Volume 121 Biographies 71: Pugu Huai'en, Liang Chongyi, Li Huaiguan

仆固懷恩梁崇義李懷光

Pugu Huai'en, Liang Chongyi, and Li Huaiguang

仆固懷恩

Pugu Huai'en

仆固懷恩，鐵勒部落仆骨歌濫拔延之曾孫，語訛謂之仆固。貞觀二十年，鐵勒九姓大首領率其部落來降，分置瀚海、燕然、金微、幽陵等九都督府於夏州，別為蕃州以禦邊，授歌濫拔延為右武衛大將軍、金微都督。拔延生乙李啜拔，乙李啜拔生懷恩，世襲都督。天寶中，加左領軍大將軍同正員、特進。歷事節度王忠嗣、安思順，皆以善格鬥，達諸蕃情，有統御材，委之心腹。及安祿山反，從郭子儀討高秀巖於雲中，破之，又敗薛忠義於背度山下，抗賊七千騎，生擒忠義男，襲下馬邑郡。十五載，進軍與李光弼合勢，及史思明戰於常山、趙郡、沙河、嘉山，皆大破之，懷恩功居多。

Pugu Huai'en was the great-grandson of Geli Ge Ganbozhen of the Tiele Pugu clan; a corruption of the name had led the family to be known as the Pugu. In 646, the principal chiefs of the nine Tiele clans brought their people to surrender. Nine protectorates, including Hanhai, Yanran, Jinwei, and Youling, were placed under Xia Prefecture, while Fanzhou was established separately to defend the border. Ganbozhen was made Right Martial Guard general and protector of Jinwei. Ganbozhen's son was Yili Chueba, and Yili Chueba's son was Huai'en. The family held the protectorate in hereditary succession. During the Tianbao period he was further promoted to Left Army general with concurrent status and granted the title of special advancement. He served in turn under the governors Wang Zhongsi and An Sishun. Both men valued his prowess in combat, his grasp of frontier affairs, and his gift for leadership, and each treated him as a trusted confidant. When An Lushan rose in rebellion, Huai'en followed Guo Ziyi against Gao Xiuyan at Yunzhong and routed him. He next defeated Xue Zhongyi at the foot of Beidu Mountain, held off seven thousand rebel cavalry, took Zhongyi's son prisoner, and seized Mayi Commandery. In 756 he marched with Li Guangbi, and together they fought Shi Siming at Changshan, Zhao, Shahe, and Jiashan. Each battle ended in a decisive victory, with Huai'en contributing more than any other commander.

肅宗即位於靈武，懷恩從郭子儀赴行在所。時同羅部落自西京叛賊，北寇朔方，子儀與懷恩擊之。懷恩子玢領徒擊賊，兵敗而降，尋又自拔而歸，懷恩叱而斬之。將士懾駭，無不一當百，遂破同羅千餘騎於河上，盡收其器械、駝馬。肅宗雖仗朔方之眾，將假蕃兵以張形勢，乃遣懷恩與燉煌王承寀使於回紇，請兵結好。回紇可汗遂以女妻承寀，兼請公主，遣首領隨懷恩入朝。二年正月，又從子儀下馮翊、河東二郡。走偽將崔乾祐，又襲破潼關。賊將安守忠、李歸仁自京率眾來援，苦戰二日，官軍敗績。懷恩退至渭水，無舟楫，抱馬以渡，存者僅半，乃奔歸子儀於河東，整其餘眾。四月，子儀赴鳳翔，李歸仁以勁卒五千邀之於三原北。子儀窘急，使懷恩及王升、陳回光、渾釋之、李國貞等五將伏兵於白渠留運橋以待之，賊至伏發，歸仁大敗而走。又從子儀戰於清渠，不利，歸於鳳翔。及回紇使葉護、帝得數千騎來赴國難，南蠻、大食之卒相繼而至。肅宗乃遣廣平王為元帥，以子儀為副，而懷恩領回紇兵從之澧水。賊伏兵於營東，懷恩引回紇馳殺之，匹馬不歸，賊乃大潰。日暮，懷恩謂王曰：「賊必棄城走矣，請以二百騎馬追之，縛取李歸仁、田乾真、安守忠、張通儒。」王曰：「將軍戰亦疲矣，且休息，迨明而後圖之。」懷恩曰：「歸仁、守忠，天下驍賊也，聚勝而敗，此天與我也，奈何縱之不取？若使得眾，復為我患，雖悔無及。夫戰尚速，何明日為？」王固止之，令還營。懷恩又固請，往而復反，一夕四五起。遲明諜至，守忠等果逃。又從王大破賊於陜西之新店，收兩京，皆立殊功。以前後功加開府儀同三司、鴻臚卿同正員、同節度副使。十二月，封豐國公，食實封二百戶。

After Emperor Suzong was enthroned at Lingwu, Huai'en accompanied Guo Ziyi to the imperial camp. The Tongluo had deserted the rebels at Chang'an and were raiding north into Shuofang. Guo Ziyi and Huai'en moved against them. Huai'en's son Bin led a detachment against the enemy, was beaten and surrendered, then soon escaped and came back. Huai'en denounced him and put him to death. The troops were stunned into ferocity, and every man fought as though he were worth a hundred. They routed more than a thousand Tongluo cavalry on the riverbank and captured all their arms, camels, and horses. Though Suzong depended on the Shuofang army, he wished to augment his strength with allied nomad forces and sent Huai'en with Prince Chengcai of Dunhuang to the Uyghurs to seek troops and a treaty. The Uyghur khan married his daughter to Chengcai, asked for a Tang princess in return, and sent chieftains to accompany Huai'en to the capital. In the first month of 757 he again followed Guo Ziyi in the capture of Fengyi and Hedong. He drove off the rebel general Cui Qianyou and then stormed and retook Tong Pass. The rebel generals An Shouzhong and Li Guiren marched from the capital with reinforcements. After two days of fierce combat, the imperial forces were beaten. Huai'en fell back to the Wei River. There were no boats, so he clung to his horse to swim across; only about half his men survived. He rejoined Guo Ziyi in Hedong and rallied what was left of the force. In the fourth month Guo Ziyi marched toward Fengxiang. Li Guiren blocked his path north of Sanyuan with five thousand elite troops. Hard pressed, Guo Ziyi sent Huai'en and four other generals—Wang Sheng, Chen Huiguang, Hun Shizhi, and Li Guozhen—to lie in wait at Liuyun Bridge on the Bai Canal. When the rebels came up, the trap was sprung and Guiren was routed. He fought again with Guo Ziyi at Qingqu, but the battle went badly, and they withdrew to Fengxiang. Uyghur forces under Yehu and several thousand cavalry sent by the emperor arrived to aid the dynasty, followed in turn by troops from the southern tribes and from the Abbasid realm. Suzong then named the Prince of Guangping supreme commander, with Guo Ziyi as his deputy, while Huai'en led the Uyghur contingent with them to the Li River. Rebel troops lay in ambush east of the camp. Huai'en led the Uyghurs in a headlong charge that wiped them out to the last horse, and the rebel army broke and fled. As evening fell, Huai'en told the prince, "The rebels are sure to abandon the city and run. Let me take two hundred horsemen in pursuit and bring back Li Guiren, Tian Qianzhen, An Shouzhong, and Zhang Tongru in bonds. The prince replied, "You are exhausted from fighting as it is. Rest tonight and we will decide at dawn." Huai'en said, "Guiren and Shouzhong are the fiercest rebels in the realm. They had victory in hand and still lost—Heaven has handed them to us. How can we let them slip away? If they rally their forces again, they will be our trouble once more, and regret will come too late. In war, speed is everything—why put it off until tomorrow?" The prince held firm and sent him back to camp. Huai'en pressed his case again and again, leaving camp and coming back repeatedly, getting up four or five times that night alone. At first light scouts reported that Shouzhong and the others had indeed escaped. He again followed the prince to a crushing victory at Xindian in Shaanxi and took part in the recovery of both capitals, earning distinguished merit in each campaign. For these cumulative feats he was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with an independent office, made concurrent chief minister of the Court of State Ceremonial, and named concurrent deputy military governor. In the twelfth month he was created Duke of Feng with a substantive fief of two hundred households.

懷恩為人雄毅寡言，應對舒緩，而剛決犯上，始居偏裨之中，意有不合，雖主將必詬怒之。郭子儀為帥，以寬厚容眾，素重懷恩，其麾下皆朔方蕃漢勁卒，恃功怙將，多為不法，子儀每事優容之，行師用兵，倚以輯事。而光弼持法嚴肅，法不貸下，懷恩心憚而頗不葉。上元二年，從李光弼與史思明戰於邙山，不利。肅宗以懷恩功高，恩顧特異諸將，至冬，加工部尚書，敕李輔國及常參官送上，太官造食以寵之。

Huai'en was a man of fierce resolve who spoke little and answered slowly, yet he was stubborn and quick to defy authority. Even as a junior officer, if he disagreed with something he would lash out at his commander without hesitation. Guo Ziyi commanded with a broad tolerance that won men's loyalty, and he had long held Huai'en in high regard. His troops were the hard-fighting Shuofang veterans, both nomad and Han, who leaned on their battle honors and their generals and often bent the law. Guo Ziyi indulged them on every count and depended on them to hold his campaigns together. Li Guangbi, by contrast, enforced the law with iron rigor and showed no leniency to subordinates. Huai'en feared him and was never quite at ease under his command. In 761 he followed Li Guangbi against Shi Siming at Mount Mang, but the battle went badly. Because Huai'en's merits were so great, Suzong favored him above the other generals. That winter he was made Minister of Works, with orders for Li Fuguo and the regular court officials to escort him to audience and for the imperial kitchen to prepare a feast in his honor.

代宗即位，拜隴右節度，未行，改朔方行營節度，以副郭子儀。其秋，上使中官劉清潭請兵於回紇登裏可汗，登裏已為史朝義誘之傾國入塞，眾號十萬，關中騷擾，上使殿中監樂子昂馳於塞上勞之，遇於忻州。先是，肅宗以寧國公主下嫁於毗伽闕可汗，毗伽闕可汗又以少子請婚，肅宗以懷恩女妻之。毗伽可汗死，少子代立，即登裏可汗。登裏立，以懷恩女為可敦。至是，可汗請與懷恩及懷恩之母相見，詔從之。懷恩嫌疑不敢，上因賜鐵券，手詔以遣之，即令其母便發。懷恩與回紇可汗相見於太原，可汗大悅，遂許助討朝義，於是進兵，歷太原、汾、晉，營於陜州以俟期。十月，詔天下兵馬元帥雍王為中軍先鋒，以懷恩為副，加同中書門下平章事，領河東、朔方節度行營及鎮西、回紇兵馬赴陜州，並令諸道節度一時齊進。懷恩與回紇左殺為先鋒，觀軍容使魚朝恩、陜州節度郭英乂為後殿，自澠池入；陳鄭節度李抱玉自河陽入；河南副元帥、雍王留陜州。懷恩等師至黃水，賊徒數萬，堅柵自固。懷恩陣於西原上，廣張旗幟以當之，命驍騎及回紇之眾傍南山出於東北，兩軍舉旗內應，表裏擊之，一鼓而拔，賊死者數萬。朝義領鐵騎十萬來救，陣於昭覺寺，賊皆殊死決戰，短兵既接，相殺甚眾。官軍驟擊之，賊陣而不動。魚朝恩令射生五百人下馬，弓弩亂發，多中賊而死，陣亦如初。鎮西節度使馬璘曰：「事急矣！」遂援旗而進，單騎奔擊，奪賊兩牌，突入萬眾之中，左右披靡，大軍乘之而入，朝義大敗，斬首一萬六千級，生擒四千六百人，降者三萬二千人。轉戰於石榴園、老君廟，賊黨又敗，人馬蹂踐，填於尚書谷，朝義輕騎而走。懷恩乃進收東京及河陽城，封其府庫，偽中書令許叔冀、王伷等，承制釋之，悉皆安堵。

When Daizong succeeded to the throne, Huai'en was appointed governor of Longyou, but before he could take up the post he was reassigned as governor of the Shuofang field command, serving under Guo Ziyi. That autumn the emperor sent the eunuch Liu Qingtan to request troops from the Uyghur khan Dengli. Dengli had already been lured by Shi Chaoyi into leading his entire nation across the border in force—said to be a hundred thousand strong—and Guanzhong was in uproar. The emperor dispatched the palace director Yue Zi'ang to the frontier to welcome them, and Yue met the army at Xinzhou. Earlier, Suzong had married the Princess of Ning to the Uyghur khan Boli Yabghu. When the khan asked for a bride for his younger son as well, Suzong gave him Huai'en's daughter. When Boli Yabghu died, his younger son succeeded him as Khan Dengli. On his accession, Dengli made Huai'en's daughter his chief consort. Now the khan asked to meet Huai'en and his mother, and the court approved. Huai'en was wary and hesitated to go. The emperor gave him an iron certificate of immunity and a personal edict sending him on his way, and ordered his mother to set out at once. Huai'en met the Uyghur khan at Taiyuan. The khan was delighted and pledged to help crush Chaoyi. The army then marched through Taiyuan, Fen, and Jin and encamped at Shaanzhou to await the coordinated advance. In the tenth month the court named the Prince of Yong supreme commander and vanguard of the central force, with Huai'en as his deputy and associate chief minister. Huai'en was to lead the Hedong and Shuofang field armies plus the Zhenxi and Uyghur contingents to Shaanzhou, while every regional governor was ordered to advance in concert. Huai'en and the Uyghur Left Kill led the vanguard; Yu Chao'en, army inspector, and Guo Yingyi, governor of Shaan, brought up the rear, advancing from Mianchi. Li Baoyu, governor of Chen and Zheng, entered from Heyang. The Prince of Yong, deputy commander for Henan, stayed behind at Shaanzhou. When Huai'en's force reached Huangshui, tens of thousands of rebels had thrown up fortified stockades. Huai'en formed up on the western plain with banners flying wide to hold the enemy in place, while crack cavalry and Uyghur troops swung around the southern hills to strike from the northeast. At the signal of raised banners the two wings hit the camp from inside and out at once. A single charge carried the position, and tens of thousands of rebels were killed. Chaoyi marched to the rescue with a hundred thousand armored horsemen and formed battle lines at Zhaojue Temple. The rebels fought with desperate fury, and once hand-to-hand combat began the slaughter on both sides was immense. The imperial force charged, but the rebel line held firm. Yu Chao'en ordered five hundred archers to dismount and unleash a volley of arrows. Many rebels fell, yet the line did not break. Ma Lin, governor of Zhenxi, cried, "This is desperate! He seized his banner and charged alone, snatching two enemy standards and plunging into the mass of ten thousand men. The rebels parted before him, and the main army poured through the gap. Chaoyi was routed: sixteen thousand heads were taken, four thousand six hundred men captured, and thirty-two thousand surrendered. The fighting moved to Shiliu Garden and Laojun Temple, where the rebels were beaten again. Men and horses piled up in Shangshu Valley, and Chaoyi fled with a light escort. Huai'en then marched in to take the Eastern Capital and Heyang, sealed the treasuries, and by imperial order released the rebel ministers Xu Shuji, Wang Ni, and the rest. The populace was left undisturbed.

懷恩留回紇可汗營於河陽，乃使其子右廂兵馬使瑒、北庭朔方兵馬使高輔成以步軍萬餘眾乘勝逐北。懷恩常壓賊而行，至於鄭州，再戰皆捷；進至汴州，偽節度張獻誠開門降；又拔滑州，追破朝義於衛州。偽睢陽節度田承嗣、李進超、李達盧等兵馬四萬餘眾，又與朝義合，據河來拒。瑒連盤濟師，登岸薄之，賊黨悉奔，長驅至昌縣東。朝義率魏州兵馬來戰，又敗走，達盧來降，賊徒震駭。於是相州偽節度薛嵩以相、衛州、洺、邢、趙降於李抱玉、高輔成、尚文悊；偽恆陽節度李寶臣以深、恆、定、易四州降於河東節度辛雲京。朝義至貝州，又與偽大將薛忠義兩節度合。瑒至臨清，懼賊氣盛，駐軍以俟變。朝義領眾三萬並攻具來攻，瑒令高彥崇、渾日進、李光逸等設三伏以待之，賊半渡，伏發，合擊而走之。其時回紇又至，官軍益振，瑒卷甲馳之，大戰於下博縣東南。賊背水而陣，大軍沖擊而崩之，積屍擁流而下。朝義又走莫州。於是河南副元帥都知兵馬使薛兼訓、兵馬使郝廷玉、兗鄆節度使辛雲京會師於下博，進軍莫州城下。朝義與田承嗣頻出挑戰，大敗而旋，臨陣殺其偽尚書敬榮。朝義懼，自分萬餘眾投歸義縣，留承嗣守城。於是淄青節度侯希逸繼諸將同為攻守，凡月餘日。瑒與高彥崇、侯殺逸、薛兼訓等以眾三萬追及朝義於歸義縣，交鋒而賊潰。屬幽州節度使李懷仙送降款，瑒頓兵於其境，遣懷仙分兵追躡。二年三月，朝義至平州石城縣溫泉柵，窮蹙，走入長林自縊，懷仙使妻弟徐有濟傳其首以獻。又降田承嗣之軍，河北悉平，懷恩乃與諸將班師。

Huai'en left the Uyghur khan encamped at Heyang and sent his son Chang, commander of the right wing, and Gao Fucheng, Beiting-Shuofang army commander, with more than ten thousand foot soldiers in hot pursuit. Huai'en kept pressing the enemy as he marched, and at Zhengzhou won two battles in succession. At Bianzhou the rebel governor Zhang Xiancheng opened the gates and surrendered. He took Huazhou as well and routed Chaoyi again at Weizhou. The rebel governors Tian Chengsi of Suoyang, Li Jinchao, and Li Dalu mustered more than forty thousand men, joined Chaoyi, and barred the river to block the advance. Chang ferried his troops across again and again, landed, and closed with the enemy. The rebels broke and ran, and he drove hard as far as the east of Chang County. Chaoyi led the Weizhou army into battle and was beaten back again. Dalu surrendered, and the rebel ranks were thrown into panic. Then the rebel governor Xue Song of Xiangzhou surrendered Xiang, Wei, Ming, Xing, and Zhao to Li Baoyu, Gao Fucheng, and Shang Wenqi. The rebel governor Li Baochen of Hengyang surrendered Shen, Heng, Ding, and Yi to Xin Yunjing, governor of Hedong. Chaoyi reached Beizhou and united with the rebel general Xue Zhongyi and his two commands. Chang reached Linqing but, seeing the rebels still full of fight, held his army in camp to wait for a turn in fortune. Chaoyi attacked with thirty thousand men and siege equipment. Chang set Gao Yanchong, Hun Rijin, and Li Guangyi in three ambushes. When the rebels were halfway across, the trap was sprung and a combined assault sent them fleeing. The Uyghurs arrived again, and the imperial army's spirits soared. Chang threw off his armor for speed and gave chase, fighting a major battle southeast of Xiabo. The rebels formed with their backs to the river. A mass charge broke their line, and corpses piled up until the current could barely pass. Chaoyi fled again to Mozhou. Xue Jianxun, director of armies under the Henan deputy commander, Hao Tingyu, army commander, and Xin Yunjing, governor of Yan and Yun, joined forces at Xiabo and marched to the walls of Mozhou. Chaoyi and Tian Chengsi sallied out again and again, were beaten back each time, and in one engagement killed their own rebel minister Jing Rong on the field. Terrified, Chaoyi took more than ten thousand men and fled toward Guiyi County, leaving Chengsi to defend the city. Hou Xiyi of Zi and Qing joined the other generals in the siege, which lasted more than a month. Chang, Gao Yanchong, Hou Xiyi, and Xue Jianxun overtook Chaoyi at Guiyi with thirty thousand men. A sharp engagement broke the rebel force. Li Huaixian of Youzhou then submitted his surrender. Chang halted within his territory and sent Huaixian with detachments in pursuit. In the third month of 763 Chaoyi reached the Hot Springs stockade at Shicheng in Pingzhou. Cornered, he went into a grove and hanged himself. Huaixian had his brother-in-law Xu Youji bring the head to court. Tian Chengsi's force surrendered as well, and all of Hebei was pacified. Huai'en then led the generals home.

先是，去冬郭子儀以懷恩有平定河朔之功，讓位於懷恩，遂授河北副元帥、尚書左僕射、兼中書令、靈州大都督府長史、單于鎮北大都護、朔方節度使，仍加實封四百戶，通前一千戶。春，又加太子少師，充朔方都知兵馬使、同節度副大使，食實封五百戶，莊宅各一所，仍與一子五品官。高輔成太子少傅、兼御史中丞，充河北副元帥都知兵馬使，加實封三百戶，仍與一子五品官。高彥崇太子賓客，仍舊朔方右廂兵馬使，實封二百戶，莊宅各賜一所，與一子五品官。

The winter before, Guo Ziyi had yielded his command to Huai'en in recognition of his pacification of Heshuo. Huai'en was made deputy commander of Hebei, Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, concurrent Grand Councilor, chief administrator of Lingzhou, Chanyu Protector-General of the North, and governor of Shuofang, with an added fief of four hundred households for a total of one thousand. That spring he was further made Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, director of Shuofang armies, and concurrent deputy governor, with a fief of five hundred households, a manor and a residence, and a fifth-rank office for one of his sons. Gao Fucheng was made Junior Mentor to the Heir Apparent and Censor-in-Chief, director of armies under the Hebei deputy commander, with a fief of three hundred households and a fifth-rank office for one son. Gao Yanchong was made Guest of the Heir Apparent while keeping his post as commander of the Shuofang right wing, with a fief of two hundred households, a manor and a residence, and a fifth-rank office for one son.

遂詔懷恩統可汗還蕃，遂自相州西郭口趣潞州，與回紇可汗會，出太原之北。懷恩初至太原，辛雲京以可汗是其子婿，疑其召戎，閉關不報，且懼可汗相襲，不敢犒軍；及還，亦如之。懷恩父子宣力王室，攻城野戰，無役不從，一舉滅史朝義，復燕、趙、韓、魏之地，自以為功無以讓。至是，又為雲京所拒，懷恩怒，上表列其狀，頓軍汾州。會中官駱奉先使於雲京，雲京言懷恩與可汗為約，逆狀已露，乃與奉先厚結歡。奉先回至懷恩所，其母數讓奉先曰：「爾等與我兒約為兄弟，今又親雲京，何兩面乎？雖然，前事勿諭，自今母子兄弟如初。」酒酣，懷恩起舞，奉先贈纏頭彩。懷恩將酬其貺，奉先遽告發，懷恩曰：「明日端午，請宿為令節。」奉先固辭，懷恩苦邀之，命藏其馬。中夕謂其從者曰：「向者責吾，又收吾馬，是將害我也。」奉先懼，遂逾垣而走。懷恩驚，遽令追還其馬。奉先使回，奏其反狀。懷恩累奏請誅雲京、奉先，上以雲京有功，手詔和解之，懷恩遂有貳於我。至七月，改元廣德，冊勛拜太保，仍與一子三品、一子四品官並階，仍加實封五百戶。仆固瑒一子五品官，加實封一百戶。仍賜鐵券，以名藏太廟，畫像於淩煙閣。尋以瑒為御史大夫、朔方行營節度。

The court then ordered Huai'en to escort the khan home. He marched from the west gate of Xiangzhou toward Luzhou to meet the Uyghur khan and led the column out north of Taiyuan. When Huai'en first reached Taiyuan, Xin Yunjing—whose son-in-law was the khan—suspected he had brought barbarian troops against the city. Xin shut the passes, sent no greeting, and, fearing an attack by the khan, refused to supply the army. On the return march he treated them the same way. Huai'en and his sons had poured their strength into the dynasty's cause, fighting in every campaign, storming every city. In one stroke they had destroyed Shi Chaoyi and recovered Yan, Zhao, Han, and Wei. They believed no one else's merit could match theirs. Now Yunjing had snubbed them again. Huai'en was furious, memorialized the court with a full account, and halted his army at Fenzhou. The eunuch Luo Fengxian happened to be on mission to Yunjing, who told him that Huai'en had conspired with the khan and that treason was already plain. Yunjing and Fengxian then became close allies. When Fengxian returned to Huai'en's camp, Huai'en's mother rebuked him repeatedly: "You swore brotherhood with my son, yet now you cozy up to Yunjing—how can you face two ways at once? Still, let what is past be past; from tonight we are mother and son and brothers again. As the wine flowed, Huai'en danced, and Fengxian gave him silks as a gift. Huai'en was about to return the gift when Fengxian suddenly denounced him. Huai'en said, "Tomorrow is the Dragon Boat Festival—stay as my guest for the holiday. Fengxian refused firmly, but Huai'en pressed him hard and had his horse hidden away. At midnight he told his attendants, "He scolded me earlier and took my horse—he means to kill me. Terrified, Fengxian climbed the wall and fled. Huai'en was startled and immediately sent men to return his horse. Fengxian sent word back to court reporting treason. Huai'en repeatedly asked the throne to execute Yunjing and Fengxian. The emperor, citing Yunjing's service, sent a personal edict urging reconciliation. From that point Huai'en turned against the court. In the seventh month the era was renamed Guangde. Huai'en was honored for merit and made Grand Mentor, with one son given a third-rank post and another a fourth-rank post, each advanced one step, plus an added fief of five hundred households. Chang was given a fifth-rank office for one of his sons and an added fief of one hundred households. He also received an iron certificate of immunity, had his name recorded in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, and his portrait hung in the Lingyan Pavilion. Soon after, Chang was made Censor-in-Chief and governor of the Shuofang field command.

懷恩以寇難已來，一門之內死王事者四十六人，女嫁絕域，再收兩京，皆導引回紇，摧滅強敵，而為人媒孽，蕃性獷戾，怏怏不已。乃上書自敘功伐，曰：

Since the rebellion began, forty-six members of Huai'en's clan had died in imperial service. His daughters had been married into distant lands. He had twice recovered the two capitals, each time leading the Uyghurs to crush the enemy—yet he was slandered at court. Fierce by birth and increasingly bitter, he could not find peace. He then memorialized the throne with an account of his deeds, writing:

廣德元年八月二十三日，開府儀同三司、尚書左僕射、兼中書令、朔方節度副大使、河北副元帥、上柱國、大寧郡王臣懷恩，刺肝瀝血，謹頓首頓首上書寶應聖文神武皇帝陛下：臣家本蕃夷，代居邊塞，爰自祖父，早沐國恩。臣年未弱冠，即蒙上皇驅策，出入死生，竭力疆場，叨承先帝報功，時年已授特進。洎乎祿山作亂，大振王師，臣累任偏裨，決死靖難，上以安社稷，下以拯生靈，仗皇天之威神，滅狂胡之醜類。無何，思明繼逆，又據東周，宸極不安，海內騰沸。臣謬承大行皇帝委任，授以兵權，誓雪國仇，以匡時難。闔門忠烈，咸願殺身，野戰攻城，皆先士卒。兄弟死於陣敵，子侄沒於軍前，九族之親，十不存一，縱有在者，瘡痍遍身。況陛下潛龍之時，親統師旅，臣忝事麾下，陛下悉臣愚誠。大行皇帝未捐宮館之時，臣頻立微效，累沾官賞，遂被輔國等讒害，幾至破家，便奪兵權，逾年宿衛。臣雖內省無疚，終懼讒佞傾危，以日繼時，命懸秋葉，至將歸骨泉壤，永謝明時。幸遇陛下龍躍天衢，繼纘鴻業，知臣負謗，察臣丹心，遂開獨見之明，杜絕眾多之口，特拔臣於汧、隴，再任臣於朔方。誠謂遊魂返骸，枯骨再肉，使臣得竭駑蹇之力，效錐刀之功，上答陛下再造之恩，下展微臣犬馬之志。

The twenty-third day of the eighth month, first year of Guangde: Huai'en, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, Left Vice Director, concurrent Grand Councilor, deputy governor of Shuofang, deputy commander of Hebei, Supreme Pillar of State, Duke of Daning, bows in blood and tears before Your Majesty the Baoying Sage Emperor: My family is of frontier origin, settled on the border for generations. From my grandfather onward we have lived under the dynasty's grace. Before I was twenty the Retired Emperor sent me into battle. I faced death again and again and gave everything on the frontier. The former emperor rewarded my service, and I was granted special advancement while still young. When Lushan rebelled and the imperial armies marched, I served again and again as a subordinate commander, ready to die to restore order—above, to save the dynasty; below, to rescue the people—trusting in Heaven's power to destroy the rebel horde. Soon Siming followed in revolt and seized the eastern heartland. The throne trembled and the empire boiled with unrest. The late emperor wrongly entrusted me with command and gave me authority over the armies, swearing to avenge the dynasty and set the realm right. My whole clan was loyal to the death. In every battle and siege we led from the front. Brothers fell on the battlefield; sons and nephews died before the ranks. Of my extended family, fewer than one in ten survived, and those who lived were scarred head to foot. When Your Majesty was still heir and led the armies in person, I served under your banner, and you knew my simple loyalty. Before the late emperor died I won merit again and again and received repeated honors, but Li Fuguo and others slandered me nearly to the destruction of my house. My command was stripped away, and for more than a year I served as a palace guardsman. Though I knew myself innocent, I feared slander would destroy me. Day by day my life hung by a thread, until I expected to die in obscurity and never see the light again. Fortune brought Your Majesty to the throne. You knew I had been slandered and saw my loyal heart. You silenced my accusers, raised me from Qian and Long, and entrusted me with Shuofang once more. I thought my soul had returned to my body and my dry bones had flesh again. I would give my last strength, however slight, to repay your grace of restoration and prove my devotion as your humble servant.

去年秋末，回紇伏義而來，士庶不知，悉皆驚駭。陛下以臣與其姻婭，令至太原祗迎，一切事宜，許臣逐便處置。遂與可汗計議，分道用兵，克復洛陽，平蕩幽、薊，惟有神策兵馬，頓軍獨住陳留。可汗時在洛陽，即被朝恩猜阻，要為流議，已失蕃情。臣自平賊卻回，天恩又令餞送，臣遂罄竭家產，為國周旋，發遣外蕃，貴圖上道。行至山北，被奉先、雲京共生異見，妄作加諸，閉城不出祗迎，仍令潛行竊盜。蕃夷怨怒，早欲相仇，臣遂彌縫，方得出界。及其祖餞事了，回至太原，臣忝跡鼎司，又承重寄，奉先、雲京曾無禮數，閉關不出相看。臣遂過汾州，休息士馬，凡經數日，不遣一介知聞。自以行事乘疏，恐臣先有論奏，遂乃構其謗黷，妄起異端，扇動軍城，以為設備。又臣從潞府過日，見抱玉只迎回紇，庶事用心，懇稱家資罄於公用，又與臣馬兼銀器四事，臣於回紇處得絹，便與抱玉二千匹以充答贈。今被抱玉共相組織，將此往來之貺，便為結托之私，貴在厚誣，務相傾奪。陛下不垂明察，采聽流言，欲令忠直之臣，枉陷讒邪之黨。臣實不欺天地，不負神明，夙夜三思，臣罪有六：

Late last autumn the Uyghurs came in alliance, and the people, not understanding, were terrified. Because I was related to them by marriage, Your Majesty sent me to Taiyuan to welcome them and authorized me to handle all arrangements as I saw fit. I consulted with the khan and divided our forces, retook Luoyang, and pacified You and Ji, while the Shence army alone held Chenliu. The khan was then at Luoyang, where Yu Chao'en's suspicion and obstruction turned rumor against him and alienated the Uyghurs. After pacifying the rebels I was ordered to escort the allies home. I exhausted my household wealth to see them off properly and send them on their way. North of the mountains, Fengxian and Yunjing turned against me with false accusations, shut their gates instead of welcoming me, and even sent men to steal from my camp. The nomad allies were furious and nearly came to blows. Only my mediation got them across the border in peace. When the farewell ceremonies were done and I returned to Taiyuan, I held high office and heavy responsibility. Yet Fengxian and Yunjing showed no courtesy, shutting their gates and refusing even to receive me. I passed through Fenzhou to rest my troops for several days without sending them so much as a message. Feeling guilty and fearing I had already memorialized against them, they fabricated charges of sedition and stirred the garrisons as though I were preparing rebellion. Passing through Luzhou I saw Baoyu lavishing attention on the Uyghur reception and claiming his family fortune was spent for the state. He gave me horses and silver vessels. I obtained silk from the Uyghurs and gave Baoyu two thousand bolts in return. Now Baoyu has joined the plot, turning these courtesies into evidence of conspiracy, heaping slander upon me to bring me down. Your Majesty does not investigate but listens to rumor, allowing loyal men to be destroyed by slanderers. I have not deceived Heaven or Earth or failed the spirits. Night and day I ask myself, and I find six crimes:

往年同羅背叛，河曲騷然，經略數軍，兵圍不解。臣不顧老母，走投靈州，先帝嘉臣忠誠，遂遣征兵討叛，使得河曲清泰，賊徒奔亡。是臣不忠於國，其罪一也。臣男玢嘗被同羅虜將，蓋亦制不由己，旋即棄逆歸順，卻來投臣，臣斬之以令士眾。且臣不愛骨肉之重，而徇忠義之誠，是臣不忠於國，其罪二也。臣有二女，俱聘遠蕃，為國和親，合從討難，致使賊徒殄滅。寰宇清平。是臣不忠於國，其罪三也。臣及男瑒，不顧危亡，身先行陣，父子效命，志寧邦家。是臣不忠於國，其罪四也。陛下委臣副元帥之權，令臣指麾河北。其新附節度使，皆握強兵，臣之撫綏，悉安反側，州縣既定，賦稅以時。是臣不忠於國，其罪五也。臣葉和回紇，戡定凶徒，天下削平，蕃夷歸國，使其永為鄰好。義著急難，萬姓安寧，干戈止息，二聖山陵事畢，陛下忠孝兩全。是臣不忠於國，其罪六也。臣既負六罪，誠合萬誅，延頸轅門，以待斧钅質。過此以往，更無他違。陛下若以此誅臣，何異伍子胥存吳，卒浮屍於江上，大夫種霸越，終賜劍於稽山。唯當吞恨九泉，銜冤千古，復何訴哉！復何訴哉！

Years ago the Tongluo rebelled and the Hequ frontier was in turmoil. Several armies were besieged without relief. I left my aged mother and raced to Lingzhou. The former emperor praised my loyalty and sent troops to crush the rebellion, restoring peace to the Hequ and driving the rebels to flight. This is my first crime of disloyalty. My son Bin was once captured by the Tongluo, then escaped and came back to me. I executed him to uphold discipline in the ranks. I valued loyalty above kinship. This is my second crime of disloyalty. I gave two daughters in marriage to distant allies to secure the realm, and together we destroyed the rebels. The empire was at peace. This is my third crime of disloyalty. My son Chang and I, heedless of death, led from the front. Father and son risked everything to restore the realm. This is my fourth crime of disloyalty. Your Majesty made me deputy commander and placed Hebei under my command. The newly submitted governors all held strong armies. I pacified them all, restored order to the prefectures and counties, and taxes flowed on schedule. This is my fifth crime of disloyalty. I reconciled with the Uyghurs, crushed the rebels, pacified the realm, and sent the allies home as lasting neighbors. I served in the nation's crisis, brought peace to the people, ended the fighting, and helped complete the tombs of the two emperors so that Your Majesty could fulfill both loyalty and filial piety. This is my sixth crime of disloyalty. With these six crimes I deserve death a thousand times over. I stretch my neck at the camp gate and await the executioner's axe. Beyond this I have done nothing wrong. If Your Majesty kills me for this, what difference is there from Wu Zixu, who saved Wu yet ended floating on the river, or Fan Li, who made Yue supreme yet was given the sword at Kuaiji? I can only swallow my grief in the grave and bear injustice for ages—to whom can I appeal! To whom can I appeal!

且葵藿尚解仰陽，犬馬猶能戀主，臣忝恩至重，委任非輕，夙夜思奉天顏，豈暫心離魏闕，誠恐以忠獲罪，龜鏡不遙。頃者來瑱受誅，朝廷不示其罪，天下忠義，從此生疑。況來瑱功業素高，人多所忌，不審聖衷獨斷，復為奸臣弄權？臣欲入朝，恐罹斯禍，諸道節度使皆懼，非臣獨敢如此。近聞追詔數人，並皆不至，實畏中官讒口，又懼陛下損傷，豈唯是臣不忠，只為回邪在側。且臣前後所奏駱奉先詞情，非不摭實，陛下竟無處置，寵用彌深。皆由同類相從，致蒙蔽聖聰，人皆懼死，誰復敢言！臣義切君臣，志憂社稷，若無極諫，有負聖朝，敢肆愚忠，以幹鼎鑊。況今西有犬戎背亂，東有吳、越不庭，均、房群盜縱橫，鄜、坊稽胡草擾。陛下不思外禦，而乃內忌忠良，何以混一車書，而使梯航納贐？天下至大，豈可暫輕。

Even sunflowers turn toward the sun, and dogs and horses love their master. Your grace to me is boundless and your trust weighty. Night and day I long to see your face—how could I leave the court even for a moment? I fear only that loyalty will be punished, as history shows all too clearly. Lai Tian was recently executed without the court stating his crime, and loyal men everywhere began to doubt. Lai Tian's achievements were great and many envied him. Did Your Majesty decide alone, or did wicked ministers manipulate power again? I wish to come to court but fear this fate. Every regional governor is afraid—not I alone. Several men recently summoned by edict failed to come. They fear the eunuchs' slander and harm to Your Majesty. It is not I alone who hesitate—it is because villains stand at your side. My memorials against Luo Fengxian were grounded in fact, yet Your Majesty took no action and favored him all the more. Their kind protect one another and blind the throne. All fear death—who dares speak! My duty binds me to sovereign and minister; my heart grieves for the realm. If I do not speak plainly I fail the dynasty. I dare offer blunt loyalty though it risk the imperial wrath. In the west the Rong rebel; in the east Wu and Yue defy the court; bandits roam Jun and Fang; and nomad raiders trouble Fu and Fang. Your Majesty thinks not of defending the borders but of destroying loyal servants within—how can the realm be unified or distant peoples bring tribute? The empire is vast—how can it be treated lightly even for a moment?

伏承四方敷奏之人，引對之時，陛下皆云與驃騎商量，曾不委宰臣可否。或有稽留數月，不放歸還，遠近之心，轉加疑阻。且臣朔方將士，功效最高，為先帝中興主人，是陛下蒙塵故吏，曾不別加優獎，卻信嫉妒謗詞，子儀先已被猜，臣今又遭毀黷。弓藏鳥盡，兔死犬烹，臣昔謂非，今方知實。且臣息軍汾上，關鍵大開，收馬放羊，曾無守備，分兵數郡，貴免般糧，勸課農桑，務安黎庶，有何狀跡，而涉異端。陛下必信矯詞，何殊指鹿為馬？陛下倘斥逐邪佞，親附忠良，蠲削狐疑，敷陳政化，使君臣無二，天下歸心，則窺邊之戎，不足為患，梗命之寇，將復何憂，偃武修文，其則不遠。陛下若不納愚懇，且貴因循，臣實不敢保家，陛下豈能安國！忠言利行，良藥愈病，伏惟陛下圖之。

I hear that when petitioners from the provinces are received, Your Majesty always says you will consult the Champion General and never asks the chief ministers for judgment. Some are detained for months without release. Mistrust spreads far and wide. My Shuofang troops have served with the highest merit. We restored the dynasty for the late emperor and followed Your Majesty in exile. Yet we receive no special reward, only jealous slander. Guo Ziyi was suspected first; now I am defamed as well. When the bow is stored the birds are gone; when the rabbit dies the hound is cooked. I once thought this a proverb only; now I know it true. I rested my army on the Fen, opened the passes, pastured horses and sheep without heavy guard, spread troops among the commanderies to ease grain transport, and urged farming to settle the people—what sign of rebellion is there in this? If Your Majesty believes these twisted words, what difference is there from calling a deer a horse? If Your Majesty would cast out the wicked, embrace the loyal, clear away suspicion, and govern openly so that sovereign and ministers are united and the realm gives its heart to the throne, border raiders would be no threat and rebels nothing to fear. To lay down arms and cultivate culture would not be far off. If Your Majesty will not heed my plea but values routine instead, I cannot save my house—and how can Your Majesty secure the state! Loyal words aid action; bitter medicine cures disease. I beg Your Majesty to consider this.

臣今戎事已安，糧儲且繼，深願一至闕下，披露心肝，再睹聖顏，萬死無恨。臣欲公然進發，慮恐將士留連。臣今便托巡晉、絳等州，於彼遷延且住，謹遣押衙開府儀同三司、試太常卿張休臧先進書兼口奏事。伏惟陛下覽臣此書，知臣誠懇，特垂聖斷，勿議近臣，待臣如初，浮謗不入，臣當死節王命，誓酬國恩。仍請遣一介專使至絳州問臣，臣即便與同行，冀獲蹈舞軒陛。鄙臣愚慮，不顧死亡，輕觸天威，戰汗無地。

My campaigns are settled and supplies hold. I long to come to court, lay bare my heart, see your face again, and die without regret. I wish to march openly to court but fear my troops will not follow. I will tour Jin, Jiang, and neighboring prefectures and remain there for a time. I send ahead my officer Zhang Xiuzang, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and acting chief minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, with this letter and an oral report. I beg Your Majesty to read this letter, know my sincerity, decide for yourself without consulting those around you, treat me as before, keep slander out, and I will die upholding the throne's command and repay the state's grace. Please send a special envoy to Jiangzhou to summon me. I will come at once and hope to bow before the throne. Your humble servant, heedless of death, has lightly touched imperial majesty and trembles without knowing where to stand.

九月，上以回紇近塞，懷恩又與辛雲京有隙，上欲其悔過，推心以待之。恐其不信，詔召黃門侍郎裴遵慶使汾州喻旨，且察其去就。遵慶即至，懷恩抱其足號泣而訴，遵慶因宣聖恩優厚，諷令入朝，懷恩許諾。副將范志誠說之曰：「公以讒言交構，有功高不賞之懼，嫌隙已成，奈何入不測之朝？公不見來瑱、李光弼之事乎！功成而不見容，二臣以走誅。」懷恩然之。明日，又以懼死為辭，許令一子入朝，志誠又不可。遵慶復命。御史大夫王翊自回紇使還，懷恩與可汗往來，恐泄其事，乃止之。遂令子瑒率眾攻雲京，雲京出戰，瑒大敗而旋，進圍榆次，朝廷患之。先是，尚書右丞顏真卿請奉詔懷恩，上因以真卿為刑部尚書、兼御史大夫往宣慰之。真卿曰：「臣往請行者，時也；今方受命，事無益矣。」上問其故，對曰：「懷恩阻兵，是其反側明矣。頃陛下避狄於陜郊，臣方責以《春秋》之義，雲寡君蒙塵於郊，敢不恭問官守。當是時也，懷恩來朝，以助討賊，則其辭順。今陛下攘去犬戎，即宮京邑，懷恩進不勤王，退不釋眾，其辭曲，必不來矣。且明懷恩反者，獨辛雲京、李抱玉、駱奉先、魚朝恩四人耳，自外朝臣，咸言其枉。然懷恩將士，皆子儀部曲，恩信結其心，陛下何不以子儀代之，喻以逆順禍福，必相率而歸耳。」上從之。子儀至河中，仆固瑒已為朔方兵馬使張惟嶽等四人斬其首，獻於闕下。懷恩聞之，率麾下數百騎，棄其母，渡河北走靈武。余眾聞子儀到，束甲來奔，歸者數萬。懷恩至靈武，嘯聚亡命，其眾復振。上念其勛舊，不欲罪功臣，厚撫其家，懷恩終不從。其母月餘日竟以壽終。又遙授太師、兼中書令、大寧王，余並停。

In the ninth month, with the Uyghurs near the border and Huai'en at odds with Xin Yunjing, the emperor wished him to repent and met him with an open heart. Fearing he would not trust the court, the emperor sent Vice Minister Pei Zunqing to Fenzhou to explain the imperial intent and observe his intentions. Zunqing arrived. Huai'en seized his feet and wept as he pleaded his case. Zunqing proclaimed the emperor's generous grace and urged him to come to court. Huai'en agreed. His deputy Fan Zhicheng warned him, "You have been framed by slander. You fear the fate of great merit unrewarded. The breach is already made—how can you enter a court whose outcome no one can know? Have you not seen what happened to Lai Tian and Li Guangbi! When their work was done they were not tolerated; both were killed for fleeing. Huai'en agreed. The next day he again pleaded fear of death and offered to send one son to court instead, but Zhicheng would not allow even that. Zunqing returned to report. Censor-in-Chief Wang Yi returned from his mission to the Uyghurs. Huai'en, still in contact with the khan, feared the plot would leak and detained him. He then ordered Chang to attack Yunjing. Yunjing met him in battle and routed him. Chang withdrew and besieged Yuci instead, alarming the court. Earlier Yan Zhenqing, Right Vice Minister, had volunteered to carry an edict to Huai'en. The emperor appointed him Minister of Justice and Censor-in-Chief to go as envoy of consolation. Zhenqing said, "When I asked to go before, that was the time. Now that I have my commission, the mission is useless. The emperor asked why. He replied, "Huai'en is holding his army in check—his rebellion is already plain. When Your Majesty was in exile at Shaan, I was reproaching him with the Spring and Autumn Annals: when the ruler is in distress in the field, how dare a subject not respectfully inquire after his charge? At that time Huai'en had come to court offering to help crush the rebels, and his language was perfectly deferential. Now that Your Majesty has driven off the barbarians and returned to the capital, Huai'en neither marches to the emperor's aid nor disbands his army when he withdraws. His language is disingenuous—he will certainly not come. Furthermore, only Xin Yunjing, Li Baoyu, Luo Fengxian, and Yu Chao'en openly claim Huai'en has rebelled; all other court officials insist he has been wronged. Yet Huai'en's troops all served under Guo Ziyi and remain bound to him by personal loyalty. Your Majesty should send Guo Ziyi to replace him and explain the consequences of rebellion versus obedience—they will surely return in succession." The emperor accepted his counsel. By the time Guo Ziyi reached Hedong, Pugu Chang had already been beheaded by Zhang Weiyue and three other Shuofang officers, and his head sent to the capital. When Huai'en learned of this, he took a few hundred horsemen, abandoned his mother, crossed north of the Yellow River, and fled toward Lingwu. When the remaining troops heard that Guo Ziyi had arrived, they donned their armor and came over—tens of thousands returned. At Lingwu, Huai'en gathered fugitives and outlaws, and his forces recovered their strength. Mindful of his old service, the emperor unwilling to punish a former hero, treated Huai'en's family with generous kindness—yet Huai'en still refused to submit. His mother died of natural causes a little over a month later. The court again invested him from afar as Grand Preceptor, concurrent Grand Councilor, and Prince of Daning; all other posts were revoked.

是秋為鄉導，誘吐蕃十萬入寇涇、邠州，祭來瑱之墓，自序云「俱遭放逐」。寇奉天、醴泉，郭子儀拒之而退。永泰元年，上征天下兵以防之。懷恩又糾合諸蕃，眾號二十萬，南犯京師：遣吐蕃之眾自北道先寇醴泉、奉天，任敷、鄭庭、郝德自東道寇奉先、同州，羌、渾、奴剌之眾自西道寇盩厔、鳳翔。朝廷大駭，詔遣郭子儀屯涇陽，渾日進、白元光屯奉天，李光時進屯雲陽，馬璘、郝廷玉屯中渭橋，董秦屯東渭橋，駱奉先、李日越屯盩厔，李抱玉屯鳳翔，周智光、杜冕屯同州。上親率六軍，令魚朝恩屯苑中，下詔親征。懷恩領回紇及朔方之眾繼進，行至鳴沙縣，遇疾舁歸。九月九日，死於靈武，部曲以鄉法焚而葬之。張韶代領其眾，為徐璜玉所殺；璜玉領其眾，又為范志誠所殺，志誠領其眾。回紇進寇涇陽，諸軍堅壁不戰。吐蕃相持二十餘日，又聞懷恩死，與回紇爭長，自相疑貳，莫敢先進，遂大掠居人，焚燒舍宇，驅男女數萬而去，所過踐禾穀殆盡。回紇乃詣子儀降，請擊吐蕃以自效。子儀分兵隨之，大破吐蕃於涇州界。任敷又敗走，羌、渾又多降於李抱玉。

That autumn he guided a Tibetan army of one hundred thousand against Jing and Bin prefectures, performed rites at Lai Tian's tomb, and wrote in a preface, "We both suffered exile." The invaders struck Fengtian and Liquan; Guo Ziyi drove them back. In 765, the emperor called up troops from across the empire to defend against the invasion. Huai'en rallied the frontier tribes again, claiming a force of two hundred thousand, and marched south on the capital. He sent the Tibetans along the northern route against Liquan and Fengtian; Ren Fu, Zheng Ting, and Hao De along the eastern route against Fengxian and Tongzhou; and Qiang, Hun, and Nula forces along the western route against Zhouzhi and Fengxiang. The court was terrified and ordered Guo Ziyi to hold Jingyang; Hun Rijin and Bai Yuanguang at Fengtian; Li Guang Shijin at Yunyang; Ma Lin and Hao Tingyu at Central Wei Bridge; Dong Qin at Eastern Wei Bridge; Luo Fengxian and Li Riyue at Zhouzhi; Li Baoyu at Fengxiang; and Zhou Zhiguang and Du Mian at Tongzhou. The emperor personally took command of the Six Armies, stationed Yu Chao'en in the imperial park, and proclaimed that he would lead the campaign himself. Huai'en led the Uyghurs and Shuofang troops forward, but fell ill at Mingsha County and was carried back. On the Double Ninth Festival he died at Lingwu, and his troops cremated and buried him according to their tribal custom. Zhang Shao took command of his forces but was killed by Xu Huangyu; Huangyu assumed command, only to be killed by Fan Zhicheng, who then took over the troops. The Uyghurs pressed Jingyang, but the imperial armies held their positions and refused to fight. After twenty days in stalemate, the Tibetans heard of Huai'en's death. They quarreled with the Uyghurs over command, grew mutually suspicious, and none dared advance first. They looted the countryside, burned homes, and drove off tens of thousands of civilians before retreating, trampling the harvest along the way. The Uyghurs then came to Guo Ziyi to surrender and offered to attack the Tibetans to prove their loyalty. Guo Ziyi sent detachments with them and routed the Tibetans on the borders of Jingzhou. Ren Fu fled in defeat, and many Qiang and Hun tribes surrendered to Li Baoyu.

懷恩逆命三年，再犯順，連諸蕃之眾，為國大患，士不解甲，糧盡饋軍，適幸天亡，而上為之隱惡，前後下制，未嘗言其反。及懷恩死，群臣以聞，上為之憫默曰：「懷恩不反，為左右所誤。」其寬仁如此。閏十月，懷恩侄名臣領千餘騎來降。

Huai'en had defied the throne for three years, rebelled twice, and united the frontier peoples into a national crisis. Soldiers never laid down their arms, and the granaries were drained to supply the armies. Heaven's mercy spared the dynasty when he died, yet the emperor still covered his crimes—even in successive edicts, he never acknowledged that Huai'en had rebelled. When the ministers reported Huai'en's death, the emperor fell silent in sorrow and said, "Huai'en did not rebel. He was led astray by those around him. Such was the depth of his clemency. In the intercalary tenth month, Huai'en's nephew Mingchen arrived with more than a thousand horsemen to surrender.

梁崇義

Liang Chongyi

梁崇義，長安人。以升斗給役於市，有膂力，能卷金舒鉤。後為羽林射生，從來瑱於襄陽。沈默寡言，眾悅之，累遷為偏裨。瑱朝京師，分使諸將戍福昌、南陽。來瑱被誅，戍者皆潰歸。崇義時在南陽，統歸師徑入襄州，與同列李昭、薛南陽相讓為長，不決。諸將請曰：「兵非梁卿主之不可。」遂推崇義為帥。寶應二年三月，崇義殺昭與南陽，以脅眾心，朝廷因授其節度焉。以襄州薦履兵禍，屈法含容，姑務息人也。歷御史中丞、大夫、尚書。遂與田承嗣、李正己、薛嵩、李寶臣為輔車之勢，奄有襄、漢七州之地，帶甲二萬，連結根固，未嘗朝覲，然於群凶，地最褊，兵最少，法令最理，禮貌最恭。其地跨東南之沖，數有王命之所宣洽，故其人知化。所親嘗勸其來朝，崇義曰：「吾本帥來公有大勛庸，當上元中以閹豎讒讟，逡巡稽召，及代宗嗣位，不俟駕行，旋見誅族。今吾釁盈而事久，若之何見上。」

Liang Chongyi was a native of Chang'an. He hired himself out in the marketplace for a daily ration of grain. He was powerfully built and could bend metal bars and straighten iron hooks. He later became an archer in the Imperial Guard and served under Lai Tian at Xiangyang. Quiet and reserved, he won the men's affection and rose steadily to become a junior officer. When Lai Tian went to the capital, he sent his generals to garrison Fuchang and Nanyang. After Lai Tian was executed, the garrison troops broke ranks and returned home. Chongyi was at Nanyang at the time. He gathered the returning troops and marched straight into Xiangzhou. He and his fellow officers Li Zhao and Xue Nanyang each deferred leadership to the others without reaching a decision. The officers pleaded, "Only you can command these troops, Lord Liang. They thereupon made Chongyi their commander. In March 763, Chongyi killed Zhao and Xue Nanyang to intimidate his followers, and the court duly appointed him military governor. Because Xiangzhou had suffered repeated warfare, the court bent the law in indulgence, seeking above all to restore peace. He rose through the ranks to Censor-in-Chief, Grand Counselor, and Minister. He allied with Tian Chengsi, Li Zhengji, Xue Song, and Li Baochen in mutual dependence, holding seven prefectures across the Xiang and Han region with twenty thousand soldiers. Though rooted in a firm network of alliances and never once attending court, among the rebel warlords his domain was the smallest, his army the weakest, yet his administration the most orderly and his deference the most scrupulous. His territory lay at a strategic crossroads of the southeast, where imperial authority had long been felt, and its people were well accustomed to civilization. His intimates once urged him to attend court. Chongyi replied, "My old commander Lai Tian rendered great service to the dynasty. During the Shangyuan period, eunuchs slandered him until he hesitated to obey a recall. When Emperor Daizong came to the throne, Lai set out without waiting for the imperial procession—and was swiftly executed along with his entire clan. Now my offenses are many and my rule has lasted too long. How could I possibly face the emperor?"

建中元年，淮西節度使李希烈數請興師討崇義，崇義懼，軍旅之事加嚴焉。流人郭昔告其為變，崇義聞之，請罪昔，坐決杖配流，命金部員外郎李舟諭旨以安之。初，劉文喜作難，舟嘗入其城說利害，文喜拘之，會帳下殺文喜而降。四方反側者聞之，謂舟必能覆軍殺將，是以皆惡。及舟至，又勸其入覲，言頗切直，崇義益不悅。二年春，發五使宣諭諸道，而舟復如荊、襄，崇義慮有變，拒境不納，上言「軍中疑懼，請換他使」。由是益不安，凶謀日深，賓僚或有忠言沮勸，多遭傷害。

In 780, Li Xilie, military governor of Huai West, repeatedly petitioned to launch a campaign against Chongyi. Chongyi grew alarmed and tightened military discipline. An exile named Guo Xi accused him of plotting rebellion. When Chongyi heard this, he demanded that Xi be punished. Xi was flogged and banished, and the court sent Li Zhou, Vice Director in the Ministry of Revenue, to reassure Chongyi with an imperial message. Earlier, when Liu Wenxi rebelled, Li Zhou had entered his city to argue the stakes. Wenxi detained him, but his officers soon killed Wenxi and surrendered. Rebellious commanders everywhere, hearing of this, believed Zhou could topple armies and kill generals, and so they all distrusted him. When Zhou arrived, he again urged Chongyi to come to court in blunt, direct terms, which displeased Chongyi all the more. In the spring of 781, five envoys were sent to announce imperial orders to the circuits. When Zhou again went to Jing and Xiang, Chongyi, fearing trouble, barred the border and asked that another envoy be sent because "the troops are uneasy." He grew increasingly anxious, his plots deepened by the day, and advisers who spoke honestly were often punished.

時群凶方自疑阻，朝廷將仗大信，欲來而安之，以示天下。仍加崇義同平章事，其妻子悉加封賞，且賜鐵券誓之，兼授其裨將藺杲為鄧州刺史，遣御史張著賚手詔征之。崇義益恐怖，使持滿而受命。藺杲奉詔書，又不敢發，馳詣崇義請命，崇義益疑懼，對著號哭，不受詔。由是征四方兵，使希烈統擊之。崇義乃發兵攻江陵，以通黔、嶺，及四望，大敗而歸，遂屯襄、鄧。希烈先發千餘人守臨漢，崇義屠之，無遺噍。既而希烈統大軍緣漢而上，崇義使將翟暉、杜少誠迎戰於蠻水，希烈大破之；復合於涑口，又破之。二將求降，希烈受之，使統本兵入襄陽號令，以安百姓。崇義領親兵老小閉壁，將守者斬關爭出，不可止。其年八月，崇義與其妻投井而死，傳首闕下。其親戚希烈皆戮之，選其嘗從臨漢之役者三千人，悉斬之。

The rebel warlords were mutually suspicious, and the court wished to win them with great trust, hoping to summon them to court for reassurance as a signal to the empire. Chongyi was made Associate Director of the Department of State Affairs. His wife and children received honors and rewards, and he was given an iron certificate of immunity. His deputy Lin Gao was appointed governor of Dengzhou, and Censor Zhang Zhu was sent with a personal edict summoning him to court. Chongyi was terrified and accepted the commission as though with an arrow on the string. Lin Gao received the edict but dared not leave, and rode to Chongyi for instructions. Chongyi grew more fearful still, wept before Zhang Zhu, and refused the edict. The court then mobilized armies from all directions and ordered Li Xilie to command the campaign against him. Chongyi then attacked Jiangling to open routes toward Qian, Ling, and Siwang, was routed, and withdrew to hold Xiang and Deng. Xilie had first sent more than a thousand men to hold Linhan; Chongyi massacred them to the last man. Soon Xilie led a large force up the Han. Chongyi sent Zhai Hui and Du Shaocheng to fight at Manshui, and Xilie routed them; They fought again at Shukou and were beaten once more. The two generals offered to surrender. Xilie accepted them and sent them with their troops into Xiangyang to restore order for the populace. Chongyi shut himself in with his family and personal troops, but the garrison broke the gates and rushed out in a panic that could not be stopped. In the eighth month of that year Chongyi and his wife threw themselves into a well. Their heads were sent to the capital. Xilie executed his relatives and beheaded three thousand men who had served at Linhan.

李懷光

Li Huaiguang

李懷光，渤海靺鞨人也。本姓茹，其先徙於幽州，父常為朔方列將，以戰功賜姓氏，更名嘉慶。懷光少從軍，以武藝壯勇稱，朔方節度使郭子儀禮之益厚。上元中，累遷試太僕、太常卿，主右衙兵將，積功勞至開府儀同三司，為朔方軍都虞候。永泰初，實封三百戶。大曆六年，兼御史中丞，間一年，兼御史大夫，加為軍都虞候。性清勤嚴猛，而敢誅殺，雖親戚犯法，皆不撓避。子儀性寬厚，不親軍事，紀綱任懷光，軍中尤畏之，亦稱為理。十二年，以母憂罷職。明年，起復本官，仍兼邠、寧、慶三州都將。德宗即位，罷子儀節度副元帥，以其所部分隸諸將，遂以懷光起復檢校刑部尚書，兼河中尹、邠州刺史、邠寧慶晉降慈隰節度支度營田觀察押諸蕃部落等使。先是，懷光頻歲率師城長武以處軍士，城據原首，臨涇水，俯瞰通道，吐蕃自是不敢南侵，為西邊要防矣。建中初，涇原四鎮節度使段秀實為宰相楊炎所惡，徵為司農卿。上將復城原州，乃以懷光兼涇州刺史、涇原四鎮北庭節度使。時懷光挾私怨，親誅殺朔方舊將溫儒雅等數人，涇州軍士咸畏之。劉文喜因眾不欲，遂以城叛。詔朱泚與懷光將兵討平之，加檢校太子少師。二年，遷檢校左僕射，兼靈州大都督、單于鎮北大都護、朔方節度支度營田觀察鹽池押諸蕃部落六城水運使，實封四百戶。邠寧節度等使如故。

Li Huaiguang was a Mohe tribesman from Bohai. His clan name was originally Ru. His forebears had moved to Youzhou. His father Chang was a Shuofang officer and, for military merit, was granted the imperial surname and renamed Jiaqing. Huaiguang entered the army young and was known for martial prowess and courage. Guo Ziyi, governor of Shuofang, treated him with exceptional regard. During the Shangyuan period he rose to acting Grand Master of the Imperial Stud and acting chief minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, commanding generals of the right wing. Through accumulated merit he became Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with an independent office and deputy commander of the Shuofang army. At the start of the Yongtai era he received a substantive fief of three hundred households. In 771 he was made concurrent Censor Commissioner-in-Chief. A year later he became Censor-in-Chief and army deputy commander. He was scrupulous, stern, and fierce, and did not shrink from executing even relatives who broke the law. Guo Ziyi was easygoing and left military discipline to Huaiguang. The troops feared him above all others, yet they also called his rule just. In 777 he left office to observe mourning for his mother. The following year he was recalled to his former post and also commanded the armies of Bin, Ning, and Qing. When Emperor Dezong succeeded, Guo Ziyi's deputy command was abolished and his troops divided among other generals. Huaiguang was recalled from mourning as acting Minister of Justice, concurrent governor of Hedong and Binzhou, and military governor over Bin, Ning, Qing, and neighboring circuits with authority over garrisons, farming, frontier tribes, and transport. For years Huaiguang had led troops to build a fortress at Changwu to quarter his soldiers. It stood on the high ground above the Jing River, commanding the passes below, so that Tibetans dared not raid southward. It became a vital western defense. Early in the Jianzhong era, Duan Xiushi, governor of the Jingyuan Fourth Circuit, was hated by Chief Minister Yang Yan and was recalled as Minister of Agriculture. The emperor planned to rebuild the fortress at Yuanzhou and made Huaiguang concurrent governor of Jingzhou and military governor of the Jingyuan Fourth Circuit and Beiting. At that time Huaiguang, nursing private grievances, personally executed several veteran Shuofang officers including Wen Ruya, and the Jingzhou troops all feared him. Because the troops would not accept him, Liu Wenxi rebelled and held the city. The court ordered Zhu Ci and Huaiguang to suppress the rebellion and made Huaiguang acting Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent. In 781 he was promoted to acting Left Vice Director, concurrent chief administrator of Lingzhou, Chanyu Protector-General of the North, and Shuofang governor with authority over farming, salt ponds, frontier tribes, and water transport, with a fief of four hundred households. His Bin-Ning governorship and other posts remained unchanged.

時馬燧、李抱真諸軍同討魏城未拔，硃滔、王武俊皆反，連兵救悅。三年，詔遣懷光統朔方兵步騎一萬五千同討田悅。懷光勇而無謀，至魏城之日，營壘未設，因與滔等大戰於愜山，為滔等所敗。復為悅決水以灌之，諸軍不利，因與燧等退軍於魏縣。尋加同平章事，益實封二百戶。自是與滔等相持不戰。明年十月，涇原之卒叛，上居奉天。朱泚既僭大號，遣中使馳告河北諸帥，懷光率軍奔命。時屬泥淖，懷光奮厲軍士，道自蒲津渡河，敗泚騎兵於醴泉，直赴奉天。前數日，先遣裨將張韶持表封蠟丸隨賊攻城，乘間逾塹，呼城上人曰：「朔方軍使也。」乃以繩引上城而入，比登堞，身中數十矢。時上在重圍中，守拒益急，既知懷光軍至，令張韶號令於城上，人心乃安。懷光又敗泚兵於魯店，泚乃解兵還走入城。

At that time Ma Sui and Li Baoyu were besieging Weicheng without success, while Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun had rebelled and marched to relieve Tian Yue. In 782 an edict ordered Huaiguang to lead fifteen thousand Shuofang foot and horse soldiers against Tian Yue. Huaiguang was brave but lacked strategy. The day he reached Weicheng his camp was not yet pitched, and he fought Zhu Tao and the others at Qieshan and was defeated. Tian Yue then broke the dikes to flood them. The imperial armies fared badly and withdrew with Ma Sui to Weixian. Soon after he was made Associate Director of the Department of State Affairs with an added fief of two hundred households. From then on he and Zhu Tao's forces faced each other without engaging. In the tenth month of the following year the Jingyuan troops mutinied and the emperor took refuge at Fengtian. Zhu Ci had declared himself emperor and sent envoys to the Hebei governors. Huaiguang marched his army to the emperor's aid. The roads were deep in mud, but Huaiguang drove his men hard, crossed at Pujin, routed Zhu Ci's cavalry at Liquan, and pressed on to Fengtian. Days earlier he had sent his deputy Zhang Shao with a sealed memorial in a wax pellet to infiltrate the rebel siege. Seizing a moment, Shao leaped the moat and shouted to the defenders, "Envoy from the Shuofang army! They hauled him up by rope onto the wall. By the time he reached the parapet he had been struck by dozens of arrows. The emperor was in desperate straits and the siege grew tighter. When he learned that Huaiguang's army had arrived, he had Zhang Shao announce it from the wall, and the defenders' hearts were steadied. Huaiguang defeated Zhu Ci's troops again at Ludian, and Ci broke off the siege and withdrew into the city.

懷光性粗厲疏愎，緣道數言盧杞、趙贊、白志貞等奸佞，且曰：「天下之亂，皆此輩也，吾見上，當請誅之。」杞等微知之，懼甚，因說上令懷光乘勝逐泚，收復京師，不可許至奉天，德宗從之。懷光屯軍咸陽，數上表暴揚杞等罪惡，上不得已為貶杞、趙贊、白志貞以慰安之。又疏中使翟文秀，上之信任也，又殺之。懷光既不敢進軍，遷延自疑，因謀為亂。初，詔遣崔漢衡使於吐蕃，出兵佐收京城，蕃相尚結贊曰：「蕃法，進軍以統兵大臣為信。今奉制書，無懷光名署，故不敢前。」上聞之，遣翰林學士陸贄詣懷光議用蕃軍，懷光堅執言不可者三，不肯署制，詞慢，且謂贄曰：「爾何所能？」興元元年二月，詔加太尉，兼賜鐵券，遣李升及中使鄧鳴鶴賚券喻旨。懷光怒甚，投券於地曰：「凡人臣反，則賜鐵券，今授懷光，是使反也。」詞氣益悖，眾為之懼。時懷光部將韓遊瑰掌兵在奉天，懷光乃與遊瑰書，約令為變，遊瑰密奏之。翌日，懷光又使趣之，遊瑰復奏聞。數日，懷光又使趣遊瑰，為門者所捕。懷光且宣言曰：「吾今與朱泚連和，車駕當須引避。」由是上遽幸梁州。時李晟已移軍東渭橋，懷光復劫李建徽、楊惠元等軍，移於好畤，其下頗多攜貳。先是朱泚甚畏之，至是因欲臣之。懷光虜劫無所得，益疑懼不自安，居二旬，乃驅兵分為部隊，掠涇陽、三原、富平，自同州往河中。神策將孟涉、段威勇自三原擁兵三千餘人奔歸李晟，懷光不能遏。韓遊瑰殺懷光留後張昕，以邠州從順。戴休顏自奉天令於軍曰：「懷光已反。」乃令城守馳表以聞。上於是授遊瑰、休顏節度使。乃除懷光太子太保，罷其餘官，其所管委本軍擇一人功高望崇者統之，皆不奉詔。四月，懷光至河中，遂偷有同、絳等州，按兵觀望。

Huaiguang was rough, fierce, and stubborn. Marching along the road he denounced Lu Qi, Zhao Zan, Bai Zhizhen, and others as traitors, saying, "These men brought the empire to ruin. When I see the emperor I will ask that they be executed. Qi and his allies learned of it and were terrified. They persuaded the emperor to send Huaiguang to pursue Zhu Ci and retake the capital, but not to let him come to Fengtian. Dezong agreed. Huaiguang camped at Xianyang and repeatedly memorialized the throne exposing Qi and the others. The emperor was forced to demote Qi, Zhao Zan, and Bai Zhizhen to placate him. He also denounced the palace envoy Zhai Wenxiu, whom the emperor trusted, and had him killed. Unable to advance and growing suspicious, Huaiguang plotted rebellion. An edict had sent Cui Hengheng to the Tibetans to ask for troops to retake the capital. The Tibetan minister Shang Jiezan said, "By Tibetan law we need the name of the commanding general on the imperial order before we can march. This edict bears no signature of Huaiguang, so we dare not advance. The emperor sent Hanlin academician Lu Zhi to discuss Tibetan aid with Huaiguang. Three times Huaiguang refused, would not sign the edict, spoke insolently, and said to Lu Zhi, "What can you do?" In the second month of 784 an edict made him Grand Preceptor and granted an iron certificate. Li Sheng and the envoy Deng Minghe were sent to present it. Huaiguang was furious, threw the certificate to the ground, and said, "Iron certificates are given to rebels. Giving me one means you want me to rebel. His words grew still more defiant, and everyone was alarmed. Huaiguang's subordinate Han Yougui commanded troops at Fengtian. Huaiguang wrote urging him to rebel, but Yougui reported the plot secretly. The next day Huaiguang urged him again, and Yougui reported once more. Days later Huaiguang sent another urgent message, and the messenger was seized at the gate. Huaiguang then announced, "I am allied with Zhu Ci. The emperor must leave. The emperor hurriedly fled to Liangzhou. Li Sheng had already moved to Eastern Wei Bridge. Huaiguang seized the forces of Li Jianhui and Yang Huiyuan and withdrew to Haochi, while many of his officers wavered. Zhu Ci had once feared him greatly; now he sought to win him as an ally. His raids yielded little. Growing more fearful and uneasy, after twenty days he split his army to plunder Jingyang, Sanyuan, and Fuping, then marched from Tongzhou toward Hedong. Shence generals Meng She and Duan Weiyong led more than three thousand men from Sanyuan to Li Sheng, and Huaiguang could not stop them. Han Yougui killed Huaiguang's rear commander Zhang Xin and submitted Binzhou to the court. Dai Xiuyan at Fengtian announced to the troops, "Huaiguang has rebelled. He fortified the city and sent an urgent report to the throne. The emperor then appointed Yougui and Xiuyan as military governors. Huaiguang was reduced to Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent and stripped of his other posts. The court ordered his army to choose a respected commander, but none obeyed. In the fourth month he reached Hedong and quietly seized Tong, Jiang, and neighboring prefectures, holding his army in reserve.

李晟既收復京師，上遣給事中孔巢父、中使啖守盈持詔征之，懷光素服受命。巢父乃宣言於眾：「太尉軍中誰可領軍事者？」懷光左右皆胡虜，因發怒，亂持兵殺巢父及守盈，自是繕兵益修守拒。上還京師，以侍中渾瑊為河中節度副元帥，將兵討懷光。瑊復破同州，屯軍不進，數為懷光所敗。時仍歲旱蝗，京師初復，經費不給，言事者多請赦懷光。時河東、節度使馬燧威名素著，乃加燧副元帥，與瑊及鎮國軍節度駱元光、邠寧節度韓遊瑰、鄜坊節度唐朝臣會兵同討懷光。燧率軍拔絳州，至寶鼎，慮懷光西走，唐突京邑，乃舍軍朝京師。既還，與瑊先自河東而降其驍將尉珪、徐庭光，統諸軍以圍河中。貞元元年秋，朔方部將牛名俊斬懷光首以降燧瑊隹刃其弟數人，乃自殺。懷光死時年五十七。尋詔以男一人為嗣，賜莊宅各一所，仍還懷光屍首，任其收葬，妻子並徙澧州。五年，又詔曰：

After Li Sheng recovered the capital, the emperor sent Kong Chaofu and Tan Shouying with an edict summoning him. Huaiguang at first received it submissively. Chaofu then asked the assembly, "Who in the Grand Preceptor's army can take command? Huaiguang's guards were mostly non-Chinese. Enraged, they seized weapons and killed Chaofu and Shouying. From then on Huaiguang strengthened his defenses. When the emperor returned to Chang'an he named Palace Attendant Hun Zhen deputy commander of Hedong and sent him against Huaiguang. Hun Zhen retook Tongzhou but halted his advance and was beaten repeatedly by Huaiguang. Drought and locusts persisted, the capital had only just been restored, and funds were scarce. Many officials urged the emperor to pardon Huaiguang. Ma Sui of Hedong was famed for his military prowess and was made deputy commander with Hun Zhen, Luo Yuanguang of Zhenguo, Han Yougui of Bin-Ning, and Tang Chaochen of Yan-Fang to campaign against Huaiguang jointly. Ma Sui took Jiangzhou and reached Baoding, but fearing Huaiguang might strike west toward the capital, he left his army and hurried to court. On his return he and Hun Zhen first induced Huaiguang's fierce generals Wei Gui and Xu Tingguang to surrender from Hedong, then united the armies to besiege Hedong. In the autumn of 785, Shuofang officer Niu Mingjun beheaded Huaiguang and surrendered. Ma Sui and Hun Zhen executed several of his brothers, after which he killed himself. Huaiguang was fifty-seven when he died. An edict soon named one son as heir, granted a manor and residence, returned Huaiguang's body for burial, and exiled his wife and children to Lizhou. In the fifth year another edict proclaimed:

懷舊念功，仁之大也；興滅繼絕，義之弘也。昔蔡叔圮族，周公封其子於東土；韓信幹紀，漢後爵其孥以弓高。侯君集之不率景化，我太宗存其胤以主祀。詳考先王之道，洎乎烈祖之訓，皆以刑佐德，俾人向方，則斧鉞之誅，甲兵之伐，蓋不得已而用也。曩歲盜臣竊發，國步多虞，朕狩於近郊，指期薄伐，將振昆陽之旅，以興涿鹿之功，征師未達於諸侯，衛士且疲於七萃。而李懷光三軍夙駕，千里勤王，上假雷霆之威，下逐虎狼之眾。議功方始，守節靡終，潛構禍胎，拒違朝命，棄同即異，舍順效逆。為臣至此，在法必誅，猶示綏懷，庶其牽復。而梟音益厲，狶突莫遷，大戮所加，曾無噍類。雖自貽伊戚，與眾棄之，而言念爾勞，何嗟及矣！以其前效猶在，孤魂無歸，懷之怳然，是用悽軫。予欲布陳大惠，冀以化成，保合太和，期於刑措。宜以懷光外孫燕八八賜姓李氏，名承緒，授左衛率府胄曹參軍，承懷光之後。仍賜錢一千貫，任於懷光墓側置立莊園，侍養懷光妻王氏，並備四時享奠之禮。嗚呼！朕實不德，臨於兆人，泣辜宥罪，素誠所志。爾其保姓受氏，宣力承家，勉紹乃考之建國庸，無若爾父之違王命。

To cherish old service and remember merit is the height of benevolence; to revive the fallen and continue broken lines is the broadest righteousness. When the Duke of Cai's house was destroyed, the Duke of Zhou enfeoffed his son in the east; Han Xin rebelled, yet the Han later ennobled his kin at Gonggao. Hou Junji turned against the throne, yet Emperor Taizong preserved his line to maintain the sacrifices. Reviewing the ways of the ancient kings and our glorious ancestors, punishment assists virtue and turns men toward righteousness. The axe and the army are used only when there is no other way. In years past rebels rose and the throne was imperiled. I took the field near the capital, intending to repeat the rescue of Kunyang and the victory at Zhuolu. Yet before the armies arrived my guards were already exhausted. Yet Li Huaiguang's armies had marched a thousand li to save the throne, lending Heaven's thunder above and driving the rebel host below. When rewards were being weighed he failed to remain loyal, secretly bred treason, defied the court, abandoned unity for rebellion. For such conduct the law demands death, yet we still showed mercy, hoping he would return. Yet he grew only more defiant, and when the full penalty fell none of his house survived. Though he brought ruin on himself and was cast off by all, when I think of your service—alas, too late! Because your early merit still stands and your spirit has no home, I am moved to deep grief. I wish to spread great grace, hoping to transform by it, preserve universal harmony, and reach the age when punishments are unused. Huaiguang's grandson Yan Babai shall take the surname Li, be named Chengxu, appointed retainer in the Army Guard Office, and continue Huaiguang's line. A grant of one thousand strings of cash shall establish a manor by Huaiguang's tomb to support his wife Lady Wang and provide seasonal offerings. Alas! My virtue is insufficient before the people. To mourn the guilty and pardon crimes is the aim of my heart. Preserve your clan, serve the house, strive to continue your father's merit to the state, and do not follow your father in defying the throne.

初，懷光授首，其子琟、瑗等皆死，唯妻王氏在，故上特舍其死。及是又思懷光舊勛，哀其絕後，乃命承緒繼之。

When Huaiguang was killed his sons Wei and Yuan and the rest had all died; only his wife Lady Wang survived, and the emperor spared her. Now, remembering Huaiguang's old service and pitying his extinguished line, the emperor ordered Chengxu to succeed him.

史臣曰：仆固懷恩、李懷光，咸以勇力，有勞王家，為臣不終，遂行反噬，其罪大矣。然辛雲京、駱奉先、盧杞、白志貞輩，致彼二逆，貽憂時君，亦可謂國之讒賊矣。梁崇義既無令始，又無善終，與妻投泉，何塞其咎。

The historian writes: Pugu Huai'en and Li Huaiguang both served the dynasty with martial valor. Neither finished loyal; both turned to rebellion. Their crimes were grave. Yet Xin Yunjing, Luo Fengxian, Lu Qi, Bai Zhizhen, and their like provoked these two rebellions and troubled the throne—they too were villains of the state. Liang Chongyi had neither a good beginning nor a good end. He and his wife threw themselves into a well—how could that expiate his guilt?

贊曰：臣之事君，有死無二。懷恩、懷光，凶終一致。崇義多奸，國家所棄。迷而亡歸，自速其斃。

The encomium says: A minister serves his ruler with loyalty unto death. Huai'en and Huaiguang met the same violent end. Chongyi was treacherous, and the state cast him off. Lost, with nowhere to turn, he rushed to his own ruin.

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