1
志第四五行一 (水)
Treatise on the Five Elements, Part One. (Water)
2
史志五行,始自《漢書》,詳錄五行傳說及其佔應。 後代作史者因之。 粵稽《洪範》,首敘五行,以其爲天地萬物之所莫能外。 而合諸人道,則有五事,稽諸天道,則有庶徵。 天人相感,以類而應者,固不得謂理之所無。 而傳說則條分縷析,以某異爲某事之應,更旁引曲證,以伸其說。 故雖父子師弟,不能無所牴牾,則果有當於敘疇之意歟。 夫苟知天人之應捷於影響,庶幾一言一動皆有所警惕。 以此垂戒,意非不善。 然天道遠,人道邇,逐事而比之,必有驗有不驗。 至有不驗,則見以爲無徵而怠焉。 前賢之論此悉矣。 孔子作《春秋》,紀異而說不書。 彼劉、董諸儒之學,頗近於術數禨祥,本無足述。 班氏創立此志,不得不詳其學之本原。 而歷代之史,往往取前人數見之說,備列簡端。 揆之義法,未知所處。 故考次洪武以來,略依舊史五行之例,著其祥異,而事應暨舊說之前見者,並削而不載云。
Dynastic histories have treated the Five Elements as a formal subject since the Book of Han, which set the pattern of cataloguing wuxing lore together with omens and their supposed political correspondences. Later compilers followed suit. Turn to the Hong Fan: it opens with the Five Elements because nothing under Heaven and earth, nothing among the myriad things, lies outside their scope. Correlated with the human way, they yield the Five Affairs; measured against the celestial way, they yield the various signs. That Heaven and humanity affect one another, and that like kinds answer to like, is not something reason can simply dismiss. The received lore, however, sorts every omen into fine categories, assigns each anomaly to a specific event, and piles on indirect proofs until the argument stretches wherever its authors wish. Even fathers and sons, masters and disciples, contradict one another; whether any of this still serves the Hong Fan's purpose of ordering the categories is doubtful. If rulers truly believed that Heaven's response came faster than shadow or echo, they might weigh every word and deed with care. Used as a warning, the doctrine is not without good intent. Yet Heaven's way is distant and man's way is near; force every event into a one-to-one correspondence, and some cases will fit while others will not. When a predicted correspondence fails, people decide the signs mean nothing and slacken their vigilance. Earlier sages debated this point thoroughly. Confucius compiled the Spring and Autumn Annals: he noted anomalies but refused to spell out their meaning. The systems of Liu Xiang, Dong Zhongshu, and their school leaned heavily on numerology and lucky omens; in themselves they hardly merit retelling. When Ban Gu first opened this treatise category, he had to trace those doctrines to their roots. Later official histories often recycled the same handful of older glosses and pasted them at the head of each entry. Measured against proper historiographical practice, it is hard to see what such material is doing in the annals at all. I have therefore arranged events from the Hongwu reign onward, kept the old Five Elements format in outline, and recorded only the omens themselves; correspondences, earlier theories, and repeated precedents are all omitted.
3
《洪範》曰:「水曰潤下」。 水不潤下,則失其性矣。 前史多以恆寒、恆陰、雪霜、冰雹、雷震、魚孽、蝗蝻、豕禍、龍蛇之孽、馬異、人痾、疾疫、鼓妖、隕石、水潦、水變、黑眚黑祥皆屬之水,今從之。
The Hong Fan says: "Water is named moistening and descending." When water fails to moisten and sink, it has lost its proper nature. Earlier histories grouped constant cold, prolonged yin, snow and frost, hail, thunder, fish portents, locusts, pig calamities, dragon-and-snake portents, horse anomalies, human deformities, plague, drum omens, meteorites, floods, transformations of water, and black omens and black auspices under Water; this account follows that taxonomy.
4
▲恆寒
▲ Constant Cold
5
景泰四年冬十一月戊辰至明年孟春,山東、河南、浙江、直隸、淮、徐大雪數尺,淮東之海冰四十餘里,人畜凍死萬計。 五年正月,江南諸府大雪連四旬,蘇、常凍餓死者無算。 是春,羅山大寒,竹樹魚蚌皆死。 衡州雨雪連綿,傷人甚多,牛畜凍死三萬六千蹄。 成化十三年四月壬戌,開原大雨雪,畜多凍死。 十六年七八月,越巂雨雪交作,寒氣若冬。 弘治六年十一月,鄖陽大雪,至十二月壬戌夜,雷電大作,明日復震,後五日雪止,平地三尺餘,人畜多凍死。 正德元年四月,雲南武定隕霜殺麥,寒如冬。 萬曆五年六月,蘇、鬆連雨,寒如冬,傷稼。 四十六年四月辛亥,陝西大雨雪,橐駝凍死二千蹄。
Jingtai 4, winter/X/wuchen through the next year's early spring: Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang, Zhili, and the Huai–Xu region saw snow several feet deep; the sea off eastern Huai froze for more than forty li; tens of thousands of people and animals died of cold. Jingtai 5/I: Jiangnan prefectures snowed without break for forty days; in Suzhou and Changzhou the dead from cold and hunger were beyond number. That spring Luoshan suffered extreme cold; bamboo, trees, fish, and mollusks all perished. At Hengzhou rain and snow fell in an unbroken spell; many people were hurt, and 36,000 head of cattle and livestock froze to death. Chenghua 13/IV/renxu: Kaiyuan had heavy rain and snow; many animals froze to death. Chenghua 16/VII–VIII: Yuexi saw rain and snow together, with winter-like cold. Hongzhi 6/XI: Yunyang had deep snow; on the night of XII/renxu thunder and lightning broke out violently, thundered again the next day, and only after five more days did the snow stop, leaving more than three feet on level ground; many people and animals froze to death. Zhengde 1/IV: Wuding in Yunnan was struck by falling frost that killed the wheat; the cold was like winter. Wanli 5/VI: Suzhou and Songjiang had unbroken rain, winter-like cold, and damaged crops. Wanli 46/IV/xinhai: Shaanxi had heavy rain and snow; two thousand camels froze to death.
6
▲恆陰
▲ Constant Yin
7
洪武十八年二月,久陰。 正統五年七月戊午、己未及癸亥,曉刻陰沉,四方濃霧不辨人。 八年,邳、海二州陰霧彌月,夏麥多損。 景泰六年正月癸酉,陰霧四塞,既而成霜附木,凡五日。 八年正月甲子,陰晦大霧,咫尺不辨人物。 成化四年三月,昏霧蔽天,不見星日者累晝夜。 九年三月甲午,四月丁卯,山東黑暗如夜。 二十年五月丙申,番禺天晦,良久乃復。 二十三年十二月辛卯,大霧不辨人。 弘治十五年十一月,景東晝晦者七日。 十六年四月辛亥,甘肅昏霧障天,咫尺不辨人物。 十八年秋,廣昌大雨霧凡兩月,民病且死者相繼。 正德十年四月,鉅野陰霧六日,殺谷。 十四年三月戊午,陰晦。 嘉靖元年正月丁卯,日午,昏霧四塞。 三年,江北昏霧,其氣如藥。 天啓六年六月丙戌,霧重如雨。 閏六月己未,如之。
Hongwu 18/II: prolonged overcast skies. Zhengtong 5/VII/wuwu, jiwei, and guihai: at dawn the sky hung dark; fog on every side was so thick that people could not be told apart. Zhengtong 8: Pi and Hai prefectures lay under yin fog for a month; much of the summer wheat was ruined. Jingtai 6/I/guiyou: yin fog sealed every quarter; frost then clung to the trees for five days in all. Jingtai 8/I/jiazi: the sky was dim and great fog rolled in; within arm's reach neither person nor object could be made out. Chenghua 4/III: dusk fog veiled the sky; for many day-and-night cycles neither sun nor stars appeared. Chenghua 9/III/jiawu and IV/dingmao: Shandong turned dark as night. Chenghua 20/V/bingshen: Panyu's sky darkened and only after a long while cleared. Chenghua 23/XII/xinmao: heavy fog in which people could not be distinguished. Hongzhi 15/XI: Jingdong had daytime gloom for seven days. Hongzhi 16/IV/xinhai: Gansu was choked by dusk fog; within a few feet neither person nor object could be told apart. Hongzhi 18, autumn: Guangchang had rain and fog for two months running; sickness and death followed one upon another. Zhengde 10/IV: Juye suffered yin fog for six days and lost its grain. Zhengde 14/III/wuwu: overcast, dim skies. Jiajing 1/I/dingmao, at noon: dusk fog closed in on every side. Jiajing 3: north of the Yangtze, dusk fog whose air smelled like medicine. Tianqi 6/VI/bingxu: fog so dense it fell like rain. Intercalary VI/jiwei: the same.
8
▲雨雪隕霜
▲ Rain, Snow, and Falling Frost
9
洪武十四年五月丁未,建德雪。 六月己卯,杭州晴日飛雪。 二十六年四月丙申,榆社隕霜損麥。 景泰四年,鳳陽八衛二三月雨雪不止,傷麥。 天順四年三月乙酉,大雪,越月乃止。 成化二年四月乙巳,宣府隕霜殺青苗。 十九年三月辛酉,陝西隕霜。 弘治六年十月,南京雨雪連旬。 八年四月庚申,榆社、陵川、襄垣、長子、沁源隕霜殺麥豆桑。 辛酉,慶陽諸府縣衛所三十五,隕霜殺麥豆禾苗。 九年四月辛巳,榆次隕霜殺禾。 是月,武鄉亦隕霜。 十七年二月壬寅,鄖陽、均州雨雪雹,雪片大者六寸。 六月癸亥,雨雪。 正德八年四月乙巳,文登、萊陽隕霜殺稼。 丙辰,殺谷。 十三年三月壬戌,遼東隕霜,禾苗皆死。 嘉靖二年三月甲子,郯城隕霜殺麥。 辛未,殺禾。 二十二年四月己亥,固原隕霜殺麥。 隆慶六年三月丁亥,南宮隕霜殺麥。 萬曆二十四年四月己亥,林縣雪。 二十六年十一月辛亥,彰德隕霜,不殺草。 三十八年四月壬寅,貴州暴雪,形如土磚,民居片瓦無存者。 四十四年正月,雨紅黃黑三色雪,屋上多巨人跡。 崇禎六年正月辛亥,大雪,深二丈餘。 十一年五月戊寅,喜峯口雪三尺。 十三年四月,會寧隕霜殺稼。 十六年四月,鄢陵隕霜殺麥。
Hongwu 14/V/dingwei: Jiande had snow. Hongwu 14/VI/jimao: Hangzhou saw snow fall on a clear day. Hongwu 26/IV/bingshen: Yushe was hit by falling frost that damaged the wheat. Jingtai 4: Fengyang's eight guards had unbroken rain and snow in the second and third months; the wheat suffered. Tianshun 4/III/yiyou: heavy snow that did not cease for a month. Chenghua 2/IV/yisi: Xuanfu was struck by falling frost that killed the young shoots. Chenghua 19/III/xinyou: Shaanxi had falling frost. Hongzhi 6/X: Nanjing had rain and snow for ten consecutive days. Hongzhi 8/IV/gengshen: Yushe, Lingchuan, Xiangyuan, Changzi, and Qinyuan were struck by falling frost that killed wheat, beans, and mulberry. Hongzhi 8/IV/xinyou: thirty-five Qingyang prefectures, counties, guards, and garrisons were struck by falling frost that killed wheat, beans, and young grain. Hongzhi 9/IV/xinsi: Yuci was struck by falling frost that killed the grain. That month Wuxiang likewise had falling frost. Hongzhi 17/II/renyin: Yunyang and Junzhou had rain, snow, and hail; the largest flakes measured six inches. Hongzhi 17/VI/guihai: rain and snow together. Zhengde 8/IV/yisi: Wendeng and Laiyang were struck by falling frost that killed the crops. Zhengde 8/IV/bingchen: grain was killed. Zhengde 13/III/renxu: Liaodong was struck by falling frost; the seedlings all perished. Jiajing 2/III/jiazi: Tancheng was struck by falling frost that killed the wheat. Jiajing 2/III/xinwei: grain was killed. Jiajing 22/IV/jihai: Guyuan was struck by falling frost that killed the wheat. Longqing 6/III/dinghai: Nangong was struck by falling frost that killed the wheat. Wanli 24/IV/jihai: Lin County had snow. Wanli 26/XI/xinhai: Zhangde had falling frost but the grass was not killed. Wanli 38/IV/renyin: Guizhou had a blizzard whose flakes were shaped like clay bricks; not one tile remained on the houses. Wanli 44/I: snow fell in red, yellow, and black; on the rooftops there were many giant footprints. Chongzhen 6/I/xinhai: heavy snow more than two zhang deep. Chongzhen 11/V/wuyin: Xifeng Pass had three feet of snow. Chongzhen 13/IV: Huining was struck by falling frost that killed the crops. Chongzhen 16/IV: Yanling was struck by falling frost that killed the wheat.
10
▲冰雹
▲ Hail
11
洪武二年六月庚寅,慶陽大雨雹,傷禾苗。 三年五月丙辰,蔚州大雨雹,傷田苗。 五年五月癸丑夜,中都皇城萬歲山雨冰雹,大如彈丸。 七年八月甲午,平涼,延安綏德、米脂雨雹。 九月甲子,鞏昌雨雹。 八年四月,臨洮、平涼、河州雹傷麥。 十四年七月己酉,臨洮大雨雹,傷稼。 十八年二月,雨雹。
Hongwu 2/VI/gengyin: Qingyang had heavy rain and hail that damaged the seedlings. Hongwu 3/V/bingchen: Yuzhou had heavy rain and hail that damaged the field crops. Hongwu 5/V/guichou night: at Longevity Hill in the Central Capital imperial park, hail fell as large as pellet balls. Hongwu 7/VIII/jiawu: Pingliang, Yan'an, Suide, and Mizhi had rain and hail. Hongwu 7/IX/jiazi: Gongchang had rain and hail. Hongwu 8/IV: Lintao, Pingliang, and Hezhou were hit by hail that damaged the wheat. Hongwu 14/VII/jiyou: Lintao had heavy rain and hail that damaged the crops. Hongwu 18/II: rain and hail.
12
永樂七年秋,保定、浙東雨雹。 十二年四月,河南一州八縣雨雹,殺麥。
Yongle 7, autumn: Baoding and eastern Zhejiang had rain and hail. Yongle 12/IV: one Henan prefecture and eight counties were struck by hail that killed the wheat.
13
正統三年,西、延、平、慶、臨、鞏六府及秦、河、岷、金四州,自夏逮秋,大雨雹。 四年五月壬戌,京師大雨雹。 五年四月丁酉,平涼諸府大雨雹,傷人畜田禾。 六月壬申至丙子,山西行都司及蔚州連日雨雹,其深尺餘,傷稼。 八月庚辰,保定大雨雹,深尺餘,傷稼。
Zhengtong 3: Xi, Yan, Ping, Qing, Lin, and Gong prefectures and Qin, He, Min, and Jin prefectures had heavy hail from summer through autumn. Zhengtong 4/V/renxu: the capital had heavy rain and hail. Zhengtong 5/IV/dingyou: Pingliang prefectures had heavy rain and hail that injured people, livestock, fields, and grain. Zhengtong 5/VI/renshen–bingzi: the Shanxi regional command and Yuzhou had hail day after day, piling more than a foot deep and damaging the crops. Zhengtong 5/VIII/gengchen: Baoding had heavy rain and hail more than a foot deep, damaging the crops.
14
景泰五年六月庚寅,易州大方等社雨雹甚大,傷稼百二十五里,人馬多擊死。 六年閏六月乙巳,束鹿雨雹如雞子,擊死鳥雀狐兔無算。
Jingtai 5/VI/gengyin: Yizhou's Dafang and neighboring communities were struck by enormous hail over 125 li of cropland; many people and horses were beaten to death. Jingtai 6, intercalary sixth month, yisi: hailstones the size of hen's eggs fell on Shulu, killing countless birds, foxes, and hares.
15
天順元年六月己亥,雨雹大如雞卵,至地經時不化,奉天門東吻牌摧毀。 八年五月丁巳,雨雹。
Tianshun 1, sixth month, jihai: hail as large as hen's eggs struck the ground and lay unmelted for a long while; the eastern finial plaque of Fengtian Gate was shattered. Tianshun 8, fifth month, dingsi: hail fell.
16
成化元年四月庚寅,雨雹大如卵,損禾稼。 五月辛酉,又大雨雹。 五年閏二月癸未,瓊山雨雹大如鬥。 八年七月丙午,隴州雨雹大如鵝卵,或如雞子,中有如牛者五,長七八寸,厚三四寸,六日乃消。 九年五月丁巳,雨雹如拳。 十三年春,湖廣大雨冰雹,牛死無算。 十九年六月乙亥,潞州雨雹,大者如碗。 二十年二月丙子,清遠雨雹,大如拳。 丙戌,大雷電,復雨雹。 二十一年三月己丑夜,番禺、南海風雷大作,飛雹交下,壞民居萬餘,死者千餘人。 二十二年三月甲寅,南陽雨雹,大如鵝卵。
Chenghua 1, fourth month, gengyin: egg-sized hail ruined the grain. Chenghua 1, fifth month, xinyou: heavy hail fell again. Chenghua 5, intercalary second month, guiwei: hailstones as large as a dou fell on Qiongshan. Chenghua 8, seventh month, bingwu: Longzhou was struck by hailstones as large as goose eggs and hen's eggs alike; five were ox-sized, seven or eight inches long and three or four thick, and did not melt away for six days. Chenghua 9, fifth month, dingsi: hail fell in fist-sized stones. Chenghua 13, spring: heavy rain and hail swept Huguang, and cattle died beyond counting. Chenghua 19, sixth month, yihai: hail fell on Luzhou, the largest stones bowl-sized. Chenghua 20, second month, bingzi: fist-sized hail struck Qingyuan. Chenghua 20, bingxu: thunder and lightning broke overhead, and hail fell again. Chenghua 21, third month, jichou night: wind and thunder erupted over Panyu and Nanhai, hail raining down together; more than ten thousand homes were wrecked and more than a thousand people killed. Chenghua 22, third month, jiayin: goose-egg hail fell on Nanyang.
17
弘治元年三月壬申夜,融縣雨雹,壞城樓垣及軍民屋舍,死者四人。 二年三月戊寅,賓州雨雹如雞子,擊殺牧豎三人,壞廬舍禾稼。 庚辰,貴州安莊衛大雷,雨雪雹,壞麥苗。 四月辛卯,洮州衛雨冰雹,水涌三丈。 四年三月癸卯,裕、汝二州雨雹,大者如牆杵,積厚二三尺,壞屋宇禾稼。 四月己酉,洮州衛雨雹及冰塊。 水高三四丈,漫城郭,漂房舍,田苗人畜多淹死。 五年四月乙丑,莒、沂二州,安丘、郯城二縣,雨雹大如酒杯,傷人畜禾稼。 六年八月己巳,長子雨雹,大者如拳,傷禾稼,人有擊死者。 辛未,雨雹,大如彈丸,平地壅積。 八年二月壬申,永嘉暴風雨,雨雹,大如雞卵,小如彈丸,積地尺餘,白霧四起,毀屋殺黍,禽鳥多死。 三月己亥,桐城雨雹,深五尺,殺二麥。 己酉,淮、鳳州縣暴風雨雹,殺麥。 四月乙亥,常州、泗、邳雨雹,深五寸,殺麥及菜。 丙子,沂州雨雹,大者如盤,小者如碗,人畜多擊死。 六月乙卯,雨雹。 七月乙酉,洮州衛雨冰雹,殺禾。 暴水至,人畜多溺死者。 丙戌,甘肅西寧大雨雹,殺禾及畜。 九年五月丙辰,雨雹。 十年二月己卯,江西新城雨冰雹,民有凍死者。 三月丁卯,北通州雨冰,深一尺。 十三年八月戊子,雨雹。 丙午,又雨雹。 九月壬戌,又雨雹。 十四年四月丁酉,徐州、清河、桃源、宿遷雨冰雹,平地五寸,夏麥盡爛。 五月乙亥,登、萊二府雨雹殺禾。 七月辛卯,雨雹。
Hongzhi 1, third month, renshen night: hail shattered city towers, walls, and both military and civilian houses in Rongxian; four were killed. Hongzhi 2, third month, wuyin: hen's-egg hail fell on Binzhou, killing three shepherd boys and wrecking huts and crops. Hongzhi 2, gengchen: great thunder rolled over Anzhuang Guard in Guizhou; rain, snow, and hail followed, destroying the wheat. Hongzhi 2, fourth month, xinmao: rain and hail at Taozhou Guard sent floodwaters surging three zhang high. Hongzhi 4, third month, guimao: hail in Yu and Ru prefectures—some stones as large as wall-pounders, heaped two or three chi deep—smashed houses and crops. Hongzhi 4, fourth month, jiyou: hail and ice blocks fell on Taozhou Guard. The waters rose three or four zhang, drowning the walls and towns, sweeping away houses; crops, livestock, and people for the most part perished in the flood. Hongzhi 5, fourth month, yichou: wine-cup hail struck Ju and Yi prefectures and Anqiu and Tancheng counties, injuring people, livestock, and grain. Hongzhi 6, eighth month, jisi: fist-sized hail fell on Changzi, ruining the grain and killing people outright. Hongzhi 6, xinwei: pellet-sized hail piled on the level ground. Hongzhi 8, second month, renshen: a violent storm struck Yongjia, hail ranging from hen's eggs to pellets and heaping more than a chi deep; white mist rose on every side; houses were wrecked, grain destroyed, and birds died in great numbers. Hongzhi 8, third month, jihai: hail buried Tongcheng five chi deep and killed the second wheat crop. Hongzhi 8, jiyou: wind, rain, and hail swept Huai and Feng prefectures and counties, destroying the wheat. Hongzhi 8, fourth month, yihai: hail five cun deep fell on Changzhou, Si, and Pi, ruining wheat and vegetables. Hongzhi 8, bingzi: hailstones as large as platters and as small as bowls struck Yizhou, killing most of the people and livestock caught in the open. Hongzhi 8, sixth month, yimao: hail fell. Hongzhi 8, seventh month, yiyou: rain and hail at Taozhou Guard destroyed the grain. Floodwaters rushed in; people and livestock for the most part drowned. Hongzhi 8, bingxu: great hail struck Xining in Gansu, killing grain and livestock alike. Hongzhi 9, fifth month, bingchen: hail fell. Hongzhi 10, second month, jimao: rain and hail at Xincheng in Jiangxi left some of the people dead from cold. Hongzhi 10, third month, dingmao: ice a chi deep fell on North Tongzhou. Hongzhi 13, eighth month, wuzi: hail fell. Hongzhi 13, bingwu: hail fell again. Hongzhi 13, ninth month, renxu: hail fell again. Hongzhi 14, fourth month, dingyou: rain and hail left five cun on level ground at Xuzhou, Qinghe, Taoyuan, and Suqian, and the summer wheat rotted away entirely. Hongzhi 14, fifth month, yihai: hail destroyed the grain in Deng and Lai prefectures. Hongzhi 14, seventh month, xinmao: hail fell.
18
正德元年六月戊辰,宣府馬營堡大雨雹,深二尺,禾稼盡傷。 三年四月辛未,涇州雨雹,大如雞卵,壞廬舍菽麥。 四年五月甲午,費縣大雨雹,深一尺,壞麥谷。 八年十月戊戌,平陽、太原、沁、汾諸屬邑,大雨雹,平地水深丈餘,沖毀人畜廬舍。 十一年六月甲戌,宣府大雨雹,禾稼盡死。 九月丙申,貴州大雨雹。 十二年五月己亥,安肅大雨雹,平地水深三尺,傷禾,民有擊死者。 十三年四月壬午,衡州疾風迅雷,雨雹,大如鵝子,棱利如刀,碎屋,斷樹木如剪。
Zhengde 1, sixth month, wuchen: hail two chi deep fell on Maying Fort in Xuanfu, ruining the grain entirely. Zhengde 3, fourth month, xinwei: hen's-egg hail wrecked huts, beans, and wheat in Jingzhou. Zhengde 4, fifth month, jiawu: hail a chi deep fell on Fei County, destroying wheat and grain. Zhengde 8, tenth month, wuxu: great hail across Pingyang, Taiyuan, Qin, Fen, and their districts left a zhang of water on level ground, washing away and destroying people, livestock, and dwellings. Zhengde 11, sixth month, jiaxu: great hail in Xuanfu killed the grain outright. Zhengde 11, ninth month, bingshen: great hail fell on Guizhou. Zhengde 12, fifth month, jihai: great hail at Ansuzhou left three chi of water on level ground, injured the grain, and killed some of the people outright. Zhengde 13, fourth month, renwu: violent wind and swift thunder drove goose-egg hail with knife-sharp edges through Hengzhou, shattering houses and shearing trees as if with scissors.
19
嘉靖元年四月甲申,雲南左衛各屬雨雹,大如雞子,禾苗房屋被傷者無算。 五月己未,蓬溪雨雹,大如鵝子,傷亦如之。 二年五月丁丑,大同前衛雨雹。 四年四月丁未,大同衛雨雹。 五月戊子,固安雨雹。 五年五月甲辰,滿城雨雹。 六月丁巳,大同縣雨冰雹,俱大如雞子。 丁卯,萬全都司及宣府皆雨雹,大者如甌,深尺餘。 七月癸未,南豐雨雹,大如碗,形如人面。 遂昌雨雹,頃刻二尺,大殺麻豆。 六年六月癸丑,鎮番衛大雨雹,殺傷三十餘人。 十四年三月辛巳,漢中雨雹隕霜殺麥。 四月庚子,開封、彰德雨雹殺麥。 十八年五月壬辰,慶都、安肅、河間雨冰雹,大如拳,平地五寸,人有死傷者。 二十八年三月庚寅,臨清大冰雹,損房舍禾苗。 六月丁卯,延川雨雹如鬥,壞廬舍,傷人畜。 三十四年五月庚子,鳳陽大冰雹,壞民田舍。 三十六年三月癸未,沂州雨雹,大如盂,小如雞卵,平地尺餘,徑八十里,人畜傷損無算。 四十三年閏二月甲申,雨雹。 四月庚寅,又雨雹。
Jiajing 1, fourth month, jiashen: hen's-egg hail struck Yunnan Left Guard and its subordinate posts, injuring grain and houses beyond counting. Jiajing 1, fifth month, jiwei: goose-egg hail fell on Pengxi with like devastation. Jiajing 2, fifth month, dingchou: hail fell on Datong Front Guard. Jiajing 4, fourth month, dingwei: hail fell on Datong Guard. Jiajing 4, fifth month, wuzi: hail fell on Gu'an. Jiajing 5, fifth month, jiachen: hail fell on Mancheng. Jiajing 5, sixth month, dingsi: rain and hen's-egg hail fell on Datong County. Jiajing 5, dingmao: hail struck Wanquan Capital Guard and all of Xuanfu—some stones bowl-sized, heaped more than a chi deep. Jiajing 5, seventh month, guiwei: bowl-sized hail fell on Nanfeng, some stones shaped like human faces. Jiajing 5: hail at Suichang piled two chi in moments and destroyed hemp and beans on a vast scale. Jiajing 6, sixth month, guichou: great hail at Zhenfan Guard killed and injured more than thirty people. Jiajing 14, third month, xinsi: hail and falling frost in Hanzhong killed the wheat. Jiajing 14, fourth month, gengzi: hail destroyed the wheat in Kaifeng and Zhangde. Jiajing 18, fifth month, renchen: fist-sized rain and hail left five cun on level ground at Qingdu, Ansuzhou, and Hejian; some people were killed or injured. Jiajing 28, third month, gengyin: great hail at Linqing damaged houses and seedlings. Jiajing 28, sixth month, dingmao: dou-sized hail wrecked huts and injured people and livestock at Yanchuan. Jiajing 34, fifth month, gengzi: great hail in Fengyang ruined commoners' fields and homes. Jiajing 36, third month, guiwei: hail at Yizhou ranged from basin-sized stones to hen's eggs, heaped more than a chi deep across eighty li; people and livestock were injured beyond counting. Jiajing 43, intercalary second month, jiashen: hail fell. Jiajing 43, fourth month, gengyin: hail fell again.
20
萬曆元年五月辛巳,雨雹。 四年四月丙午,博興大雨雹,如拳如卵,明日又如之,擊死男婦五十餘人,牛馬無算,禾麥毀盡。 兗州相繼損禾。 五月乙巳,定襄雨雹,大者如卵,禾苗盡損。 九年八月庚子,遼東等衛雨雹,如雞卵,禾盡傷。 十一年閏二月丁卯,泰州、寶應雨雹如雞子,殺飛鳥無算。 五月庚子,大雨雹。 十三年五月乙酉,宛平大雨雹,傷人畜千計。 十五年五月癸巳,喜峯口大雨雹,如棗慄,積尺餘,田禾瓜果盡傷。 十九年四月壬子,雨雹。 二十一年二月庚寅,貴陽府大雨雹。 十月丙戌,武進、江陰大冰雹,傷五穀。 二十三年五月乙酉,臨邑雨雹,盡作男女鳥獸形。 二十五年八月壬戌,風雹。 二十八年六月,山東大風雹,擊死人畜,傷禾苗。 河南亦雨冰雹,傷禾麥。 三十年四月己未,大雨雹。 三十一年五月戊寅,鳳陽皇陵雨雹。 七月丁丑,大雨雹。 三十四年七月丙戌,又大雨雹。 平地水深三尺。 三十六年五月戊子,雨雹。 四十一年七月丁卯,宣府大雨雹,殺禾稼。 四十六年三月庚辰,長泰、同安大雨雹,如鬥如拳,擊傷城郭廬舍,壓死者二百二十餘人。 十月壬午,雲南雨雹。
Wanli 1, fifth month, xinsi: hail fell. Wanli 4, fourth month, bingwu: fist- and egg-sized hail struck Boxing, and the next day struck again; more than fifty men and women were killed outright, cattle and horses beyond count, and grain and wheat destroyed entirely. Yanzhou likewise suffered ruined grain in succession. Wanli 4, fifth month, yisi: egg-sized hail at Dingxiang destroyed the seedlings entirely. Wanli 9, eighth month, gengzi: hen's-egg hail across Liaodong and other guards injured the grain entirely. Wanli 11, intercalary second month, dingmao: hen's-egg hail at Taizhou and Baoying killed flying birds beyond counting. Wanli 11, fifth month, gengzi: great hail fell. Wanli 13, fifth month, yiyou: great hail at Wanping injured people and livestock by the thousand. Wanli 15, fifth month, guisi: jujube- and chestnut-sized hail at Xifengkou piled more than a chi deep, injuring field grain, melons, and fruit alike. Wanli 19, fourth month, renzi: hail fell. Wanli 21, second month, gengyin: great hail fell on Guiyang prefecture. Wanli 21, tenth month, bingxu: great hail at Wujin and Jiangyin injured the five grains. Wanli 23, fifth month, yiyou: hail at Linyi fell entirely in shapes of men, women, birds, and beasts. Wanli 25, eighth month, renxu: wind and hail. Wanli 28, sixth month: great wind and hail across Shandong struck people and livestock dead and injured the seedlings. Henan likewise saw rain and hail that injured grain and wheat. Wanli 30, fourth month, jiwei: great hail fell. Wanli 31, fifth month, wuyin: hail fell on the Fengyang imperial mausoleum. Wanli 31, seventh month, dingchou: great hail fell. Wanli 34, seventh month, bingxu: great hail fell again. On level ground the water stood three chi deep. Wanli 36, fifth month, wuzi: hail fell. Wanli 41, seventh month, dingmao: great hail in Xuanfu killed the grain. Wanli 46, third month, gengchen: dou- and fist-sized great hail at Changtai and Tong'an battered city walls and dwellings; more than two hundred twenty were crushed dead. Wanli 46, tenth month, renwu: hail fell on Yunnan.
21
天啓二年四月壬辰,大雨雹。
Tianqi 2, fourth month, renchen: great hail fell.
22
崇禎三年九月辛丑,大雨雹。 四年五月,襄垣雨雹,大如伏牛盈丈,小如拳,斃人畜甚衆。 六月丙申,大雨雹。 七年四月壬戌,常州、鎮江雨雹,傷麥。 八年七月己酉,臨縣大冰雹三日,積二尺餘,大如鵝卵,傷稼。 十年四月乙亥,大雨雹。 閏四月癸丑,武鄉、沁源大雨雹,最大者如象,次如牛。 十一年六月甲寅,宣府乾石河山場雨雹,擊殺馬四十八匹。 九月,順天雨雹。 十二年八月,白水、同官、雒南、隴西諸邑,千里雨雹,半日乃止,損傷田禾。 十六年六月丁丑,乾州雨雹,大如牛,小如鬥,毀傷牆屋,擊斃人畜。
Chongzhen 3, ninth month, xinchou: great hail fell. Chongzhen 4, fifth month: hail at Xiangyuan—some stones like recumbent oxen a full zhang across, others fist-sized—killed people and livestock in great numbers. Chongzhen 4, sixth month, bingshen: great hail fell. Chongzhen 7, fourth month, renxu: hail at Changzhou and Zhenjiang injured the wheat. Chongzhen 8, seventh month, jiyou: hail fell on Lin County for three days, piling more than two chi deep with stones as large as goose eggs, and damaged the crops. Chongzhen 10, fourth month, yihai: great hail fell. Chongzhen 10, intercalary fourth month, guichou: great hail at Wuxiang and Qinyuan—the largest stones elephant-sized, the next ox-sized. Chongzhen 11, sixth month, jiayin: hail at the Qianshi River mountain pasture in Xuanfu killed forty-eight horses. Chongzhen 11, ninth month: hail fell on Shuntian. Chongzhen 12, eighth month: hail swept Baishui, Tongguan, Luonan, Longxi, and other districts for a thousand li, ceased after half a day, and damaged the standing grain. Chongzhen 16, sixth month, dingchou: hail at Qianzhou—stones as large as oxen and as small as dou-measures—smashed walls and houses and killed people and livestock.
23
▲雷震
▲ Thunderclaps
24
洪武六年十一月戊申,雷電交作。 十三年五月甲午,雷震謹身殿。 六月丙寅,雷震奉天門。 十月甲戌,雷電。 十二月己巳,廣州大風雨雷電。 十八年二月甲午,雷電雨雪。 二十一年五月辛丑,雷震玄武門獸吻。 六月癸卯,暴風,雷震洪武門獸吻。
Hongwu 6, eleventh month, wushen: thunder and lightning broke out together. Hongwu 13, fifth month, jiawu: thunder struck the Hall of Scrupulous Conduct. Hongwu 13, sixth month, bingyin: thunder struck Fengtian Gate. Hongwu 13, tenth month, jiaxu: thunder and lightning. Hongwu 13, twelfth month, jisi: Guangzhou had great wind, rain, thunder, and lightning. Hongwu 18, second month, jiawu: thunder, lightning, and snow-rain. Hongwu 21, fifth month, xinchou: thunder struck the ridge-beast finials of Xuanwu Gate. Hongwu 21, sixth month, guimao: a violent wind rose, and thunder struck the ridge-beast finials of Hongwu Gate.
25
宣德九年六月甲子,雷震大祀壇外西門獸吻。
Xuande 9, sixth month, jiazi: thunder struck the ridge-beast finials of the outer west gate of the Altar of Grand Sacrifice.
26
正統八年五月戊寅,雷震奉天殿鴟吻。 七月辛未,雷震南京西角門樓獸吻。 是日,大同巡警軍至沙溝,風雷驟至,裂膚斷指者二百餘人。 九年正月辛亥朔,雷電大雨。 閏七月壬寅,雷震奉先殿鴟吻。 十一年十二月壬寅,大雨雷電,翼日乃止。 十四年六月丙辰,南京風雨雷電,謹身殿災。
Zhengtong 8, fifth month, wuyin: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Hall of Imperial Heaven. Zhengtong 8, seventh month, xinwei: thunder struck the ridge-beast finials of the west corner gate tower in Nanjing. That same day, as Datong patrol troops reached Shagou, a sudden squall of wind and thunder struck; more than two hundred men suffered split skin and severed fingers. Zhengtong 9, first month, new moon on xinhai: thunder, lightning, and heavy rain. Zhengtong 9, intercalary seventh month, renyin: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Hall of Imperial Ancestors. Zhengtong 11, twelfth month, renyin: heavy rain with thunder and lightning; it ceased the next day. Zhengtong 14, sixth month, bingchen: wind, rain, thunder, and lightning in Nanjing set the Hall of Scrupulous Conduct ablaze.
27
景泰三年六月庚寅,雷擊宮庭中門,傷人。
Jingtai 3, sixth month, gengyin: thunder struck the central gate of the palace courtyard and injured people.
28
天順二年六月己卯,雷震大祀殿鴟吻。 四年六月癸丑,雷毀薊州倉廒四。
Tianshun 2, sixth month, jimao: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Hall of Grand Sacrifice. Tianshun 4, sixth month, guichou: thunder destroyed four granaries at Jizhou.
29
成化三年六月戊申,雷震南京午門正樓。 五年二月乙卯,又震山川壇具服殿之獸吻。 八年四月辛未,始雷。 十二年十一月癸亥,南京大雷雨。 十三年二月甲戌,安慶大雪,既而雷電交作。 十一月辛未冬至,杭州大雷雨。 戊寅,荊門州大雷電雨雪。 十七年七月己亥,雷震郊壇承天門脊獸。 十一月丁酉,江南大雷雨雪。
Chenghua 3, sixth month, wushen: thunder struck the main tower of the Meridian Gate in Nanjing. Chenghua 5, second month, yimao: thunder again struck the ridge-beast finials of the Robing Hall at the Altar of Mountains and Rivers. Chenghua 8, fourth month, xinwei: the season's first thunder. Chenghua 12, eleventh month, guihai: great thunder and rain in Nanjing. Chenghua 13, second month, jiaxu: heavy snow fell on Anqing, then thunder and lightning broke out together. Chenghua 13, eleventh month, xinwei, the winter solstice: Hangzhou had great thunder and rain. Chenghua 13, eleventh month, wuyin: Jingmen prefecture had great thunder, lightning, and snow-rain. Chenghua 17, seventh month, jihai: thunder struck the ridge beasts of Chengtian Gate at the suburban altar. Chenghua 17, eleventh month, dingyou: south of the Yangzi there was great thunder with snow and rain.
30
嘉靖二年五月丁丑,雷擊觀象臺。 四年七月己丑,雷擊南京長安左門獸吻。 五年四月戊寅,雷擊阜城門城樓南角獸吻及北九鋪旗杆。 十年六月丁巳,雷擊德勝門,破民屋柱,斃者四人。 癸亥,雷擊午門角樓及西華門城樓柱。 十五年六月甲申,雷擊南京西上門獸吻,震死男婦十餘人。 十六年五月戊戌,雷震謹身殿鴟吻。 二十八年六月丁酉朔,雷震奉先殿左吻及東室門槅。 三十三年四月乙亥,始雷。 三十八年六月丙寅,雷擊奉先殿門外南西二牆。
Jiajing 2, fifth month, dingchou: thunder struck the Observatory. Jiajing 4, seventh month, jichou: thunder struck the ridge-beast finials of the left Chang'an Gate in Nanjing. Jiajing 5, fourth month, wuyin: thunder struck the southern corner ridge-beast finials of the Fucheng Gate tower and the flagpole at the ninth northern bay. Jiajing 10, sixth month, dingsi: thunder struck Desheng Gate, shattered commoners' house pillars, and killed four people. Jiajing 10, sixth month, guihai: thunder struck the Meridian Gate corner tower and the pillars of the Xihua Gate tower. Jiajing 15, sixth month, jiashen: thunder struck the ridge-beast finials of the upper west gate in Nanjing and killed more than ten men and women. Jiajing 16, fifth month, wuxu: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Hall of Scrupulous Conduct. Jiajing 28, sixth month, new moon on dingyou: thunder struck the left finial of the Hall of Imperial Ancestors and the lattice doors of the eastern chamber. Jiajing 33, fourth month, yihai: the season's first thunder. Jiajing 38, sixth month, bingyin: thunder struck the southern and western outer walls outside the Hall of Imperial Ancestors.
31
隆慶元年八月,大暑雷震。 次日,大寒,如嚴冬。 是夕,雷震達旦。 四年六月辛酉,雷擊圜丘廣利門鴟吻。
Longqing 1, eighth month: in great heat, thunderclaps rang out. The next day brought bitter cold like deep winter. That evening thunder rolled without ceasing until dawn. Longqing 4, sixth month, xinyou: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Gate of Broad Benefit at the Circular Mound Altar.
32
萬曆三年六月己卯,雷擊建極殿鴟吻。 壬辰,雷擊端門鴟尾。 六年七月壬子,雷擊南京承天門左檐。 十三年七月戊子,雷震郊壇廣利門,震傷榜題「利。」 字及齋宮北門獸吻。 十六年八月壬午,雷震南京舊西安門鐘鼓樓獸頭。 十九年五月甲戌,太平路、喜峯路並雷擊,墩臺折,傷官軍。 二十一年四月戊戌,雷震孝陵大木。 二十二年六月己酉,雷雨,西華門災。 七月壬辰,雷擊祈谷壇東天門左吻。 二十四年二月己酉夜,酃縣大雷雨,火光遍十餘里。 二十五年七月庚寅朔,雷毀黃花鎮臺垣及火器。 三十二年五月癸酉,雷毀長陵樓,又毀薊鎮鬆棚路墩臺。 三十三年五月庚子,大雷電,擊毀南郊望燈高杆。 三十七年八月甲寅,雷劈西城上旗杆。
Wanli 3, sixth month, jimao: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Jianji Hall. Wanli 3, sixth month, renchen: thunder struck the chiwen tail-ornament of Duan Gate. Wanli 6, seventh month, renzi: thunder struck the left eaves of Chengtian Gate in Nanjing. Wanli 13, seventh month, wuzi: thunder struck the Gate of Broad Benefit at the suburban altar, damaging the plaque character "Benefit" and the northern ridge-beast finials of the fasting palace gate. Wanli 16, eighth month, renwu: thunder struck the beast heads of the old Xi'an Gate bell and drum tower in Nanjing. Wanli 19, fifth month, jiaxu: Taiping and Xifeng circuits were both struck by thunder; beacon towers collapsed and officials and troops were injured. Wanli 21, fourth month, wuxu: thunder struck the great trees of the Xiaoling Mausoleum. Wanli 22, sixth month, jiyou: thunder and rain; Xihua Gate burned. Wanli 22, seventh month, renchen: thunder struck the left finial of the eastern heaven gate at the Altar of Prayer for Grain. Wanli 24, second month, jiyou night: great thunder and rain at Ling County; firelight spread over more than ten li. Wanli 25, seventh month, new moon on gengyin: thunder destroyed the ramparts and firearms of Huanghua garrison. Wanli 32, fifth month, guiyou: thunder destroyed the Changling tower and also a beacon tower on Songpeng Road in Jizhen. Wanli 33, fifth month, gengzi: great thunder and lightning struck and destroyed the tall lantern-watch pole at the southern suburban altar. Wanli 37, eighth month, jiayin: thunder split the flagpole atop the western city wall.
33
泰昌元年十月己未,雷毀淮安城樓。
Taichang 1, tenth month, jiwei: thunder destroyed the Huai'an gate tower.
34
崇禎六年十二月丁亥,大風雪,雷電。 九年正月甲戌,雷毀孝陵樹。 十年四月乙亥,薊州雷火焚東山二十餘里。 十二年七月,雷擊破密雲城鋪樓,所貯砲木皆碎。 十月乙未立冬,雷電大作。 十四年四月癸丑,雷火起薊州西北,焚及趙家谷,延二十餘里。 六月丙午,雷震宣府西門城樓。 十五年四月癸卯,雷震南京孝陵樹,火從樹出。 十六年五月癸巳朔,雷震通夕不止。 次日,見太廟神主橫倒,諸銅器爲火所鑠,熔而成灰。 六月丙戌,雷震奉先殿鴟吻,槅扇皆裂,銅鐶盡毀。
Chongzhen 6, twelfth month, dinghai: great wind and snow with thunder and lightning. Chongzhen 9, first month, jiaxu: thunder destroyed the trees of the Xiaoling Mausoleum. Chongzhen 10, fourth month, yihai: thunder-fire at Jizhou burned the eastern hills for more than twenty li. Chongzhen 12, seventh month: thunder struck and broke Miyun's city watch-tower; all stored cannon timber was shattered. Chongzhen 12, tenth month, yiwei, the Beginning of Winter: great thunder and lightning arose. Chongzhen 14, fourth month, guichou: thunder-fire rose northwest of Jizhou, burned as far as Zhaojia Valley, and spread more than twenty li. Chongzhen 14, sixth month, bingwu: thunder struck the Xuanfu west gate tower. Chongzhen 15, fourth month, guimao: thunder struck the trees of the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing, and fire burst from the trees. Chongzhen 16, fifth month, new moon on guisi: thunder rolled all night without ceasing. The next day the spirit tablets of the Imperial Ancestral Temple were found lying on their sides; bronze vessels throughout had been fused by fire into ash. Chongzhen 16, sixth month, bingxu: thunder struck the chiwen finials of the Hall of Imperial Ancestors, split every lattice door, and destroyed all the bronze rings.
35
▲魚孽
▲ Fish Prodigies
36
嘉靖四十一年二月乙亥,德州九龍廟雨魚,大者數寸。 崇禎十年三月,錢塘江木鏚化爲魚,有首尾未變者。
Jiajing 41, second month, yihai: fish rained on the Nine Dragons Temple in Dezhou, the largest several inches long. Chongzhen 10, third month: wooden piles in the Qiantang River turned into fish, some still half timber at head or tail.
37
▲蝗蝻
▲ Locusts and Nymphs
38
洪武五年六月,濟南屬縣及青、萊二府蝗。 七月,徐州、大同蝗。 六年七月,北平、河南、山西、山東蝗。 七年二月,平陽、太原、汾州、歷城、汲縣蝗。 六月,懷慶、真定、保定、河間、順德、山東、山西蝗。 八年夏,北平、真定、大名、彰德諸府屬縣蝗。 建文四年夏,京師飛蝗蔽天,旬餘不息。 永樂元年夏,山東、山西、河南蝗。 三年五月,延安、濟南蝗。 十四年七月,畿內、河南、山東蝗。 宣德四年六月,順天州縣蝗。 九年七月,兩畿、山西、山東、河南蝗蝻覆地尺許,傷稼。 十年四月,兩京、山東、河南蝗蝻傷稼。 正統二年四月,北畿、山東、河南蝗。 五年夏,順天、河間、真定、順德、廣平、應天、鳳陽、淮安、開封、彰德、兗州蝗。 六年夏,順天、保定、真定、河間、順德、廣平、大名、淮安、鳳陽蝗。 秋,彰德、衛輝、開封、南陽、懷慶、太原、濟南、東昌、青、萊、兗、登諸府及遼東廣寧前、中屯二衛蝗。 七年五月,順天、廣平、大名、河間、鳳陽、開封、懷慶、河南蝗。 八年夏,兩畿蝗。 十二年夏,保定、淮安、濟南、開封、河南、彰德蝗。 秋,永平、鳳陽蝗。 十三年七月,飛蝗蔽天。 十四年夏,順天、永平、濟南、青州蝗。 景泰五年六月,寧國、安慶、池州蝗。 七年五月,畿內蝗蝻延蔓。 六月,淮安、揚州、鳳陽大旱蝗。 九月,應天及太平七府蝗。 天順元年七月,濟南、杭州、嘉興蝗。 二年四月,濟南、兗州、青州蝗。 成化三年七月,開封、彰德、衛輝蝗。 九年六月,河間蝗。 七月,真定蝗。 八月,山東旱蝗。 十九年五月,河南蝗。 二十二年三月,平陽蝗。 四月,河南蝗。 七月,順天蝗。 弘治三年,北畿蝗。 四年夏,淮安、揚州蝗。 六年六月,飛蝗自東南向西北,日爲掩者三日。 七年三月,兩畿蝗。 嘉靖三年六月,順天、保定、河間、徐州蝗。 隆慶三閏六月,山東旱蝗。 萬曆十五年七月,江北蝗。 十九年夏,順德、廣平、大名蝗。 三十七年九月,北畿、徐州、山東蝗。 四十三年七月,山東旱蝗。 四十四年四月,復蝗。 七月,常州、鎮江、淮安、揚州、河南蝗。 九月,江寧、廣德蝗蝻大起,禾黍竹樹俱盡。 四十五年,北畿旱蝗。 四十六年,畿南四府又蝗。 四十七年八月,濟南、東昌、登州蝗。 天啓元年七月,順天蝗。 五年六月,濟南飛蝗蔽天,田禾俱盡。 六年十月,開封旱蝗。 崇禎八年七月,河南蝗。 十年六月,山東、河南蝗。 十一年六月,兩京、山東、河南大旱蝗。 十三年五月,兩京、山東、河南、山西、陝西大旱蝗。 十四年六月,兩京、山東、河南、浙江大旱蝗。
Hongwu 5, sixth month: locusts struck Jinan's subordinate counties and Qing and Lai prefectures. Hongwu 5, seventh month: locusts at Xuzhou and Datong. Hongwu 6, seventh month: locusts across Beiping, Henan, Shanxi, and Shandong. Hongwu 7, second month: locusts at Pingyang, Taiyuan, Fenzhou, Licheng, and Jixian. Hongwu 7, sixth month: locusts across Huaqing, Zhending, Baoding, Hejian, Shunde, Shandong, and Shanxi. Hongwu 8, summer: locusts across Beiping, Zhending, Daming, Zhangde, and their subordinate counties. Jianwen 4, summer: flying locusts at the capital blotted out the sky for more than ten days without ceasing. Yongle 1, summer: locusts across Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan. Yongle 3, fifth month: locusts at Yan'an and Jinan. Yongle 14, seventh month: locusts across the metropolitan region, Henan, and Shandong. Xuande 4, sixth month: locusts across Shuntian prefecture and its counties. Xuande 9, seventh month: locust nymphs a foot deep covered the two metropolitan circuits, Shanxi, Shandong, and Henan, and damaged the crops. Xuande 10, fourth month: locust nymphs at the two capitals, Shandong, and Henan damaged the crops. Zhengtong 2, fourth month: locusts across the northern metropolitan circuit, Shandong, and Henan. Zhengtong 5, summer: locusts across Shuntian, Hejian, Zhending, Shunde, Guangping, Yingtian, Fengyang, Huai'an, Kaifeng, Zhangde, and Yanzhou. Zhengtong 6, summer: locusts across Shuntian, Baoding, Zhending, Hejian, Shunde, Guangping, Daming, Huai'an, and Fengyang. Zhengtong 6, autumn: locusts across Zhangde, Weihui, Kaifeng, Nanyang, Huaqing, Taiyuan, Jinan, Dongchang, Qing, Lai, Yan, Deng, and other prefectures, and the Front and Middle garrisons of Guangning in Liaodong. Zhengtong 7, fifth month: locusts across Shuntian, Guangping, Daming, Hejian, Fengyang, Kaifeng, Huaqing, and Henan. Zhengtong 8, summer: locusts across the two metropolitan circuits. Zhengtong 12, summer: locusts at Baoding, Huai'an, Jinan, Kaifeng, Henan, and Zhangde. Autumn: locusts at Yongping and Fengyang. Year 13, seventh month: flying locusts blotted out the sky. Year 14, summer: locusts at Shuntian, Yongping, Jinan, and Qingzhou. Jingtai 5, sixth month: locusts at Ningguo, Anqing, and Chizhou. Year 7, fifth month: locust nymphs spread through the metropolitan region. Sixth month: great drought and locusts at Huai'an, Yangzhou, and Fengyang. Ninth month: locusts at Yingtian and the seven prefectures of Taiping. Tianshun 1, seventh month: locusts at Jinan, Hangzhou, and Jiaxing. Year 2, fourth month: locusts at Jinan, Yanzhou, and Qingzhou. Chenghua 3, seventh month: locusts at Kaifeng, Zhangde, and Weihui. Year 9, sixth month: locusts at Hejian. Seventh month: locusts at Zhending. Eighth month: drought and locusts in Shandong. Year 19, fifth month: locusts in Henan. Year 22, third month: locusts at Pingyang. Fourth month: locusts in Henan. Seventh month: locusts at Shuntian. Hongzhi 3: locusts in the Northern Metropolitan Region. Year 4, summer: locusts at Huai'an and Yangzhou. Year 6, sixth month: flying locusts moved from southeast toward northwest; for three days the sun was masked. Year 7, third month: locusts in both metropolitan regions. Jiajing 3, sixth month: locusts at Shuntian, Baoding, Hejian, and Xuzhou. Longqing 3, intercalary sixth month: drought and locusts in Shandong. Wanli 15, seventh month: locusts north of the Yangtze. Year 19, summer: locusts at Shunde, Guangping, and Daming. Year 37, ninth month: locusts in the Northern Metropolitan Region, Xuzhou, and Shandong. Year 43, seventh month: drought and locusts in Shandong. Year 44, fourth month: locusts again. Seventh month: locusts at Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Huai'an, Yangzhou, and Henan. Ninth month: locust nymphs rose in great numbers at Jiangning and Guangde; grain, millet, bamboo, and trees were all consumed. Year 45: drought and locusts in the Northern Metropolitan Region. Year 46: the four southern metropolitan prefectures again suffered locusts. Year 47, eighth month: locusts at Jinan, Dongchang, and Dengzhou. Tianqi 1, seventh month: locusts at Shuntian. Year 5, sixth month: at Jinan flying locusts blotted out the sky and field crops were all destroyed. Year 6, tenth month: drought and locusts at Kaifeng. Chongzhen 8, seventh month: locusts in Henan. Year 10, sixth month: locusts in Shandong and Henan. Year 11, sixth month: great drought and locusts at both capitals, Shandong, and Henan. Year 13, fifth month: great drought and locusts at both capitals, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi. Year 14, sixth month: great drought and locusts at both capitals, Shandong, Henan, and Zhejiang.
39
▲豕禍
▲ Pig calamities.
40
▲龍蛇之孽
▲ Calamities of dragons and serpents.
41
成化五年六月,河決杏花營,有卵浮於河,大如人首,下銳上圓,質青白,蓋龍卵也。 弘治九年六月庚辰,宣府鎮南口墩驟雨火發,龍起刀鞘內。 十八年五月辛卯,日午,旋風大起,雲翳三殿,若有人騎龍入雲者。 正德七年六月丁卯夜,招遠有赤龍懸空,光如火,盤旋而上,天鼓隨鳴。 十二年六月癸亥,山陽見黑龍,一龍吸水,聲聞數里,攝舟及舟女至空而墜。 十三年五月癸丑,常熟俞野村迅雷震電,有白龍一、黑龍二乘雲並下,口中吐火,目睛若炬,撤去民居三百餘家,吸二十餘舟於空中。 舟人墜地,多怖死者。 是夜紅雨如注,五日乃息。 十四年四月,鄱陽湖蛟龍鬥。 嘉靖四十年五月癸酉,青浦佘山九蛟並起,涌水成河。 萬曆十四年七月戊申,舒城大雷雨,起蛟百五十八,跡如斧劈,山崩田陷,民溺死無算。 是歲,建昌民樵于山,逢巨蛇,一角,六足如雞距,不噬不驚,或言此肥遺也。 十八年七月,猗氏大水,二龍鬥於村,得遺卵,尋失。 十九年六月己未,公安大水,有巨蛇如牛,首赤身黑,修二丈餘,所至堤潰。 三十一年五月戊戌,歷城大雨,二龍鬥水中,山石皆飛,平地水高十丈。 四十五年八月,安丘青河村青白二龍鬥。
Chenghua 5, sixth month: when the Yellow River burst at Apricot Blossom Camp, eggs floated on the river as large as human heads, tapered below and round above, blue-white in substance—said to be dragon eggs. Hongzhi 9, sixth month, gengchen: at the southern pass beacon tower of Xuanfu Zhen sudden rain and fire broke out; a dragon rose from within a sword scabbard. Year 18, fifth month, xinmao, at noon: a great whirlwind arose; clouds shrouded the three halls as if someone riding a dragon entered the clouds. Zhengde 7, sixth month, night of dingmao: at Zhaoyuan a red dragon hung in the sky, light like fire, coiling upward; the celestial drum sounded with it. Year 12, sixth month, guihai: at Shanyang a black dragon was seen; one dragon sucked water with a sound heard for several li, lifting boats and boatwomen into the air then dropping them. Year 13, fifth month, guichou: at Yuye Village in Changshu thunder, sudden wind, and lightning; one white dragon and two black dragons rode the clouds down together, spewing fire from their mouths, eyes bright as torches; they swept away more than three hundred dwellings and sucked more than twenty boats into the air. Boat people fell to earth; many died of terror. That night red rain poured like a torrent; it ceased after five days. Year 14, fourth month: flood dragons fought on Poyang Lake. Jiajing 40, fifth month, guiyou: at She Mountain in Qingpu nine flood dragons rose together, surging water into a river. Wanli 14, seventh month, wushen: at Shucheng great thunder and rain; 158 flood dragons arose, their tracks like axe-cleavage; mountains collapsed and fields sank; people drowned beyond count. That year, a Jianchang woodcutter on the mountain met a huge serpent with one horn and six legs like cock spurs; it neither bit nor fled; some said it was the Feiyi. Year 18, seventh month: at Yishi great flood; two dragons fought in a village; abandoned eggs were found, then lost. Year 19, sixth month, jiwei: at Gong'an great flood; a huge serpent like an ox, red head and black body, more than twenty zhang long; wherever it went dikes burst. Year 31, fifth month, wuxu: at Licheng great rain; two dragons fought in the water; mountain rocks all flew; level ground water rose ten zhang. Year 45, eighth month: at Qinghe Village in Anqiu blue-white dragons fought.
42
▲馬異
▲ Horse anomalies.
43
永樂十八年九月,諸城進龍馬。 民有牝馬牧于海濱,一日雲霧晦冥,有物蜿蜒與馬接。 產駒,具龍文,其色青蒼,謂之龍馬云。 宣德七年五月,忻州民武煥家馬生一駒,鹿耳牛尾,玉面瓊蹄,肉文被體如鱗。 七月,滄州畜官馬,一產二駒,州以爲祥,獻於朝。 宣宗曰:「物理之常,何足異也。」
Yongle 18, ninth month: Zhucheng presented a dragon horse. A commoner had a mare pastured on the seashore; one day clouds and mist darkened; something sinuous coupled with the mare. It foaled a colt bearing dragon markings, blue-green in color, called a dragon horse. Xuande 7, fifth month: at Xinzhou commoner Wu Huan's household a mare foaled a colt with deer ears, ox tail, jade face, and jade hooves, flesh marked over the body like scales. Seventh month: at Cangzhou an official stud mare foaled twin colts; the prefecture took it as auspicious and presented it to court. The Xuan Emperor said: "It is the constant order of things—what is there to marvel at?"
44
成化十七年六月,興濟馬生二駒。 弘治元年二月,景寧屏風山有異物成羣,大如羊,狀如白馬,數以萬計。 首尾相銜,迤邐騰空而去。 嘉靖四十二年四月,海鹽有海馬萬數,岸行二十餘里。 其一最巨,高如樓。
Chenghua 17, sixth month: at Xingji a mare foaled twin colts. Hongzhi 1, second month: at Pingfeng Mountain in Jingning strange creatures gathered in herds, large as sheep, shaped like white horses, numbering in the tens of thousands. Head and tail linked, they wound away soaring into the sky. Jiajing 42, fourth month: at Haiyan tens of thousands of sea horses went ashore for more than twenty li. The largest among them was as tall as a tower.
45
▲人痾
▲ Human malformations.
46
前史多志一產三男事,然近歲多有,不可勝詳也,其稍異者志之。 洪武二十四年八月,河南龍門婦司牡丹死三年,借袁馬頭之屍復生。 宣德元年十一月,行在錦衣衛校尉綦榮妻皮氏一產四子。 天順四年四月,揚州民婦一產五男。 成化十三年二月,南京鷹揚衛軍陳僧兒妻硃氏一產三男、一女。 十七年六月,宿州民張珍妻王氏臍下右側裂,生一子。 二十年十二月,徐州婦人肋下生瘤,久之漸大,兒從瘤出。 二十一年,嘉善民鄒亮妻初乳生三子,再乳生四子,三乳生六子。 弘治十一年六月,騰驤左衛百戶黃盛妻宜氏一產三男一女。 十六年五月,應山民張本華妻崔氏生須長三寸。 是時,鄭陽商婦生須三繚,約百餘莖。 嘉靖二年六月,曲靖衛舍人胡晟妻生一男,兩頭四手三足。 四年,橫涇農孔方協下產肉塊,剖視之,一兒宛然。 五年,江南民婦生妖,六目四面,有角,手足各一節,獨爪,鬼聲。 十一年,當塗民婦一產三男一女。 十二年,貴州安衛軍李華妻生男,兩頭四手四足。 二十七年七月,大同右衛參將馬繼舍人馬錄女,年十七化爲男子。 隆慶二年十二月,靜樂男子李良雨化爲婦人。 五年二月,唐山民婦生兒從左脅出。 萬曆十年,淅川人化爲狼。 十八年,南宿州民婦一產七子,膚髮紅白黑青各色。 三十七年六月,繁峙民李宜妻牛氏一產二女,頭面相連,手足各分。 四十六年,廣寧衛民婦產一猴,二角四齒。 是時,大同民婦一產四男。 崇禎八年夏,鎮江民婦產一子,頂載兩首,臀贅一首,與母俱斃。 十五年十一月,曹縣民婦產兒,兩頭,頂上有眼,手過膝。
Earlier histories often record cases of one birth yielding three sons; yet in recent years there have been many, too numerous to detail in full—only the somewhat unusual are recorded here. Hongwu 24, eighth month: at Longmen in Henan the woman Si Mudan had been dead three years; she revived by borrowing the corpse of Yuan Matou. Xuande 1, eleventh month: at the traveling palace Qi Rong's wife Pi of the Embroidered-Uniform Guard bore four sons in one birth. Tianshun 4, fourth month: a Yangzhou commoner's wife bore five sons in one birth. Chenghua 13, second month: Zhu, wife of Nanjing Yingyang Guard soldier Chen Seng'er, bore three sons and one daughter in one birth. Year 17, sixth month: at Suzhou commoner Zhang Zhen's wife Wang; the right side below the navel split and a son was born. Year 20, twelfth month: at Xuzhou a woman bore a tumor beneath the ribs; after long growth it enlarged; a child emerged from the tumor. Year 21: at Jiashan commoner Zou Liang's wife at first nursing bore three sons, at second nursing four sons, at third nursing six sons. Hongzhi 11, sixth month: Yi, wife of Tengxiang Left Guard centurion Huang Sheng, bore three sons and one daughter in one birth. Year 16, fifth month: at Yingshan commoner Zhang Benhua's wife Cui bore a beard three inches long. At the same time, a Zhengyang merchant's wife bore a beard in three clusters, about a hundred-odd strands. Jiajing 2, sixth month: at Qujing Guard houseman Hu Sheng's wife bore a male child with two heads, four hands, and three feet. Year 4: at Hengjing farmer Kong Fangxie below the navel produced a lump of flesh; when cut open, a child was plainly visible within. Year 5: a Jiangnan commoner's wife bore a monster with six eyes and four faces, horns, limbs each of one joint, single claws, and a ghostly voice. Year 11: a Dangtu commoner's wife bore three sons and one daughter in one birth. Year 12: at Guizhou Anwei Guard soldier Li Hua's wife bore a male child with two heads, four hands, and four feet. Year 27, seventh month: Ma Lu's daughter of Datong Right Guard deputy commander Ma Ji, age seventeen, transformed into a man. Longqing 2, twelfth month: at Jingle the man Li Liangyu transformed into a woman. Year 5, second month: a Tangshan commoner's wife bore a child emerging from the left flank. Wanli 10: a man at Xichuan transformed into a wolf. Year 18: a Nansuzhou commoner's wife bore seven children in one birth, skin and hair in red, white, black, and blue-green hues. Year 37, sixth month: at Fanzhi commoner Li Yi's wife Niu bore twin daughters, heads and faces joined, hands and feet separate. Year 46: a Guangning Guard commoner's wife bore a monkey with two horns and four teeth. At the same time, a Datong commoner's wife bore four sons in one birth. Chongzhen 8, summer: a Zhenjiang commoner's wife bore a child with two heads on the crown and a head growing from the buttocks; mother and child both died. Year 15, eleventh month: a Caoxian commoner's wife bore a child with two heads, eyes atop the head, and hands reaching the knees.
47
▲疾疫
▲ Pestilence.
48
永樂六年正月,江西建昌、撫州,福建建寧、邵武自去年至是月,疫死者七萬八千四百餘人。 八年,登州寧海諸州縣自正月至六月,疫死者六千餘人。 邵武比歲大疫,至是年冬,死絕者萬二千戶。 九年七月,河南、陝西疫。 十一年六月,湖州三縣疫。 七月,寧波五縣疫。 正統九年冬,紹興、寧波、台州瘟疫大作,及明年,死者三萬餘人。 景泰四年冬,建昌、武昌、漢陽疫。 六年四月,西安、平涼疫。 七年五月,桂林疫死者二萬餘人。 天順五年四月,陝西疫。 成化十一年八月,福建大疫,延及江西,死者無算。 正德元年六月,湖廣平溪、清涼、鎮遠、偏橋四衛大疫,死者甚衆。 靖州諸處自七月至十二月大疫,建寧、邵武自八月始亦大疫。 十二年十月,泉州大疫。 嘉靖元年二月,陝西大疫。 二年七月,南京大疫,軍民死者甚衆。 四年九月,山東疫死者四千一百二十八人。 三十三年四月,都城內外大疫。 四十四年正月,京師飢且疫。 萬曆十年四月,京師疫。 十五年五月,又疫。 十六年五月,山東、陝西、山西、浙江俱大旱疫。 崇禎十六年,京師大疫,自二月至九月止。 明年春,北畿、山東疫。
Yongle 6, first month: from the previous year through this month pestilence at Jiangxi's Jianchang and Fuzhou and at Fujian's Jianning and Shaowu killed more than 78,400 people. Yongle 8: from the first month to the sixth month pestilence in Ninghai and other districts of Dengzhou killed more than 6,000 people. Shaowu had suffered great pestilence for years; by winter of this year 12,000 households were wiped out. Yongle 9, seventh month: pestilence in Henan and Shaanxi. Yongle 11, sixth month: pestilence in three counties of Huzhou. Seventh month: pestilence in five counties of Ningbo. Zhengtong 9, winter: great pestilence at Shaoxing, Ningbo, and Taizhou; by the following year more than 30,000 had died. Jingtai 4, winter: pestilence at Jianchang, Wuchang, and Hanyang. Jingtai 6, fourth month: pestilence at Xi'an and Pingliang. Jingtai 7, fifth month: pestilence at Guilin killed more than 20,000 people. Tianshun 5, fourth month: pestilence in Shaanxi. Chenghua 11, eighth month: great pestilence in Fujian spread into Jiangxi; the dead were beyond counting. Zhengde 1, sixth month: great pestilence at the four guards of Pingxi, Qingliang, Zhenyuan, and Pianqiao in Huguang; casualties were very heavy. From the seventh month to the twelfth, great pestilence raged in Jingzhou and neighboring districts; from the eighth month Jianning and Shaowu were likewise stricken. Zhengde 12, tenth month: great pestilence at Quanzhou. Jiajing 1, second month: great pestilence in Shaanxi. Jiajing 2, seventh month: great pestilence at Nanjing; soldiers and civilians died in great numbers. Jiajing 4, ninth month: pestilence in Shandong killed 4,128 people. Jiajing 33, fourth month: great pestilence within and beyond the capital. Jiajing 44, first month: famine and pestilence together in the capital. Wanli 10, fourth month: pestilence in the capital. Wanli 15, fifth month: pestilence struck again. Wanli 16, fifth month: Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Zhejiang all suffered great drought and pestilence. Chongzhen 16: great pestilence in the capital raged from the second month until it abated in the ninth. The following spring: pestilence in the North Metropolitan Region and Shandong.
49
▲鼓妖
▲ Drum omens.
50
洪武五年八月己酉,徐溝西北空中有聲如雷。 十一年,瑞昌有大聲如鍾,自天而下,無形。 天順六年九月乙巳夜,天無雲,西北方有聲如雷。 七年二月晦夜,空中有聲。 大學士李賢奏,無形有聲謂之鼓妖,上不恤民則有此異。 成化十三年正月甲子,代州無雲而雷。 十四年八月戊戌,早朝,東班官若聞有甲兵聲者,辟易不成列,久之始定。 弘治六年六月丁卯,石州吳城驛無雲而震者再。 十七年六月甲申,江西廬山鳴如雷。 嘉靖二十九年二月甲子,隆慶州張山營堡山鳴。 萬曆十二年十二月己未,蕭縣山鳴如驚濤澎湃,竟夜不止。 二十八年八月戊戌,西北方有聲如雷。 天啓七年八月丁巳,莊烈即位,朝時,空中有聲如天鼓,發於殿西。 崇禎十二年十二月乙未,蕭縣山鳴。 是月,西山大鳴如雷,如風濤。 十三年二月壬子,浙江省城門夜鳴。 十六年冬,建極殿鴟吻中有聲似鵓鳩,曰:「苦苦」,其聲漸大,復作犬吠聲,三日夜不止。 明年三月辛丑,孝陵夜有哭聲,亦鼓妖也。
Hongwu 5, eighth month, jiyou: in the empty sky northwest of Xu'gou a sound like thunder was heard. Hongwu 11: at Ruichang a great bell-like sound descended from the sky, though nothing was seen. Tianshun 6, ninth month, yisi night: though the sky was cloudless, the northwest resounded like thunder. Tianshun 7, last night of the second month: a sound in the sky. Grand Secretary Li Xian memorialized, "Sound without visible cause is called a drum omen; when the ruler fails to care for the people, this portent appears." Chenghua 13, first month, jiazi: thunder rolled at Daizhou though no clouds were present. Chenghua 14, eighth month, wuxu: at morning audience the eastern row of officials seemed to hear the clash of arms; they broke ranks in alarm and only after a long while regained order. Hongzhi 6, sixth month, dingmao: though cloudless, Wucheng post station in Shizhou shook twice. Hongzhi 17, sixth month, jiashen: Mount Lu in Jiangxi rumbled like thunder. Jiajing 29, second month, jiazi: the mountain at Zhangshan camp fortress in Longqing prefecture rumbled. Wanli 12, twelfth month, jiwei: a mountain in Xiao county boomed like surging billows and did not cease all night. Wanli 28, eighth month, wuxu: the northwest resounded like thunder. Tianqi 7, eighth month, dingsi: when Zhuanglie acceded, at court a sound like a heavenly drum rolled forth from west of the hall. Chongzhen 12, twelfth month, yiwei: a mountain in Xiao county rumbled. That month the western hills thundered like a gale-driven sea. Chongzhen 13, second month, renzi: the gate of the Zhejiang provincial city rumbled at night. Chongzhen 16, winter: from the owl-tail ornament on Jianji Hall came a turtledove-like voice crying "bitter, bitter"; the sound swelled, then turned to barking, and for three days and nights did not cease. The following year, third month, xinchou: crying was heard at night at Xiaoling—another drum omen.
51
▲隕石
▲ Meteorites.
52
成化六年六月壬申,陽信雷聲如嘯,隕石一,碎爲三,外黑內青。 十四年六月辛亥,臨晉天鳴,隕石縣東南三十里,入地三尺,大如升,色黑。 二十三年五月壬寅,束鹿空中響如雷,青氣墜地。 掘之得黑石二,一如碗,一如雞卵。 弘治三年三月,慶陽雨石無數,大小不一,大者如鵝卵,小者如芡實。 四年十月丁巳,光山有紅光如電,自西南往東北,聲如鼓,久之入地,化爲石,大如鬥。 十年二月丙申,修武黑氣入地,化爲石,狀如羊首。 十二年五月戊寅,朔州有聲,如迅雷,白氣騰上,隕大石三。 正德元年八月壬戌,夜有火光落即墨,化爲綠石,圓高尺餘。 九年五月己卯,濱州有聲隕石。 十三年正月己未,鄰水隕石一。 嘉靖十二年五月丁未,祁縣有聲如鼓,火流墜地爲石。 四十二年三月癸卯,懷慶隕石。 隆慶二年三月己未,保定新城隕黑石二。 萬曆三年五月癸亥,有二流星晝隕景州城北,化爲黑石。 十七年九月戊午,萬載黑煙騰起,隕石演武廳畔。 十九年四月辛酉,遵化隕石二。 四十四年正月丁丑,易州及紫荊關有光化石崩裂。 崇禎九年九月丁未,太康隕石。
Chenghua 6, sixth month, renshen: thunder at Yangxin whistled like a gale; one meteorite fell and split into three pieces, black outside and green within. Chenghua 14, sixth month, xinhai: the sky boomed over Linjin; a meteorite fell thirty li southeast of the county seat, buried itself three chi deep, was as large as a sheng measure, and was black. Chenghua 23, fifth month, renyin: the sky over Shulu thundered; blue vapor struck the ground. When men dug, they found two black stones—one bowl-shaped, one egg-sized. Hongzhi 3, third month: stones rained without number at Qingyang, ranging from goose-egg size down to foxnut size. Hongzhi 4, tenth month, dingsi: at Guangshan a red flash like lightning streaked from southwest to northeast with a drum-like roar; long afterward it struck earth and turned to stone as large as a dou measure. Hongzhi 10, second month, bingchen: black vapor plunged into the ground at Xiuwu and hardened into stone shaped like a ram's head. Hongzhi 12, fifth month, wuyin: a thunderclap shook Shuozhou; white vapor shot upward and three large stones fell. Zhengde 1, eighth month, renxu: at night a fiery light dropped on Jimo and became a green stone more than a chi high and round. Zhengde 9, fifth month, jimao: a roaring fall at Binzhou left a meteorite. Zhengde 13, first month, jiwei: one meteorite at Linshui. Jiajing 12, fifth month, dingwei: a drum-like sound at Qi county; a fiery streak struck earth and turned to stone. Jiajing 42, third month, guimao: a meteorite at Huaiqing. Longqing 2, third month, jiwei: two black stones fell at Xincheng in Baoding. Wanli 3, fifth month, guihai: two shooting stars fell by day north of Jingzhou city and became black stone. Wanli 17, ninth month, wuwu: black smoke billowed up at Wanzai and a meteorite fell beside the drill ground hall. Wanli 19, fourth month, xinyou: two meteorites at Zunhua. Wanli 44, first month, dingchou: at Yizhou and Zijing Pass a flash of light turned to stone that split apart as it fell. Chongzhen 9, ninth month, dingwei: a meteorite at Taikang.
53
▲水潦
▲ Floods.
54
洪武元年六月戊辰,江西永新州大風雨,蛟出,江水入城,高八尺,人多溺死。 事聞,使賑之。 三年六月,溧水縣江溢,漂民居。 四年七月,南寧府江溢,壞城垣。 衢州府龍遊縣大雨,水漂民廬,男女溺死。 五年八月,嵊縣、義烏、餘杭山谷水涌,人民溺死者衆。 六年二月,崇明縣爲潮所沒。 七月,嘉定府龍遊縣洋、雅二江漲,翼日南溪縣江漲,俱漂公廨民居。 七年八月,高密縣膠河溢,傷禾。 八年七月,淮安、北平、河南、山東大水。 十二月,直隸蘇州、湖州、嘉興、松江、常州、太平、寧國,浙江杭州俱水。 九年,江南、湖北大水。 七月,湖廣、山東大水。 十年六月,永平灤、漆二水沒民廬舍。 七月,北平八府大水,壞城垣。 十一年七月,蘇、鬆、揚、臺四府海溢,人多溺死。 十月丙辰,河決蘭陽。 十二年五月,青田山水沒縣治。 十三年十一月,崇明潮決沙岸,人畜多溺死。 十四年八月庚辰,河決原武。 十五年二月壬子,河南河決。 三月庚午,河決朝邑。 七月,河溢滎澤、陽武。 是歲,北平大水。 十七年八月丙寅,河決開封,橫流數十里。 是歲,河南、北平俱水。 十八年八月,河南又水。 是年,江浦、大名水。 二十三年正月庚寅,河決歸德。 七月癸巳,河決開封,漂沒民居。 又海門縣風潮壞官民廬舍,漂溺者衆。 是歲,襄陽、沔陽、安陽水。 二十四年十月,北平、河間二府水。 二十五年正月,河決陽武,開封州縣十一俱水。 二十六年十一月,青、兗、濟寧三府水。 二十七年三月,寧陽汶河決。 二十八年八月,德州大水,壞城垣。 三十年八月丁亥,河決開封,三面皆水,犯倉庫。
Hongwu 1, sixth month, wuchen: great wind and rain at Yongxin prefecture in Jiangxi; a flood dragon was seen; the river poured into the city eight chi deep and many drowned. When word reached court, envoys were sent to give relief. Hongwu 3, sixth month: the river at Lishui county overflowed and swept away dwellings. Hongwu 4, seventh month: the Nanning prefecture river burst its banks and wrecked the city walls. Great rain at Longyou county in Quzhou prefecture floated civilian houses; men and women drowned. Hongwu 5, eighth month: mountain torrents at Sheng, Yiwu, and Yuhang drowned a great many people. Hongwu 6, second month: Chongming county was submerged by the tide. Seventh month: the Yang and Ya rivers at Longyou county in Jiading prefecture rose; the next day Nanxi county's river rose as well, floating away government offices and homes. Hongwu 7, eighth month: the Jiao river at Gaomi county overflowed and damaged the crops. Hongwu 8, seventh month: great floods at Huai'an, Beiping, Henan, and Shandong. Twelfth month: flooding struck Suzhou, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Songjiang, Changzhou, Taiping, and Ningguo in the metropolitan circuit and Hangzhou in Zhejiang. Hongwu 9: great floods in Jiangnan and Hubei. Seventh month: great floods in Huguang and Shandong. Hongwu 10, sixth month: the Luan and Qi rivers at Yongping submerged civilian houses. Seventh month: great floods in eight prefectures of Beiping wrecked city walls. Hongwu 11, seventh month: the sea overflowed at the four prefectures of Su, Song, Yang, and Tai; many drowned. Tenth month, bingchen: the Yellow River broke through at Lanyang. Hongwu 12, fifth month: mountain floods submerged the Qingtian county seat. Hongwu 13, eleventh month: tide at Chongming breached the sand shore; many people and livestock drowned. Hongwu 14, eighth month, gengchen: the Yellow River broke through at Yuanwu. Hongwu 15, second month, renzi: the Yellow River broke through in Henan. Third month, gengwu: the Yellow River broke through at Chaoyi. Seventh month: the Yellow River overflowed Xingze and Yangwu. That year Beiping suffered great flooding. Hongwu 17, eighth month, bingyin: the Yellow River broke through at Kaifeng and spread across several tens of li. That year Henan and Beiping were both inundated. Hongwu 18, eighth month: Henan flooded again. That year Jiangpu and Daming were flooded. Hongwu 23, first month, gengyin: the Yellow River broke through at Guide. Seventh month, guisi: the Yellow River broke through at Kaifeng and swept away dwellings. At Haimen county wind and tide likewise wrecked government and civilian buildings and drowned many. That year Xiangyang, Mianyang, and Anyang were flooded. Hongwu 24, tenth month: floods in the two prefectures of Beiping and Hejian. Hongwu 25, first month: the Yellow River broke through at Yangwu; eleven prefectures and counties around Kaifeng were inundated. Hongwu 26, eleventh month: floods in the three prefectures of Qing, Yan, and Jining. Hongwu 27, third month: the Wen River at Ningyang burst its banks. Hongwu 28, eighth month: Dezhou suffered a great flood that damaged the city walls. Hongwu 30/VIII/dinghai: the Yellow River burst at Kaifeng; water surrounded the city on three sides and reached the storehouses.
55
永樂元年五月,章丘漯河決岸、傷稼。 南海、番禺潮溢。 八月,安丘縣紅河決。 二年六月,蘇、鬆、嘉、湖四府俱水。 七月,湖廣、江西水。 九月,河決開封,壞城。 三年三月,溫縣水決堤四十餘丈。 濟、澇二水溢。 八月,杭州屬縣多水,淹男婦四百餘人。 七年五月,安陸州江溢,決渲馬灘圩岸千六百餘丈。 六月,壽州水決城。 是歲,泰興江岸淪於江者三千九百餘丈。 渾河決固安。 八年五月,平度州濰水及浮糠河決,浸百十三所。 七月,平陽縣潮溢,漂廬舍。 八月庚申,河溢開封。 十二月戊戌,河決汴梁,壞城。 九年正月,高郵甓社等九湖及天長諸水暴漲。 六月,揚州屬州縣五江潮漲四日,漂人畜甚衆。 七月,海寧潮溢,漂溺甚衆。 八月,漳、衛二水決堤淹田。 九月,雷州颶風暴雨,淹遂溪、海康,壞田禾八百餘頃,溺死千六百餘人。 是歲,湖廣、河南水。 十年七月,廬溝水漲,壞橋及堤岸,溺死人畜。 保定縣決河岸五十四處。 十一月,吳橋、東光、興濟、交河、天津決堤傷稼。 十二月,安州水決直亭等河口八十九處。 十二年十月,臨晉涑河逆流,決姚暹渠堰,流入硝池,淹沒民田,將及鹽池。 崇明潮暴至,漂廬舍五千八百餘家。 十三年六月,北畿、河南、山東水溢,壞廬舍,沒田禾,臨清尤甚。 滏、漳二水漂磁州民舍。 十四年夏,南昌諸府江漲,壞民廬舍。 七月,開封州縣十四河決堤岸。 永平灤、漆二河溢,壞民田禾。 福寧、延平、邵武、廣信、饒州、衢州、金華七府,俱溪水暴漲,壞城垣房舍,溺死人畜甚衆。 遼東遼河、代子河水溢,浸沒城垣屯堡。 十八年夏秋,仁和、海寧潮涌,堤淪入海者千五百餘丈。 二十年五月,廣東諸府潮溢,漂廬舍,壞倉糧,溺死三百六十餘人。 夏秋,湖廣沔陽江漲,河南北及鳳陽河溢。 二十一年五月,峨眉溪水漲,溺死百三十人。 八月,瓊州府潮溢,漂溺甚衆。 二十二年七月,黃岩潮溢,溺死八百人。 九月庚辰,河溢開封。
Yongle 1, fifth month: the Luo River at Zhangqiu burst its banks and damaged the crops. Nanhai and Panyu suffered tidal flooding. Eighth month: the Hong River at Anqiu county burst its banks. Yongle 2, sixth month: Suzhou, Songjiang, Jiaxing, and Huzhou prefectures all flooded. Seventh month: Huguang and Jiangxi flooded. Ninth month: the Yellow River burst at Kaifeng and damaged the city. Yongle 3, third month: at Wen county the river burst the dike for more than forty zhang. The Ji and Lao rivers overflowed. Eighth month: many subordinate counties of Hangzhou flooded, drowning more than four hundred men and women. Yongle 7, fifth month: the Jiang at Anlu prefecture overflowed and burst the Xuama Beach embankment for more than 1,600 zhang. Yongle 7, sixth month: at Shouzhou floodwater burst the city wall. That year more than 3,900 zhang of Taixing's Yangtze bank were swallowed by the river. The Hun River burst its banks at Gu'an. Yongle 8, fifth month: at Pingdu prefecture the Wei River and the Floating-Bran River burst, inundating 113 settlements. Seventh month: tidal overflow at Pingyang county swept away dwellings. Eighth month, gengshen: the Yellow River overflowed at Kaifeng. Twelfth month, wuxu: the Yellow River burst at Bianliang and damaged the city. Yongle 9, first month: the nine lakes including Pishe at Gaoyou and the various waters at Tianchang rose violently. Sixth month: in Yangzhou's subordinate prefectures and counties the tides on five rivers rose for four days, sweeping away very many people and livestock. Seventh month: tidal overflow at Haining drowned very many people. Eighth month: the Zhang and Wei rivers burst their dikes and inundated fields. Ninth month: a hurricane and torrential rain at Leizhou inundated Suixi and Haikang, ruining more than 800 qing of fields and drowning more than 1,600 people. That year Huguang and Henan flooded. Yongle 10, seventh month: the Lugou River rose, damaging bridges and embankments and drowning people and livestock. At Baoding county the river bank burst in fifty-four places. Eleventh month: at Wuqiao, Dongguang, Xingji, Jiaohe, and Tianjin dikes burst and damaged the crops. Twelfth month: at Anzhou floodwater burst the Zhiting and other river mouths in eighty-nine places. Yongle 12, tenth month: at Linjin the Su River flowed backward, the Yao Xian canal embankment burst, and water entered the Xiao Pond, inundating commoners' fields and nearly reaching the salt ponds. At Chongming a violent tide came and swept away more than 5,800 dwellings. Yongle 13, sixth month: the Northern Metropolitan Region, Henan, and Shandong overflowed, ruining dwellings and inundating fields, especially at Linqing. The Fu and Zhang rivers swept away the dwellings of Cizhou's people. Yongle 14, summer: rivers at Nanchang's subordinate prefectures rose and damaged commoners' houses. Seventh month: in fourteen prefectures and counties of Kaifeng the Yellow River burst its dikes. The Luan and Qi rivers at Yongping overflowed and damaged people's fields and grain. Funing, Yanping, Shaowu, Guangxin, Raozhou, Quzhou, and Jinhua—the seven prefectures—all had mountain streams rise violently, damaging city walls and houses and drowning very many people and livestock. The Liao River and Daizi River in Liaodong overflowed, inundating city walls, stockades, and forts. Yongle 18, summer and autumn: tides at Renhe and Haining surged, and more than 1,500 zhang of dike were lost to the sea. Yongle 20, fifth month: tidal overflow in Guangdong's subordinate prefectures swept away dwellings, damaged granaries, and drowned more than 360 people. Summer and autumn: the Yangtze at Mianyang in Huguang rose, and the rivers of northern Henan and Fengyang overflowed. Yongle 21, fifth month: the Emei Brook rose and drowned 130 people. Eighth month: tidal overflow at Qiongzhou prefecture drowned very many people. Yongle 22, seventh month: tidal overflow at Huangyan drowned 800 people. Ninth month, gengchen: the Yellow River overflowed at Kaifeng.
56
宣德元年六七月,江水大漲,襄陽、谷城、均州、鄖縣,緣江民居漂沒者半。 黃、汝二水溢,淹開封十州縣及南陽汝州、河南嵩縣。 三年五月,邵陽、武岡、湘鄉暴風雨七晝夜,山水驟長,平地高六尺。 永寧衛大水,壞城四百丈。 六月,渾河水溢,決廬溝河堤百餘丈。 七月,北畿七府俱水。 五年七月,南陽山水泛漲,沖決堤岸,漂流人畜廬舍。 六年六月,渾河溢,決徐家等口,順天、保定、真定、河間州縣二十九俱水。 河決開封,沒八縣。 七年六月,太原河、汾並溢,傷稼。 八年六月,江西瀕江八府江漲,漂沒民田,溺死男婦無算。 九年正月,沁鄉沁水漲,決馬曲灣,經獲嘉、新鄉,平地成河。 五月,寧海縣潮決,徙地百七十餘頃。 六月,渾河決東岸,自狼河口至小屯廠,順天、順德、河間俱水。 七月,遼東大水。
Xuande 1, sixth and seventh months: the Yangtze rose greatly; along the river at Xiangyang, Gucheng, Junzhou, and Yun county half the riverside dwellings were swept away. The Huang and Ru rivers overflowed, inundating ten prefectures and counties of Kaifeng and Nanyang, Ruzhou, and Song county in Henan. Xuande 3, fifth month: Shaoyang, Wugang, and Xiangxiang had violent wind and rain for seven days and nights; mountain streams rose suddenly until level ground stood six chi deep. A great flood at Yongning Guard damaged 400 zhang of city wall. Sixth month: the Hun River overflowed and burst the Lugou River dike for more than 100 zhang. Seventh month: the seven prefectures of the Northern Metropolitan Region all flooded. Xuande 5, seventh month: mountain streams in Nanyang rose broadly, bursting dikes and sweeping away people, livestock, and dwellings. Xuande 6, sixth month: the Hun River overflowed and burst at Xujia and other openings; twenty-nine prefectures and counties of Shuntian, Baoding, Zhending, and Hejian all flooded. The Yellow River burst at Kaifeng and inundated eight counties. Xuande 7, sixth month: at Taiyuan the He and Fen Rivers both overflowed and damaged the crops. Xuande 8, sixth month: the eight riverine prefectures of Jiangxi saw the Yangtze rise, sweeping away commoners' fields and drowning men and women beyond counting. Xuande 9, first month: the Qin River at Qin township rose and burst at Maqu Bend; passing through Huojia and Xinxiang, level ground became a river. Fifth month: the tide burst at Ninghai county and shifted more than 170 qing of land. Sixth month: the Hun River burst the east bank from Langhe mouth to Xiaotun works; Shuntian, Shunde, and Hejian all flooded. Seventh month: Liaodong suffered a great flood.
57
正統元年閏六月,順天、真定、保定、濟南、開封、彰德六府俱大水。 二年,鳳陽、淮安、揚州諸府,徐、和、滁諸州,河南開封,四五月河、淮泛漲,漂居民禾稼。 九月,河決陽武、原武、滎澤。 湖廣沿江六縣大水決江堤。 三年,陽武河決,武陟沁決,廣平、順德漳決,通州白河溢。 四年五月,京師大水,壞官舍民居三千三百九十區。 順天、真定、保定三府州縣及開封、衛輝、彰德三府俱大水。 七月,滹沱、沁、漳三水俱決,壞饒陽、獻縣、衛輝、彰德堤岸。 八月,白溝、渾河二水溢,決保定安州堤。 蘇、常、鎮三府俱決,款饒陽、獻縣、衛輝、彰德堤岸。 九月,滹沱復決深州,淹百餘里。 五年五月至七月,江西江溢,河南河溢。 八月,潮決蕭山海塘。 六年五月,泗州水溢丈餘,漂廬舍。 七月,白河決武清、淳阝縣堤二十二處。 八月,寧夏久雨,水泛,壞屯堡墩臺甚衆。 八年六月,渾河決固安。 八月,台州、鬆門、海門海潮泛溢,壞城郭、官亭、民舍、軍器。 九年七月,揚子江沙洲潮水溢漲,高丈五六尺,溺男女千餘人。 閏七月,北畿七府及應天、濟南、岳州、嘉興、湖州、台州俱大水。 河南山水灌衛河,沒衛輝、開封、懷慶、彰德民舍,壞衛所城。 十年三月,洪洞汾水堤決,移置普潤驛以遠其害。 夏,福建大水,壞延平府衛城,沒三縣田禾民舍,人畜漂流無算。 河南州縣多大水。 七月,延安衛大水,壞護城河堤。 九月,廣東衛所多大水。 十月,河決山東金龍口陽谷堤。 十一年六月,渾河溢固安。 兩畿、浙江、河南俱連月大雨水。 是歲,太原、兗州、武昌亦俱大水。 十二年春,贛州、臨江大水。 五月,吉安江漲淹田。 十三年六月,大名河決,淹三百餘里,壞廬舍二萬區,死者千餘人。 河南、濟南、青、兗、東昌亦俱河決。 七月,寧夏大水。 河決漢、唐二壩。 河南八樹口決,漫曹、濮二州,抵東昌,壞沙灣等堤。 十四年四月,吉安、南昌臨江俱水,壞壇廟廨舍。
Zhengtong 1, intercalary sixth month: Shuntian, Zhending, Baoding, Jinan, Kaifeng, and Zhangde—the six prefectures—all suffered great flooding. Zhengtong 2: Fengyang, Huai'an, and Yangzhou prefectures, Xu, He, and Chu prefectures, and Kaifeng in Henan—in the fourth and fifth months the Huang and Huai rose broadly and swept away residents and crops. Ninth month: the Yellow River burst at Yangwu, Yuanwu, and Xingze. Along the river in Huguang six counties suffered great flooding and burst the Yangtze dikes. Zhengtong 3: the Yellow River burst at Yangwu; the Qin burst at Wuzhi; the Zhang burst at Guangping and Shunde; the Bai River overflowed at Tongzhou. Zhengtong 4, fifth month: a great flood in the capital damaged 3,390 government and private dwellings. Shuntian, Zhending, and Baoding prefectures and counties and Kaifeng, Weihui, and Zhangde prefectures all suffered great flooding. Seventh month: the Hutuo, Qin, and Zhang rivers all burst, damaging dikes at Raoyang, Xian county, Weihui, and Zhangde. Eighth month: the Baigou and Hun rivers overflowed and burst the dikes at Baoding and Anzhou. Su, Chang, and Zhen prefectures all burst; at Raoyang, Xian county, Weihui, and Zhangde the dikes were breached. Ninth month: the Hutuo burst again at Shenzhou, inundating more than 100 li. Zhengtong 5, fifth month through seventh month: the Yangtze in Jiangxi overflowed and rivers in Henan overflowed. Eighth month: the tide burst the seawall at Xiaoshan. Zhengtong 6, fifth month: at Sizhou water rose more than a zhang and swept away dwellings. Seventh month: the Bai River burst the dikes at Wuqing and Juancheng counties in twenty-two places. Eighth month: at Ningxia long rains spread water and damaged very many stockades, forts, and beacon towers. Zhengtong 8, sixth month: the Hun River burst at Gu'an. Eighth month: sea tides at Taizhou, Songmen, and Haimen spread broadly, damaging city walls, official pavilions, dwellings, and military equipment. Zhengtong 9, seventh month: tides on the Yangtze sandbars at Yangzhou rose one to five or six chi, drowning more than 1,000 men and women. Intercalary seventh month: the seven prefectures of the Northern Metropolitan Region and Yingtian, Jinan, Yuezhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, and Taizhou all suffered great flooding. Mountain streams in Henan poured into the Wei River, inundating dwellings at Weihui, Kaifeng, Huaiqing, and Zhangde and damaging guard-city walls. Zhengtong 10, third month: the Fen River dike at Hongtong burst; the Purun post station was moved to keep distant from the harm. Summer: a great flood in Fujian damaged the city wall of Yanping prefecture guard; fields, grain, dwellings, and people and livestock of three counties were swept away beyond counting. Many prefectures and counties in Henan suffered great flooding. Seventh month: a great flood at Yan'an Guard damaged the moat dike. Ninth month: many guards and posts in Guangdong suffered great flooding. Tenth month: the Yellow River burst at the Yanggu dike at Jinlong mouth in Shandong. Zhengtong 11, sixth month: the Hun River overflowed at Gu'an. The two metropolitan regions, Zhejiang, and Henan all had great rain and flooding for consecutive months. That year Taiyuan, Yanzhou, and Wuchang also all suffered great flooding. Zhengtong 12, spring: Ganzhou and Linjiang suffered great flooding. Fifth month: the Jiang at Ji'an rose and inundated fields. Zhengtong 13, sixth month: the Yellow River burst at Daming, inundating more than 300 li, ruining 20,000 dwellings, and killing more than 1,000 people. Henan, Jinan, Qing, Yan, and Dongchang also all saw the Yellow River burst. Seventh month: Ningxia suffered a great flood. The Yellow River burst the Han and Tang dams. The Bashu mouth burst; water spread through Cao and Pu prefectures as far as Dongchang, damaging the Shawan and other dikes. Zhengtong 14, fourth month: Ji'an, Nanchang, and Linjiang all flooded, damaging altars, temples, and government offices.
58
景泰元年七月,應天大水,沒民廬。 三年六月,河決沙灣白馬頭七十餘丈。 八月,徐州、濟寧間,平地水高一丈,民居盡圮。 南畿、河南、山東、陝西、吉安、袁州俱大水。 四年春夏,河連決沙灣。 五年六月,揚州潮決高郵、寶應堤岸。 七月,蘇、鬆、淮、揚、廬、鳳六府大水。 八月,東、兗、濟三府大水,河漲淹田。 六年六月,開封、保定俱大水。 閏六月,順天大水,灤河泛溢,壞城垣民舍,河間、永平水患尤甚。 武昌諸府江溢傷稼。 七年六月,河決開封,河南、彰德田廬淹沒。 是歲,畿內、山東俱水。
Jingtai 1, seventh month: a great flood at Yingtian inundated commoners' houses. Tianshun 3, sixth month: the Yellow River breached at Sha Bay's White Horse Head for more than seventy zhang. Eighth month: between Xuzhou and Jining the water on level ground stood one zhang high, and common dwellings were destroyed throughout. The Southern Metropolitan Region, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Ji'an, and Yuanzhou all suffered great floods. Tianshun 4, spring and summer: the river repeatedly breached at Sha Bay. Tianshun 5, sixth month: a Yangzhou tidal surge breached the dikes at Gaoyou and Baoying. Seventh month: the six prefectures of Suzhou, Songjiang, Huai'an, Yangzhou, Luzhou, and Fengyang were all inundated. Eighth month: Dongchang, Yanzhou, and Jinan were heavily flooded as the river rose and submerged the fields. Tianshun 6, sixth month: Kaifeng and Baoding both suffered great floods. Intercalary sixth month: Shuntian was inundated, the Luan overflowed and wrecked city walls and dwellings, and Hejian and Yongping were hit especially hard. The prefectures around Wuchang all saw rivers spill over and damage the crops. Tianshun 7, sixth month: the river breached at Kaifeng, and fields and dwellings in Henan and Zhangde were submerged. That year the metropolitan region and Shandong were inundated as well.
59
成化三年六月,江夏水決江口堤岸,迄漢陽,長八百五十丈有奇。 五年,湖廣大水。 山西汾水傷稼。 六年六月,北畿大水。 七年閏九月,山東及浙江杭、嘉、湖、紹四府俱海溢,淹田宅人畜無算。 九年六月,畿南五府及懷慶俱大水。 八月,山東大水。 十一年五月,湖廣水。 十二年八月,浙江風潮大水。 淮、鳳、揚、徐亦俱大水。 十三年二月甲戌,安慶大雪。 次日大雨,江水暴漲。 閏二月,河南大水。 九月,淮水溢,壞淮安州縣官舍民屋,淹沒人畜甚衆。 十四年四月,襄陽江溢,壞城郭。 五月,陝州大水,人多淹死。 七月,北畿、山東水。 九月,河決開封護城堤五十丈。 十八年七月,昌平大水,決居庸關水門四十九,城垣、鋪樓、墩臺一百二。 八月,衛、漳、滹沱並溢,自清平抵天津。
Chenghua 3, sixth month: floodwaters at Jiangxia broke the river-mouth dike and ran to Hankou along a breach more than eight hundred fifty zhang long. Chenghua 5: Huguang suffered a great flood. In Shanxi the Fen River damaged the crops. Chenghua 6, sixth month: the northern metropolitan region was heavily flooded. Chenghua 7, intercalary ninth month: Shandong and Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, and Shaoxing in Zhejiang were all overrun by the sea, drowning fields, dwellings, people, and livestock beyond count. Chenghua 9, sixth month: the five southern metropolitan prefectures and Huaqing were all inundated. Eighth month: Shandong suffered a great flood. Chenghua 11, fifth month: Huguang was flooded. Chenghua 12, eighth month: Zhejiang was struck by wind-driven tidal flooding. Huai'an, Fengyang, Yangzhou, and Xuzhou were inundated as well. Chenghua 13, second month, jiaxu: heavy snow fell on Anqing. The next day came torrential rain, and the river surged. Intercalary second month: Henan was heavily flooded. Ninth month: the Huai overflowed, wrecking official quarters and private houses throughout Huai'an prefecture and its counties and drowning people and livestock in great numbers. Chenghua 14, fourth month: the river at Xiangyang overflowed and destroyed the city walls. Fifth month: Shanzhou was inundated and many people drowned. Seventh month: the northern metropolitan region and Shandong were flooded. Ninth month: the river breached fifty zhang of Kaifeng's protective moat dike. Chenghua 18, seventh month: Changping was inundated, forty-nine water-gates at Juyong Pass gave way, and one hundred two stretches of wall, relay buildings, and beacon towers were destroyed. Eighth month: the Wei, Zhang, and Hutuo all overflowed together from Qingping to Tianjin.
60
弘治二年五月,河決開封黃沙岡抵紅船灣,凡六處,入沁河。 所經州縣多災,省城尤甚。 七月,順、永、河、保四府州縣大水。 八月,盧溝河堤壞。 四年八月,蘇、鬆、浙江水。 五年夏秋,南畿、浙江、山東水。 七年七月,蘇、常、鎮三府潮溢,平地水五尺,沿江者一丈,民多溺死。 九年六月,山陰、蕭山山崩水涌,溺死三百餘人。 十四年五月,貴池水漲,蛟出,淹死二百六十餘人,旁邑十二皆大水。 七月,廉州及靈山海漲,淹死百五十餘人。 閏七月,瓊山颶風潮溢,平地水高七尺。 八月,安、寧、池、太四府大水,蛟出,漂流房屋。 十五年七月,南京江水泛溢,湖水入城五尺餘。 十七年六月,廬山平地水丈餘,溺死星子、德安民,及漂沒廬舍甚衆。
Hongzhi 2, fifth month: the river breached in six places from Kaifeng's Yellow Sand Mound to Red Boat Bay and poured into the Qin River. Most of the prefectures and counties along its course were devastated, and the provincial capital suffered worst of all. Seventh month: Shuntian, Yongping, Hejian, and Baoding and their subordinate counties and districts were inundated. Eighth month: the Lugou River dike was destroyed. Hongzhi 4, eighth month: Suzhou, Songjiang, and Zhejiang were flooded. Hongzhi 5, summer and autumn: the Southern Metropolitan Region, Zhejiang, and Shandong were inundated. Hongzhi 7, seventh month: Suzhou, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang were overrun by the tide—five chi on level ground, one zhang along the river—and many people drowned. Hongzhi 9, sixth month: mountains collapsed at Shanyin and Xiaoshan and floodwaters burst out, drowning more than three hundred people. Hongzhi 14, fifth month: the waters at Guichi rose, flood dragons appeared, and more than two hundred sixty people drowned; twelve neighboring districts were inundated as well. Seventh month: a sea surge at Lianzhou and Lingshan drowned more than one hundred fifty people. Intercalary seventh month: a hurricane drove the tide over Qiongshan until the water on level ground stood seven chi high. Eighth month: Anqing, Ningguo, Chizhou, and Taiping were heavily flooded; flood dragons appeared and houses were swept away. Hongzhi 15, seventh month: the Yangzi at Nanjing overflowed and lake water poured into the city more than five chi deep. Hongzhi 17, sixth month: at Lushan the water on level ground stood more than one zhang; people of Xingzi and De'an drowned, and Lushan dwellings were swept away in great numbers.
61
正德元年六月,陝西徽州河溢,漂沒居民孳畜。 二年六月,固原河漲,平地水高四尺,人畜溺死。 三年九月,延綏、慶陽大水。 五年九月,安、寧、太三府大水,溺死二萬三千餘人。 十一月,蘇、鬆、常三府水。 六年六月,汜水暴漲,溺死百七十六人,毀城垣百七十餘堵。 十二年,順天、河間、保定、真定大水。 鳳陽、淮安、蘇、鬆、常、鎮、嘉、湖諸府皆大水。 荊、襄江水大漲。 十五年五月,江西大水。 十六年七月,遼陽湯跕堡大水決城。
Zhengde 1, sixth month: the river at Huizhou in Shaanxi overflowed, sweeping away residents and livestock. Zhengde 2, sixth month: the river at Guyuan rose until the water on level ground stood four chi high, and people and livestock drowned. Zhengde 3, ninth month: Yan'an and Qingyang suffered great floods. Zhengde 5, ninth month: Anqing, Ningguo, and Taiping were inundated, and more than twenty-three thousand people drowned. Eleventh month: Suzhou, Songjiang, and Changzhou were flooded. Zhengde 6, sixth month: the Si surged, drowning one hundred seventy-six people and destroying more than one hundred seventy sections of city wall. Zhengde 12: Shuntian, Hejian, Baoding, and Zhending suffered great floods. Fengyang, Huai'an, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiaxing, and Huzhou were all inundated. The Jing and Xiang rivers rose to great heights. Zhengde 15, fifth month: Jiangxi suffered a great flood. Zhengde 16, seventh month: floodwaters at Liaoyang's Tangdie Fort breached the city.
62
萬曆元年七月,荊州、承天大水。 二年六月,福建永定大水,溺七百餘人。 是歲,海鹽海大溢,死者數千人。 八月庚午,淮安、揚州、徐州河溢傷稼。 三年四月,淮、徐大水。 五月,淮水大決。 六月,杭、嘉、寧、紹四府海涌數丈,沒戰船、廬舍、人畜不計其數。 八月,淮、揚、鳳、徐四府州大水,河決高郵、碭山及邵家口、曹家莊。 九月,蘇、鬆、常、鎮四府俱水。 四年正月,高郵清水堤決。 九月,河決豐、沛、曹、單。 十一月,淮、黃交溢。 五年閏八月,徐州河淤,淮河南徙,決高郵、寶應諸湖堤。 六年六月,清河水溢。 七年五月,蘇、鬆、鳳陽、徐州大水。 八月,又水。 是歲,浙江大水。 九年五月,從化、增城、龍門溪壑泛漲,田禾盡沒,淹死男婦無算。 七月,福安洪水逾城,漂沒廬舍殆盡。 八月,泰興、海門、如皋大水,塘圩坡埂盡決,溺死者甚衆。 十年正月,淮、揚海漲,浸豐利等鹽場三十,淹死二千六百餘人。 七月,蘇、鬆六州縣潮溢,壞田禾十萬頃,溺死者二萬人。 十一年四月,承天江水暴漲,漂沒民廬人畜無算。 金州河溢沒城。 十四年夏,江南、浙江、江西、湖廣、廣東、福建、雲南、遼東大水。 十五年五月,浙江大水。 七月,開封及陝州、靈寶河決。 是歲,杭、嘉、湖、應天、太平五府江湖泛溢,平地水深丈餘。 七月終,颶風大作,環數百里,一望成湖。 十六年八月,河決東光魏家口。 十七年六月,浙江海沸,杭、嘉、寧、紹、臺屬縣廨宇多圮,碎官民船及戰舸,壓溺者三百餘人。 十九年六月,蘇、鬆大水,溺人數萬。 七月,寧、紹、蘇、鬆、常五府濱海潮溢,傷稼淹人。 九月,泗州大水,州治浸三尺。 淮水高於城,祖陵被浸。 十月,揚州湖淮漲溢,決邵伯堤五十餘丈,高郵南北閘俱衝。 二十年夏秋,真、順、廣、大四府水。 二十一年五月,邳州、高郵、寶應大水決湖堤。 二十二年七月,鳳陽、廬州大水。 二十三年四月,泗水浸祖陵。 二十四年秋,杭、嘉、湖三府大水。 二十九年八月,沔陽大水入城。 三十年六月,京師大水。 三十一年五月,成安、永年、肥鄉、安州、深澤,漳、滏、沙、燕河並溢,決堤橫流。 祁州、靜海圮城垣、廬舍殆盡。 六月,泰安大水,淹八百餘人。 八月,泉州諸府海水暴漲,溺死萬餘人。 三十二年六月,昌平大水,壞各陵橋道。 七月,永平、真、保三府俱水,淹男婦無算。 八月,河決蘇家莊,淹豐、沛,黃水逆流灌濟寧、魚臺、單縣。 三十五年六月,黃州蛟起,武昌、承天、鄖陽、岳州、常德大水,漂沒廬舍。 徽州、寧國、太平、嚴州四府山水大涌,漂人口甚衆。 閏六月,京師大水,長安街水深五尺。 三十七年九月,福建、江西大水。 四十一年六月,通惠河決。 七月,京師大水。 南畿、江西、河南俱大水。 八月,山東、廣西、湖廣俱大水。 九月,遼東大水。 四十二年,浙江、江西、兩廣俱水。 四十四年七月,江西、廣東水。 四十六年八月,潮州六縣海颶大作,溺萬二千三百餘人,壞民居三萬間。
Wanli 1, seventh month: Jingzhou and Chengtian were inundated. Wanli 2, sixth month: Yongding in Fujian was flooded and more than seven hundred people drowned. That year the sea at Haiyan surged inland and several thousand people died. Eighth month, gengwu: floods along the rivers at Huai'an, Yangzhou, and Xuzhou damaged the crops. Wanli 3, fourth month: Huai'an and Xuzhou were inundated. Fifth month: the Huai burst its banks on a great scale. Sixth month: a sea surge several zhang high struck Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, and Shaoxing, drowning warships, dwellings, people, and livestock beyond count. Eighth month: Huai'an, Yangzhou, Fengyang, and Xuzhou and their districts were inundated as the river breached at Gaoyou, Dangshan, Shaojiakou, and Cao Family Village. Ninth month: Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, and Zhenjiang were all flooded. Wanli 4, first month: the Qingshui dike at Gaoyou gave way. Ninth month: the river breached at Feng, Pei, Cao, and Shan. Eleventh month: the Huai and the Yellow overflowed together. Wanli 5, intercalary eighth month: the river at Xuzhou silted up, the Huai shifted south, and dikes around the lakes at Gaoyou, Baoying, and elsewhere gave way. Wanli 6, sixth month: the Qinghe overflowed. Wanli 7, fifth month: Suzhou, Songjiang, Fengyang, and Xuzhou were inundated. Eighth month: flooding struck again. That year Zhejiang suffered a great flood. Wanli 9, fifth month: ravines at Conghua, Zengcheng, and Longmen swelled violently, the standing grain was entirely submerged, and men and women drowned beyond count. Seventh month: floodwaters at Fu'an rose above the city walls and swept away nearly all the dwellings. Eighth month: Taixing, Haimen, and Rugao were inundated, ponds, embankments, and slopes all gave way, and very many people drowned. Wanli 10, first month: the sea at the Huai and Yang rose, inundating thirty salt-fields including Fengli and drowning more than two thousand six hundred people. Seventh month: a tidal surge struck six districts of Suzhou and Songjiang, destroying one hundred thousand qing of crops and drowning twenty thousand people. Wanli 11, fourth month: the river at Chengtian surged, sweeping away common dwellings, people, and livestock beyond count. The river at Jinzhou overflowed and submerged the city. Wanli 14, summer: Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Fujian, Yunnan, and Liaodong suffered great floods. Wanli 15, fifth month: Zhejiang was inundated. Seventh month: the rivers breached at Kaifeng, Shanzhou, and Lingbao. That year rivers and lakes overflowed across Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Yingtian, and Taiping until the water on level ground stood more than one zhang deep. At the end of the seventh month a great hurricane struck, and for several hundred li in every direction the land lay under water as far as the eye could see. Wanli 16, eighth month: the river breached at the Wei Family Mouth in Dongguang. Wanli 17, sixth month: the sea off Zhejiang seethed; yamen buildings in counties under Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shaoxing, and Taizhou largely collapsed; official craft, private boats, and warships were smashed, and more than three hundred people were crushed or drowned. Wanli 19, sixth month: Suzhou and Songjiang were inundated and tens of thousands of people drowned. Seventh month: a coastal tide struck Ningbo, Shaoxing, Suzhou, Songjiang, and Changzhou, damaging crops and drowning people. Ninth month: Sizhou was inundated and the prefectural seat stood three chi under water. The Huai stood higher than the city wall, and the imperial ancestral mausoleum was flooded. Tenth month: lakes around Yangzhou and the Huai rose and overflowed, the Shaobo dike breached for more than fifty zhang, and both the north and south sluices at Gaoyou were washed out. Wanli 20, summer and autumn: Zhending, Shuntian, Guangping, and Daming were flooded. Wanli 21, fifth month: Pizhou, Gaoyou, and Baoying were inundated and lake dikes gave way. Wanli 22, seventh month: Fengyang and Luzhou suffered great floods. Wanli 23, fourth month: the Si inundated the imperial ancestral mausoleum. Wanli 24, autumn: Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou were inundated. Wanli 29, eighth month: floodwaters at Mianyang poured into the city. Wanli 30, sixth month: the capital was heavily flooded. Wanli 31, fifth month: at Cheng'an, Yongnian, Feixiang, Anzhou, and Shenze the Zhang, Fu, Sha, and Yan rivers all overflowed together; dikes burst and water spread crosswise. At Qizhou and Jinghai city walls and dwellings were nearly all destroyed. Sixth month: great flood at Tai'an; more than eight hundred people drowned. Eighth month: sea water at Quanzhou and its subordinate prefectures surged violently; more than ten thousand people drowned. Wanli 32, sixth month: great flood at Changping; the bridge roads of the various mausoleums were damaged. Seventh month: Yongping, Zhen, and Bao all flooded; men and women drowned beyond count. Eighth month: the Yellow River burst at Sujiazhuang, inundating Feng and Pei; yellow water flowed backward and poured into Jining, Yutai, and Shan County. Wanli 35, sixth month: a flood dragon rose at Huangzhou; Wuchang, Chengtian, Yunyang, Yuezhou, and Changde had great floods and dwellings were swept away. Huizhou, Ningguo, Taiping, and Yanzhou had mountains and rivers surge greatly; many people were swept away. Intercalary sixth month: great flood at the capital; Chang'an Street was five chi deep in water. Wanli 37, ninth month: great flood in Fujian and Jiangxi. Wanli 41, sixth month: the Tonghui River burst. Seventh month: great flood at the capital. The southern metropolitan region, Jiangxi, and Henan all had great floods. Eighth month: Shandong, Guangxi, and Huguang all had great floods. Ninth month: great flood in Liaodong. Wanli 42: Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and the two Guang all flooded. Wanli 44, seventh month: flood in Jiangxi and Guangdong. Wanli 46, eighth month: a great sea hurricane struck the six counties of Chaozhou; more than 12,300 people drowned and 30,000 dwellings were destroyed.
63
天啓三年,睢寧河決。 六年秋,河決匙頭灣,倒入駱馬湖,自新安鎮抵邳、宿,民居盡沒。 是歲,順天、永平二府大水,邊垣多圮。
Tianqi 3: the Suining River burst. Tianqi 6, autumn: the Yellow River burst at Key-head Bay and poured into Luoma Lake; from Xin'an Town to Pi and Su, dwellings were all submerged. That year Shuntian and Yongping had great floods; many frontier walls collapsed.
64
崇禎元年七月壬午,杭、嘉、紹三府海嘯,壞民居數萬間,溺數萬人,海寧、蕭山尤甚。 三年,山東大水。 四年六月,又大水。 五年六月壬申,河決孟津口,橫浸數百里。 七年五月,邛、眉諸州縣大水,壞城垣、田舍、人畜無算。 十年八月,敘州大水,民登州堂及高阜者得免,餘盡沒。 十三年五月,浙江大水。 十四年七月,福州風潮泛溢,漂溺甚衆。 十五年六月,汴水決。 九月壬午,河決開封硃家寨。 癸未,城圮,溺死士民數十萬。
Chongzhen 1, seventh month, renwu: Hang, Jia, and Shao had a sea roar; tens of thousands of dwellings were destroyed and tens of thousands drowned; Haining and Xiaoshan suffered especially. Chongzhen 3: great flood in Shandong. Chongzhen 4, sixth month: again great flood. Chongzhen 5, sixth month, renshen: the Yellow River burst at Mengjin Ford and spread crosswise for several hundred li. Chongzhen 7, fifth month: Qiong, Mei, and other prefectures and counties had great floods; city walls, farmhouses, people, and livestock beyond count were destroyed. Chongzhen 10, eighth month: great flood at Xuzhou; those who climbed the prefectural hall and high mounds escaped; the rest were all submerged. Chongzhen 13, fifth month: great flood in Zhejiang. Chongzhen 14, seventh month: wind and tide at Fuzhou overflowed widely; many were swept away and drowned. Chongzhen 15, sixth month: the Bian River burst. Chongzhen 15, ninth month, renwu: the Yellow River burst at the Zhu Family Stockade outside Kaifeng. Guimao: the city walls collapsed; several hundred thousand soldiers and civilians drowned.
65
▲水變
▲ Water Transformations
66
洪武五年,河南黃河竭,行人可涉。 天順二年十二月癸未,武強苦井變爲甘。 弘治十四年八月丙辰,融縣河水紅濁如黃河。 十月丙辰,馬湖底渦江水白可鑑,翌日濁如泔漿,凝兩岸沙石上者如土粉,十七日乃澄。 丁巳,敘州東南二河白如雪、濃如漿者三日。 十五年九月丙戌,濮州井溢,沙土隨水而出。 正德十年七月,文安水忽僵立,是日大寒,結爲冰柱,高圍俱五丈,中空旁穴。 數日而賊至,民避穴中,生全者甚衆。 隆慶六年五月,南畿龍目井化爲酒。 萬曆二十二年四月,南京正陽門水赤三日。 二十五年八月甲申,蒲州池塘無風涌波,溢三四尺。 臨淄濠水忽漲,南北相向而鬥。 又夏莊大灣潮忽起,聚散不恆,聚則丈餘,開則見底。 樂安小清河逆流。 臨清磚板二閘,無風大浪。 三十年閏二月戊午,河州蓮花寨黃河涸。 四十六年四月,宣武、正陽門外水赤三里,如血,一月乃止。 四十七年四月,宣武門響閘至東御河,水復赤。 崇禎十年,寧遠衛井鳴沸,三日乃止。 河南汝水變色,深黑而味惡,飲者多病。 十三年,華陰渭水赤。 十四年,山西潞水北流七晝夜,勢如潮涌。 十五年,達州井鳴,濠水變血。 十六年,松江自五月至七月不雨,河水盡涸,而泖水忽增數尺。
Hongwu 5: the Yellow River in Henan dried up; travelers could ford it. Tianshun 2, twelfth month, guimao: the bitter well at Wuqiang turned sweet. Hongzhi 14, eighth month, bingchen: the river water at Rong County was red and turbid like the Yellow River. Tenth month, bingchen: the whirlpool water at the bottom of Ma Lake was white and mirror-clear; the next day it was turbid like rice gruel; what congealed on the sand and stones of both banks was like powdered earth; on the seventeenth day it cleared. Dingsi: the two rivers southeast of Xuzhou were white as snow and thick as gruel for three days. Hongzhi 15, ninth month, bingxu: a well at Puzhou overflowed; sand and earth came out with the water. Zhengde 10, seventh month: the water at Wen'an suddenly stood rigid; that day was severely cold; it formed into ice pillars five zhang in height and girth, hollow with side cavities. Several days later bandits arrived; the people sheltered in the cavities; very many escaped alive. Longqing 6, fifth month: the Dragon-eye Well of the southern metropolitan region turned into wine. Wanli 22, fourth month: the water at Nanjing's Zhengyang Gate was red for three days. Wanli 25, eighth month, jiashen: ponds at Puzhou surged in waves without wind, overflowing three or four chi. The moat water at Linzi suddenly rose; north and south faced each other and fought. Also at Xiazhuang Great Bay the tide suddenly rose; gathering and dispersing were inconstant; when gathered it was more than a zhang; when open the bottom was visible. The Lesser Qing River at Le'an flowed backward. The two sluice gates of brick and plank at Linqing had great waves without wind. Wanli 30, intercalary second month, wuwu: the Yellow River at Lotus Stockade in Hezhou dried up. Wanli 46, fourth month: outside Xuanwu and Zhengyang gates water was red for three li like blood; after a month it stopped. Wanli 47, fourth month: from Xuanwu Gate's sounding sluice to the Eastern Imperial River, the water again turned red. Chongzhen 10: a well at Ningyuan Guard boomed and boiled; after three days it stopped. The Ru River in Henan changed color, deep black with a foul taste; drinkers mostly fell ill. Chongzhen 13: the Wei River at Huayin turned red. Chongzhen 14: the Lu River in Shanxi flowed north for seven days and nights, its force like a surging tide. Chongzhen 15: a well at Dazhou boomed; the moat water turned to blood. Chongzhen 16: Songjiang from fifth month to seventh month had no rain and river water all dried up, yet the Mao waters suddenly rose several chi.
67
▲黑眚黑祥
▲ Black Calamities and Black Omens
68
洪武十年正月丁酉,金華、處州雨水如墨汁。 十四年正月,黑氣亙天。 十一月壬午,黑氣亙天者再。 二十一年二月乙卯,黑氣亙天。 宣德元年二月戊子,北方黑氣東西亙天。 八月辛巳,樂安城中有黑氣如死灰。 正統元年九月辛亥,未刻,黑氣亙天,自西南屬東北。 二年八月甲申,北方黑氣東西亙天。 十四年十一月己丑,晡時,西方有黑氣從地而生。 景泰元年二月壬寅,黑氣南北亙天。 十月辛未,西南黑氣如煙火,南北亙天。 二年四月庚辰,有黑氣如煙,摩地而上。 天順五年七月己亥朔,東方有黑氣,須臾蔽天。 成化七年四月丙辰,雨黑沙如漆。 八年三月庚子,黑氣起西北,臨清、德州晝晦。 十二年七月庚戌,京師黑眚見。 民間男女露宿,有物金睛修尾,狀如犬狸,負黑氣入牖,直抵密室,至則人昏迷。 遍城驚擾,操刃張燈,鳴金鼓逐之,不可得。 帝常朝,奉天門侍衛見之而譁。 帝欲起,懷恩持帝衣,頃之乃定。 弘治五年二月己巳,北方黑氣東西亙天。 六年八月壬申,南京有黑氣,東西百餘丈。 十四年四月辛未,應州黑風大作。 十六年二月庚子,宜良黑氣迷空,咫尺莫辨人形。 正德七年六月壬戌,黑眚見順德、河間及涿,大者如犬,小者如貓,夜出傷人,有至死者。 尋見於京師,形赤黑,風行有聲,居民夜持刁斗相警達旦,逾月乃息。 後又見於封丘。 十二年閏十二月丁丑夜,瑞州有紅氣變白,形如曲尺,中外二黑氣,相鬥者久之。 八年十月癸巳,杭州雨黑水。 三十七年三月,衡州黑眚見。 隆慶二年四月,天雨黑豆。 六年四月,杭州黑霧,有物蜿蜒如車輪,目光如電,冰雹隨之。 萬曆二十四年十二月辛卯,同安生黑毛。 二十五年二月癸亥,湖州黑雨雜以黃沙。 崇禎十年,山東雨黑水,新鄉亦如之。 十一年,京師有黑眚,狀如狸,入民家爲祟,半歲乃止。 十三年正月丁卯,黑氣彌空者三日。
Hongwu 10, first month, dingyou: rain at Jinhua and Chuzhou was like ink juice. Hongwu 14, first month: black qi spanned heaven. Eleventh month, renwu: black qi spanned heaven again. Hongwu 21, second month, yimao: black qi spanned heaven. Xuande 1, second month, wuzi: in the north black qi spanned heaven east and west. Eighth month, xinsi: in Le'an city there was black qi like dead ash. Zhengtong 1, ninth month, xinhai, before the second quarter: black qi spanned heaven from southwest joining northeast. Zhengtong 2, eighth month, jiashen: in the north black qi spanned heaven east and west. Zhengtong 14, eleventh month, jichou, at the second quarter: in the west black qi arose from the ground. Jingtai 1, second month, renyin: black qi spanned heaven north and south. Tenth month, xinwei: in the southwest black qi like smoke and fire spanned heaven north and south. Jingtai 2, fourth month, gengchen: there was black qi like smoke rubbing the ground as it rose. Tianshun 5, seventh month, new moon on jihai: in the east there was black qi; in a moment it covered heaven. Chenghua 7, fourth month, bingchen: rain of black sand like lacquer. Chenghua 8, third month, gengzi: black qi rose in the northwest; Linqing and Dezhou were dim in daytime. Chenghua 12, seventh month, gengxu: a black calamity appeared at the capital. Men and women of the common people slept in the open; there was a creature with golden eyes and a long tail, shaped like a dog or fox, carrying black qi through the window lattice straight to the inner chamber; on arrival people fell unconscious. Alarm and disturbance spread through the whole city; people took up blades, lit lamps, and beat gongs and drums to drive it away, but could not catch it. The Emperor was holding court; guards at Fengtian Gate saw it and clamored. The Emperor wished to rise; Huai'en held the Emperor's robe; after a moment he settled. Hongzhi 5, second month, jisi: in the north black qi spanned heaven east and west. Hongzhi 6, eighth month, renshen: at Nanjing there was black qi more than a hundred zhang east and west. Hongzhi 14, fourth month, xinwei: a black wind blew greatly at Yingzhou. Hongzhi 16, second month, gengzi: at Yiliang black qi filled the sky; at arm's length one could not distinguish a human form. Zhengde 7, sixth month, renxu: a black calamity appeared at Shunde, Hejian, and Zhuo; the large were like dogs, the small like cats; they came out at night and injured people, some even to death. Soon it also appeared at the capital, red-black in form, moving in the wind with sound; residents at night held watch rattles to warn one another until dawn; after more than a month it ceased. Later it again appeared at Fengqiu. Zhengde 12, intercalary twelfth month, night of dingchou: at Ruizhou red qi turned white, shaped like a carpenter's square; inside and outside were two black qi masses that fought for a long time. Jiajing 8, tenth month, guisi: black rain at Hangzhou. Wanli 37, third month: a black calamity appeared at Hengzhou. Longqing 2, fourth month: heaven rained black beans. Longqing 6, fourth month: black fog at Hangzhou; there was a thing winding like a carriage wheel, eyes bright as lightning, hail following it. Wanli 24, twelfth month, xinmao: at Tong'an black hair grew. Wanli 25, second month, guihai: black rain at Huzhou mixed with yellow sand. Chongzhen 10: Shandong had black rain; Xinxiang was likewise. Chongzhen 11: at the capital there was a black calamity shaped like a fox, entering people's houses as a baleful spirit; after half a year it ceased. Chongzhen 13, first month, dingmao: black qi filled the sky for three days.