be measured. Added to this, what the army and state require all depends on the treasuries. The cloth and silk issued exceeds one million each year. Laborers are already exhausted, yet taxes and levies are not reduced; expenses do not cease, and the treasuries are emptied. Moreover, the Luoyang palace is sufficient to shelter from wind and rain. Completing the work over several years would also not be too late. If construction is rushed, I fear it will harm the people through forced labor and disturbance.
10
西西 使 姿 便
Taizong greatly praised this and then told his attending officials, "Dai Zhou has no kinship with me by blood, yet through loyal uprightness he urges himself on. His feeling for the state runs deep. Whenever matters are critical, he withholds nothing from me. The offices and titles I have advanced to him are merely to repay his sincerity. In the seventh year he died. Taizong mourned for him and suspended court for three days. He was posthumously appointed Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, posthumously enfeoffed as Duke of Daoguo, with the posthumous title Zhong. An edict ordered Yu Shinan to compose his epitaph. Because Zhou's residence was dilapidated and there was no place for sacrifices, the authorities were ordered specially to build a temple for him. Fang Xuanling and Wei Zheng both admired Zhou's talent and ability and were both close friends with him. After Zhou died, whenever they saw places where he had lived and visited, they often wept for him. Zhou had no son and made his elder brother's son Zhiede his heir. Zhou's elder brother's son Zhiede, during the Qianfeng era, was repeatedly promoted to Vice Director of the Western Terrace and Associate of the Third Rank of the Eastern and Western Terraces. Soon after he was transferred to Minister of Revenue and continued to participate in governance as before. Over more than ten years uncle and nephew successively served as Minister and participated in state affairs — at the time this was considered an honor. During the Xianheng era, Emperor Gaozong wrote in flying-white script to bestow on attending ministers. To Zhiede he gave, "Cross the great source and await boat and oar"; to Hao Chujun, "Soar to the nine heavens, borrow six pinions"; to Li Jingxuan, "Supply nourishing counsel, pour forth red sincerity"; and to Cui Zhi, Vice Director of the Central Secretariat, "Exhaust loyal integrity, assist the imperial design." All the phrases contained allegorical comparisons. Before long he was transferred to Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. At that time Liu Ren'gui was Left Vice Director. Whenever someone appealed a grievance or delay in justice, he would readily promise relief in fine words; Zhiede, by contrast, first examined the reasoning and questioned closely, never deciding on the spot. If the case had merit, he secretly submitted a memorial. He never displayed his own judgment, and for this reason contemporary reputation went to Ren'gui. When someone asked Zhiede about this, he replied, "Rewards, punishments, and penalties are the sovereign's prerogative. As a subject, how can one contend with the sovereign for prerogative! Such was his caution and discretion. Later, when Emperor Gaozong learned of this, he deeply sighed in admiration. In the fourth year of Yifeng he died. Court was suspended for three days and all officials were sent in turn to his residence to mourn. He was posthumously appointed Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with the rank of the Three Excellencies and Grand Protector General of Bing Prefecture, with the posthumous title Gong. Cen Wenben, styled Jingren, was a native of Jiyang in Nanyang. His grandfather Shanfang had served Xiao Cha as Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. His father Zhixiang, in the late Sui dynasty, served as magistrate of Handan. He was once brought to court by an accuser and could not clear himself. Wenben was deep and quick-witted by nature, with a dignified bearing. He studied the classics and histories broadly and mastered many subjects, excelled in conversation, and wrote with great skill. At fourteen he went before the Director of Retainers to plead his father's case. His words were impassioned, and when summoned for audience he argued with clarity and force. Many were struck by it. They tested him by asking for a composition of the 《Lotus Rhapsody》. He finished it at a stroke, with excellent conception, and everyone present sighed in admiration. His father's injustice was redressed, and from that time his name became known. Later the commandery recommended him as a xiucai, but he declined to accept because of the disorder of the age. When Xiao Xian declared himself emperor at Jingzhou, he summoned Wenben and appointed him Vice Director of the Secretariat, putting him solely in charge of official writing. When the Prince of Hejian, Li Xiaogong, pacified Jingzhou, the officers and soldiers all wanted to loot the city on a grand scale. Wenben went to advise Xiaogong, saying, "Since the Sui house lost the Way, rival powers have seethed like a boiling cauldron, and throughout the realm men have longed for a true sovereign. The lord and ministers of the Xiao house and the elders of Jiangling who have resolved to surrender have done so only because they wished to escape danger and find safety. If Your Highness insists on letting the army plunder, that is truly not what this province meant by 'returning to life,' and I fear it will also discourage those south of the Yangzi and the Ling ranges who are turning toward allegiance." Xiaogong approved and stopped them. He appointed Wenben Vice Governor of Jingzhou. When Xiaogong marched against Fu Gongshi, he summoned Wenben to manage military documents and again appointed him Evaluation Section Director of the field secretariat. In the first year of Zhenguan he was appointed Secretary and concurrently served on duty in the Secretariat. When Taizong performed the ceremonial plowing rites, Wenben submitted the 《Ode on Ceremonial Ploughing》. On New Year's Day, when Taizong held court and feasted the hundred officials, Wenben again submitted the 《Ode on the Three Primes》, and its wording was superb. Wenben's talent and reputation were already well known. Li Jing recommended him again, and he was promoted to Secretariat Drafter, gradually winning the emperor's personal regard. At first, during the Wude era, the drafting of edicts and documents on major military and state affairs had all been done by Yan Shigu. From this point on, the edicts were drafted by Wenben. When business piled up, he would have six or seven copy boys write at once as he dictated, and in a moment everything was finished—a feat that nearly exhausted the limits of his art. At that time Vice Director of the Secretariat Yan Shigu had been dismissed after a reprimand. Before long Wen Yanbo memorialized, saying, "Shigu is thoroughly versed in current affairs and excels in literary form; no one today equals him. I hope he may be reappointed." Taizong said, "I shall choose someone myself. You need not worry." Thereupon Wenben was appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat and put solely in charge of confidential affairs. He had earlier compiled the 《History of the Zhou》 with Linghu Defen, and most of its historical judgments were written by Wenben. In the tenth year the history was completed, and he was enfeoffed as Viscount of Jiangling. In the eleventh year he accompanied Taizong to Luoyang Palace. When the Yi and Luo rivers flooded, Wenben submitted a sealed memorial, saying:
11
綿 退 使
I have heard that to found an enterprise amid chaos is already a hard achievement; and to preserve an established foundation is no easy task. Therefore to dwell in security yet think of danger is how one secures one's enterprise; and to carry a task from beginning to end is how one strengthens its foundation. Though the myriad people are now governed in peace and the regions are tranquil, we have succeeded an age of turmoil and inherited a land still exhausted. Household registers remain greatly reduced, and reclaimed fields are still few. The sheltering grace of Your Majesty is already clear, yet the wounds of the realm are not yet healed; the wind of virtue and instruction has spread, yet people's means are repeatedly exhausted. The ancients compared this to planting a tree: when years stretch on, its branches and leaves grow thick; but if it has been planted only recently and its roots are not yet firm, then though it is heaped with rich soil and warmed by spring sun, one man's shake will make it wither and die. The common people of today greatly resemble this. If constantly nurtured, they will day by day grow and flourish; but if levies and corvée are imposed even briefly, they at once decline and waste away. When depletion becomes extreme, people cannot make a living; when people cannot make a living, resentment fills the land; when resentment fills the land, hearts turn toward separation and rebellion. Therefore Emperor Shun said, "What is to be cherished is not the ruler alone; what is to be feared is not other men." Kong Anguo said, "The people take the ruler as their livelihood, and therefore he may be cherished; but when the ruler loses the Way and the people rebel, he becomes something to be feared." Confucius said, "The ruler is like a boat and the people like water; water carries the boat, and water also overturns the boat." For this reason the sage kings of antiquity, though at rest would not rest, and grew more cautious day by day. I humbly pray that Your Majesty will review events past and present, discern the turning points of safety and danger, hold the altars of state above all else, and keep the myriad people in mind. Choose officials wisely, reward and punish with care, advance the worthy, and dismiss the unfit. Correct faults as soon as you hear them, and accept remonstrance as freely as flowing water. Do good without hesitation, and issue orders only when they can be trusted to the end. Nourish your spirit and temper your nature, and reduce the pleasures of hunting and travel; cast off extravagance and follow frugality, and cut the costs of labor and public works. Devote yourself to peace within the realm and do not seek to expand territory or open new lands; keep bow and arrows in the quiver, yet never forget military preparedness. All these points, though they are the constant principles of governing a state and things Your Majesty already often practices, are what my humble heart wishes Your Majesty would ponder without weariness and carry out without slackening. Then the splendor of the supreme Way would stand equal to that of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; and Your throne would endure as long as heaven and earth. Even if mulberry and grain became omens, dragons and serpents wrought havoc, pheasants crowed from cauldron handles, and stones spoke in the land of Jin, you would still turn disaster into blessing and ill omen into good fortune. How much less should flooding and rain—ordinary workings of yin and yang—be called a heavenly reprimand and allowed to weigh upon Your Majesty's mind? I have heard the ancients say, "The farmer toils and the gentleman is nourished by his labor; the foolish speak and the wise choose among their words." I have rashly offered these ignorant words and humbly await Your Majesty's judgment.
12
祿
At that time the Prince of Wei, Li Tai, was favored above all the princes and built mansions on a grand scale. Wenben believed extravagance must not be allowed to grow, and memorialized at length on the virtue of frugality, urging that Tai's expenditures be curbed. Taizong approved of both points and bestowed three hundred bolts of silk. In the seventeenth year he was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Silver Blue Light.
13
滿 祿 退
Wenben, considering himself no more than a scholar by origin, always practiced self-restraint and modesty. Toward old friends from his earlier life, however humble their station, he always treated them as equals. His home was plain and modest, and his rooms had none of the usual mats, cushions, curtains, or hangings. He was known for filial devotion to his mother, and in caring for his younger brother and nephews he showed deep kindness and loyalty. Taizong often said of him, "He is broad-minded, steadfast, loyal, and careful. I am close to him and trust him." At that time the Prince of Jin had just been made crown prince. Many eminent men also held posts in the Eastern Palace, and Taizong wished Wenben to serve in such a concurrent capacity. Wenben bowed twice and said, "Your servant is a man of mediocre talent who has long exceeded his proper station. Even in holding this one office I still fear overreaching myself. How could I further disgrace the Eastern Palace and invite timely slander? I ask only to serve Your Majesty with undivided loyalty and do not wish to seek further favor from the Eastern Palace." Taizong thereupon desisted. He still ordered Wenben to attend the Eastern Palace once every five days, and the crown prince treated him with the courtesy due a guest and friend, exchanging bows with him in reply. Such was the honor shown him. Soon he was appointed Director of the Secretariat. He returned home with a troubled look, and his mother, surprised, asked why. Wenben said, "I have neither merit nor long association with the throne, yet I have undeservedly received favor and glory. My responsibilities are heavy and my rank is high—that is why I am anxious and afraid." When relatives and guests came to congratulate him, he would say, "Today I accept condolences, not congratulations." Some urged him to build up an estate. Wenben sighed and said, "I was once a plain-clothed man from the south who entered the pass on foot. In those days my highest hope was no more than to become a Secretariat Secretary or a county magistrate. Yet without any toil of horse and sword, I have reached the post of Director of the Secretariat through writing alone. That is already the utmost. I already have more than enough reason to fear while bearing such heavy salary and emoluments. How could I speak further of building an estate?" The man sighed and withdrew.
14
宿 西 使 便 祿 退
Wenben had long served at the center of government and wielded real power. Rewards and gifts came to him in great profusion, yet for all property entering or leaving his household he entrusted everything to his youngest brother Wenzhao and never questioned any of it. Wenzhao was then serving as Collator and kept company with many men of the day. Taizong heard of this and was displeased. Once he spoke gently to Wenben, saying, "Your younger brother keeps too many acquaintances, and I fear it may harm you. I intend to send him out as a local official. What do you think?" Wenben wept and said, "My younger brother lost his father while still young, and our old mother dotes on him above all. She cannot bear even one night without him at her side. If he were sent away now, my mother would surely grieve herself to death. Without this younger brother, I would have no old mother left." He sobbed and wept until he could hardly speak. Taizong was moved by his plea and desisted. Taizong summoned Wenzhao alone and sternly warned him, and in the end Wenzhao committed no further fault. When the emperor prepared to campaign against Liaodong, all planning was wholly entrusted to Wenben. Wenben, burdened with this deep trust, was suddenly drained in body and spirit, and his speech and bearing were quite unlike his usual self. Taizong saw this and was troubled. He told those around him, "Wenben is going with me now, but I fear he will not return with me." When they reached Youzhou, Wenben fell suddenly ill. Taizong visited him in person, stroked him, and wept. Before long he died, at the age of fifty-one. That evening Taizong heard the midnight watch drum and said, "Wenben has died, and my grief is deep. Tonight's midnight alarm is something I cannot bear to hear." He ordered it stopped. He was posthumously appointed Palace Attendant and Area Commander of Guangzhou, given the posthumous name Xian, granted the Eastern Garden secret coffin, and buried with honor at Zhaoling. His collected works, sixty scrolls in all, circulated in his time. Wenben's elder brother's son Changqian and Wenben's elder brother Wenshu. Wenshu's son Changqian was raised from boyhood by Wenben as though he were Wenben's own child. During the Yongchun reign he rose through successive appointments to Vice Minister of War and Associate Director of the Secretariat-Chancellery. At the opening of the Chuigong era he was promoted from Minister of the Department of Summer Affairs to Interior Secretary while retaining charge of that department; before long he was made Right Chancellor of Wenchang and enfeoffed as Duke of Deng. When Wu Zetian first seized power and remade the dynasty, she was especially fond of auspicious omens. Fearful of falling under suspicion, Changqian submitted several memorials and even petitioned that the crown prince's surname be changed to Wu so he could stand as heir of the new Zhou dynasty. Wu Zetian consented and granted him a substantive fief of five hundred households. In the second year of Tianshou he received the additional honors of Tejin rank and Grand General Who Assists the State. That same year Zhang Jiafu, an attender of the Phoenix Pavilion, and Wang Qingzhi of Luozhou, together with others, submitted a joint memorial asking that Wu Chengsi be made crown prince. Changqian held that with an imperial heir already installed in the Eastern Palace, Chengsi could not be elevated in his stead. He and Ge Fuyuan, Minister of the Department of Earth Affairs, refused to sign the memorial altogether and submitted a separate petition demanding severe punishment for the petitioners. This deeply affronted the Wu clan, and he was dispatched on a western expedition against Tibet as Grand Commander of the Wuwei Circuit army. He was recalled before reaching his destination, thrown into the secret prison, and executed; the graves of his father and grandfather were then dug up as well. Lai Junchen then coerced Changqian's son Lingyuan into falsely implicating Grand Counselor Ouyang Tong, Ge Fuyuan, and dozens of others in a conspiracy; all were condemned for treason and put to death. Changqian's son Xi served as magistrate of Guangwu during the Chang'an era and was known for his competence. Wu Zetian once instructed each chancellor to nominate someone fit for appointment as a vice director. Wei Sili, Vice Director of the Phoenix Pavilion, recommended Xi but added in his memorial, "It is a pity that his paternal uncle Changqian's conviction for treason weighs against him." Wu Zetian replied, "If he has talent and ability, what does a slight stain matter?" Xi was promptly appointed Vice Director of the Department of Heavenly Affairs. Through this connection, close kinsmen were drawn into office one after another: Liu Shouti, magistrate of Dengfeng, became Vice Director of the Gate Department, and Pei Juan, magistrate of Weinan, became Vice Director of the Earth Department. Earlier Xi had served as magistrate of Jintan, while Shouti and Juan were already known for their upright conduct. Xi was renowned as a capable civil administrator. All three had been recommended by touring inspectors and appointed magistrates in the capital districts; when they later served together as ministry directors, each enjoyed an excellent reputation. Shouti later became prefect of Shaanzhou, and Juan became prefect of Hangzhou. At the opening of the Shenlong era, Xi served as a drafter in the Secretariat. At that time Wu Sansi dominated the court. Palace Attendant Jing Hui wanted to submit a memorial calling for the Wu princes to be stripped of their royal titles and sought someone to draft it. Everyone feared Sansi and found excuses to refuse, but Xi took up the brush at once and wrote in language that was blunt and uncompromising. This offended Sansi, and Xi was transferred to Deputy Director of the Secretariat Archive before being promoted again to Vice Minister of Personnel. At the time Cui Xian, Vice Minister of Personnel, Zheng Yin, Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and Li Yuangong, Vice Director of the Court of Judicial Review, shared control over official appointments, and all were notorious for taking bribes. Xi alone held the line, and public opinion commended him. Before long he was further honored with the ranks of Silver Blue Light Grand Master and Right Regular Attendant, and with appointment as Third Rank Associate Director of the Secretariat-Chancellery. When Ruizong ascended the throne, Xi was posted out as prefect of Shaanzhou. He later served again as Minister of Justice and Minister of Revenue, held Third Rank at the Chancellery, supervised the National History, revised statutes and administrative codes, and also compiled the Records of Clans. Earlier, during Zhongzong's reign, Attending Censor Ran Zuyong falsely accused Ruizong and Princess Taiping of plotting with Crown Prince Jiemin and called for a full investigation. Xi and Xiao Zhizhong, Vice Director of the Secretariat, secretly intervened on their behalf. When Xi, as supervisor of the Veritable Record of Emperor Zhongzong, recorded the episode in his own hand, Ruizong read the account and was deeply moved; he rewarded Xi with three hundred bolts of silk and a fine horse and issued an edict praising him. At the time Xi's elder brother Xian served as Vice Director of the Directorate of Education, his brother Xiang was prefect of Shaanzhou, and his brother Xiu was prefect of Shangzhou; through Xi's patronage, dozens of cousins, nephews, and other kinsmen were placed in prestigious offices. Xi sighed and said, "When things reach their limit they reverse—this ought to give one pause!" Yet in the end he could not bring himself to restrain or turn any of them away. Before long he was promoted to Palace Attendant. In the first year of Xiantian he was executed for taking part in Princess Taiping's conspiracy, and his family's property was confiscated. Appendix: Ge Fuyuan. Ge Fuyuan was a native of Junyi in Bian Prefecture. His uncle Deren had been assistant magistrate of Yan County under the Sui. He and seven others from the same region—Wang Xiaoyi, literary companion to the Prince of Qi; Fan Shixuan, Gentleman of the Forest of Letters; Jing Junliang, registrar of Luochuan Commandery; Zheng Zuxian, clerk of the Directorate of Justice; Zheng Shishan, magistrate of Xuancheng District; Li Xingjian, a secretariat drafter under Wang Shichong; and the recluse Lu Xie—were celebrated for their literary talent and were known in their day as the "Eight Worthies of Chenliu." Fuyuan passed the Mingjing examination in his early twenties and rose through the ranks to Censor-in-Chief, Minister of the Department of Earth Affairs, and Associate Director of the Phoenix Pavilion and Crane Terrace. When Zhang Jiafu and the others petitioned to make Wu Chengsi crown prince, Wu Zetian asked Fuyuan's opinion; he firmly declared the proposal unacceptable. Chengsi then slandered him, and he was executed—a verdict widely regarded throughout the empire as a gross injustice. Fuyuan's elder brother Xiyuan served as legal assistant in Luozhou under Emperor Gaozong. Crown Prince Zhanghuai summoned him, together with the palace steward Liu Neyan and others, to produce a commentary on Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han, which circulated widely in their time. He died before his brother Fuyuan. Du Zhenglun was a native of Huanshui in Xiang Prefecture. During the Renshou era of the Sui dynasty, he and his elder brothers Zhengxuan and Zhengcang all passed the Xiucai examination. Under the Sui, fewer than a dozen candidates ever passed the Xiucai examination in a given year; that three brothers from Zhenglun's family did so was widely admired in their day. Zhenglun was an accomplished writer and deeply versed in Buddhist scripture. Under the Sui he served as Captain of Feathered Cavalry. During the Wude era he rose to the post of recording secretary in the headquarters of the Qizhou area command. When Taizong heard of him, he had Zhenglun assigned to the Literary Institute of the Prince of Qin's mansion. In the first year of Zhenguan, Wei Zheng, Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, recommended Zhenglun in a memorial as a man without equal in any age, and Zhenglun was promptly appointed Vice Director of the Ministry of War. Taizong told him, "I am promoting men of talent and integrity now—not because I favor such men for personal reasons, but because their abilities serve the people. Even among my own kin and old comrades-in-arms, I will never appoint anyone who lacks talent and integrity. Because you are loyal and upright, I am promoting you now; strive to prove worthy of the trust I am placing in you." The following year he was appointed Supervising Secretary and given charge of the Daily Records. Taizong once told his ministers, "Every day when I hold court, before I utter a single word I ask myself whether it will benefit the people—which is why I speak so little." Zhenglun stepped forward and said, "A ruler's every act is recorded, and his words are preserved by the court historiographers. It is my duty to maintain the Daily Records, and I dare not withhold my honest counsel. If Your Majesty speaks even one word at odds with principle, it will stain your reputation for a thousand years—not merely harm the people of today. I beg Your Majesty to weigh your words carefully." Taizong was greatly pleased and rewarded him with two hundred bolts of silk.
15
便
In the fourth year he was promoted to Vice Director of the Secretariat. In the sixth year Zhenglun, together with Censor-in-Chief Wei Ting, Deputy Director of the Secretariat Archive Yu Shinan, Director of Compilation Yao Silian, and others, submitted sealed memorials that pleased the emperor. Taizong held a banquet in their honor and said, "Looking back through history at ministers who gave loyal counsel, those who served enlightened rulers could speak freely—yet even Long Feng and Bi Gan could not escape death, and their families perished with them. To be a ruler is no easy thing; to be a loyal minister is harder still. I have also heard that a dragon may be tamed, yet it has inverted scales beneath its throat—touch them and it will kill you. A ruler has his inverted scales too, yet none of you shrank from touching them—you each submitted your sealed memorials. If you always act thus, why should I fear ruin! When I recall what you have done, how could I ever forget it? That is why I have arranged this feast." He also rewarded each of them with gifts of silk in varying measure. Before long he was made Regular Attendant, acting Right Assistant to the Heir Apparent, and concurrently appointed a scholar of the Chongxian Hall. Taizong told him, "The heir to the throne has always been a matter of the highest importance, and only worthy men should be chosen to guide him. The crown prince is still young and his character is not yet formed. If I could see him every day, I could guide and correct him as occasions arose. Now that he has been entrusted with regency and is no longer at my side, I know your heart is upright and that you will hold to the straight path. I am therefore releasing you from my immediate service to guide the crown prince—you must understand how weighty this charge is." In the tenth year he was again appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat, ennobled as Marquis of Nanyang County, and continued to serve concurrently as Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent. Zhenglun moved between the two palaces, took part in confidential state business, and was highly regarded for his administrative ability. At the time Crown Prince Chengqian suffered from a foot ailment that kept him from attending court, and he favored the company of unworthy associates. Taizong told Zhenglun, "My son's illness is not the real problem. What troubles me is that he has no reputation for virtue, shows no love of worthy men, and keeps company mostly with scoundrels. You must keep a close watch. If your counsel fails to take hold, you must report back to me." Zhenglun remonstrated repeatedly without effect, then told Chengqian what Taizong had said; Chengqian responded by submitting a memorial directly to the throne. Taizong asked Zhenglun, "Why did you reveal what I told you?" He replied, "Because my counsel made no impression, I used Your Majesty's words to frighten him, hoping fear might move him to reform." The emperor was furious and posted him out as prefect of Gu Prefecture, then further demoted him to area commander of Jiaozhou. Later, when Chengqian's plot of rebellion came to light and was linked to Hou Junji, it was alleged that Chengqian had sent Junji to present Zhenglun with a gold belt; on this charge Zhenglun was exiled to Huan Prefecture. In the first year of Xianqing he was appointed Vice Director of the Gate Department and concurrently made a scholar of the Chongxian Hall; before long he was made Third Rank Associate Director of the Secretariat-Chancellery. The following year he was additionally appointed Minister of the Department of Revenue while continuing to participate in governance as before. Before long he was appointed Director of the Secretariat, concurrently made Guest of the Heir Apparent and a scholar of the Hongwen Hall, and ennobled as Duke of Xiangyang County. In the third year, after falling out with Director of the Secretariat Li Yifu, he was posted out as prefect of Heng Prefecture and stripped of his fief. Before long he died. His collected works, ten scrolls in all, circulated in his time. The historian remarks: Wang Gui held unwaveringly to the upright path, and his loyal candor was without equal—the fates of ruler and minister alike met at this juncture. The Book of Changes says, "When Heaven lends its aid, good fortune follows—nothing goes amiss." Of this Wang Shujie was a true exemplar. Dai Zhou served through two reigns with undivided devotion; under his hand the law was never abused, and his counsel was always to the point. Though his learning was not encyclopedic, the good he did was enough to serve the times—this is what it means to be adept at bearing great responsibility. Wenben's prose flowed like rivers and seas, and his loyalty was steadfast as frost and snow. He vindicated a father's wronged honor, strengthened an enlightened ruler's enterprise, and when burdened with crushing duties met a sudden, violent end. The Book of Documents says, "Be reverent and cautious in serving the Lord on High." So it is said that worry can destroy a man—he did not live out his full span of years. From Xi downward, several dozen kinsmen rose to prestigious offices. The way of accumulated virtue—how can it be lightly dismissed? Zhenglun was promoted for his literary gifts, entrusted for his integrity, and moved between the two palaces handling state secrets—truly he had found his moment. Yet he fell under suspicion for accepting Chengqian's gold belt—a stain no less damaging than the foxtail-millet calumny that destroyed Ma Yuan. Let men of honor take heed. In praise: The five auspicious signs and blessed portents appear according to whether the times are in decline or ascent. Among men, qilin and phoenix—the likes of Wang, Dai, and their fellows. In action they always followed ritual; in speech they all set the ruler on the right path. Offering counsel and accepting remonstrance — such was the spirit of the Zhenguan era.
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