1
王珪王珪,字叔玠,太原祁人也。 在魏爲烏丸氏,曾祖神念,自魏奔梁,復姓王氏。 祖僧辯,梁太尉、尚書令。 父顗,北齊樂陵太守。 珪幼孤,性雅澹,少嗜欲,志量沉深,能安於貧賤,體道履正,交不苟合。 季叔頗,當時通儒,有人倫之鑑,嘗謂所親曰:「門戸所寄,唯在此兒耳。」 開皇末,爲奉禮郎。 及頗坐漢王諒反事被誅,珪當從坐,遂亡命於南山,積十餘歲。
Wang Gui, styled Shujie, was a native of Qi in Taiyuan. During the Wei dynasty the family bore the Wuhuan clan name. His great-grandfather Shennian fled from Wei to Liang and took the surname Wang once again. His grandfather Sengbian had served Liang as Grand Marshal and Director of the Imperial Secretariat. His father Yi had been Administrator of Leling under Northern Qi. Gui lost his father while still young. Refined and calm by nature, with few desires, he possessed deep ambition and a steady mind. He could live contentedly in poverty, embodied the Way in his conduct, and would not enter friendships lightly. His younger uncle Po was a leading scholar of the day with a sharp eye for character. He once told those close to him, "The future of our house rests on this boy alone. At the end of the Kaihuang era he was appointed Master of Ceremonies. When Po was executed for his part in the Prince of Han's rebellion, Gui faced punishment as an associate and fled into the South Mountains, where he remained a fugitive for more than ten years.
2
高祖入關,丞相府司錄李綱薦珪貞諒有器識,引爲世子府諮議參軍。 及東宮建,除太子中舍人; 尋轉中允,甚爲太子所禮。 後以連其陰謀事,流於巂州。 建成誅後,太宗素知其才,召拜諫議大夫。 貞觀元年,太宗嘗謂侍臣曰:「正主御邪臣,不能致理; 正臣事邪主,亦不能致理,唯君臣相遇,有同魚水,則海內可安也。 昔漢高祖,田舍翁耳。 提三尺劍定天下,既而規模弘遠,慶流子孫者,此蓋任得賢臣所致也。 朕雖不明,幸諸公數相匡救,冀憑嘉謀,致天下於太平耳。」 珪對曰:「臣聞木從繩則正,後從諫則聖。 故古者聖主,必有諍臣七人,言而不用,則相繼以死。 陛下開聖慮,納芻蕘,臣處不諱之朝,實願罄其狂瞽。」 太宗稱善,敕自今後中書門下及三品以上入閣,必遣諫官隨之。 珪每推誠納忠,多所獻替,太宗顧待益厚,賜爵永寧縣男,遷黃門侍郎,兼太子右庶子。
When Emperor Gaozu entered the pass, Li Gang, Registrar of the Chancellor's Office, recommended Gui as a man of integrity and discernment, and he was appointed Advisory Assessor in the Heir Apparent's Office. When the Eastern Palace was established, he was appointed Aide to the Heir Apparent. He was soon transferred to Principal Mentor and was greatly honored by the crown prince. Later, for his connection with the crown prince's secret plotting, he was exiled to Xizhou. After Li Jiancheng was executed, Emperor Taizong, who had long known his ability, summoned him and appointed him Remonstrating Adviser. In the first year of Zhenguan, Taizong once told his attending officials, "An upright ruler with wicked ministers cannot bring about good order; nor can upright ministers serving a wicked ruler bring about good order. Only when ruler and minister meet like fish and water can the realm be at peace. In former times Emperor Gaozu of Han was nothing but a farmer. He took up a three-foot sword and settled the realm, and the broad vision and blessings that passed to his descendants were surely brought about by employing worthy ministers. I am not enlightened, but I am fortunate that you all often set me right. I hope through your excellent counsel to bring the realm to peace. Gui replied, "I have heard that wood follows the line and becomes straight, and a ruler who heeds remonstrance becomes sage. Therefore in antiquity sage rulers always had seven remonstrating ministers who, if their words went unheeded, would one after another die in the effort. Your Majesty opens your sage understanding and accepts humble counsel. I serve in a court where nothing is taboo, and I truly wish to pour forth all my ignorant and misguided words." Taizong praised this and ordered that from then on, whenever officials of the Central Secretariat and Chancellery and those of third rank or higher entered the inner hall, remonstrating officials must accompany them. Gui ever offered loyal sincerity and made many proposals for improvement. Taizong's regard for him grew ever deeper. He was granted the title Baron of Yongning County, promoted to Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and concurrently appointed Right Assistant to the Heir Apparent.
3
二年,代高士廉爲侍中。 太宗嘗閒居,與珪宴語,時有美人侍側,本廬江王瑗之姬,瑗敗籍沒入宮,太宗指示之曰:「廬江不道,賊殺其夫而納其室。 暴虐之甚,何有不亡者乎!」 珪避席曰:「陛下以廬江取此婦人爲是耶,爲非耶?」 太宗曰:「殺人而取其妻,卿乃問朕是非,何也?」 對曰:「臣聞於管子曰:『齊桓公之郭,問其父老曰:『郭何故亡?』 父老曰:『以其善善而惡惡也。』 桓公曰:『若子之言,乃賢君也,何至於亡?』 父老曰:『不然,郭君善善而不能用,惡惡而不能去,所以亡也。』 今此婦人尚在左右,竊以聖心爲是之,陛下若以爲非,此謂知惡而不去也。」 太宗雖不出此美人,而甚重其言。 時太常少卿祖孝孫以教宮人聲樂不稱旨,爲太宗所讓。 珪及溫彥博諫曰:「孝孫妙解音律,非不用心,但恐陛下顧問不得其人,以惑陛下視聽。 且孝孫雅士,陛下忽爲教女樂而怪之,臣恐天下怪愕。」 太宗怒曰:「卿皆我之腹心,當進忠獻直,何乃附下罔上,反爲孝孫言也!」 彥博拜謝,珪獨不拜。 曰:「臣本事前宮,罪已當死。 陛下矜恕性命,不以不肖,置之樞近,責以忠直。 今臣所言,豈是爲私? 不意陛下忽以疑事誚臣,是陛下負臣,臣不負陛下。」 帝默然而罷。 翌日,帝謂房玄齡曰:「自古帝王,能納諫者固難矣。 昔周武王尚不用伯夷、叔齊,宣王賢主,杜伯猶以無罪見殺,吾夙夜庶幾前聖,恨不能仰及古人。 昨責彥博、王珪,朕甚悔之。 公等勿以此而不進直言也。」
In the second year he replaced Gao Shilian as Palace Attendant. Once, while at leisure, Taizong conversed with Gui over a feast. A beautiful woman waited at his side — originally a concubine of the Prince of Lujiang. When the prince was defeated she was seized and entered the palace. Taizong pointed to her and said, "The Prince of Lujiang was wicked. Like a bandit he killed her husband and took her for himself. His cruelty was so extreme — how could he not perish! Gui rose from his seat and said, "Does Your Majesty consider it right or wrong that the Prince of Lujiang took this woman?" Taizong said, "He killed a man and took his wife — and you ask me whether it was right or wrong. Why?" He replied, "I have read in Guanzi that when Duke Huan of Qi passed through Guo, he asked the elders, 'Why did Guo perish? The elders said, 'Because he favored what should be favored and hated what should be hated. The duke said, 'If what you say is true, that was a worthy ruler — how could he have perished? The elders said, 'It is not so. The lord of Guo favored what should be favored but could not employ the good; he hated what should be hated but could not remove the wicked. That is why Guo perished. Today this woman is still at your side. I privately take it that Your Majesty's sacred heart approves of this. If Your Majesty considers it wrong, this is knowing what is wicked yet not removing it." Although Taizong did not dismiss this woman, he greatly valued Gui's words. At that time Zu Xiaosun, Vice Minister of Ceremonies, was reproached by Taizong because the palace women's music he taught did not please him. Gui and Wen Yanbo remonstrated, "Xiaosun has a masterly understanding of music; it is not that he is negligent. I only fear that those Your Majesty consults are not the right people and so mislead Your Majesty's sight and hearing. Moreover, Xiaosun is a refined gentleman. Your Majesty suddenly blames him for teaching female musicians — I fear the realm will be astonished. Taizong angrily said, "You are all my closest advisers. You should offer loyal and forthright counsel — why do you instead fawn on subordinates and deceive your superior, speaking on Xiaosun's behalf!" Wen Yanbo bowed in apology; Gui alone did not bow. He said, "I once served the former palace — my crime already deserved death. Your Majesty spared my life out of compassion and, despite my unworthiness, placed me near the inner councils, demanding loyalty and forthrightness from me. What I say now — is it for private ends? I did not expect Your Majesty suddenly to rebuke me on a matter of doubt. It is Your Majesty who has wronged me; I have not wronged Your Majesty. The emperor fell silent and let the matter drop. The next day the emperor said to Fang Xuanling, "Since antiquity, it has been difficult for emperors to accept remonstrance. In former times even King Wu of Zhou did not employ Bo Yi and Shu Qi. King Xuan was a worthy ruler, yet Duke Du was still killed though innocent. Day and night I aspire to the sages of old, yet regret that I cannot reach up to the ancients. Yesterday when I rebuked Yanbo and Wang Gui, I deeply regretted it. Do not let this keep you from offering forthright counsel."
4
時房玄齡、李靖、溫彥博、戴胄、魏徵與珪同知國政。 後嘗侍宴,太宗謂珪曰:「卿識鑑清通,尤善談論,自房玄齡等,咸宜品藻,又可自量,孰與諸子賢?」 對曰:「孜孜奉國,知無不爲,臣不如玄齡; 才兼文武,出將入相,臣不如李靖; 敷奏詳明,出納惟允,臣不如溫彥博; 處繁理劇,眾務必舉,臣不如戴胄; 以諫諍爲心,恥君不及於堯、舜,臣不如魏徵。 至如激濁揚清,嫉惡好善,臣於數子,亦有一日之長。」 太宗深然其言,群公亦各以爲盡己所懷,謂之確論。 後進爵爲郡公。 七年,坐漏洩禁中語,左遷同州刺史。 明年,召拜禮部尚書。 十一年,與諸儒正定《五禮》,書成,賜帛三百段,封一子爲縣男。 是歲,兼魏王師。 既而上問黃門侍郎韋挺曰:「王珪爲魏王泰師,與其相見,若爲禮節?」 挺對曰:「見師之禮,拜答如禮。」 王問珪以忠孝,珪答曰:「陛下,王之君也,事君思盡忠; 陛下,王之父也,事父思盡孝。 忠孝之道,可以立身,可以成名,當年可以享天祐,余芳可以垂後葉。」 王曰:「忠孝之道,已聞教矣,願聞所習。」 珪答曰:「漢東平王蒼云:『爲善最樂。』」 上謂侍臣曰:「古來帝子,生於宮闥,及其成人,無不驕逸,是以傾覆相踵,少能自濟。 我今嚴教子弟,欲令皆得安全。 王珪我久驅使,是所諳悉,以其意存忠孝,選爲子師。 爾宜語泰:『汝之待珪,如事我也,可以無過。』」 泰每爲之先拜,珪亦以師道自居,物議善之。 時珪子敬直尚南平公主。 禮有婦見舅姑之儀,自近代公主出降,此禮皆廢。 珪曰:「今主上欽明,動循法制。 吾受公主謁見,豈爲身榮,所以成國家之美耳。」 遂與其妻就席而坐,令公主親執笄行盥饋之道,禮成而退。 是後公主下降有舅姑者,皆備婦禮,自珪始也。
At that time Fang Xuanling, Li Jing, Wen Yanbo, Dai Zhou, Wei Zheng, and Gui jointly oversaw state affairs. Later, while attending a feast, Taizong said to Gui, "Your discernment is clear and penetrating, and you are especially skilled in discussion. You should appraise Fang Xuanling and the others, and also assess yourself — which of you is most worthy? He replied, "In diligent service to the state, knowing nothing he ought not to do — I am not the equal of Xuanling; in talent combining civil and military, going forth as general and entering as chancellor — I am not the equal of Li Jing; in detailed and lucid memorials, in receiving and issuing with perfect fairness — I am not the equal of Wen Yanbo; in handling complexity and resolving urgency, ensuring every task is accomplished — I am not the equal of Dai Zhou; in taking remonstrance as his heart's purpose, ashamed that his ruler falls short of Yao and Shun — I am not the equal of Wei Zheng. As for stirring the muddy and lifting the clear, hating wickedness and loving goodness — among these several men I too have my own day-long strength. Taizong deeply approved his words. The assembled ministers each felt he had fully expressed what was in their hearts, and called it a definitive assessment. Later he was advanced to the rank of Grand Duke of the Commandery. In the seventh year, for leaking forbidden words from within the palace, he was demoted to Prefect of Tong Prefecture. The following year he was recalled and appointed Minister of Rites. In the eleventh year, together with various Confucian scholars he corrected and fixed the 《Five Rites》. When the work was complete, he was granted three hundred bolts of silk and one son was enfeoffed as Baron of a County. That same year he was additionally appointed tutor to the Prince of Wei. After this the emperor questioned Vice Director Wei Ting, "Wang Gui is tutor to Li Tai, Prince of Wei. What should the etiquette be when they meet? Wei Ting replied, "The etiquette of meeting one's teacher — bow and respond according to ritual." The prince asked Gui about loyalty and filial piety. Gui answered, "Your Majesty is the prince's ruler — in serving a ruler one should think of utmost loyalty; Your Majesty is the prince's father — in serving a father one should think of utmost filial piety. The Way of loyalty and filial piety can establish one's person and make one's name. In one's own lifetime one may enjoy Heaven's blessing; its lingering fragrance can pass down to later generations. The prince said, "I have heard your teaching on the Way of loyalty and filial piety. I wish to hear what one should study." Gui replied, "Liu Cang, Prince of Dongping of Han, said, 'Doing good is the greatest joy.' The emperor told his attending officials, "Imperial sons since antiquity, born within the palace gates, when they come of age have none who were not arrogant and dissolute. Therefore ruin has followed one after another, and few have been able to save themselves. I now strictly instruct my sons and younger brothers, wishing that all may reach safety. I have long employed Wang Gui and know him well. Because his intentions rest in loyalty and filial piety, I have chosen him as my son's tutor. You should tell Tai, 'In the way you treat Gui, treat him as you would treat me — then you may be without fault." Tai would each time bow to Gui first, and Gui also held himself to the role of teacher. Public opinion approved." At that time Gui's son Jingzhi was married to Princess Nanping. Ritual provides for the ceremony of a wife presenting herself to her husband's parents. Since recent times, when princesses were given in marriage, this ceremony had all been abandoned. Gui said, "Now our sovereign is reverent and enlightened, and in every action follows the laws and institutions. That I accept the princess's visit — is it for my personal glory? It is to complete the beauty of the state's institutions. Thereupon he and his wife took their seats, and had the princess personally hold the hairpin and perform the hand-washing and food-serving rites. When the ceremony was complete she withdrew. Thereafter whenever a princess married where she had parents-in-law, the full rites of a wife were observed — beginning with Gui.
5
珪少時貧寒,人或遺之,初不辭謝; 及貴,皆厚報之,雖其人已亡,必賑贍其妻子。 事寡嫂盡禮,撫孤侄恩義極隆,宗姻困匱者,亦多所周恤。 珪通貴漸久,而不營私廟,四時蒸嘗,猶祭於寢。 坐爲法司所劾,太宗優容,弗之譴也,因爲立廟,以愧其心。 珪既儉不中禮,時論以是少之。 十三年,遇疾,敕公主就第省視,又遣民部尚書唐儉增損藥膳。 尋卒,年六十九。 太宗素服舉哀於別次,悼惜久之。 詔魏王泰率百官親往臨哭,贈吏部尚書,謚曰懿。
In his youth Gui was poor and cold; when people gave him gifts, at first he did not refuse or thank them; when he became eminent, he generously repaid them all. Even if the giver had already died, he would certainly provide relief for his wife and children. He treated his widowed sister-in-law with full propriety. In raising his orphaned nephews his benevolence and righteousness were utmost. Kinsmen in hardship he also often supported. Gui had long been prominent, yet he did not establish a private ancestral temple. For the seasonal offerings he still sacrificed in his bedroom. For this he was impeached by the judicial authorities. Taizong showed him forbearance and did not punish him, but had a temple built for him to shame his conscience. Gui was frugal to the point of failing ritual propriety, and contemporary opinion on this account slighted him somewhat. In the thirteenth year he fell ill. An edict ordered the princess to his residence to visit him, and Minister of Revenue Tang Jian was dispatched to adjust his medicines and diet. Soon after he died, aged sixty-nine. Taizong wore plain garments and mourned in a separate hall, grieving for a long time. An edict ordered Li Tai, Prince of Wei, to lead all officials in person to attend the mourning. He was posthumously appointed Minister of Personnel, with the posthumous title Yi.
6
長子崇基,襲爵,官至主爵郎中。 少子敬直,以尚主拜附馬都尉,坐與太子承乾交結,徙於嶺外。 崇基孫旭,開元初,爲左司郎中,兼侍御史。 時光祿少卿盧崇道犯罪配流嶺南,逃歸匿於東都,爲讎家所發。 玄宗令旭究其獄,旭欲擅其威權,因捕系崇道親黨數十人,皆極其楚毒,然後結成其罪,崇道及其三子並坐死,親友皆決杖流貶。 時得罪多是知名之士,四海冤之。 旭又與御史大夫李傑不協,遞相糾訐,傑竟坐左遷衢州刺史。 旭既得志,擅行威福,由是朝廷畏而鄙之。 俄以贓罪黜爲龍川尉,憤恚而死,甚爲時之所快。 戴胄戴胄,字玄胤,相州安陽人也。 性貞正,有干局。 明習律令,尤曉文簿。 隋大業末,爲門下錄事,納言蘇威、黃門侍郎裴矩甚禮之。 越王侗以爲給事郎。 王世充將篡侗位,胄言於世充曰:「君臣之分,情均父子,理須同其休戚,勖以終始。 明公以文武之才,當社稷之寄,與存與亡,在於今日。 所願推誠王室,擬跡伊、周,使國有泰山之安,家傳代祿之盛,則率土之濱,莫不幸甚。」 世充詭辭稱善,勞而遣之。 世充後逼越王加其九錫,胄又抗言切諫。 世充不納,由是出爲鄭州長史,令與兄子行本鎮武牢。 太宗克武牢而得之,引爲秦府士曹參軍。 及即位,除兵部郎中,封武昌縣男。
His eldest son Chongji inherited the title and rose to the office of Director in the Ministry of Enfeoffment. His youngest son Jingzhi, through marriage to the princess, was appointed Commandant of Escorts. For association with Crown Prince Chenggan he was exiled beyond the mountains. Chongji's grandson Xu, in the early Kaiyuan era, served as Director of the Left Department and concurrently as Attending Censor. At that time Lu Chongdao, Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, having been convicted and sentenced to exile in Lingnan, escaped and hid in the Eastern Capital, where he was denounced by an enemy family. Emperor Xuanzong ordered Xu to investigate the case. Xu wished to wield authority on his own, so he arrested and imprisoned several dozen of Chongdao's kin and associates, all put to extreme torture, and only then fabricated their guilt. Chongdao and his three sons were all sentenced to death; friends and relatives were all beaten with the rod and exiled or demoted. At that time those convicted were mostly men of renown, and the realm regarded it as an injustice. Xu also fell out with Censor-in-Chief Li Jie and they mutually impeached each other. Jie was in the end demoted to Prefect of Qu Prefecture. Once Xu had gotten his way, he acted with arbitrary power and favor, and thereafter the court both feared and despised him. Before long, for the crime of corruption he was dismissed to serve as Sheriff of Longchuan. He died of indignation and resentment, to the great satisfaction of his contemporaries. Dai Zhou, styled Xuanyin, was a native of Anyang in Xiang Prefecture. Upright and capable by nature, he had a talent for practical administration. He was well versed in law and especially skilled at reading official documents. At the end of the Sui Daye era he served as Recorder in the Chancellery. Su Wei, Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and Pei Ju, Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, treated him with great respect. Prince of Yue Tong appointed him Gentleman Attendant. When Wang Shichong was about to usurp Tong's throne, Zhou said to him, "The bond between ruler and minister should be as close as that between father and son. In principle one must share their joys and sorrows and stand by them from beginning to end. Your Excellency, with your civil and military talents, bear the charge of the state. Whether it survives or perishes depends on what you do today. What I wish is that you devote yourself sincerely to the royal house, take Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou as your models, and make the state secure as Mount Tai and your family pass down generations of emolument — then all within the realm would be supremely fortunate. Shichong answered with deceptive praise and, after expressing appreciation, dismissed him. Later Shichong forced the Prince of Yue to bestow the Nine Bestowals upon him, and Zhou again remonstrated forcefully. Shichong did not accept his counsel. Zhou was therefore sent out as Chief Administrator of Zheng Prefecture and ordered to garrison Wulao together with his elder brother's son Xingben. When Taizong captured Wulao and took him prisoner, he appointed him Army Staff Officer in the Prince of Qin's Office. When Taizong ascended the throne, he appointed Zhou Director in the Ministry of War and enfeoffed him as Baron of Wuchang County.
7
貞觀元年,遷大理少卿。 時吏部尚書長孫無忌嘗被召,不解佩刀入東上閣。 尚書右僕射封德彝議以監門校尉不覺,罪當死; 無忌誤帶入,罰銅二十斤。 上從之。 胄駁曰:「校尉不覺與無忌帶入,同爲誤耳。 臣子之於尊極,不得稱誤,准律云:『供御湯藥、飲食、舟船,誤不知者,皆死。』 陛下若錄其功,非憲司所決; 若當據法,罰銅未爲得衷。」 太宗曰:「法者,非朕一人之法,乃天下之法也。 何得以無忌國之親戚,便欲阿之?」 更令定議。 德彝執議如初,太宗將從其議,胄又曰:「校尉緣無忌以致罪,於法當輕。 若論其誤,則爲情一也,而生死頓殊,敢以固請。」 上嘉之,竟免校尉之死。 於時朝廷盛開選舉,或有詐偽資廕者,帝令其自首,不首者罪至於死。 俄有詐偽者事洩,胄據法斷流以奏之。 帝曰:「朕下敕不首者死,今斷從流,是示天下以不信。 卿欲賣獄乎?」 胄曰:「陛下當即殺之,非臣所及。 既付所司,臣不敢虧法。」 帝曰:「卿自守法,而令我失信邪?」 胄曰:「法者,國家所以布大信於天下; 言者,當時喜怒之所發耳。 陛下發一朝之忿而許殺之,既知不可而置之於法,此乃忍小忿而存大信也。 若順忿違信,臣竊爲陛下惜之。」 帝曰:「法有所失,公能正之,朕何憂也!」 胄前後犯顏執法多此類。 所論刑獄,皆事無冤濫,隨方指扌適,言如泉湧。 其年,轉尚書右丞,尋遷左丞。 先是,每歲水旱,皆以正倉出給,無倉之處,就食他州,百姓多致飢乏。 二年,胄上言:「水旱凶災,前聖之所不免。 國無九年儲蓄,禮經之所明誡。 今喪亂已後,戸口凋殘,每歲納租,未實倉稟。 隨即出給,才供當年,若有凶災,將何賑恤? 故隋開皇立制,天下之人,節級輸粟,名爲社倉,終文皇代,得無饑饉。 及大業中年,國用不足,並取社倉之物以充官費,故至末途,無以支給。 自王公已下,爰及眾庶,計所墾田稼穡頃畝,每至秋熟,准其苗以理勸課,盡令出粟。 稻麥之鄕,亦同此稅,各納所在,立爲義倉。」 太宗從其議。 以其家貧,齎錢十萬。
In the first year of Zhenguan he was transferred to Vice Minister of Justice. At that time Zhangsun Wuji, Minister of Personnel, was once summoned and entered the Eastern Upper Hall without removing the sword at his belt. Feng Deyi, Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, proposed that the gate-guard captain who had failed to notice should be punished with death; Wuji, for mistakenly bringing it in, should be fined twenty jin of copper. The emperor agreed. Zhou objected, "The captain's failure to notice and Wuji's bringing it in are both mistakes alike. Before one's sovereign a subject may not plead mistake. According to the law, 'For supplying the imperial bath, medicines, food, drink, or boats — if through mistake one did not know, all are punishable by death. If Your Majesty records his merit, that is not for the judicial authorities to decide; if one must follow the law, a copper fine is not the proper middle course. Taizong said, "Law is not my law alone — it is the law of the realm. How can you, because Wuji is a kinsman of the state, wish to show favor to him?" He ordered the matter decided again. Deyi held to his original proposal. Taizong was about to follow it when Zhou again said, "The captain incurred guilt because of Wuji; by law the penalty should be lighter. If one considers the mistake, the circumstances are the same, yet life and death would differ utterly. I venture to press my request firmly. The emperor praised him and in the end spared the captain from death. At that time the court was vigorously conducting selections and appointments. Some had falsely claimed inherited privilege. The emperor ordered them to confess; those who did not would be guilty of a capital crime. Before long a case of fraud was exposed. Zhou, following the law, sentenced the offender to exile and submitted the decision. The emperor said, "I issued an edict that those who did not confess should die. Now you sentence exile — this shows the realm that I am not to be trusted. Do you wish to sell judgments? Zhou said, "If Your Majesty executes him at once, that is beyond my reach. Since the case has been handed to the authorities, I dare not violate the law." The emperor said, "You keep the law yourself, yet make me break faith?" Zhou said, "Law is how the state establishes great trust with the realm; words are merely what anger or joy of the moment give rise to. Your Majesty, moved by a moment's anger, promised death; now knowing it cannot be done, you place the matter within the law. This is restraining a small anger to preserve great trust. If you follow anger and violate trust, I privately regret this for Your Majesty. The emperor said, "When the law errs, you can set it right — what have I to worry about!" Zhou often remonstrated boldly and held firm to the law in this way. In the criminal cases he discussed there were never wrongful convictions; he adapted his arguments to each situation and his words flowed like a spring. That year he was transferred to Right Assistant Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and soon after promoted to Left Assistant Director. Previously, each year during flood or drought grain was issued from the principal granaries. Where there were no granaries, people went to other prefectures for food, and the common people often suffered hunger and want. In the second year Zhou submitted a memorial, "Flood, drought, and calamity are what even the sage rulers of old could not avoid. A state without nine years' reserves is what the Book of Rites clearly warns against. Now after the chaos of war, households are depleted and ruined. Each year's tax payments do not actually fill the granaries. It is immediately issued out and barely suffices for the current year. If calamity strikes, with what will we provide relief? Therefore in the Sui Kaihuang era a system was established: people throughout the realm paid grain by graduated rates into what were called community granaries. Through the era of Emperor Wen there was no famine. By the middle of the Daye era, state expenses were insufficient and the goods of the community granaries were all taken to meet official costs. Therefore at the end there was nothing with which to provide relief. From princes and dukes down to the common people, calculating the acreage of cultivated fields and crops, each autumn at harvest, assessing according to the seedlings and encouraging payment by rule, all should be made to contribute grain. In districts of rice and wheat the same tax applies. Each pays where he resides, and community relief granaries are established. Taizong followed his proposal. Because his family was poor, the emperor gave him one hundred thousand cash.
8
時尚書左僕射蕭瑀免官,僕射封德彝又卒,太宗謂胄曰:「尚書省天下綱維,百司所稟,若一事有失,天下必有受其弊者。 今以令、僕系之於卿,當稱朕所望也。」 胄性明敏,達於從政,處斷明速。 議者以爲左右丞稱職,武德已來,一人而已。 又領諫議大夫,令與魏徵更日供奉。 三年,進拜民部尚書,兼檢校太子左庶子。 先是,右僕射杜如晦專掌選舉,臨終請以選事委胄,由是詔令兼攝吏部尚書,其民部、庶子、諫議並如故。 胄雖有干局,而無學術。 居吏部,抑文雅而獎法吏,甚爲時論所譏。 四年,罷吏部尚書,以本官參預朝政,尋進爵爲郡公。 五年,太宗將修復洛陽宮,胄上表諫曰:
At that time Xiao Yu, Left Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, was dismissed from office, and Vice Director Feng Deyi also died. Taizong said to Zhou, "The Imperial Secretariat is the backbone of the realm, from which all offices receive direction. If one matter goes wrong, the realm will surely suffer from it. Now I entrust the duties of Director and Vice Director to you — you should live up to what I expect. Bright and quick by nature, Zhou was adept at governance and decided matters with clarity and speed. Commentators held that among left and right assistant directors who fulfilled their duties, since the Wude era there had been only one such man. He also held the post of Remonstrating Adviser and was ordered to attend the emperor on alternate days with Wei Zheng. In the third year he was promoted to Minister of Revenue and concurrently appointed Acting Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent. Previously, Du Ruhui, Right Vice Director, had sole charge of selections and appointments. On his deathbed he requested that selection affairs be entrusted to Zhou. An edict therefore ordered Zhou to concurrently administer the Ministry of Personnel; his posts as Minister of Revenue, Assistant to the Heir Apparent, and Remonstrating Adviser remained as before. Although Zhou had practical ability, he lacked scholarly learning. While in the Ministry of Personnel he suppressed men of letters and favored legal officials, and was much ridiculed in contemporary opinion. In the fourth year he was removed as Minister of Personnel, retained his original post to participate in court governance, and soon after was advanced to Grand Duke of the Commandery. In the fifth year Taizong was about to restore the Luoyang palace. Zhou submitted a memorial remonstrating:
9
陛下當百王之弊,屬暴隋之後,拯餘燼於塗炭,救遺黎於倒懸。 遠至邇安,率土清謐,大功大德,豈臣之所稱讚。 臣誠小人,才識非遠,唯知耳目之近,不達長久之策,敢竭區區之誠,論臣職司之事。 比見關中、河外,盡置軍團,富室強丁,並從戎旅。 重以九成作役,余丁向盡,去京二千里內,先配司農將作。 假有遺余,勢何足紀? 亂離甫爾,戸口單弱,一人就役,舉家便廢。 入軍者督其戎仗,從役者責其餱糧,盡室經營,多不能濟。 以臣愚慮,恐致怨嗟。 七月已來,霖潦過度,河南、河北,厥田洿下,時豐歲稔,猶未可量。 加以軍國所須,皆資府庫,布絹所出,歲過百萬。 丁既役盡,賦調不減,費用不止,帑藏其虛。 且洛陽宮殿,足蔽風雨,數年功畢,亦謂非晩。 若頓修營,恐傷勞擾。
Your Majesty faces the accumulated evils of a hundred kings and comes after the tyrannical Sui, rescuing embers from the coals and saving the surviving people from hanging upside down. The distant have come and the near are at peace; the realm is tranquil. Such great merit and virtue — how could a subject like me presume to praise them? I am truly a petty man; my talent and insight do not reach far. I know only what is before my eyes and do not grasp long-term strategy. I venture to pour forth my humble sincerity and discuss matters within my official charge. Recently I have seen that within the passes and beyond the Yellow River, army regiments have been established everywhere. Wealthy households and strong young men have all joined the military. Added to this is labor on the Jiucheng palace. The remaining laborers are nearly exhausted. Within two thousand li of the capital, men are first assigned to the Court of the National Granaries and the Directorate of Palace Buildings. Even if any remain, how could their number be worth recording? Disorder and separation have only just ended; households are few and weak. When one man enters service, the whole family is ruined. Those entering the army are pressed for weapons and gear; those on labor service are charged for dry rations. Whole households struggle to manage, and many cannot make ends meet. In my foolish thinking, I fear this will provoke resentment and sighing. Since the seventh month excessive rains have fallen. In Henan and Hebei the fields are low and waterlogged. Even in a year of timely abundance and good harvest, the outcome cannot yet be measured. Added to this, what the army and state require all depends on the treasuries. The cloth and silk issued exceeds one million each year. Laborers are already exhausted, yet taxes and levies are not reduced; expenses do not cease, and the treasuries are emptied. Moreover, the Luoyang palace is sufficient to shelter from wind and rain. Completing the work over several years would also not be too late. If construction is rushed, I fear it will harm the people through forced labor and disturbance.
10
太宗甚嘉之,因謂侍臣曰:「戴胄於我無骨肉之親,但以忠直勵行,情深體國,事有機要,無不以聞。 所進官爵,以酬厥誠耳。」 七年卒,太宗爲之舉哀,廢朝三日。 贈尚書右僕射,追封道國公,謚曰忠,詔虞世南撰爲碑文。 又以胄宅宇弊陋,祭享無所,令有司特爲造廟。 房玄齡、魏徵並美胄才用,俱與之親善,及胄卒後,嘗見其游處之地,數爲之流涕。 胄無子,以兄子至德爲後。 胄兄子至德至德,乾封中累遷西台侍郎、同東西台三品。 尋轉戸部尚書,依舊知政事。 父子十數年間相繼爲尚書,預知國政,時以爲榮。 咸亨中,高宗爲飛白書以賜侍臣,賜至德曰「泛洪源,俟舟楫」; 賜郝處俊曰「飛九霄,假六翮」; 賜李敬玄曰「資啟沃,罄丹誠」; 又賜中書侍郎崔知悌曰「竭忠節,贊皇猷」,其辭皆有興比。 俄遷尚書右僕射。 時劉仁軌爲左僕射,每遇申訴冤滯者,輒美言許之; 而至德先據理難詰,未嘗與奪,若有理者,密爲奏之,終不顯己之斷決,由是時譽歸於仁軌。 或以問至德,答曰:「夫慶賞刑罪,人主之權柄,凡爲人臣,豈得與人主爭權柄哉!」 其慎密如此。 後高宗知而深嘆美之。 儀鳳四年薨,輟朝三日,使百官以次赴宅哭之,贈開府儀同三司、并州大都督,謚曰恭。 岑文本岑文本,字景仁,南陽棘陽人。 祖善方,仕蕭察吏部尚書。 父之象,隋末爲邯鄲令,嘗被人所訟,理不得申。 文本性沈敏,有姿儀,博考經史,多所貫綜,美談論,善屬文。 時年十四,詣司隸稱冤,辭情慨切,召對明辯,眾頗異之。 試令作《蓮花賦》,下筆便成,屬意甚佳,合台莫不歎賞。 其父冤雪,由是知名。 其後,郡舉秀才,以時亂不應。 蕭銑僭號於荊州,召署中書侍郎,專典文翰。 及河間王孝恭定荊州,軍中將士咸欲大掠,文本進説孝恭曰:「自隋室無道,群雄鼎沸,四海延頸以望真主。 今蕭氏君臣、江陵父老,決計歸降者,實望去危就安耳。 王必欲縱兵虜掠,誠非鄙州來蘇之意,亦恐江、嶺以南,向化之心沮矣。」 孝恭稱善,遂止之。 署文本荊州別駕。 孝恭進擊輔公祏,召典軍書,復署行台考功郎中。 貞觀元年,除秘書郎,兼直中書省。 遇太宗行藉田之禮,文本上《藉田頌》。 及元日臨軒宴百僚,文本復上《三元頌》,其辭甚美。 文本才名既著,李靖復稱薦之,擢拜中書舍人,漸蒙親顧。 初,武德中詔誥及軍國大事,文皆出於顏師古。 至是,文本所草詔誥。 或眾務繁湊,即命書僮六七人隨口並寫,須臾悉成,亦殆盡其妙。 時中書侍郎顏師古以譴免職,頃之,溫彥博奏曰:「師古諳練時事,長於文法,時無及者,冀蒙復用。」 太宗曰:「我自舉一人,公勿憂也。」 於是以文本爲中書侍郎,專典機密。 又先與令狐德棻撰《周史》,其史論多出於文本。 至十年史成,封江陵縣子。 十一年,從至洛陽宮,會谷、洛泛溢,文本上封事曰:
Taizong greatly praised this and then told his attending officials, "Dai Zhou has no kinship with me by blood, yet through loyal uprightness he urges himself on. His feeling for the state runs deep. Whenever matters are critical, he withholds nothing from me. The offices and titles I have advanced to him are merely to repay his sincerity. In the seventh year he died. Taizong mourned for him and suspended court for three days. He was posthumously appointed Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, posthumously enfeoffed as Duke of Daoguo, with the posthumous title Zhong. An edict ordered Yu Shinan to compose his epitaph. Because Zhou's residence was dilapidated and there was no place for sacrifices, the authorities were ordered specially to build a temple for him. Fang Xuanling and Wei Zheng both admired Zhou's talent and ability and were both close friends with him. After Zhou died, whenever they saw places where he had lived and visited, they often wept for him. Zhou had no son and made his elder brother's son Zhiede his heir. Zhou's elder brother's son Zhiede, during the Qianfeng era, was repeatedly promoted to Vice Director of the Western Terrace and Associate of the Third Rank of the Eastern and Western Terraces. Soon after he was transferred to Minister of Revenue and continued to participate in governance as before. Over more than ten years uncle and nephew successively served as Minister and participated in state affairs — at the time this was considered an honor. During the Xianheng era, Emperor Gaozong wrote in flying-white script to bestow on attending ministers. To Zhiede he gave, "Cross the great source and await boat and oar"; to Hao Chujun, "Soar to the nine heavens, borrow six pinions"; to Li Jingxuan, "Supply nourishing counsel, pour forth red sincerity"; and to Cui Zhi, Vice Director of the Central Secretariat, "Exhaust loyal integrity, assist the imperial design." All the phrases contained allegorical comparisons. Before long he was transferred to Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. At that time Liu Ren'gui was Left Vice Director. Whenever someone appealed a grievance or delay in justice, he would readily promise relief in fine words; Zhiede, by contrast, first examined the reasoning and questioned closely, never deciding on the spot. If the case had merit, he secretly submitted a memorial. He never displayed his own judgment, and for this reason contemporary reputation went to Ren'gui. When someone asked Zhiede about this, he replied, "Rewards, punishments, and penalties are the sovereign's prerogative. As a subject, how can one contend with the sovereign for prerogative! Such was his caution and discretion. Later, when Emperor Gaozong learned of this, he deeply sighed in admiration. In the fourth year of Yifeng he died. Court was suspended for three days and all officials were sent in turn to his residence to mourn. He was posthumously appointed Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with the rank of the Three Excellencies and Grand Protector General of Bing Prefecture, with the posthumous title Gong. Cen Wenben, styled Jingren, was a native of Jiyang in Nanyang. His grandfather Shanfang had served Xiao Cha as Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. His father Zhixiang, in the late Sui dynasty, served as magistrate of Handan. He was once brought to court by an accuser and could not clear himself. Wenben was deep and quick-witted by nature, with a dignified bearing. He studied the classics and histories broadly and mastered many subjects, excelled in conversation, and wrote with great skill. At fourteen he went before the Director of Retainers to plead his father's case. His words were impassioned, and when summoned for audience he argued with clarity and force. Many were struck by it. They tested him by asking for a composition of the 《Lotus Rhapsody》. He finished it at a stroke, with excellent conception, and everyone present sighed in admiration. His father's injustice was redressed, and from that time his name became known. Later the commandery recommended him as a xiucai, but he declined to accept because of the disorder of the age. When Xiao Xian declared himself emperor at Jingzhou, he summoned Wenben and appointed him Vice Director of the Secretariat, putting him solely in charge of official writing. When the Prince of Hejian, Li Xiaogong, pacified Jingzhou, the officers and soldiers all wanted to loot the city on a grand scale. Wenben went to advise Xiaogong, saying, "Since the Sui house lost the Way, rival powers have seethed like a boiling cauldron, and throughout the realm men have longed for a true sovereign. The lord and ministers of the Xiao house and the elders of Jiangling who have resolved to surrender have done so only because they wished to escape danger and find safety. If Your Highness insists on letting the army plunder, that is truly not what this province meant by 'returning to life,' and I fear it will also discourage those south of the Yangzi and the Ling ranges who are turning toward allegiance." Xiaogong approved and stopped them. He appointed Wenben Vice Governor of Jingzhou. When Xiaogong marched against Fu Gongshi, he summoned Wenben to manage military documents and again appointed him Evaluation Section Director of the field secretariat. In the first year of Zhenguan he was appointed Secretary and concurrently served on duty in the Secretariat. When Taizong performed the ceremonial plowing rites, Wenben submitted the 《Ode on Ceremonial Ploughing》. On New Year's Day, when Taizong held court and feasted the hundred officials, Wenben again submitted the 《Ode on the Three Primes》, and its wording was superb. Wenben's talent and reputation were already well known. Li Jing recommended him again, and he was promoted to Secretariat Drafter, gradually winning the emperor's personal regard. At first, during the Wude era, the drafting of edicts and documents on major military and state affairs had all been done by Yan Shigu. From this point on, the edicts were drafted by Wenben. When business piled up, he would have six or seven copy boys write at once as he dictated, and in a moment everything was finished—a feat that nearly exhausted the limits of his art. At that time Vice Director of the Secretariat Yan Shigu had been dismissed after a reprimand. Before long Wen Yanbo memorialized, saying, "Shigu is thoroughly versed in current affairs and excels in literary form; no one today equals him. I hope he may be reappointed." Taizong said, "I shall choose someone myself. You need not worry." Thereupon Wenben was appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat and put solely in charge of confidential affairs. He had earlier compiled the 《History of the Zhou》 with Linghu Defen, and most of its historical judgments were written by Wenben. In the tenth year the history was completed, and he was enfeoffed as Viscount of Jiangling. In the eleventh year he accompanied Taizong to Luoyang Palace. When the Yi and Luo rivers flooded, Wenben submitted a sealed memorial, saying:
11
臣聞創撥亂之業,其功既難; 守已成之基,其道不易。 故居安思危,所以定其業也; 有始有卒,所以隆其基也。 今雖億兆乂安,方隅寧謐,既承喪亂之後,又接凋弊之餘,戸口減損尚多,田疇墾闢猶少。 覆燾之恩著矣,而瘡痍未復; 德教之風被矣,而資產屢空。 是以古人譬之種樹,年祀綿遠,則枝葉扶疏; 若種之日淺,根本未固,雖壅之以黑墳,暖之以春日,一人搖之,必致枯槁。 今之百姓,頗類於此。 常加含養,則日就滋息; 暫有征役,則隨而凋耗。 凋耗既甚,則人不卿生; 人不卿生,則怨氣充塞; 怨氣充塞,則離叛之心生矣。 故帝舜曰:「可愛非君,可畏非人。」 孔安國曰:「人以君爲命,故可愛; 君失道,人叛之,故可畏。」 仲尼曰:「君猶舟也,人猶水也; 水所以載舟,亦所以覆舟。」 是以古之哲王,雖休勿休,日慎一日者,良爲此也。 伏惟陛下覽古今之事,察安危之機,上以社稷爲重,下以億兆爲念。 明選舉,慎賞罰,進賢才,退不肖。 聞過即改,從諫如流。 爲善在於不疑,出令期於必信。 頤神養性,省畋游之娛; 去奢從儉,減工役之費。 務靜方內而不求闢土; 載橐弓矢而無忘武備。 凡此數者,雖爲國之常道,陛下之所常行,臣之愚心,唯願陛下思之而不倦,行之而不怠。 則至道之美,與三、五比隆; 億載之祚,隨天地長久。 雖使桑谷爲妖,龍蛇作孽,雉雊於鼎耳,石言於晉地,猶當轉禍爲福,變咎爲祥。 況水雨之患,陰陽常理,豈可謂之天譴而系聖心哉? 臣聞古人有言:「農夫勞而君子養焉,愚者言而智者擇焉。」 輒陳狂瞽,伏待斧鉞。
I have heard that to found an enterprise amid chaos is already a hard achievement; and to preserve an established foundation is no easy task. Therefore to dwell in security yet think of danger is how one secures one's enterprise; and to carry a task from beginning to end is how one strengthens its foundation. Though the myriad people are now governed in peace and the regions are tranquil, we have succeeded an age of turmoil and inherited a land still exhausted. Household registers remain greatly reduced, and reclaimed fields are still few. The sheltering grace of Your Majesty is already clear, yet the wounds of the realm are not yet healed; the wind of virtue and instruction has spread, yet people's means are repeatedly exhausted. The ancients compared this to planting a tree: when years stretch on, its branches and leaves grow thick; but if it has been planted only recently and its roots are not yet firm, then though it is heaped with rich soil and warmed by spring sun, one man's shake will make it wither and die. The common people of today greatly resemble this. If constantly nurtured, they will day by day grow and flourish; but if levies and corvée are imposed even briefly, they at once decline and waste away. When depletion becomes extreme, people cannot make a living; when people cannot make a living, resentment fills the land; when resentment fills the land, hearts turn toward separation and rebellion. Therefore Emperor Shun said, "What is to be cherished is not the ruler alone; what is to be feared is not other men." Kong Anguo said, "The people take the ruler as their livelihood, and therefore he may be cherished; but when the ruler loses the Way and the people rebel, he becomes something to be feared." Confucius said, "The ruler is like a boat and the people like water; water carries the boat, and water also overturns the boat." For this reason the sage kings of antiquity, though at rest would not rest, and grew more cautious day by day. I humbly pray that Your Majesty will review events past and present, discern the turning points of safety and danger, hold the altars of state above all else, and keep the myriad people in mind. Choose officials wisely, reward and punish with care, advance the worthy, and dismiss the unfit. Correct faults as soon as you hear them, and accept remonstrance as freely as flowing water. Do good without hesitation, and issue orders only when they can be trusted to the end. Nourish your spirit and temper your nature, and reduce the pleasures of hunting and travel; cast off extravagance and follow frugality, and cut the costs of labor and public works. Devote yourself to peace within the realm and do not seek to expand territory or open new lands; keep bow and arrows in the quiver, yet never forget military preparedness. All these points, though they are the constant principles of governing a state and things Your Majesty already often practices, are what my humble heart wishes Your Majesty would ponder without weariness and carry out without slackening. Then the splendor of the supreme Way would stand equal to that of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; and Your throne would endure as long as heaven and earth. Even if mulberry and grain became omens, dragons and serpents wrought havoc, pheasants crowed from cauldron handles, and stones spoke in the land of Jin, you would still turn disaster into blessing and ill omen into good fortune. How much less should flooding and rain—ordinary workings of yin and yang—be called a heavenly reprimand and allowed to weigh upon Your Majesty's mind? I have heard the ancients say, "The farmer toils and the gentleman is nourished by his labor; the foolish speak and the wise choose among their words." I have rashly offered these ignorant words and humbly await Your Majesty's judgment.
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是時魏王泰寵冠諸王,盛修第宅,文本以爲侈不可長,上疏盛陳節儉之義,言泰宜有抑損,太宗並嘉之,賜帛三百段。 十七年,加銀青光祿大夫。
At that time the Prince of Wei, Li Tai, was favored above all the princes and built mansions on a grand scale. Wenben believed extravagance must not be allowed to grow, and memorialized at length on the virtue of frugality, urging that Tai's expenditures be curbed. Taizong approved of both points and bestowed three hundred bolts of silk. In the seventeenth year he was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Silver Blue Light.
13
文本自以出自書生,每懷捴損。 平生故人,雖微賤必與之抗禮。 居處卑陋,室無茵褥帷帳之飾。 事母以孝聞,撫弟侄恩義甚篤。 太宗每言其「弘厚忠謹,吾親之信之。」 是時,新立晉王爲皇太子,名士多兼領宮官,太宗欲令文本兼攝。 文本再拜曰:「臣以庸才,久逾涯分,守此一職,猶懼滿盈,豈宜更忝春坊,以速時謗。 臣請一心以事陛下,不願更希東宮恩澤。」 太宗乃止。 仍令五日一參東宮,皇太子執賓友之禮,與之答拜。 其見待如此。 俄拜中書令,歸家有憂色,其母怪而問之,文本曰:「非勳非舊,濫荷寵榮,責重位高,所以憂懼。」 親賓有來慶賀,輒曰:「今受吊,不受賀也。」 又有勸其營產業者,文本嘆曰:「南方一布衣,徒歩入關,疇昔之望,不過秘書郎、一縣令耳。 而無汗馬之勞,徒以文墨致位中書令,斯亦極矣。 荷俸祿之重,爲懼已多,何得更言產業乎?」 言者嘆息而退。
Wenben, considering himself no more than a scholar by origin, always practiced self-restraint and modesty. Toward old friends from his earlier life, however humble their station, he always treated them as equals. His home was plain and modest, and his rooms had none of the usual mats, cushions, curtains, or hangings. He was known for filial devotion to his mother, and in caring for his younger brother and nephews he showed deep kindness and loyalty. Taizong often said of him, "He is broad-minded, steadfast, loyal, and careful. I am close to him and trust him." At that time the Prince of Jin had just been made crown prince. Many eminent men also held posts in the Eastern Palace, and Taizong wished Wenben to serve in such a concurrent capacity. Wenben bowed twice and said, "Your servant is a man of mediocre talent who has long exceeded his proper station. Even in holding this one office I still fear overreaching myself. How could I further disgrace the Eastern Palace and invite timely slander? I ask only to serve Your Majesty with undivided loyalty and do not wish to seek further favor from the Eastern Palace." Taizong thereupon desisted. He still ordered Wenben to attend the Eastern Palace once every five days, and the crown prince treated him with the courtesy due a guest and friend, exchanging bows with him in reply. Such was the honor shown him. Soon he was appointed Director of the Secretariat. He returned home with a troubled look, and his mother, surprised, asked why. Wenben said, "I have neither merit nor long association with the throne, yet I have undeservedly received favor and glory. My responsibilities are heavy and my rank is high—that is why I am anxious and afraid." When relatives and guests came to congratulate him, he would say, "Today I accept condolences, not congratulations." Some urged him to build up an estate. Wenben sighed and said, "I was once a plain-clothed man from the south who entered the pass on foot. In those days my highest hope was no more than to become a Secretariat Secretary or a county magistrate. Yet without any toil of horse and sword, I have reached the post of Director of the Secretariat through writing alone. That is already the utmost. I already have more than enough reason to fear while bearing such heavy salary and emoluments. How could I speak further of building an estate?" The man sighed and withdrew.
14
文本既久在樞揆,當涂任事,賞錫稠疊,凡有財物出入,皆委季弟文昭,一無所問。 文昭時任校書郎,多與時人遊款,太宗聞而不悅,嘗從容謂文本曰:「卿弟過多交結,恐累卿,朕將出之爲外官,如何?」 文本泣曰:「臣弟少孤,老母特所鍾念,不欲信宿離於左右。 若今外出,母必憂悴,儻無此弟,亦無老母也。」 歔欷嗚咽,太宗愍其意而止。 唯召見文昭,嚴加誡約,亦卒無愆過。 及將伐遼,凡所籌度,一皆委之。 文本受委既深,神情頓竭,言辭舉措,頗異平常。 太宗見而憂之,謂左右曰:「文本今與我同行,恐不與我同返。」 及至幽州,遇暴疾,太宗親自臨視,撫之流涕。 尋卒,年五十一。 其夕,太宗聞嚴鼓之聲,曰:「文本殞逝,情深惻怛。 今宵夜警,所不忍聞。」 命停之。 贈侍中、廣州都督,謚曰憲,賜東園秘器,陪葬昭陵。 有集六十捲行於代。 文本兄子長倩文本兄文叔。 文叔子長倩,少爲文本所鞠,同於己子。 永淳中,累轉兵部侍郎、同中書門下平章事。 垂拱初,自夏官尚書遷內史,知夏官事,俄拜文昌右相,封鄧國公。 則天初革命,尤好符瑞,長倩懼罪,頗有陳奏,又上疏請改皇嗣姓爲武氏,以爲周室儲貳,則天許之,實封五百戸。 天授二年,加特進、輔國大將軍。 其年,鳳閣舍人張嘉福與洛州人王慶之等列名上表,請立武承嗣爲皇太子。 長倩以皇嗣在東宮,不可更立承嗣,與地官尚書格輔元竟不署名,仍奏請切責上書者。 由是大忤諸武意,乃斥令西征吐蕃,充武威道行軍大總管。 中路召還,下制獄,被誅,仍發掘其父祖墳墓。 來俊臣又脅迫長倩子靈源,令誣納言歐陽通及格輔元等數十人,皆陷以同反之罪,並誅死。 長倩子羲長倩子羲,長安中爲廣武令,有能名。 則天嘗令宰相各舉堪爲員外郎者,鳳閣侍郎韋嗣立薦羲,且奏曰:「恨其從父長倩犯逆爲累。」 則天曰:「苟有材幹,何恨微累?」 遂拜天官員外郎。 由是緣坐近親,相次入省,登封令劉守悌爲司門員外郎,渭南令裴惓爲地官員外郎。 先是,羲爲金壇令,守悌及惓稱爲清德。 羲以文吏著名,俱爲巡察使所薦,皆授畿縣令,又同爲尚書郎,悉有美譽。 守悌後至陝州刺史,惓至杭州刺史。 羲,神龍初爲中書舍人。 時武三思用事,侍中敬暉欲上表請削諸武之爲王者,募爲疏者。 眾畏三思,皆辭托不敢爲之,羲便操筆,辭甚切直。 由是忤三思意,轉秘書少監,再遷吏部侍郎。 時吏部侍郎崔湜、太常少卿鄭愔、大理少卿李元恭分掌選事,皆以贓貨聞,羲最守正,時議美之。 尋加銀青光祿大夫、右散騎常侍、同中書門下三品。 睿宗即位,出爲陝州刺史。 復歷刑部、戸部二尚書,門下三品,監修國史,刪定格令,仍修《氏族錄》。 初,中宗時,侍御史冉祖雍誣奏睿宗及太平公主與節愍太子連謀,請加推究,羲與中書侍郎蕭至忠密申保護。 及羲監修《中宗實錄》,自書其事,睿宗覽而大加賞嘆,賜物三百段、良馬一匹,仍下制書褒美之。 時羲兄獻爲國子司業,弟翔爲陝州刺史,休爲商州刺史,從族兄弟子侄,因羲引用登清要者數十人。 羲嘆曰:「物極則返,可以懼矣!」 然竟不能有所抑退。 尋遷侍中。 先天元年,坐預太平公主謀逆伏誅,籍沒其家。 附格輔元格輔元者,汴州浚儀人也。 伯父德仁,隋剡縣丞,與同郡人齊王文學王孝逸、文林郎繁師玄、羅川郡戸曹靖君亮、司隸從事鄭祖咸、宣城縣長鄭師善、王世充中書舍人李行簡、處士盧協等八人,以辭學擅名,當時號爲「陳留八俊」。 輔元弱冠舉明經,歷遷御史大夫、地官尚書、同鳳閣鸞台平章事。 初,張嘉福等請立武承嗣也,則天以問輔元,固稱不可,遂爲承嗣所譖而死,海內冤之。 輔元兄希元,高宗時洛州司法參軍,章懷太子召令與洗馬劉訥言等註解范曄《後漢書》,行於代。 先輔元卒。 杜正倫杜正倫,相州洹水人也。 隋仁壽中,與兄正玄、正藏俱以秀才擢第。 隋代舉秀才止十餘人,正倫一家有三秀才,甚爲當時稱美。 正倫善屬文,深明釋典。 仕隋爲羽騎尉。 武德中,歷遷齊州總管府錄事參軍。 太宗聞其名,令直秦府文學館。 貞觀元年,尚書右丞魏徵表薦正倫,以爲古今難匹,遂擢授兵部員外郎。 太宗謂曰:「朕今令舉行能之人,非朕獨私於行能者,以其能益於百姓也。 朕於宗親及以勳舊無行能者,終不任之。 以卿忠直,朕今舉卿,卿宜勉稱所舉。」 二年,拜給事中,兼知起居注。 太宗嘗謂侍臣曰:「朕每日坐朝,欲出一言,即思此言於百姓有利益否,所以不能多言。」 正倫進曰:「君舉必書,言存左右史。 臣職當修起居注,不敢不盡愚直。 陛下若一言乖於道理,則千載累於聖德,非直當今損於百姓,願陛下慎之。」 太宗大悅,賜絹二百段。
Wenben had long served at the center of government and wielded real power. Rewards and gifts came to him in great profusion, yet for all property entering or leaving his household he entrusted everything to his youngest brother Wenzhao and never questioned any of it. Wenzhao was then serving as Collator and kept company with many men of the day. Taizong heard of this and was displeased. Once he spoke gently to Wenben, saying, "Your younger brother keeps too many acquaintances, and I fear it may harm you. I intend to send him out as a local official. What do you think?" Wenben wept and said, "My younger brother lost his father while still young, and our old mother dotes on him above all. She cannot bear even one night without him at her side. If he were sent away now, my mother would surely grieve herself to death. Without this younger brother, I would have no old mother left." He sobbed and wept until he could hardly speak. Taizong was moved by his plea and desisted. Taizong summoned Wenzhao alone and sternly warned him, and in the end Wenzhao committed no further fault. When the emperor prepared to campaign against Liaodong, all planning was wholly entrusted to Wenben. Wenben, burdened with this deep trust, was suddenly drained in body and spirit, and his speech and bearing were quite unlike his usual self. Taizong saw this and was troubled. He told those around him, "Wenben is going with me now, but I fear he will not return with me." When they reached Youzhou, Wenben fell suddenly ill. Taizong visited him in person, stroked him, and wept. Before long he died, at the age of fifty-one. That evening Taizong heard the midnight watch drum and said, "Wenben has died, and my grief is deep. Tonight's midnight alarm is something I cannot bear to hear." He ordered it stopped. He was posthumously appointed Palace Attendant and Area Commander of Guangzhou, given the posthumous name Xian, granted the Eastern Garden secret coffin, and buried with honor at Zhaoling. His collected works, sixty scrolls in all, circulated in his time. Wenben's elder brother's son Changqian and Wenben's elder brother Wenshu. Wenshu's son Changqian was raised from boyhood by Wenben as though he were Wenben's own child. During the Yongchun reign he rose through successive appointments to Vice Minister of War and Associate Director of the Secretariat-Chancellery. At the opening of the Chuigong era he was promoted from Minister of the Department of Summer Affairs to Interior Secretary while retaining charge of that department; before long he was made Right Chancellor of Wenchang and enfeoffed as Duke of Deng. When Wu Zetian first seized power and remade the dynasty, she was especially fond of auspicious omens. Fearful of falling under suspicion, Changqian submitted several memorials and even petitioned that the crown prince's surname be changed to Wu so he could stand as heir of the new Zhou dynasty. Wu Zetian consented and granted him a substantive fief of five hundred households. In the second year of Tianshou he received the additional honors of Tejin rank and Grand General Who Assists the State. That same year Zhang Jiafu, an attender of the Phoenix Pavilion, and Wang Qingzhi of Luozhou, together with others, submitted a joint memorial asking that Wu Chengsi be made crown prince. Changqian held that with an imperial heir already installed in the Eastern Palace, Chengsi could not be elevated in his stead. He and Ge Fuyuan, Minister of the Department of Earth Affairs, refused to sign the memorial altogether and submitted a separate petition demanding severe punishment for the petitioners. This deeply affronted the Wu clan, and he was dispatched on a western expedition against Tibet as Grand Commander of the Wuwei Circuit army. He was recalled before reaching his destination, thrown into the secret prison, and executed; the graves of his father and grandfather were then dug up as well. Lai Junchen then coerced Changqian's son Lingyuan into falsely implicating Grand Counselor Ouyang Tong, Ge Fuyuan, and dozens of others in a conspiracy; all were condemned for treason and put to death. Changqian's son Xi served as magistrate of Guangwu during the Chang'an era and was known for his competence. Wu Zetian once instructed each chancellor to nominate someone fit for appointment as a vice director. Wei Sili, Vice Director of the Phoenix Pavilion, recommended Xi but added in his memorial, "It is a pity that his paternal uncle Changqian's conviction for treason weighs against him." Wu Zetian replied, "If he has talent and ability, what does a slight stain matter?" Xi was promptly appointed Vice Director of the Department of Heavenly Affairs. Through this connection, close kinsmen were drawn into office one after another: Liu Shouti, magistrate of Dengfeng, became Vice Director of the Gate Department, and Pei Juan, magistrate of Weinan, became Vice Director of the Earth Department. Earlier Xi had served as magistrate of Jintan, while Shouti and Juan were already known for their upright conduct. Xi was renowned as a capable civil administrator. All three had been recommended by touring inspectors and appointed magistrates in the capital districts; when they later served together as ministry directors, each enjoyed an excellent reputation. Shouti later became prefect of Shaanzhou, and Juan became prefect of Hangzhou. At the opening of the Shenlong era, Xi served as a drafter in the Secretariat. At that time Wu Sansi dominated the court. Palace Attendant Jing Hui wanted to submit a memorial calling for the Wu princes to be stripped of their royal titles and sought someone to draft it. Everyone feared Sansi and found excuses to refuse, but Xi took up the brush at once and wrote in language that was blunt and uncompromising. This offended Sansi, and Xi was transferred to Deputy Director of the Secretariat Archive before being promoted again to Vice Minister of Personnel. At the time Cui Xian, Vice Minister of Personnel, Zheng Yin, Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and Li Yuangong, Vice Director of the Court of Judicial Review, shared control over official appointments, and all were notorious for taking bribes. Xi alone held the line, and public opinion commended him. Before long he was further honored with the ranks of Silver Blue Light Grand Master and Right Regular Attendant, and with appointment as Third Rank Associate Director of the Secretariat-Chancellery. When Ruizong ascended the throne, Xi was posted out as prefect of Shaanzhou. He later served again as Minister of Justice and Minister of Revenue, held Third Rank at the Chancellery, supervised the National History, revised statutes and administrative codes, and also compiled the Records of Clans. Earlier, during Zhongzong's reign, Attending Censor Ran Zuyong falsely accused Ruizong and Princess Taiping of plotting with Crown Prince Jiemin and called for a full investigation. Xi and Xiao Zhizhong, Vice Director of the Secretariat, secretly intervened on their behalf. When Xi, as supervisor of the Veritable Record of Emperor Zhongzong, recorded the episode in his own hand, Ruizong read the account and was deeply moved; he rewarded Xi with three hundred bolts of silk and a fine horse and issued an edict praising him. At the time Xi's elder brother Xian served as Vice Director of the Directorate of Education, his brother Xiang was prefect of Shaanzhou, and his brother Xiu was prefect of Shangzhou; through Xi's patronage, dozens of cousins, nephews, and other kinsmen were placed in prestigious offices. Xi sighed and said, "When things reach their limit they reverse—this ought to give one pause!" Yet in the end he could not bring himself to restrain or turn any of them away. Before long he was promoted to Palace Attendant. In the first year of Xiantian he was executed for taking part in Princess Taiping's conspiracy, and his family's property was confiscated. Appendix: Ge Fuyuan. Ge Fuyuan was a native of Junyi in Bian Prefecture. His uncle Deren had been assistant magistrate of Yan County under the Sui. He and seven others from the same region—Wang Xiaoyi, literary companion to the Prince of Qi; Fan Shixuan, Gentleman of the Forest of Letters; Jing Junliang, registrar of Luochuan Commandery; Zheng Zuxian, clerk of the Directorate of Justice; Zheng Shishan, magistrate of Xuancheng District; Li Xingjian, a secretariat drafter under Wang Shichong; and the recluse Lu Xie—were celebrated for their literary talent and were known in their day as the "Eight Worthies of Chenliu." Fuyuan passed the Mingjing examination in his early twenties and rose through the ranks to Censor-in-Chief, Minister of the Department of Earth Affairs, and Associate Director of the Phoenix Pavilion and Crane Terrace. When Zhang Jiafu and the others petitioned to make Wu Chengsi crown prince, Wu Zetian asked Fuyuan's opinion; he firmly declared the proposal unacceptable. Chengsi then slandered him, and he was executed—a verdict widely regarded throughout the empire as a gross injustice. Fuyuan's elder brother Xiyuan served as legal assistant in Luozhou under Emperor Gaozong. Crown Prince Zhanghuai summoned him, together with the palace steward Liu Neyan and others, to produce a commentary on Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han, which circulated widely in their time. He died before his brother Fuyuan. Du Zhenglun was a native of Huanshui in Xiang Prefecture. During the Renshou era of the Sui dynasty, he and his elder brothers Zhengxuan and Zhengcang all passed the Xiucai examination. Under the Sui, fewer than a dozen candidates ever passed the Xiucai examination in a given year; that three brothers from Zhenglun's family did so was widely admired in their day. Zhenglun was an accomplished writer and deeply versed in Buddhist scripture. Under the Sui he served as Captain of Feathered Cavalry. During the Wude era he rose to the post of recording secretary in the headquarters of the Qizhou area command. When Taizong heard of him, he had Zhenglun assigned to the Literary Institute of the Prince of Qin's mansion. In the first year of Zhenguan, Wei Zheng, Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, recommended Zhenglun in a memorial as a man without equal in any age, and Zhenglun was promptly appointed Vice Director of the Ministry of War. Taizong told him, "I am promoting men of talent and integrity now—not because I favor such men for personal reasons, but because their abilities serve the people. Even among my own kin and old comrades-in-arms, I will never appoint anyone who lacks talent and integrity. Because you are loyal and upright, I am promoting you now; strive to prove worthy of the trust I am placing in you." The following year he was appointed Supervising Secretary and given charge of the Daily Records. Taizong once told his ministers, "Every day when I hold court, before I utter a single word I ask myself whether it will benefit the people—which is why I speak so little." Zhenglun stepped forward and said, "A ruler's every act is recorded, and his words are preserved by the court historiographers. It is my duty to maintain the Daily Records, and I dare not withhold my honest counsel. If Your Majesty speaks even one word at odds with principle, it will stain your reputation for a thousand years—not merely harm the people of today. I beg Your Majesty to weigh your words carefully." Taizong was greatly pleased and rewarded him with two hundred bolts of silk.
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四年,累遷中書侍郎。 六年,正倫與御史大夫韋挺、秘書少監虞世南、著作郎姚思廉等咸上封事稱旨,太宗爲之設宴,因謂曰:「朕歷觀自古人臣立忠之事,若值明王,便得盡誠規諫,至如龍逢、比干,竟不免孥戮。 爲君不易,爲臣極難。 我又聞龍可擾而馴,然喉下有逆鱗,觸之則殺人。 人主亦有逆鱗,卿等遂不避犯觸,各進封事。 常能如此,朕豈慮有危亡哉! 我思卿等此意,豈能暫忘? 故聊設宴樂也。」 仍並賜帛有差。 尋加散騎常侍,行太子右庶子,兼崇賢館學士。 太宗謂曰:「國之儲副,自古所重,必擇善人爲之輔佐。 今太子年在幼沖,志意未定,朕若朝夕見之,可得隨事誡約。 今既委以監國,不在目前,知卿志懷貞愨,能敦直道,故輒輟卿於朕,以匡太子,宜知委任輕重也。」 十年,復授中書侍郎,賜爵南陽縣侯,仍兼太子左庶子。 正倫出入兩宮,參典機密,甚以干理稱。 時太子承乾有足疾,不能朝謁,好暱近群小。 太宗謂正倫曰:「我兒疾病,乃可事也。 但全無令譽,不聞愛賢好善,私所引接,多是小人,卿可察之。 若教示不得,須來告我。」 正倫數諫不納,乃以太宗語告之,承乾抗表聞奏。 太宗謂正倫曰:「何故漏洩我語?」 對曰:「開導不入,故以陛下語嚇之,冀其有懼,或當反善。」 帝怒,出爲谷州刺史,又左授交州都督。 後承乾構逆,事與侯君集相連,稱遣君集將金帶遺正倫,由是配流驩州。 顯慶元年,累授黃門侍郎,兼崇賢館學士,尋同中書門下三品。 二年,兼度支尚書,仍依舊知政事。 俄拜中書令,兼太子賓客、弘文館學士,進封襄陽縣公。 三年,坐與中書令李義府不協,出爲橫州刺史,仍削其封邑。 尋卒。 有集十捲行於代。 史臣曰史臣曰:王珪履正不回,忠讜無比,君臣時命,胥會於茲。 《易》曰:「自天祐之,吉無不利。」 叔玠有焉。 戴胄兩朝仕官,一乃心力,刑無僭濫,事有箴規。 雖學術不能求備,而匡益自可濟時,亦所謂巧於任大矣。 文本文傾江海,忠貫雪霜,申慈父之冤,匡明主之業,及委繁劇,俄致暴終。 《書》曰:「小心翼翼,昭事上帝。」 所謂憂能傷人,不復永年矣。 洎羲而下,登清要者數十人。 積善之道,焉可忽諸? 正倫以能文被舉,以直道見委,參典機密,出入兩宮,斯謂得時。 然被承乾金帶之譏,孰與夫薏苡之謗,士大夫慎之。 贊贊曰:五靈嘉瑞,出系汙隆。 人中麟鳳,王、戴諸公。 動必由禮,言皆匡躬。 獻規納諫,貞觀之風。
In the fourth year he was promoted to Vice Director of the Secretariat. In the sixth year Zhenglun, together with Censor-in-Chief Wei Ting, Deputy Director of the Secretariat Archive Yu Shinan, Director of Compilation Yao Silian, and others, submitted sealed memorials that pleased the emperor. Taizong held a banquet in their honor and said, "Looking back through history at ministers who gave loyal counsel, those who served enlightened rulers could speak freely—yet even Long Feng and Bi Gan could not escape death, and their families perished with them. To be a ruler is no easy thing; to be a loyal minister is harder still. I have also heard that a dragon may be tamed, yet it has inverted scales beneath its throat—touch them and it will kill you. A ruler has his inverted scales too, yet none of you shrank from touching them—you each submitted your sealed memorials. If you always act thus, why should I fear ruin! When I recall what you have done, how could I ever forget it? That is why I have arranged this feast." He also rewarded each of them with gifts of silk in varying measure. Before long he was made Regular Attendant, acting Right Assistant to the Heir Apparent, and concurrently appointed a scholar of the Chongxian Hall. Taizong told him, "The heir to the throne has always been a matter of the highest importance, and only worthy men should be chosen to guide him. The crown prince is still young and his character is not yet formed. If I could see him every day, I could guide and correct him as occasions arose. Now that he has been entrusted with regency and is no longer at my side, I know your heart is upright and that you will hold to the straight path. I am therefore releasing you from my immediate service to guide the crown prince—you must understand how weighty this charge is." In the tenth year he was again appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat, ennobled as Marquis of Nanyang County, and continued to serve concurrently as Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent. Zhenglun moved between the two palaces, took part in confidential state business, and was highly regarded for his administrative ability. At the time Crown Prince Chengqian suffered from a foot ailment that kept him from attending court, and he favored the company of unworthy associates. Taizong told Zhenglun, "My son's illness is not the real problem. What troubles me is that he has no reputation for virtue, shows no love of worthy men, and keeps company mostly with scoundrels. You must keep a close watch. If your counsel fails to take hold, you must report back to me." Zhenglun remonstrated repeatedly without effect, then told Chengqian what Taizong had said; Chengqian responded by submitting a memorial directly to the throne. Taizong asked Zhenglun, "Why did you reveal what I told you?" He replied, "Because my counsel made no impression, I used Your Majesty's words to frighten him, hoping fear might move him to reform." The emperor was furious and posted him out as prefect of Gu Prefecture, then further demoted him to area commander of Jiaozhou. Later, when Chengqian's plot of rebellion came to light and was linked to Hou Junji, it was alleged that Chengqian had sent Junji to present Zhenglun with a gold belt; on this charge Zhenglun was exiled to Huan Prefecture. In the first year of Xianqing he was appointed Vice Director of the Gate Department and concurrently made a scholar of the Chongxian Hall; before long he was made Third Rank Associate Director of the Secretariat-Chancellery. The following year he was additionally appointed Minister of the Department of Revenue while continuing to participate in governance as before. Before long he was appointed Director of the Secretariat, concurrently made Guest of the Heir Apparent and a scholar of the Hongwen Hall, and ennobled as Duke of Xiangyang County. In the third year, after falling out with Director of the Secretariat Li Yifu, he was posted out as prefect of Heng Prefecture and stripped of his fief. Before long he died. His collected works, ten scrolls in all, circulated in his time. The historian remarks: Wang Gui held unwaveringly to the upright path, and his loyal candor was without equal—the fates of ruler and minister alike met at this juncture. The Book of Changes says, "When Heaven lends its aid, good fortune follows—nothing goes amiss." Of this Wang Shujie was a true exemplar. Dai Zhou served through two reigns with undivided devotion; under his hand the law was never abused, and his counsel was always to the point. Though his learning was not encyclopedic, the good he did was enough to serve the times—this is what it means to be adept at bearing great responsibility. Wenben's prose flowed like rivers and seas, and his loyalty was steadfast as frost and snow. He vindicated a father's wronged honor, strengthened an enlightened ruler's enterprise, and when burdened with crushing duties met a sudden, violent end. The Book of Documents says, "Be reverent and cautious in serving the Lord on High." So it is said that worry can destroy a man—he did not live out his full span of years. From Xi downward, several dozen kinsmen rose to prestigious offices. The way of accumulated virtue—how can it be lightly dismissed? Zhenglun was promoted for his literary gifts, entrusted for his integrity, and moved between the two palaces handling state secrets—truly he had found his moment. Yet he fell under suspicion for accepting Chengqian's gold belt—a stain no less damaging than the foxtail-millet calumny that destroyed Ma Yuan. Let men of honor take heed. In praise: The five auspicious signs and blessed portents appear according to whether the times are in decline or ascent. Among men, qilin and phoenix—the likes of Wang, Dai, and their fellows. In action they always followed ritual; in speech they all set the ruler on the right path. Offering counsel and accepting remonstrance — such was the spirit of the Zhenguan era.