1
志第二十五禮三 〈(吉禮三)〉
Treatises 25: Rites 3 (Auspicious Rites, Part Three)〉
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社稷朝日夕月先農先蠶高禖祭告祈報神祇星辰靈星壽星司中司命司民司祿太歲月將風雲雷雨嶽鎮海瀆山川城隍
State and Grain Altars; Morning Sun and Evening Moon; Former Agriculture; Former Silkworms; High Altars of Procreation; Sacrificial Announcements; Prayer and Report; Spirits; Stars (Spirit Star, Longevity Star, Director of the Center, Director of Fate, Director of the People, Director of Salary); Great Year, Monthly Generals, Wind, Clouds, Thunder, and Rain; Peaks, Garrisons, Seas, Rivers, Mountains and Streams; City God
3
○社稷
State and Grain Altars
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社稷之祀,自京師以及王國府州縣皆有之。 其壇在宮城西南者,曰太社稷。 明初建太社在東,太稷在西,壇皆北向。 洪武元年,中書省臣定議:「周制,小宗伯掌建國之神位,右社稷,左宗廟。 社稷之祀,壇而不屋。 其制在中門之外,外門之內。 尊而親之,與先祖等。 然天子有三社。 爲羣姓立者曰太社。 其自爲立者曰王社。 又勝國之社屋之,國雖亡而存之,以重神也。 後世天子惟立太社、太稷。 漢高祖立官太社、太稷,一歲各再祀。 光武立太社稷於洛陽宗廟之右,春秋二仲月及臘,一歲三祀。 唐因隋制,並建社稷於含光門右,仲春、秋戊日祭之。 玄宗升社稷爲大祀,仍令四時致祭。 宋制如東漢時。 元世祖營社稷於和義門內,以春秋二仲上戊日祭。 今宜祀以春秋二仲月上戊日。」 是年二月,太祖親祀太社、太稷。 社配以后土,西向。 稷配以後稷,東向。 帝服皮弁服,省牲; 通天冠、絳紗袍,行三獻禮。 初,帝命中書省翰林院議創屋,備風雨。 學士陶安言:「天子太社必受風雨霜露。 亡國之社則屋之,不受天陽也。 建屋非宜。 若遇風雨,則請於齋宮望祭。」 從之。 三年,於壇北建祭殿五間,又北建拜殿五間,以備風雨。
Sacrifices to the state and grain altars were performed from the capital down through princely domains, prefectures, and counties. The altar in the southwest of the palace precinct was known as the Grand State and Grain Altars. In the early Ming, the Grand State altar stood in the east and the Grand Grain altar in the west, with both platforms facing north. In the first year of Hongwu, ministers of the Secretariat resolved: "Under Zhou ritual, the junior Director of Ancestral Rites set the spirit seats of state founding, with the state and grain altars on the right and the ancestral temples on the left. Offerings to state and grain were made at open altars, not within roofed halls. They were positioned outside the central gate but within the outer gate. They were revered with the same intimacy accorded to forebears. Yet the Son of Heaven maintained three state altars. The altar erected on behalf of all clans was called the Grand State Altar. The one he established for himself was called the Royal State Altar. The altar of a conquered state was given a roof; though the realm had fallen, the shrine was kept standing to honor the spirit. In later periods, the Son of Heaven established only the Grand State and Grand Grain altars. Emperor Gaozu of Han founded the ministerial Grand State and Grand Grain altars, each receiving two sacrifices per year. Emperor Guangwu placed the Grand State and Grain altars to the right of the ancestral temples at Luoyang, with offerings in the mid-spring and mid-autumn months and at the La festival—three times yearly. The Tang followed Sui practice, erecting both altars to the right of Hanguang Gate and sacrificing on the wu days of mid-spring and mid-autumn. Emperor Xuanzong raised the state and grain rites to great-sacrifice status and ordered offerings in all four seasons. Song ritual followed the Eastern Han model. Kublai Khan established the altars within Heyi Gate, with sacrifices on the upper wu days of mid-spring and mid-autumn. Sacrifices should now be held on the upper wu days of mid-spring and mid-autumn." That year in the second month, the Founding Emperor personally offered sacrifice to the Grand State and Grand Grain altars. Queen Earth was paired with the state altar, facing west. Hou Ji was paired with the grain altar, facing east. The emperor wore court ritual dress and inspected the victims; then, in the communication-with-Heaven cap and crimson gauze robe, conducted the threefold offering rite. At first the emperor directed the Secretariat and Hanlin Academy to consider erecting halls against wind and rain. Academician Tao An argued: "The Son of Heaven's Grand State altar must be exposed to wind, rain, frost, and dew. Only a conquered state's altar was roofed, denied the yang light of Heaven. Erecting buildings would be improper. In stormy weather, offerings should be made by gaze-sacrifice from the fasting palace." The emperor approved. In the third year, a five-bay sacrificial hall was built north of the altar and a five-bay bowing hall beyond it, for shelter in bad weather.
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十年,太祖以社稷分祭,配祀未當,下禮官議,尚書張籌言:
In the tenth year, finding separate state and grain sacrifices with unsuitable spirit pairings, the Founding Emperor referred the matter to ritual officials; Minister Zhang Chou argued:
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按《通典》,顓頊祀共工氏子句龍爲后土。 后土,社也。 烈山氏子柱爲稷。 稷,田正也。 唐、虞、夏因之。 此社稷所由始也。 商湯因旱遷社,以後稷代柱。 欲遷句龍,無可繼者,故止。 然王肅謂社祭句龍,稷祭后稷,皆人鬼,非地祇。 而陳氏《禮書》又謂社祭五土之祇,稷祭五穀之神。 鄭康成亦謂社爲五土總神,稷爲原隰之神。 句龍有平水土功,故配社,后稷有播種功,故配稷。 二說不同。 漢元始中,以夏禹配官社,后稷配官稷。 唐、宋及元又以句龍配社,周棄配稷。 此配祀之制,初無定論也。 至社稷分合之義,《書召誥》言『社於新邑」,孔注曰:「社稷共牢。」 《周禮》「封人掌設王之社壝」,注云:「不言稷者,舉社則稷從之。」 陳氏《禮書》曰:「稷非土無以生,土非稷無以見生生之效,故祭社必及稷。」 《山堂考索》曰:「社爲九土之尊,稷爲五穀之長,稷生於土,則社與稷固不可分。」 其宜合祭,古有明證。 請社稷共爲一罈。 至句龍,共工氏之子也,祀之無義。 商湯欲遷未果。 漢嘗易以夏禹,而夏禹今已列祀帝王之次,棄稷亦配先農。 請罷句龍、棄配位,謹奉仁祖淳皇帝配享,以成一代盛典。 遂改作於午門之右,社稷共爲一罈。
According to the Tongdian, Zhuanxu sacrificed Gong Gong's son Gou Long as Queen Earth. Queen Earth is the state altar. The Flame Emperor's son Zhu was appointed grain lord. The grain lord was director of the fields. The Tang, Yu, and Xia dynasties followed this practice. This was how the state and grain altars originated. King Tang of Shang, during drought, moved the state altar and replaced Zhu with Hou Ji. He wished to displace Gou Long but found no successor, and so desisted. Yet Wang Su held that the state altar honored Gou Long and the grain altar Hou Ji—both human spirits, not earthly deities. Chen's Book of Rites further held that the state altar honored the spirits of the five soils and the grain altar the spirits of the five grains. Zheng Xuan likewise held that the state altar was the general deity of the five soils and the grain altar the deity of lowlands and marshes. Because Gou Long had leveled water and soil, he was paired with the state altar; because Hou Ji had spread seed, he was paired with the grain altar. The two interpretations diverged. During the Yuanshi period of Han, Yu the Great was paired with the ministerial state altar and Hou Ji with the ministerial grain altar. Under Tang, Song, and Yuan, Gou Long was again paired with the state altar and Zhou Qi with the grain altar. From the outset, no settled consensus governed these spirit pairings. On whether state and grain should be combined or separated, the Announcement of Duke Shao says "establish the state altar at the new city," and Kong's commentary reads: "State and grain shared one pen." The Rites of Zhou states that "the border officer supervises setting the king's state altar mound," with a note: "Grain is not mentioned; when state is mentioned, grain follows." Chen's Book of Rites says: "Grain cannot live without soil, and soil cannot display the power of sustaining life without grain; therefore sacrifice to the state altar must include grain." The Shantang Kaosuo says: "The state altar is supreme among the nine soils; grain is chief among the five grains; grain grows from soil—state and grain therefore cannot be divided." That they should be sacrificed together has clear ancient precedent. He requested that state and grain share a single altar mound. As for Gou Long, a son of the Gong Gong line, honoring him lacked justification. King Tang of Shang had wished to remove him but could not. Han once substituted Yu the Great, but Yu the Great now already receives sacrifice among the emperors, and Qi of Zhou is also paired at the Former Agriculture altar. He asked that Gou Long and Qi be removed from their paired seats and that the Pure Emperor Renzu be installed as matched spirit, to complete a ritual worthy of the dynasty. The altars were then rebuilt to the right of the Meridian Gate, with state and grain sharing one mound.
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初,社稷列中祀,及以仁祖配,乃升爲上祀。 具冕服以祭,行奉安禮。 十一年春,祭社稷行新定儀。 迎神、飲福、送神凡十二拜,餘如舊。 建文時,更奉太祖配,永樂中。 北京社稷壇成,制如南京。 洪熙後,奉太祖、太宗同配。 舊制,上丁釋奠孔子,次日上戊祀社稷。 弘治十七年八月,上丁在初十日,上戊在朔日,禮官請以十一日祀社稷。 御史金洪劾之,言如此則中戊,非上戊矣。 禮部覆奏言:「洪武二十年嘗以十一日爲上戊,失不始今日。」 命遵舊制,仍用上戊。
State and grain had initially ranked as middle sacrifices; once the Pure Emperor was made matched spirit, they were raised to upper sacrifices. Full ritual vestments were used, and the enshrinement rite was performed. In the spring of the eleventh year, the state and grain rites followed the newly fixed protocol. Welcoming the spirit, drinking the blessing, and sending off the spirit required twelve bows in all; the remainder followed former practice. During the Jianwen reign the Founding Emperor was again made matched spirit; under Yongle, the Beijing state and grain altar was completed, following the Nanjing model. After Hongxi, the Founding Emperor and the Martial Emperor were jointly paired. Under the former rule, the Confucian libation fell on the upper si day, and the state and grain sacrifice on the following upper wu day. In the eighth month of Hongzhi 17, the upper si day fell on the tenth and the upper wu on the first of the month; ritual officials asked to move the state and grain sacrifice to the eleventh. Censor Jin Hong objected that this would make it the middle wu day, not the upper wu. The Ministry of Rites replied: "In Hongwu 20 the eleventh was once treated as upper wu—the lapse did not begin only now." The emperor ordered the former rule kept, still using the upper wu day.
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嘉靖九年諭禮部:「天地至尊,次則宗廟,又次則社稷。 今奉祖配天,又奉祖配社,此禮官之失也。 宜改從皇祖舊制,太社以句龍配,太稷以後稷配。」 乃以更正社稷壇配位禮,告太廟及社稷,遂藏二配位於寢廟,更定行八拜禮。 其壇在西苑豳風亭之西者,曰帝社稷。 東帝社,西帝稷,皆北向。 始名西苑土谷壇。 嘉靖十年,帝謂土谷壇亦社稷耳,何以別於太社稷? 張璁等言:「古者天子稱王,今若稱王社、王稷,與王府社稷名同。 前定神牌曰五土谷之神,名義至當。」 帝採帝耤之義,改爲帝社、帝稷,以上戊明日祭。 後改次戊,次戊在望後,則仍用上巳。 春告秋報爲定制。 隆慶元年,禮部言:「帝社稷之名,自古所無,嫌於煩數,宜罷。」 從之。
In Jiajing 9 the emperor instructed the Ministry of Rites: "Heaven and Earth are supreme; next the ancestral temples; and next the state and grain altars. Now the imperial ancestor is paired with Heaven and again with the state altar—this is the ritual officials' mistake. The ancestral practice should be restored: Gou Long should pair with the Grand State Altar and Hou Ji with the Grand Grain Altar." The rite correcting the altar pairings was announced to the Grand Ancestral Temple and to state and grain; the two paired tablets were stored in the resting temple, and the eight-bow rite was newly established. The altar west of the Binfeng Pavilion in the Western Park was called the Imperial State and Grain Altars. The Imperial State altar stood in the east and the Imperial Grain in the west, both facing north. It was first named the Western Park Soil and Grain Altar. In Jiajing 10 the emperor remarked that the Soil and Grain Altar was itself state and grain—why should it differ from the Grand State and Grain? Zhang Cong and others replied: "In antiquity the Son of Heaven was styled king; to call them Royal State and Royal Grain would duplicate princely nomenclature. The earlier spirit tablet, Spirit of the Five Soils and Grains, was most fitting in name and meaning." The emperor took the meaning of the Imperial Plough field and renamed them Imperial State and Imperial Grain, sacrificing on the day after the upper wu. Later the date shifted to the second wu; when the second wu fell after the full moon, the upper si was used instead. Spring announcement and autumn report became fixed practice. In Longqing 1 the Ministry of Rites argued: "The title Imperial State and Grain is unknown in antiquity and seems unduly elaborate—it should be abolished." The emperor approved.
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中都亦有太社壇,洪武四年建。 取五方土以築。 直隸、河南進黃土,浙江、福建、廣東、廣西進赤土,江西、湖廣、陝西進白土,山東進青土,北平進黑土。 天下府縣千三百餘城,各土百斤,取於名山高爽之地。
The Central Capital also had a Grand State altar, built in Hongwu 4. It was built with soil from the five directions. Zhili and Henan sent yellow soil; Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi red soil; Jiangxi, Huguang, and Shaanxi white soil; Shandong green soil; and Beiping black soil. From more than thirteen hundred prefectures and counties nationwide, one hundred jin of soil each, taken from famous mountains on high, open ground.
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王國社稷,洪武四年定。 十一年,禮臣言:「太社稷既同壇合祭,王國各府州縣亦宜同壇,稱國社國稷之神,不設配位。」 詔可。 十三年九月,復定制兩壇一壝如初式。 十八年,定王國祭社稷山川等儀,行十二拜禮。
Princely state and grain altars were regulated in Hongwu 4. In the eleventh year ritual officials argued: "Since the Grand State and Grain now share one mound, princely domains, prefectures, and counties should likewise use one altar, titled Spirit of the State and Grain of the Domain, with no paired spirits." An edict approved. In the ninth month of the thirteenth year, the former arrangement of two altars within one mound was restored. In the eighteenth year, the protocol for princely sacrifice to state and grain, mountains and streams, and the like was fixed, with a twelve-bow rite.
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府州縣社稷,洪武元年頒壇制於天下郡邑,俱設於本城西北,右社左稷。 十一年,定同壇合祭如京師。 獻官以守禦武臣爲初獻,文官爲亞獻、終獻。 十三年,溧水縣祭社稷,以牛醢代鹿醢。 禮部言:「定制,祭物缺者許以他物代。」 帝曰:「所謂缺者,以非土地所產。 溧水固有鹿,是有司故爲苟簡也。 百司所以能理其職而盡民事者,以其常存敬懼之心耳。 神猶忽之,於人事又何懼焉!」 命論如律。 乃敕禮部下天下郡邑,凡祭祀必備物,苟非地產、無從市鬻者,聽其缺。 十四年,令三獻皆以文職長官,武官不與。
In Hongwu 1, altar regulations were issued to every prefecture and county: each was placed in the northwest of the city, with the state altar on the right and the grain altar on the left. In the eleventh year, a single shared altar for joint sacrifice was mandated, following the capital model. The first offering was performed by the defending military officer, with civil officials as second and final offerers. In the thirteenth year, Lishui County sacrificed to state and grain, substituting beef paste for deer paste. The Ministry of Rites argued: "Under established regulations, missing sacrificial items may be replaced with others." The emperor replied: "Lacking means what the locality cannot produce. Lishui certainly has deer—this was official negligence, not genuine shortage. Officials can govern their duties and serve the people only if they keep a constant heart of reverence and awe. If even the spirits are treated carelessly, what restraint would remain in human affairs!" He ordered punishment according to law. He then ordered the Ministry of Rites to notify every prefecture and county that sacrifices must include the full prescribed offerings, allowing omissions only for items neither locally produced nor obtainable in the market. In the fourteenth year, all three offerings were assigned to senior civil officials, excluding military officers.
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里社,每裏一百戶立壇一所,祀五土五穀之神。
At the district level, one altar was established per hundred-household district, honoring the spirits of the five soils and five grains.
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○朝日夕月
Morning Sun and Evening Moon
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洪武三年,禮部言:
In Hongwu 3 the Ministry of Rites reported:
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古者祀日月之禮有六。 《郊特牲》曰:「郊之祭,大報天而主日,配以月」,一也。 《玉藻》曰:「翰日於東門之外」,《祭義》曰:「祭日於東郊,祭月於西郊」,二也。 《小宗伯》:「肆類於四郊,兆日於東郊,兆月於西郊」,三也。 《月令》:孟冬「祈來年於天宗」,天宗,日月之類,四也。 《覲禮》:「拜日於東門之外,反祀方明,禮日於南門之外,禮月於北門之外」,五也。 「霜雪風雨之不時,則禜日月」,六也。 說者謂因郊祀而祀之,非正祀也。 類禜而祀之,與覲諸侯而禮之,非常祀也。 惟春分朝之於東門外,秋分夕之於西門外者,祀之正與常也。 蓋天地至尊,故用其始而祭以二至。 日月次天地,春分陽氣方永,秋分陰氣向長,故祭以二分,爲得陰陽之義。 自秦祭八神,六曰月主,七曰日主,雍又有日月廟。 漢郊太乙,朝日夕月改周法。 常以郊泰畤,質明出行宮,東向揖日,西向揖月,又於殿下東西拜日月。 宣帝於神山祠日,萊山祠月。 魏明帝始朝日東郊,夕月西郊。 唐以二分日,朝日夕月於國城東西。 宋人因之,升爲大祀。 元郊壇以日月從祀,其二分朝日夕月,皇慶中議建立而未行。 今當稽古正祭之禮,各設壇專祀。 朝日壇宜築於城東門外,夕月壇宜築於城西門外。 朝日以春分,夕月以秋分。 星辰則祔祭於月壇。 從之。 其祀儀與社稷同。 二十一年,帝以大明、夜明已從祀,罷朝日夕月之祭。 嘉靖九年,帝謂「大報天而主日,配以月。 大明壇當與夜明壇異。 且日月照臨,其功甚大。 太歲等神,歲有二祭,而日月星辰止一從祭,義所不安」。 大學士張璁亦以爲缺典。 遂定額春秋分之祭如舊儀,而建朝日壇於朝陽門外,西向; 夕月壇於阜城門外,東向。 壇制有隆殺以示別。 朝日,護壇地一百畝; 夕月,護壇地三十六畝。 朝日無從祀,夕月以五星、二十八宿、周天星辰共一罈,南向祔焉。 春祭,時以寅,迎日出也。 秋祭,時以亥,迎月出也。 十年,禮部上朝日、夕月儀:朝日迎神四拜,飲福受胙兩拜,送神四拜; 夕月迎神飲福受胙送神皆再拜。 餘並如舊儀。 隆慶元年,禮部議定,東郊以甲、丙、戊、庚、壬年,西郊以醜、辰、未、戌年,車駕親祭。 餘歲遣文大臣攝祭朝日壇,武大臣攝祭夕月壇。 三年,禮部上朝日儀,言:「正祭遇風雨,則設小次於壇前,駕就小次行禮。 其升降奠獻,俱以太常寺執事官代。」 制曰:「可」。
In antiquity there were six forms of sacrifice to the sun and moon. The Suburban Sacrifice states: "In suburban sacrifice, there is great report to Heaven with the sun as chief and the moon as matched"—the first form. The Jade Ornaments reads: "Gaze upon the sun outside the eastern gate"; the Meaning of Sacrifice says: "Sacrifice to the sun in the eastern suburb and to the moon in the western suburb"—the second. The Junior Director of Ancestral Rites: "Perform the category sacrifice in the four suburbs, establish the sun in the eastern suburb and the moon in the western suburb"—the third. The Monthly Ordinances: in mid-winter "pray for the coming year at the Heavenly Ancestor"; the Heavenly Ancestor belongs to the class of sun and moon—the fourth. The Audience Rites: "Bow to the sun outside the eastern gate; on return sacrifice to the Bright Square; perform the sun rite outside the southern gate and the moon rite outside the northern gate"—the fifth. "When frost, snow, wind, and rain are untimely, perform the exorcistic sacrifice to sun and moon"—the sixth. Commentators held that sacrifice incidental to suburban rites was not orthodox sacrifice. Sacrifice by category or exorcism, and rites performed when receiving feudal lords, were extraordinary, not regular offerings. Only the spring-equinox morning audience to the sun outside the eastern gate and the autumn-equinox evening audience to the moon outside the western gate were proper, regular sacrifice. Heaven and Earth are supreme; therefore their beginnings are honored with sacrifice at the two solstices. Sun and moon stand next to Heaven and Earth; at the spring equinox yang force is rising and at the autumn equinox yin force is growing—sacrifice at the two equinoxes thus accords with yin-yang principle. From Qin onward eight spirits were sacrificed—the sixth Lord of the Moon and seventh Lord of the Sun—and Yong also had sun and moon temples. Under Han suburban sacrifice to Grand Unity, morning sun and evening moon rites departed from Zhou practice. At suburban Tai altar, at dawn leaving the traveling palace, they bowed east to the sun and west to the moon, and again bowed to sun and moon east and west below the hall. Emperor Xuan sacrificed to the sun at Spirit Mountain and to the moon at Lai Mountain. Emperor Ming of Wei first instituted morning sun in the eastern suburb and evening moon in the western suburb. Tang performed morning sun and evening moon east and west of the capital on the equinox days. Song followed this practice and elevated the rites to great sacrifice. At the Yuan suburban altar sun and moon were attendant sacrifices; equinox morning sun and evening moon were debated under Huangqing but never implemented. The orthodox rites of antiquity should now be followed, with separate altars for dedicated sacrifice. The morning sun altar should stand outside the eastern gate and the evening moon altar outside the western gate. Morning sun at the spring equinox and evening moon at the autumn equinox. The stars were offered as attached sacrifice at the moon altar. The emperor approved. The sacrificial protocol matched that for state and grain. In the twenty-first year, since Great Brightness and Night Brightness already received attendant sacrifice, the emperor abolished separate morning sun and evening moon offerings. In Jiajing 9 the emperor said: "In great report to Heaven the sun is chief and the moon matched. The Great Brightness altar should be distinct from the Night Brightness altar. Moreover, sun and moon shine upon all beneath heaven—their merit is immense. Spirits such as the Great Year receive two sacrifices yearly, while sun, moon, and stars receive only one attendant sacrifice—the propriety is unsatisfying." Grand Secretary Zhang Cong likewise held this a missing ritual. The fixed equinox schedule was restored, the morning sun altar built outside Chaoyang Gate facing west; and the evening moon altar outside Fucheng Gate facing east. The altars were graded in scale to mark their distinction. For morning sun, one hundred mu were set aside to protect the altar; for evening moon, thirty-six mu. Morning sun had no attendants; at evening moon the five planets, twenty-eight lodges, and circuit stars shared one altar, attached facing south. The spring rite was held at the yin hour, welcoming the rising sun. The autumn rite at the hai hour, welcoming the rising moon. In the tenth year the Ministry of Rites submitted protocols: for morning sun, four bows welcoming the spirit, two bows drinking the blessing and receiving the flesh, four bows sending off the spirit; for evening moon, two bows each for welcoming the spirit, drinking the blessing, receiving the flesh, and sending off the spirit. The remainder followed former practice. In Longqing 1 the Ministry resolved that on jia, bing, wu, geng, and ren years the emperor would sacrifice in person at the eastern suburb, and on chou, chen, wei, and xu years at the western suburb. In other years a civil grand minister deputized at the morning sun altar and a military grand minister at the evening moon altar. In the third year the Ministry submitted morning sun protocol: "If rain falls during the orthodox sacrifice, a small shelter is erected before the altar and the emperor performs rites there. Ascent, descent, presentation, and offering are all performed by Court of Imperial Sacrifices officiants as proxies." The regulation read: "Approved."
16
○先農
Former Agriculture
17
二年二月,帝建先農壇於南郊,在耤田北。 親祭,以後稷配。 器物祀儀與社稷同。 祀畢,行耕耤禮。 御耒耜二具,韜以青絹,御耕牛四,被以青衣。 禮畢,還大次。 應天府尹及上元、江寧兩縣令率庶人終畝。 是日,宴勞百官耆老於壇所,十年二月,遣官享先農,命應天府官率農民耆老陪祀。 二十一年,更定祭先農儀,不設配位。
In the second month of the second year, the emperor built the Former Agriculture altar in the southern suburb, north of the imperial plough field. He sacrificed in person, with Hou Ji as paired spirit. Vessels, implements, and protocol matched those for state and grain. After sacrifice, the plough-field rite was performed. Two imperial ploughs wrapped in green silk and four plough oxen draped in green cloth were prepared. When the rite ended, he returned to the great shelter. The Shuntian prefect and the magistrates of Shangyuan and Jiangning led commoners to finish ploughing the field. That day officials and elders were feasted at the altar; in the tenth year, second month, officials were sent to sacrifice to Former Agriculture, with Shuntian officials leading farmers and elders in attendance. In the twenty-first year the Former Agriculture rite was revised to omit paired spirits.
18
永樂中,建壇京師,如南京制,在太歲壇西南。 石階九級。 西瘞位,東齋宮、鑾駕庫,東北神倉,東南具服殿,殿前爲觀耕之所。 護壇地六百畝,供黍稷及薦新品物地九十餘畝。 每歲仲春上戊,順天府尹致祭。 後凡遇登極之初,行耕耤禮,則親祭。
Under Yongle an altar was built in the capital on the Nanjing model, southwest of the Great Year altar. It had nine stone steps. To the west was the burial position; to the east the fasting palace and equipage storehouse; northeast the spirit granary; southeast the vestment hall, before which lay the viewing ground for the ploughing. Six hundred mu protected the altar, with more than ninety mu for millet and new offerings. Each year on the upper wu of mid-spring the Shuntian prefect offered sacrifice. Thereafter, at the start of each reign when the plough-field rite was held, the emperor sacrificed in person.
19
弘治元年,定耕耤儀:前期百官致齋。 順天府官以耒耜及穜AL種進呈,內官仍捧出授之,由午門左出。 置彩輿,鼓樂,送至耤田所。 至期,帝翼善冠黃袍,詣壇所具服殿,服袞冕,祭先農。 畢,還,更翼善冠黃袍。 太常卿導引至耕耤位,南向立。 三公以下各就位,戶部尚書北向跪進耒耜,順天府官北向跪進鞭。 帝秉耒,三推三反訖,戶部尚書跪受耒耜,順天府官跪受鞭,太常卿奏請復位。 府尹挾青箱以種子播而覆之。 帝御外門,南向坐,觀三公五推,尚書九卿九推。 太常卿奏耕畢,帝還具服殿,升座。 府尹率兩縣令耆老人行禮畢,引上中下農夫各十人,執農器朝見,令其終畝。 百官行慶賀禮,賜酒饌。 三品以上丹陛上東西坐,四品以下臺下坐,並宴勞耆老於壇旁。 宴畢,駕還宮。 大樂鼓吹振作,農夫人賜布一匹。
In Hongzhi 1 the plough-field protocol was fixed: beforehand all officials fasted. Shuntian officials presented ploughs and early and late grain seeds; inner attendants bore them out through the left of the Meridian Gate. They were placed in a decorated carriage with drums and music and sent to the plough field. On the appointed day the emperor, in the Good Governance cap and yellow robe, went to the vestment hall, donned sacrificial robes, and sacrificed to Former Agriculture. When finished, he returned and again wore the Good Governance cap and yellow robe. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices director guided him to the ploughing station, facing south. The Three Dukes and others took their places; the Minister of Revenue knelt north and presented the plough, and Shuntian officials knelt north and presented the whip. The emperor took the plough, pushed three furrows and backed three times; the Minister of Revenue then knelt to receive the plough and Shuntian officials the whip, and the Court director reported his return to position. The prefect carried a green seed box, sowed seed, and covered it. The emperor sat outside the gate facing south, watching the Three Dukes plough five furrows and the nine ministers nine. The Court director announced ploughing complete; the emperor returned to the vestment hall and took his seat. The prefect led the two county magistrates and elders through the closing rites, then presented ten upper, middle, and lower farmers each, bearing tools in audience, and ordered them to finish the field. Officials performed congratulatory rites and bestowed wine and food. Third rank and above sat east and west on the red steps; fourth rank and below on the terrace below; elders were feasted beside the altar. When the feast ended, the imperial carriage returned to the palace. Great music sounded; each farming household received one bolt of cloth.
20
嘉靖十年,帝以其禮過煩,命禮官更定。 迎神送神止行二拜。 先二日,順天府尹以耒耜穜AL種置彩輿,至耕耤所,並罷百官慶賀。 後又議造耕根車載耒耜,府尹於祭日進呈畢,以耒耜載車內前玉輅行。 其御門觀耕,地位卑下,議建觀耕臺一。 詔皆可。 後又命墾西苑隙地爲田。 建殿曰無逸,亭曰豳風,又曰省耕,曰省斂,倉曰恆裕。 禮部上郊廟粢盛支給之數,因言:「南郊耤田,皇上三推,公卿各宣其力,較西苑爲重。 西苑雖農官督理,皇上時省耕斂,較耤田爲勤。 請以耤田所出,藏南郊圓廩神倉,以供圜丘、祈谷、先農、神祇壇、長陵等陵、歷代帝王及百神之祀。 西苑所出,藏恆裕倉,以供方澤、朝日、夕月、太廟、世廟、太社稷、帝社稷、禘佩、先蠶及先師孔子之祀。」 從之。 十六年,諭凡遇親耕,則戶部尚書先祭先農。 皇帝至,止行三推禮。 三十八年,罷親耕,惟遣官祭先農。 四十一年,並令所司勿復奏。 隆慶元年,罷西苑耕種諸祀,皆取之耤田。
In Jiajing 10 the emperor found the rite overly elaborate and ordered ritual officials to revise it. Welcoming and sending off the spirit were reduced to two bows each. Two days before, the Shuntian prefect sent ploughs and early and late grain seeds in a decorated carriage to the plough field, and officials' congratulatory rites were abolished. Later a Plough-Root carriage was proposed to carry the plough; on the sacrifice day the prefect would present them and load the plough into the carriage to proceed before the jade chariot. Viewing the ploughing from the imperial gate left the vantage too low; a Viewing-the-Ploughing terrace was proposed. An edict approved all proposals. He later ordered vacant land in the Western Park reclaimed as fields. Halls and pavilions were built: No Dissipation, Binfeng, Inspecting the Plough, Inspecting the Harvest, and a granary called Ever Abundant. The Ministry of Rites reported grain allotments for suburban and temple offerings, arguing: "At the southern-suburb plough field the emperor ploughs three furrows and the dukes and ministers each do their part—weighing more than the Western Park. Though the Western Park is overseen by agricultural officials, the emperor personally inspects ploughing and harvest there—more attentive than at the plough field. Produce from the plough field should be stored in the southern suburb round and spirit granaries for the Circular Mound, Prayer for Grain, Former Agriculture, spirit altars, imperial tombs, successive emperors, and the hundred spirits. Western Park produce should go to the Ever Abundant granary for the Square Mound, morning sun, evening moon, Grand and Imperial Ancestral Temples, state and grain altars, dipei, Former Silkworms, and Confucius." The emperor approved. In the sixteenth year it was ordered that before personal ploughing, the Minister of Revenue should sacrifice to Former Agriculture. On the emperor's arrival, only the three-furrow rite was performed. In the thirty-eighth year personal ploughing ended; only dispatched officials sacrificed to Former Agriculture. In the forty-first year responsible offices were told to cease memorializing on the matter. In Longqing 1 Western Park cultivation and its related sacrifices were abolished; all grain came from the plough field.
21
○先蠶
Former Silkworms
22
明初未列祀典。 嘉靖時,都給事中夏言請改各宮莊田爲親蠶廠公桑園。 令有司種桑柘,以備宮中蠶事。 九年,復疏言,耕蠶之禮,不宜偏廢。 帝乃敕禮部:「古者天子親耕,皇后親蠶,以勸天下。 自今歲始,朕親祀先農,皇后親蠶,其考古制,具儀以聞。」 大學士張璁等請於安定門外建先蠶壇。 詹事霍韜以道遠爭之。 戶部亦言:「安定門外近西之地,水源不通,無浴蠶所。 皇城內西苑中有太液、瓊島之水。 考唐制在苑中,宋亦在宮中,宜仿行之。」 帝謂唐人因陋就安,不可法。 於是禮部尚書李時等言:「大明門至安定門,道路遙遠,請鳳輦出東華、玄武二門。」 因條上四事:一、治繭之禮,二、壇壝之向,三、採桑之器,四、掌壇之官。 帝從其言,命自玄武門出。 內使陳儀衛,軍一萬人,五千圍壇所,五千護於道,餘如議。
In early Ming they were not listed in the sacrificial canon. Under Jiajing, Supervising Secretary Xia Yan asked to convert palace estate fields into imperial silkworm grounds and public mulberry gardens. Officials were ordered to plant mulberry and catalpa for palace sericulture. In the ninth year he again argued that ploughing and silkworm rites should not be abandoned. The emperor ordered the Ministry of Rites: "In antiquity the Son of Heaven ploughed and the queen raised silkworms in person, to encourage the realm. From this year I shall sacrifice to Former Agriculture in person and the queen raise silkworms in person; examine antiquity and submit the full protocol. Grand Secretary Zhang Cong and others proposed a Former Silkworms altar outside Anding Gate. Director of the Heir Apparent Huo Tao objected that it was too far. The Ministry of Revenue added: "Land west of Anding Gate lacks running water and a place to bathe silkworms. The Western Park within the imperial city has the waters of Supreme Fluidity and Jade Isle. Tang placed the rite in the park; Song within the palace—these models should be followed. The emperor replied that Tang practice was makeshift and should not be followed. Minister of Rites Li Shi and others argued: "The route from Daming Gate to Anding Gate was too long; the imperial carriage should exit by the Donghua and Xuanwu gates. They listed four points: cocoon-treating ritual, altar orientation, mulberry-picking implements, and altar officials. The emperor agreed and ordered exit by the Xuanwu Gate. Inner attendants arranged guards: ten thousand troops, half encircling the altar and half along the route, with the rest as proposed.
23
二月,工部上先蠶壇圖式,帝親定其制。 壇方二丈六尺,疊二級,高二尺六寸,四出陛。 東西北俱樹桑柘,內設蠶宮令署。 採桑臺高一尺四寸,方十倍,三出陛。 鑾駕庫五間。 後蓋織堂。 壇圍方八十丈。 禮部上皇后親蠶儀:蠶將生,欽天監擇吉巳日以聞。 順天府具蠶母名數送北郊,工部以鉤箔筐架諸器物給蠶母。 順天府以蠶種及鉤筐一進呈,內官捧出,還授之。 出玄武右門,置彩輿中,鼓樂送至蠶室。 蠶母受蠶種,浴飼以待。 命婦文四品、武三品以上俱陪祀,攜一侍女執鉤筐。 皇后齋三日,內執事並司贊、六尚等女官及應入壇者齋一日。 先一日,太常寺具祝版,祭物,羊、豕、籩豆各六、黑帛,送蠶宮令。 是日,分授執事女官。 日未明。 宿衛陳兵備,女樂司設監備儀仗及重翟車,俱候玄武門外。 將明,內侍詣坤寧宮奏請。 皇后服常服,導引女官導出宮門,乘肩輿,至玄武門。 內侍奏請降輿,升重翟車。 兵衛儀仗及女樂前導,出北安門,障以行帷,至壇內壝東門。 內侍奏請降車,乘肩輿,兵衛、儀仗停東門外。 皇后入具服殿,易禮服,出,至壇。 司贊奏就位。 公主、內外命婦各就拜位。 祭先蠶,行三獻禮,女官執事如儀。 迎神四拜,賜福胙二拜,送神四拜。 凡拜跪興,公主、內外命婦皆同。 禮畢,皇后還具服殿,更常服。 司賓引外命婦先詣採桑壇東陛下,南北向。 尚儀奏請,皇后詣採桑位,東向。 公主以下位皇后位東,亦南北向,以西爲上。 執鉤者跪進鉤,執筐者跪奉筐受桑。 皇后採桑三條,還至壇南儀門坐,觀命婦採桑。 三公命婦採五條,列侯、九卿命婦採九條。 訖,各授女侍。 司賓引內命婦一人,詣桑室,尚功率執鉤筐者從。 尚功以桑授蠶母。 蠶母受桑,縷切之,以授內命婦。 內命婦食蠶,灑一箔訖,還。 尚儀奏禮畢,皇后還坐具服殿。 司賓率蠶母等叩頭訖,司贊唱班齊。 外名婦序立定,尚儀致詞云:「親蠶既成,禮當慶賀。」 四拜畢,賜宴命婦,並賜蠶母酒食。 公主及內命婦於殿內,外命婦文武二品以上於臺上,三品以下於丹墀,尚食進膳。 教坊司女樂奏樂。 宴畢,公主以下各就班四拜。 禮畢,皇后還宮,導從前。 詔如擬。
In the second month the Ministry of Works submitted altar plans, which the emperor personally approved. The altar was twenty-six chi square, two tiers high at two chi six cun, with steps on four sides. Mulberry and catalpa were planted to the east, north, and west; within stood the Silkworm Office. The mulberry-picking terrace was one chi four cun high, ten times the altar's width, with steps on three sides. Five bays of imperial equipage storehouse were built. Behind stood the Reeling Hall. The altar enclosure measured eighty zhang square. The Ministry submitted the queen's silkworm protocol: when eggs were about to hatch, the Directorate of Astronomy chose an auspicious si day and reported it. Shuntian supplied silkworm mothers to the northern suburb; the Ministry of Works provided hooks, trays, frames, and other tools. Shuntian presented silkworm eggs and a hook-tray set; inner attendants bore them out and back. They exited right of Xuanwu Gate, were placed in a decorated carriage with drums and music, and sent to the silkworm chamber. Silkworm mothers received the eggs, bathed and fed them, and waited. Wives of civil officials fourth rank and above and military officials third rank and above attended, each with a maid bearing a hook-tray. The queen fasted three days; inner attendants, ritual directors, the Six Bureaus, and all women entering the altar fasted one day. The day before, the Court of Imperial Sacrifices prepared prayer tablets and offerings—sheep, swine, platters, beans, and black silk—and sent them to the Silkworm Office. That day offerings were distributed to officiating women. Before sunrise. Guards arrayed arms; the female musicians prepared regalia and the heavy pheasant carriage outside Xuanwu Gate. At dawn inner attendants reported at Kunning Palace. The queen in ordinary dress, guided out, rode a shoulder carriage to Xuanwu Gate. Inner attendants asked her to descend and mount the heavy pheasant carriage. Guards and musicians led; exiting North An Gate behind curtains to the altar's inner east gate. She descended to a shoulder carriage; guards and regalia halted outside the east gate. She entered the vestment hall, donned ritual dress, and proceeded to the altar. The ritual director announced taking position. Princesses and inner and outer ordered wives took their bowing positions. Former Silkworms sacrifice followed the three-offering rite, with women officiants. Four bows welcoming the spirit, two bows receiving blessing and flesh, four bows sending off the spirit. Princesses and ordered wives bowed, knelt, and rose in unison. When finished she returned to the vestment hall and changed to ordinary dress. The guest director led outer ordered wives to the mulberry terrace's east steps, facing north and south. The chief of ceremonies announced; the queen went to the mulberry position, facing east. Princesses and others stood east of the queen, also north-south oriented, with west as senior. Hook-bearers knelt with hooks; tray-bearers knelt with trays to receive mulberry. The queen picked three sprays, then sat at the altar's south gate watching ordered wives pick mulberry. Wives of the Three Dukes picked five sprays; wives of marquises and nine ministers nine. When done, each gave them to female attendants. The guest director led one inner ordered wife to the silkworm chamber, with the chief of accomplishments and tray-bearers following. The chief of accomplishments gave mulberry to the silkworm mothers. Silkworm mothers received mulberry, stripped and cut it, and gave it to inner ordered wives. Inner ordered wives fed the silkworms, sprinkled one tray, and returned. The chief of ceremonies announced completion; the queen returned to the vestment hall. The guest director led silkworm mothers to kowtow; the ritual director aligned the ranks. Outer ordered wives stood in order; the chief of ceremonies said: "Personal silkworm work is complete; congratulations are due." After four bows, ordered wives were feasted and silkworm mothers given wine and food. Princesses and inner ordered wives dined inside; outer ordered wives second rank and above on the terrace; third rank and below on the red steps; the chief of food served. Female musicians of the Music Office performed. When the feast ended, princesses and others bowed four times from position. The queen returned to the palace with escort before. An edict approved as proposed.
24
四月,蠶事告成,行治繭禮。 選蠶婦善繅絲及織者各十人。 卜日,皇后出宮,導從如常儀,至織堂。 內命婦一人行三盆手禮,佈於織婦,以終其事。 蠶宮令送尚衣織染監局造祭服,其祀先蠶,止用樂,不用舞,樂女生冠服俱用黑。
In the fourth month, when sericulture was complete, the cocoon-treating rite was held. Ten skilled reelers and ten weavers were selected. On an auspicious day the queen left the palace with usual escort to the Reeling Hall. One inner ordered wife performed the three-basin hand rite and assigned work to weavers to finish. The Silkworm Office sent silk to the Weaving Directorate for sacrificial robes; Former Silkworms sacrifice used music without dance; female musicians wore black.
25
十年二月,禮臣言:「去歲皇后躬行採桑,已足風勵天下。 今先蠶壇殿工未畢,宜且遣官行禮。」 帝初不可,令如舊行。 已而以皇后出入不便,命改築先蠶壇於西苑。 壇之東爲採桑臺,臺東爲具服殿,北爲蠶室,左右爲廂房,其後爲從室,以居蠶婦。 設蠶宮署於宮左,令一員,丞二員,擇內臣謹恪者爲之。 四月,皇后行親蠶禮於內苑。 帝謂親耕無賀,此安得賀,第行叩頭禮,女樂第供宴,勿前導。 三十八年罷,親蠶禮。 四十一年,並罷所司奏請。
In the tenth year, second month, ritual officials said: "Last year the queen picked mulberry in person, enough to encourage the realm. The altar halls are unfinished; officials should perform the rite for now. The emperor at first refused, ordering the former practice. Later, finding the queen's travel inconvenient, he ordered the altar rebuilt in the Western Park. East of the altar stood the mulberry terrace, east of that the vestment hall, north the silkworm chamber, with wing rooms and rear quarters for silkworm women. A Silkworm Office was established palace-left, with one director and two assistants chosen from prudent eunuchs. In the fourth month the queen performed personal silkworm rites in the inner park. The emperor said personal ploughing had no congratulatory rite—this should have only kowtow; female musicians supplied the feast but did not lead the procession. In the thirty-eighth year the personal silkworm rite was abolished. In the forty-first year responsible offices were told to cease memorializing.
26
○高禖
High Altars of Procreation
27
嘉靖九年,青州儒生李時颺請祠高禖,以祈聖嗣。 禮官覆以聞。 帝曰:「高禖雖古禮,今實難行。」 遂寢其議。 已而定祀高禖禮。 設木臺於皇城東,永安門北,震方。 臺上,皇天上帝南向,騂犢,蒼壁。 獻皇帝配,西向,牛羊豕各一。 高禖在壇下西向,牲數如之,禮三獻。 皇帝位壇下北向,后妃位南數十丈外,北向,用帷。 壇下陳弓矢、弓韣如后妃嬪之數。 祭畢,女官導后妃嬪至高禖前,跪取弓矢授后妃嬪,后妃嬪受而納於弓韣。
In Jiajing 9 Qingzhou scholar Li Shiyang requested sacrifice to the High Altars of Procreation to pray for an heir. Ritual officials memorialized in reply. The emperor said: "The High Altars of Procreation are ancient ritual, but truly difficult to perform today." The proposal was shelved. The rite for sacrifice at the High Altars of Procreation was then established. A wooden platform was erected east of the Imperial City, north of Yong'an Gate, in the east—the Zhen direction. Upon the platform the Supreme Lord of Imperial Heaven faced south, offered a red bullock and a blue-green jade bi. The Founding Emperor was paired as associate deity, facing west, with one ox, one sheep, and one pig. The High Altars of Procreation stood below the altar facing west, with the same offering counts, performed as a three-oblation rite. The emperor took his place below the altar facing north; the empress and imperial consorts stood dozens of paces farther south, facing north behind curtains. Bows, arrows, and bow cases were laid out below the altar, one set for each empress, consort, and concubine. After the sacrifice, female officials escorted the empress and consorts to the High Altars of Procreation, knelt, took up the bows and arrows, and handed them over; each woman received hers and put it into its bow case.
28
○祭告
Sacrificial Announcements
29
明制,凡登極、巡幸及上諡、葬陵、冊立、冊封、冠婚等事,皆祭告天地、宗廟、社稷。 凡營造宮室,及命將出師,歲時旱潦,祭告天地、山川、太廟、社稷、后土。 凡即位之初,並祭告闕里孔廟及歷代帝王陵寢。
Under Ming regulations, accession, imperial tours, posthumous honors, imperial burials, investiture of heirs, enfeoffments, capping ceremonies, and royal marriages all required sacrificial announcements to Heaven and Earth, the ancestral temples, and the state and grain altars. Palace construction, dispatching armies, and seasonal drought or flood likewise called for announcements to Heaven and Earth, mountains and rivers, the Grand Ancestral Temple, the state and grain altars, and Empress Earth. At the outset of each reign, announcements were also made at the Confucius temple in Queli and at the tombs of emperors of past dynasties.
30
洪武二年,禮部尚書崔亮奏,圜丘、方丘、大祀,前期親告太廟,仍遣使告百神於天下神祇壇。 六年,禮部尚書牛諒奏,太歲諸神,凡祈報,則設一十五壇,有事祭告,則設神位二十八壇。 中,太歲、風雲雷雨、五嶽、五鎮、四海,凡五壇。 東,四瀆、京畿、湖廣、山東、河南、北平、廣西、四川、甘肅山川,夏冬二季月將,京都城隍,凡十二壇。 西,鐘山,江西、浙江、福建、山西、廣東、遼東山川,春秋二季月將,旗纛、戰船等神,凡十一罈。 若親祀,皇帝皮弁服行一獻禮,每三壇行一次禮。 八年,帝駐蹕中都,祭告天地於中都之圜丘。 九年,以諸王將之籓,分日告祭太廟、社稷、嶽鎮海瀆及天下名山大川,復告祀天地於圜丘。 初,諸王來朝還籓,祭真武等神於端門,用豕九、羊九、制帛等物,祭護衛旗纛於承天門,亦如之。 二十六年,帝以其禮太繁,定制豕一、羊一,不用帛。 尋又罷端門祭,惟用葷素二壇祭於承天門外。
In Hongwu 2 Minister of Rites Cui Liang reported that before the Circular Mound, Square Mound, and great sacrifices, the emperor would personally announce at the Grand Ancestral Temple and still send envoys to announce to the hundred spirits at the Altar of Spirits Under Heaven. In Hongwu 6 Minister of Rites Niu Liang reported that for prayer and seasonal report rites to the Great Year and associated spirits, fifteen altars were erected; when special announcements were needed, twenty-eight altars with spirit seats were set up. In the center stood five altars: Great Year; wind, clouds, thunder, and rain; the Five Peaks; the Five Garrisons; and the Four Seas. To the east were twelve altars: the Four Rivers; mountains and rivers of the capital region, Huguang, Shandong, Henan, Beiping, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Gansu; the summer and winter monthly generals; and the capital city god. To the west were eleven altars: Zhong Mountain; regional mountains and rivers from Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shanxi, Guangdong, and Liaodong; the spring and autumn monthly generals; and spirits of banners, standards, and warships. When sacrificing in person, the emperor wore the skin cap and performed a single oblation, conducting one round of rites for every three altars. In Hongwu 8 the emperor sojourned at Zhongdu and announced Heaven and Earth at its Circular Mound. In Hongwu 9, as the princes prepared to leave for their fiefs, sacrifices were announced over successive days at the Grand Ancestral Temple, the state and grain altars, the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers, and famous mountains and rivers throughout the realm, and Heaven and Earth were again announced at the Circular Mound. Initially, when princes paid court and returned to their domains, they sacrificed to the True Warrior and other spirits at Duān Gate with nine pigs, nine sheep, and regulated silks; they did the same for protective banners and standards at Chengtian Gate. In Hongwu 26 the emperor judged the ritual overly elaborate and fixed it at one pig and one sheep, dispensing with silk. Soon the Duān Gate sacrifice was abolished; only two altars—one with meat offerings and one vegetarian—were kept for sacrifice outside Chengtian Gate.
31
永樂七年,巡狩北京,祭告天地、宗廟、社稷,嘉靖八年秋,以躬祭山川諸神,命先期不必遣官告太廟。 凡出入,必親告祖考於內殿。 聖誕前一日,以酒果告列聖帝后於奉先殿,至日,以酒脯告皇天上帝於玄極寶殿,遣官以牲醴祭神烈、天壽、純德諸陵山,及東嶽、都城隍,以素羞祭真武及靈濟宮,又告修齋於道極七寶帝尊。 隆慶三年,以親祭朝日壇,預告奉先、弘孝、神霄殿。
In Yongle 7, during the imperial tour of Beijing, announcements were made to Heaven and Earth, the ancestral temples, and the state and grain altars. In the autumn of Jiajing 8, because the emperor intended to sacrifice in person to mountains, rivers, and other spirits, he ordered that officials no longer needed to be dispatched beforehand to announce at the Grand Ancestral Temple. Whenever leaving or returning, the emperor always announced in person to his forebears in the inner hall. On the eve of the imperial birthday, wine and fruit were offered in announcement to successive sage emperors and empresses at Fengxian Hall; on the day itself, wine and dried meat were offered to the Supreme Lord of Imperial Heaven at the Hall of the Mysterious Pole and Precious Canopy. Envoys were sent with sacrificial animals and wine to the Spirit Splendor, Heavenly Longevity, Pure Virtue, and other imperial tomb mountains, as well as the Eastern Peak and the capital city god; vegetarian offerings were sent to the True Warrior and Lingji Palace; and fasting rites were announced at the Seven Treasures Imperial Lords of the Dao. In Longqing 3, in preparation for the emperor's personal sacrifice at the Morning Sun altar, advance announcements were made at Fengxian, Hongxiao, and Shenxiao halls.
32
○祈報
Prayer and Report
33
洪武二年,太祖以春久不雨,祈告諸神祇。 中設風雲雷雨、嶽鎮海瀆,凡五壇。 東設鐘山、兩淮、江西、兩廣、海南北、山東、燕南燕薊山川、旗纛諸神,凡七罈。 西設江東、兩浙、福建、湖廣荊襄、河南北、河東、華州山川、京都城隍,凡六壇。 中五壇奠帛。 初獻,帝親行禮,兩廡命官分獻。 三年夏,旱。 六月朔,帝素服草履,步禱于山川壇。 藁席露坐,晝曝於日,夜臥於地,凡三日。 六年,從禮部尚書牛諒言,太歲諸神,春祈秋報,凡十五壇。 中,太歲、風雲雷雨、五嶽、五鎮、四海。 東,四瀆、京畿山川,春秋二季月將,京都各府城隍。 西,鐘山、甘肅山川,夏冬二季月將,旗纛戰船等神。 各五壇。 時甘肅新附,故附其山川之祭於京師。 其親祀之儀與祭告同。 正統九年三月,雨雪愆期,遣官祭天地、社稷、太歲、風雲雷雨、嶽鎮海瀆。 弘治十七年,畿內、山東久旱,命官祭告天壽山,分命各巡撫祭告北嶽、北鎮、東嶽、東鎮、東海。
In Hongwu 2, when spring brought no rain for a long time, the Taizu prayed to the various spirits. In the center stood five altars: wind, clouds, thunder, and rain; and the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers. To the east stood seven altars: Zhong Mountain; mountains and rivers of the Two Huai, Jiangxi, the Two Guangs, Hainan and Haibei, Shandong, and Yannan and Yanji; and spirits of banners and standards. To the west stood six altars: Jiangdong; mountains and rivers of the Two Zhes, Fujian, Huguang and Jingxiang, Henan and Hebei, Hedong, and Huazhou; and the capital city god. Silk offerings were laid on the five central altars. At the first oblation the emperor performed the rite in person, while officials in the two side halls made the divided offerings. In Hongwu 3, during summer, drought struck. On the first day of the sixth month, the emperor put on plain clothes and straw sandals and walked in prayer to the Mountains and Rivers Altar. He sat on a straw mat in the open, exposed himself to the sun by day and slept on the ground at night—for three days. In Hongwu 6, following Minister of Rites Niu Liang's proposal, spring prayer and autumn report to the Great Year and associated spirits required fifteen altars. In the center: Great Year; wind, clouds, thunder, and rain; the Five Peaks; the Five Garrisons; and the Four Seas. To the east: the Four Rivers; capital region mountains and rivers; the spring and autumn monthly generals; and city gods of each capital prefecture. To the west: Zhong Mountain; Gansu mountains and rivers; the summer and winter monthly generals; and spirits of banners, standards, and warships. Each group comprised five altars. Because Gansu had only recently submitted, its mountains and rivers were included in the capital rites. The protocol when the emperor sacrificed in person matched that for sacrificial announcements. In the third month of Zhengtong 9, when rain and snow failed to come on schedule, officials were dispatched to sacrifice to Heaven and Earth, the state and grain altars, the Great Year, wind, clouds, thunder, and rain, and the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers. In Hongzhi 17, after prolonged drought in the capital region and Shandong, officials were sent to announce at Heavenly Longevity Mountain, and each grand coordinator was separately ordered to announce at the Northern Peak, Northern Garrison, Eastern Peak, Eastern Garrison, and Eastern Sea.
34
嘉靖八年春,帝諭禮部:「去冬少雪,今當東作,雨澤不降,當親祭南郊社稷、山川。」 尚書方獻夫等言:「《周禮·大宗伯》:『以荒禮哀兇札。』 釋者謂:『君膳不舉,馳道不除,祭事不縣,皆所以示貶損之意。」 又曰:『國有大故,則旅上帝及四望。』 釋者曰:『故謂兇災。 旅,陳也,陳其祭祀以禱焉,禮不若祀之備也。』 今陛下閔勞萬姓,親出祈禱。 禮儀務簡約,以答天戒。 常朝官並從,同致省愆祈籲之誠。」 隨具上儀注。 二月,親禱南郊,山川同日,社稷用次日,不除道,冠服淺色,羣臣同。 文五品、武四品以上於大祀門外,餘官於南天門外,就班陪祀。 是秋,帝欲親祀山川諸神。 禮部尚書李時言:「舊例山川等祭,中夜行禮,先一日出郊齋宿。 祭畢,清晨迴鑾,兩日畢事,禮太重。 宜比先農壇例,昧爽行禮。」 因具儀以進。 制可。 祭服用皮弁,迎神、送神各兩拜。
In the spring of Jiajing 8 the emperor instructed the Ministry of Rites: "Last winter brought little snow; the eastern ploughing season is at hand, yet rain has not come—I should personally sacrifice at the southern suburbs to the state and grain altars and to the mountains and rivers." Minister of Rites Fang Xianfu and others replied: "The 《Rites of Zhou · Grand Minister of Rites》 states: 'With the rites of desolation one mourns calamity and plague. Commentators explain: 'The ruler's meals are not served, imperial roads are not cleared, sacrificial music is not hung—all to show deliberate self-diminishment." It also says: 'When the state faces a great emergency, offerings are presented to the Supreme Lord and the Four Outlooks.' Commentators explain: 'Cause means disaster and calamity. 'Present' means to array; the sacrifices are arrayed and prayer is made thereby—the rite is less complete than a full sacrifice.' Now Your Majesty, pitying the toil of the common people, goes out in person to pray. The ritual should be kept simple, in response to Heaven's warning. All regular court officials should accompany you, together showing sincerity in self-examination and earnest prayer." They then submitted the full protocol in memorial. In the second month he prayed in person at the southern suburbs—mountains and rivers on the same day, state and grain altars the next. Imperial roads were not cleared; caps and garments were pale; all ministers dressed likewise. Civil officials of fifth rank and above and military officials of fourth rank and above stood outside the Great Sacrifice Gate; other officials stood outside the Southern Heavenly Gate to take their places as attendant sacrificers. That autumn the emperor wished to sacrifice in person to mountains, rivers, and other spirits. Minister of Rites Li Shi said: "Under the old precedent, sacrifice to mountains and rivers was performed at midnight, with fasting and lodging in the suburbs on the preceding day. When the sacrifice was finished, the imperial procession returned at dawn; the whole affair took two days—the burden was too great. It would be better to follow the Former Agriculture altar precedent and perform the rite at daybreak." The full protocol was then submitted in memorial. Imperial approval was granted. Sacrificial dress was the skin cap; welcoming and sending off the spirits each required two bows.
35
十一年,大學士李時等以聖嗣未降,請廷臣詣嶽鎮名山祝禱。 帝欲分遣道士齎香帛行,令所在守臣行禮,在廷大臣分詣地祇壇祈告。 於是禮部尚書夏言言:「我朝建地祇壇,自嶽鎮海瀆以及遠近名山大川,莫不懷柔,即此而禱,正合古人望衍之義。 但輔臣所請,止於嶽鎮。 竊以山川海瀆,發祥效靈,與嶽鎮同功,況基運、翊聖、神烈、天壽、純德諸山,又祖宗妥靈之地,祈禱之禮,皆不可缺。」 遂命大臣詣壇分祀。
In Jiajing 11 Grand Secretaries Li Shi and others, because no heir had yet been born, requested that court ministers go to famous peaks and garrisons to offer prayers. The emperor wished to dispatch Daoist priests bearing incense and silk, ordering local officials to perform the rites, while ministers at court would separately pray at the Earthly Powers altar. Minister of Rites Xia Yan then said: "Our dynasty established the Earthly Powers altar—from peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers to famous mountains and great rivers near and far, all were embraced; to pray here accords with the ancient meaning of expansive outlook. But what the chief ministers requested covered only peaks and garrisons. I hold that mountains, rivers, seas, and streams, in issuing blessings and showing efficacy, share the same merit as peaks and garrisons; moreover the Foundation of Fortune, Aid to Sagacity, Spirit Splendor, Heavenly Longevity, and Pure Virtue mountains are also where imperial ancestors rest in spirit—prayer rites for all cannot be omitted." Ministers were then ordered to go to the altar and perform divided sacrifices.
36
○神祇壇
Spirit Altars
37
洪武二年,從禮部尚書崔亮言,建天下神祇壇於圓丘壝外之東,及方丘壝外之西。 郊祀前期,帝躬詣壇,設神位,西向,以酒脯祭告。 郊之日,俟分獻從祀將畢,就壇以祭。 後定遣官預告。 又建山川壇於正陽門外天地壇西,合祀諸神。 凡設壇十有九,太歲、春夏秋冬四季月將爲第一,次風雲雷雨,次五嶽,次五鎮,次四海,次四瀆,次京都鐘山,次江東,次江西,次湖廣,次淮東、淮西,次浙東、浙西、福建,次廣東、廣西、海南、海北,次山東、山西、河南、河北,次北平、陝西,次左江、右江,次安南、高麗、占城諸國山川,次京都城隍,次六纛大神、旗纛大將、五方旗神、戰船、金鼓、銃砲、弓弩、飛槍飛石、陣前陣後諸神,皆躬自行禮。 先祭,禮官奏:「祝文,太歲以下至四海,凡五壇,稱臣者親署御名。 其鐘山諸神,稱餘者請令禮官代署。」 帝曰:「朋友書牘,尚親題姓名,況神明乎?」 遂加親署。 後又定驚蟄、秋分後三日,遣官祭山川壇諸神。 七年令春、秋仲月上旬,擇日以祭。 九年,復定山川壇制,凡十三壇。 正殿,太歲、風雲雷雨、五嶽、五鎮、四海、四瀆、鐘山七罈。 東西廡各三壇,東,京畿山川、夏冬二季月將。 西,春秋二季月將、京都城隍。 十年,定正殿七罈,帝親行禮,東西廡遣功臣分獻。 二十一年,增修大祀殿諸神壇壝。 乃敕十三壇諸神並停春祭,每歲八月中旬,擇日祭之。 命禮部更定祭山川壇儀,與社稷同。 永樂中,京師建山川壇,並同南京制,惟正殿鐘山之右,益以天壽山之神。 嘉靖十一年,改山川壇名爲天神地祇壇,改序雲師、雨師、風伯、雷師。 天神壇在左,南向,雲、雨、雷,凡四壇。 地祇壇在右,北向,五嶽、五鎮、基運翊聖神烈天壽純德五陵山、四海、四瀆,凡五壇。 從祀,京畿山川,西向; 天下山川,東向。 以辰、戌、醜、未年仲秋,皇帝親祭,餘年遣大臣攝祭。 其太歲、月將、旗纛、城隍,別祀之。 十七年,加上皇天上帝尊稱,預告於神祇,遂設壇於圜丘外壝東南,親定神祇壇位,陳設儀式。 禮部言:「皇上親獻大明壇,則四壇分獻諸臣,不敢並列。 請先上香畢,命官代獻。」 帝裁定,上香、奠帛、獻爵復位後,分獻官方行禮。 亞、終二獻,執事官代,餘壇俱獻官三行。 隆慶元年,禮臣言:「天神地祇已從祀南北郊,其仲秋神祇之祭不宜復舉。」 令罷之。
In Hongwu 2, following Minister of Rites Cui Liang's proposal, the Altar of Spirits Under Heaven was built east of the Circular Mound enclosure and west of the Square Mound enclosure. Before the suburban sacrifice, the emperor went in person to the altar, set up spirit seats facing west, and announced with wine and dried meat. On the day of the suburban sacrifice, when the divided offerings and attendant sacrifices were nearly finished, he went to the altar to perform the rite. Later it was fixed that officials would be dispatched for advance announcement. A Mountains and Rivers Altar was also built west of the Heaven and Earth altar outside Zhengyang Gate, combining sacrifice to the various spirits. Nineteen altars were set up in all: first Great Year and the spring, summer, autumn, and winter monthly generals; then wind, clouds, thunder, and rain; the Five Peaks; the Five Garrisons; the Four Seas; the Four Rivers; the capital Zhong Mountain; Jiangdong; Jiangxi; Huguang; Huaidong and Huaidi; Zhedong, Zhexi, and Fujian; Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Haibei; Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei; Beiping and Shaanxi; Zuojiang and Youjiang; mountains and rivers of Annam, Goryeo, Champa, and other states; the capital city god; and the Six Banners Great Spirit, Banner and Standard Great General, Five Directions Banner Spirits, warships, gongs and drums, cannon, bows and crossbows, flying spears and flying stones, and spirits before and behind the battle array—all performed by the emperor in person. Before the sacrifice, ritual officials reported: "In the prayer text, from Great Year down to the Four Seas—in all five altars—where the text says 'your subject,' the emperor should personally sign his imperial name. For Zhong Mountain and the other spirits, where the text says 'I, the remainder,' please allow ritual officials to sign on his behalf." The emperor said: "Even in letters to friends one still personally writes one's name—how much more so for the spirits?" He then added his personal signature. Later it was also fixed that three days after Awakening of Insects and three days after the autumn equinox, officials would be dispatched to sacrifice to the spirits at the Mountains and Rivers Altar. In Hongwu 7 an order was issued that in the first ten-day period of the second and eighth months of spring and autumn, an auspicious day should be chosen for sacrifice. In Hongwu 9 the Mountains and Rivers Altar system was again fixed, with thirteen altars in all. In the main hall stood seven altars: Great Year; wind, clouds, thunder, and rain; the Five Peaks; the Five Garrisons; the Four Seas; the Four Rivers; and Zhong Mountain. East and west side halls each had three altars; to the east: capital region mountains and rivers and the summer and winter monthly generals. To the west: the spring and autumn monthly generals and the capital city god. In Hongwu 10 the seven main-hall altars were fixed; the emperor performed the rite in person, while meritorious officials in the east and west side halls made the divided offerings. In Hongwu 21 the spirit altars and enclosures of the Great Sacrifice Hall were enlarged and repaired. An edict then suspended spring sacrifice for the spirits of all thirteen altars; each year in the middle ten-day period of the eighth month an auspicious day was chosen for sacrifice. The Ministry of Rites was ordered to revise the Mountains and Rivers Altar ritual to match that of the state and grain altars. During the Yongle period a Mountains and Rivers Altar was built in the capital on the Nanjing model, except that to the right of Zhong Mountain in the main hall the spirit of Heavenly Longevity Mountain was added. In Jiajing 11 the Mountains and Rivers Altar was renamed the Altar of Heavenly Spirits and Earthly Powers, and the order was changed to Master of Clouds, Master of Rain, Earl of Wind, and Master of Thunder. The Heavenly Spirits altar stood on the left, facing south: cloud, rain, wind, and thunder—in all four altars. The Earthly Powers altar stood on the right, facing north: the Five Peaks; Five Garrisons; Foundation of Fortune, Aid to Sagacity, Spirit Splendor, Heavenly Longevity, and Pure Virtue mountains; the Four Seas; and the Four Rivers—in all five altars. As attendant sacrifices: capital region mountains and rivers faced west; mountains and rivers throughout the realm, facing east. In the mid-autumn of Chen, Xu, Chou, and Wei years the emperor sacrificed in person; in other years great ministers performed the rite as his proxy. The Great Year, monthly generals, banners and standards, and city gods received separate sacrifices. In Jiajing 17 the honorific title of the Supreme Lord of Imperial Heaven was added, advance announcement was made to the spirits, and an altar was set up southeast of the Circular Mound's outer enclosure; the emperor personally fixed the spirit altar seats and arranged the ritual. The Ministry of Rites said: "When Your Majesty personally offers at the Great Brightness altar, the ministers performing divided offerings at the four altars dare not stand alongside. We ask that incense be offered first and completed, then that officials be ordered to offer in his stead." The emperor decided that after incense offering, silk presentation, and cup offering and returning to position, the ministers performing divided offerings would then perform the rite. For the second and final offerings, attending officials substituted; at the remaining altars all offering officials proceeded in three ranks. In Longqing 1, ritual officials said: "Heavenly spirits and earthly powers already accompany sacrifice at the northern and southern suburbs; the mid-autumn sacrifice to spirits should not be performed again." An order was issued to abolish it.
38
○星辰壇
Stars and Constellations Altar
39
洪武三年,帝謂中書省臣:「日月皆專壇祭,而星辰乃祔祭於月壇,非禮也。」 禮部擬於城南諸神享祭壇正南向,增九間,朝日夕月祭周天星辰,俱於是行禮。 朝日夕月仍以春秋分祭,星辰則於天壽節前三日。 從之。 四年九月,帝躬祀周天星辰。 正殿共十壇,中設周天星辰位,儀如朝日。 二十一年,以星辰既從祀南郊,罷禜星之祭。
In Hongwu 3 the emperor told members of the Secretariat: "Sun and moon each have dedicated altar sacrifice, yet the stars and constellations are offered in collateral sacrifice at the moon altar—this is not ritual." The Ministry of Rites proposed adding nine bays to the southern suburb Altar of Sacrifice to All Spirits, facing directly south; sacrifice to the morning sun, evening moon, and all stars of heaven would all be performed there. Morning sun and evening moon would still be sacrificed at the spring and autumn equinoxes; the stars and constellations on the three days before the Heavenly Longevity Festival. Approved. In the ninth month of Hongwu 4 the emperor personally sacrificed to all stars of heaven. The main hall had ten altars in all; at the center was placed the seat for all stars of heaven; the ritual was as for the morning sun. In Hongwu 21, because the stars and constellations already accompanied sacrifice at the southern suburb, the Star Lustration sacrifice was abolished.
40
○靈星諸神
Spirit Star and Associated Deities
41
○太歲月將風雲雷雨之祀
Sacrifice to the Great Year, Monthly Generals, Wind, Clouds, Thunder, and Rain
42
古無太歲、月將壇宇之制,明始重其祭。 增雲師於風師之次,亦自明始。 太祖既以太歲諸神從祀圜丘,又合祭羣祀壇。 已而命禮官議專祀壇壝。 禮臣言:「太歲者,十二辰之神。 按《說文》,歲字從步從戌。 木星一歲行一次,歷十二辰而周天,若步然也。 陰陽家說,又有十二月將,十日十二時所直之神,若天乙、天罡、太乙、功曹、太沖之類。 雖不經見,歷代因之。 元每有大興作,祭太歲、月將、日直、時直於太史院。 若風師、雨師之祀,見於《周官》,後世皆有祭。 唐天寶中,增雷師於雨師之次。 宋、元因之。 然唐制各以時別祭,失享祀本意。 宜以太歲、風雲雷雨諸天神合爲一罈,諸地祇爲一罈,春秋專祀。」 乃定驚蟄、秋分日祀太歲諸神於城南。 三年後以諸神陰陽一氣,流行無間,乃合二壇爲一,而增四季月將。 又改祭期,與地祇俱用驚蟄、秋分後三日。
Antiquity had no institution of altars and halls for the Great Year and monthly generals; the Ming first gave weight to their sacrifice. Adding the Master of Clouds after the Master of Wind also began with the Ming. The Founding Emperor, having already made the Great Year and associated spirits attendant sacrifices at the Circular Mound, also combined sacrifice at the Altar of Collective Sacrifices. Shortly thereafter he ordered ritual officials to consider dedicated altars and enclosures. Ritual officials said: "The Great Year is the spirit of the twelve earthly branches. According to the Explaining Graphs, the character for 'year' combines 'step' with 'xu.' Jupiter in one year traverses one station, passing through the twelve earthly branches to complete the circuit of heaven—as if stepping. In yin-yang theory there are also the twelve monthly generals and the spirits presiding over the ten days and twelve hours—such as Heavenly Yi, Heavenly Gang, Grand Unity, Merit Clerk, Grand Surge, and the like. Though not found in the canonical texts, successive dynasties retained them. Under the Yuan, whenever there were major construction projects, the Great Year, monthly generals, day-presiding and hour-presiding spirits were sacrificed to at the Directorate of Astronomy. As for sacrifice to the Master of Wind and Master of Rain, this appears in the Rites of Zhou; later ages all had sacrifice. In the Tianbao era of Tang, the Master of Thunder was added after the Master of Rain. Song and Yuan followed this. Yet under the Tang system each was separately sacrificed according to season, losing the original intent of sacrificial offering. It is fitting that the Great Year, wind, clouds, thunder, rain, and other heavenly spirits be combined into one altar, and all earthly powers into one altar, with dedicated spring and autumn sacrifice." Thereupon sacrifice to the Great Year and associated spirits at the southern suburb was fixed for Awakening of Insects and the autumn equinox. Three years later, because the various spirits are one qi of yin and yang flowing without interruption, the two altars were combined into one, and the four seasonal monthly generals were added. The sacrificial dates were also changed; together with earthly powers both used the third day after Awakening of Insects and the autumn equinox.
43
嘉靖十年,命禮部考太歲壇制。 禮官言:「太歲之神,唐、宋祀典不載,元雖有祭,亦無常典。 壇宇之制,於古無稽。 太歲天神,宜設壇露祭,準社稷壇制而差小。」 從之。 遂建太歲壇於正陽門外之西,與天壇對。 中,太歲殿。 東廡,春、秋月將二壇。 西廡,夏、冬月將二壇。 帝親祭於拜殿中。 每歲孟春享廟,歲暮祫祭之日,遣官致祭。 王國府州縣亦祀風雲雷雨師,仍築壇城西南。 祭用驚蟄、秋分日。
In Jiajing 10 an order was issued for the Ministry of Rites to examine the regulations for the Great Year altar. Ritual officials said: "The spirit of the Great Year is not recorded in the Tang and Song sacrificial codes; though the Yuan had sacrifice, there was no fixed ritual. Regulations for altar and hall cannot be verified against antiquity. The Great Year as heavenly spirit should have an open-air altar for sacrifice, modeled on the altars of soil and grain but somewhat smaller." Approved. Thereupon the Great Year Altar was built west outside the Gate of Correct Yang, facing the Altar of Heaven. At the center, the Great Year Hall. In the east corridor, two altars for the spring and autumn monthly generals. In the west corridor, two altars for the summer and winter monthly generals. The emperor sacrificed in person in the bowing hall. Each year on the day of spring ancestral offering at the temple and end-of-year unified ancestral offering, officials were dispatched to perform sacrifice. Princely states, prefectures, departments, and counties also sacrificed to the masters of wind, clouds, thunder, and rain, still building altars southwest of the city. Sacrifice used the days of Awakening of Insects and the autumn equinox.
44
○嶽鎮海瀆山川之祀
Sacrifice to Peaks, Garrisons, Seas, Rivers, Mountains, and Rivers
45
洪武二年,太祖以嶽瀆諸神合祭城南,未有專祀。 又享祀之所,屋而不壇,非尊神之道。 禮官言:「虞舜祭四嶽,《王制》始有五嶽之稱。 《周官》:「兆四望於四郊」,《鄭注》以四望爲五嶽四鎮四瀆。 《詩序》巡狩而禮四嶽河海,則又有四海之祭。 蓋天子方望之事,無所不通。 而嶽鎮海瀆,在諸侯封內,則各祀之。 奏罷封建,嶽瀆皆領於祠官。 漢復建諸侯,則侯國各祀其封內山川,天子無與。 武帝時,諸侯或分或廢,五嶽皆在天子之邦。 宣帝時,始有使者持節祠嶽瀆之禮。 由魏及隋,嶽鎮海瀆,即其地立祠,有司致祭。 唐、宋之制,有命本界刺史、縣令之祀,有因郊祀而望祭之祀,又有遣使之祀。 元遣使祀嶽鎮海瀆,分東西南北中爲五道。 今宜以嶽鎮海瀆及天下山川城隍諸地祇合爲一罈。 與天神埒,春秋專祀。」 遂定祭日以清明霜降。 前期一日,皇帝躬省牲。 至日,服通天冠絳紗袍,詣嶽鎮海瀆前,行三獻禮。 山川城隍,分獻官行禮。 是年,命官十八人,祭天下嶽鎮海瀆之神。 帝皮弁御奉天殿,躬署御名,以香祝授使者。 百官公服,送至中書省,使者奉以行。 黃金合貯香,黃綺幡二,白金二十五兩市祭物。
In Hongwu 2 the Founding Emperor, because the spirits of peaks and rivers were jointly sacrificed at the southern suburb, had no dedicated sacrifice. Moreover the place of sacrificial offering used buildings rather than altars—not the way to honor spirits. Ritual officials said: "Emperor Shun of Yu sacrificed to the four peaks; the Royal Regulations first gave the title of five peaks. The Rites of Zhou: 'Establish the four outlooks in the four suburbs'—Zheng's commentary takes the four outlooks as the five peaks, four garrisons, and four rivers. The Preface to the Odes on imperial tours to inspect and perform rites to the four peaks and river and sea—this adds sacrifice to the four seas. For the Son of Heaven's business of gazing in the four directions, nothing is not reached. And for the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers within feudatories' domains, each feudatory sacrificed to its own. When enfeoffment was abolished by decree, peaks and rivers all came under the charge of sacrificial officials. Han restored feudatories, and each marquisate sacrificed to the mountains and rivers within its domain; the Son of Heaven had no part. During Emperor Wu's time feudatories were variously divided or abolished, and all five peaks fell within the Son of Heaven's domain. During Emperor Xuan's time the ritual of dispatching envoys bearing imperial credentials to sacrifice to peaks and rivers first appeared. From Wei through Sui, for the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers, temples were established on the spot and officials performed sacrifice. The Tang and Song systems had sacrifice by order to the prefect and county magistrate of the local jurisdiction, sacrifice by distant gazing at the time of suburban sacrifice, and also sacrificial dispatch. The Yuan dispatched envoys to sacrifice to peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers, dividing into five routes: east, south, west, north, and center. Now it is fitting that peaks, garrisons, seas, rivers, mountains and rivers, and city gods throughout the realm be combined into one altar. On a par with the heavenly spirits, with dedicated spring and autumn sacrifice." Thereupon the sacrificial days were fixed as Pure Brightness and Frost Descent. One day beforehand the emperor personally inspected the victims. On the day, wearing the Heaven-Penetrating cap and crimson gauze robe, he proceeded before the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers and performed the three-offering rite. Mountains, rivers, and city gods—ministers performing divided offerings performed the rite. That year eighteen officials were appointed to sacrifice to the spirits of all peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers under heaven. Wearing the leather cap the emperor attended the Hall of Reverence for Heaven, personally signed his imperial name, and conferred the incense prayer upon the envoys. Officials in full court dress escorted them to the Secretariat; the envoys departed bearing them. Incense was stored in a gold casket; two yellow damask banners; twenty-five taels of white gold to purchase sacrificial items.
46
三年,詔定嶽鎮海瀆神號。 略曰:「爲治之道,必本於禮。 嶽鎮海瀆之封,起自唐、宋。 夫英靈之氣,萃而爲神,必受命於上帝,豈國家封號所可加? 瀆禮不經,莫此爲甚。 今依古定制,並去前代所封名號。 五嶽稱東嶽泰山之神,南嶽衡山之神,中嶽嵩山之神,西嶽華山之神,北嶽恆山之神。 五鎮稱東鎮沂山之神,南鎮會稽山之神,中鎮霍山之神,西鎮吳山之神,北鎮醫無閭山之神。 四海稱東海之神,南海之神,西海之神,北海之神。 四瀆稱東瀆大淮之神,南瀆大江之神,西瀆大河之神,北瀆大濟之神。」 帝躬署名於祝文,遣官以更定神號告祭。 六年,禮官言:「四川未平,望祭江瀆於峽州。 今蜀既下,當遣人於南瀆致祭。」 從之。 十年,命官十八人分祀嶽鎮海瀆,賜之制。
In Hongwu 3 an edict fixed the spirit titles of the peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers. In summary it said: "The way of governing must take root in ritual. Enfeoffment titles for peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers began in Tang and Song. Spirits formed when numinous qi gathers—they must receive mandate from the Sovereign on High; how can national enfeoffment titles be added? In violation of ritual, nothing exceeds this. Now following ancient regulations, all former enfeoffment titles of former dynasties shall be removed. The five peaks shall be titled Spirit of Mount Tai, Eastern Peak; Spirit of Mount Heng, Southern Peak; Spirit of Mount Song, Central Peak; Spirit of Mount Hua, Western Peak; Spirit of Mount Heng, Northern Peak. The five garrisons shall be titled Spirit of Mount Yi, Eastern Garrison; Spirit of Mount Kuaiji, Southern Garrison; Spirit of Mount Huo, Central Garrison; Spirit of Mount Wu, Western Garrison; Spirit of Mount Yiwulu, Northern Garrison. The four seas shall be titled Spirit of the Eastern Sea; Spirit of the Southern Sea; Spirit of the Western Sea; Spirit of the Northern Sea. The four rivers shall be titled Spirit of the Great Huai, Eastern River; Spirit of the Great Yangtze, Southern River; Spirit of the Great Yellow River, Western River; Spirit of the Great Ji, Northern River." The emperor personally signed the prayer text and dispatched officials to announce and sacrifice with the revised spirit titles. In Hongwu 6 ritual officials said: "Sichuan is not yet pacified; distant-gazing sacrifice to the rivers was performed at Xia Prefecture. Now that Shu has fallen, envoys should be sent to perform sacrifice at the Southern River." Approved. In Hongwu 10 eighteen officials were appointed to perform divided sacrifice to peaks, garrisons, seas, and rivers; ceremonial robes were conferred upon them.
47
萬曆十四年,巡撫胡來貢請改祀北嶽於渾源州。 禮官言:「《大明集禮》載,漢、唐、宋北嶽之祭,皆在定州曲陽縣,與史俱合。 渾源之稱北嶽,止見州志碑文,經傳無可考,仍祀曲陽是。」
In Wanli 14 the grand coordinator Hu Laigong requested changing the Northern Peak sacrifice to Hunyuan Prefecture. Ritual officials said: "The Collected Rituals of the Great Ming records that Han, Tang, and Song sacrifices to the Northern Peak were all at Quyang County in Ding Prefecture, matching the histories throughout. Calling Hunyuan the Northern Peak appears only in the prefecture gazetteer and stele inscriptions; no verification exists in the classics and commentaries—Quyang should still be sacrificed to."
48
其他山川之祀。 洪武元年躬祀汴梁諸神,仍遣官祭境內山川。 二年,以天下山川祔祭嶽瀆壇。 帝又以安南、高麗皆臣附,其國內山川,宜與中國同祭。 諭中書及禮官考之。 安南之山二十一,其江六,其水六。 高麗之山三,其水四。 命著祀典,設位以祭。 三年,遣使往安南、高麗、占城,祀其國山川。 帝齋戒,親爲祝文。 仍遣官頒革正山川神號詔於安南、占城、高麗。 六年,琉球諸國已朝貢,祀其國山川。 八年,禮部尚書牛諒言:「京都既罷祭天下山川,其外國山川,亦非天子所當親祀。」 中書及禮臣請附祭各省,從之。 廣西附祭安南、占城、真臘、暹羅、鎖裏,廣東附祭三佛齊、爪哇,福建附祭日本、琉球、渤泥,遼東附祭高麗,陝西附祭甘肅、朵甘、烏斯藏,京城不復祭。 又從禮官言,各省山川居中南向,外國山川東西向,同壇共祀。 其王國山川之祀,洪武十三年定制。 十八年定王國祭山川。 儀同社稷,但無瘞埋之文。 凡嶽鎮海瀆及他山川所在,令有司歲二祭,以清明、霜降。
Other Mountains and Rivers Sacrifice In Hongwu 1 he personally sacrificed to the spirits of Bianliang and still dispatched officials to sacrifice to mountains and rivers within the domain. In Hongwu 2 mountains and rivers throughout the realm were offered in collateral sacrifice at the peaks and rivers altar. The emperor also held that since Annam and Goryeo were both submissive vassals, mountains and rivers within their states should be sacrificed to the same as China. He instructed the Secretariat and ritual officials to investigate. Annam's mountains numbered twenty-one; its rivers six; its streams six. Goryeo's mountains three; its streams four. An order was issued to register them in the sacrificial code and set seats for sacrifice. In Hongwu 3 envoys were dispatched to Annam, Goryeo, and Champa to sacrifice to mountains and rivers in those states. The emperor fasted and personally composed the prayer text. Officials were also sent to promulgate the edict rectifying spirit titles in Annam, Champa, and Goryeo. In the sixth year, with the Ryukyu states already paying tribute, their mountains and rivers were added to sacrifice. In the eighth year Minister of Rites Niu Liang argued: "The capital has abolished sacrifice to all realm mountains and rivers; foreign mountains and rivers are not for the Son of Heaven to sacrifice to in person. The Secretariat and ritual officials asked that they be sacrificed to as attached offerings in each province; the emperor approved. Guangxi attached Annam, Champa, Zhenla, Siam, and Suoli; Guangdong Sanfoqi and Java; Fujian Japan, Ryukyu, and Brunei; Liaodong Goryeo; Shaanxi Gansu, Do-Kham, and U-Tsang; the capital ceased sacrifice. Following ritual officials, provincial mountains and rivers faced south at center, foreign ones east and west, all on one altar. Princely sacrifice to mountains and rivers was regulated in Hongwu 13. In the eighteenth year princely sacrifice to mountains and rivers was fixed. Protocol matched state and grain, but without burial rites. Wherever peaks, garrisons, seas, rivers, and other mountains and rivers stood, local officials sacrificed twice yearly at Qingming and Frost's Descent.
49
○城隍
City God
50
洪武二年,禮官言:「城隍之祀,莫詳其始。 先儒謂既有社,不應復有城隍。 故唐李陽冰《縉雲城隍記》謂『祀殿無之,惟吳越有之。』 然成都城隍祠,李德裕所建,張說有祭城隍之文,杜牧有祭黃州城隍文,則不獨吳越爲然。 又蕪湖城隍廟建於吳赤烏二年,高齊慕容儼、樑武陵王祀城隍,皆書於史,又不獨唐而已。 宋以來其祠遍天下,或錫廟額,或頒封爵,至或遷就傅會,各指一人以爲神之姓名。 按張九齡《祭洪州城隍文》曰:『城隍是保,氓庶是依。』 則前代崇祀之意有在也。 今宜附祭於嶽瀆諸神之壇。」 乃命加以封爵。 京都爲承天鑑國司民升福明靈王,開封、臨濠、太平、和州、滁州皆封爲王。 其餘府爲鑑察司民城隍威靈公,秩正二品。 州爲鑑察司民城隍靈佑侯,秩三品。 縣爲鑑察司民城隍顯佑伯,秩四品。 袞章冕旒俱有差。 命詞臣撰制文以頒之。
In Hongwu 2 ritual officials reported: "Sacrifice to the city god lacks a clear origin. Earlier scholars held that with the state altar already established, a city god should not also exist. Thus Li Yangbing's Record of the Jinyun City God states that 'temple sacrifice had none; only Wu and Yue had it. Yet Chengdu's city god temple was built by Li Deyu; Zhang Yue and Du Mu both wrote city-god sacrifice texts—not only Wu and Yue. The Wuhu city god temple dates to Wu's Chiwu 2; Murong Yan of Northern Qi and the Prince of Wuling of Liang sacrificed to the city god—all in the histories, not only Tang. From Song onward temples spread empire-wide; some received plaques or enfeoffments, and some even forced identification of a single personal name for the spirit. Zhang Jiuling's Sacrifice to the Hongzhou City God reads: 'The city god is protector; the people rely upon it. Thus former exalted sacrifice had its rationale. It was proposed to attach sacrifice at the peaks-and-rivers altar. An order followed to confer enfeoffed titles. The capital became Spirit King Who Upholds Heaven, Reflects the Realm, Oversees the People, and Raises Blessings; Kaifeng, Linhuai, Taiping, Hezhou, and Chuzhou were enfeoffed kings. Other prefectures were Spirit Lord Who Oversees and Protects the People, rank 2a. Departments were Spirit Marquis Who Oversees and Protects the People, rank 3. Counties were Spirit Earl Who Oversees and Protects the People, rank 4. Robes, caps, and regalia were graded accordingly. Literary officials composed formal texts for promulgation.
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三年,詔去封號,止稱其府州縣城隍之神。 又令各廟屏去他神。 定廟制,高廣視官署廳堂。 造木爲主,毀塑像舁置水中,取其泥塗壁,繪以雲山。 六年,制中都城隍神主成,遣官齎香幣奉安。 京師城隍既附饗山川壇,又於二十一年改建廟。 尋以從祀大禮殿,罷山川壇春祭。 永樂中,建廟都城之西,曰大威靈祠。 嘉靖九年,罷山川壇從祀,歲以仲秋祭旗纛日,並祭都城隍之神。 凡聖誕節及五月十一日神誕,皆遣太常寺堂上官行禮。 國有大災則告廟。 在王國者王親祭之,在各府州縣者守令主之。
In the third year enfeoffed titles were removed; spirits were styled only City God of the prefecture, department, or county. Each temple was ordered to remove other spirits. Temple scale was fixed at the height and breadth of a government main hall. Wooden tablets replaced images; sculpted figures were cast into water; their clay plastered walls painted with clouded mountains. In the sixth year the Central Capital city god tablet was completed; officials were sent with incense and silks for enshrinement. The capital city god, attached at the mountains-and-rivers altar, had its temple rebuilt in the twenty-first year. Soon, with attendant sacrifice at the Grand Rites Hall, spring sacrifice at the mountains-and-rivers altar was abolished. Under Yongle a temple was built west of the capital called the Great Spirit Temple. In Jiajing 9 mountains-and-rivers attendant sacrifice ended; each mid-autumn on the banner-and-standard day the capital city god was sacrificed to. On imperial birthdays and the spirit's birthday on the eleventh day of the fifth month, senior Court of Imperial Sacrifices officials performed sacrifice. When the state suffered great disaster, the temple was notified. In princely states the prince sacrificed in person; in prefectures, departments, and counties the local official presided.