Volume 124 Biographies 12: Kuokuotiemuer, Chen Youding, Bazalawaermi

擴廓帖木兒附:蔡子英陳友定附:伯顏子中等把匝剌瓦爾密

Kuokuotiemuer (with appended biography of Cai Ziying); Chen Youding (with appended biography of Bayan Zizhong and others); Bazalawaermi.

擴廓帖木兒

Kuokuotiemuer

擴廓帖木兒，沈丘人。本王姓，小字保保，元平章察罕帖木兒甥也。察罕養為子，順帝賜名擴廓帖木兒。汝、潁盜起，中原大亂，元師久無功。至正十二年，察罕起義兵，戰河南、北，擊賊關中、河東，復汴梁，走劉福通，平山東，降田豐，滅賊幾盡。既而總大軍圍益都，田豐叛，察罕為王士誠所刺，事具《元史》。察罕既死，順帝即軍中拜擴廓太尉、中書平章政事、知樞密院事，如察罕官。帥兵圍益都，穴地而入，克之。執豐、士誠，剖其心以祭察罕，縛陳猱頭等二十余人獻闕下。東取莒州，山東地悉定。至正二十二年也。

Kuokuotiemuer was a native of Shenqiu. He was born into the Wang clan and was known in youth as Baobao; he was the nephew of Chaghan Temur, a Yuan grand councillor. Chaghan Temur raised him as his own son, and Emperor Shundi gave him the name Kuokuotiemuer. When rebels broke out in the Ru and Ying region, the Central Plains plunged into chaos, and Yuan armies went for years without a decisive victory. In Zhizheng year 12 (1352), Chaghan Temur raised a loyalist army, campaigned across Henan and the north, crushed rebels in Guanzhong and Hedong, retook Bianliang (Kaifeng), routed Liu Futong, pacified Shandong, won Tian Feng's submission, and all but wiped out the rebel forces. He then massed his forces to besiege Yidu, but Tian Feng turned traitor, and Chaghan Temur was assassinated by agents of Zhang Shicheng; the details are recorded in the History of Yuan. As soon as Chaghan Temur died, Emperor Shundi promoted Kuokuotiemuer in camp to grand guardian, grand councillor of the Central Secretariat, and commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs—the same posts his adoptive father had held. He led his army to besiege Yidu, broke in through underground tunnels, and took the city. He captured Tian Feng and Zhang Shicheng, cut out their hearts as offerings to Chaghan Temur's spirit, and sent more than twenty captives—including Chen Maotou—in bonds to the capital. He pushed east to take Juzhou, bringing all of Shandong under control. This took place in Zhizheng year 22 (1362).

初，察罕定晉、冀，孛羅帖木兒在大同，以兵爭其地，數相攻，朝廷下詔和解，終不聽。擴廓既平齊地，引軍還，駐太原，與孛羅構難如故。會朝臣老的沙、禿堅獲罪于太子，出奔孛羅，孛羅匿之。詔削孛羅官，解其兵柄。孛羅遂舉兵反，犯京師，殺丞相搠思監，自為左丞相，老的沙為平章，禿堅知樞密院。太子求援于擴廓，擴廓遣其將白鎖住以萬騎入衛，戰不利，奉太子奔太原。逾年，擴廓以太子令舉兵討孛羅，入大同，進薄大都。順帝乃襲殺孛羅於朝。擴廓從太子入覲，以為太傅、左丞相。當是時，微擴廓，太子幾殆。擴廓功雖高，起行間，驟至相位，中朝舊臣多忌之者。而擴廓久典軍，亦不樂在內，居兩月，即請出治兵，南平江、淮。詔許之，封河南王，俾總天下兵，代皇太子出征，分省中官屬之半以自隨。鹵簿甲仗互數十里，軍容甚盛。時太祖已滅陳友諒，盡有江、楚地，張士誠據淮東、浙西。擴廓知南軍強，未可輕進，乃駐軍河南，檄關中四將軍會師大舉。四將軍者，李思齊、張思道、孔興、脫列伯也。

Earlier, after Chaghan Temur had secured Shanxi and Hebei, Boluo Temur held Datong and repeatedly clashed with him over those lands; though the court ordered them to make peace, neither side would comply. Once Kuokuotiemuer had pacified Shandong, he withdrew his army and encamped at Taiyuan, where his feud with Boluo Temur resumed unchanged. At that time the courtiers Laodisha and Tujian had fallen afoul of the crown prince and fled to Boluo Temur, who sheltered them in secret. The emperor issued an edict stripping Boluo Temur of his rank and relieving him of command over his troops. Boluo Temur then rebelled, marched on the capital, killed Chief Councillor Tosi Temur, installed himself as left chief councillor, made Laodisha a grand councillor, and put Tujian in charge of the Bureau of Military Affairs. The crown prince appealed to Kuokuotiemuer for help; he sent his general Bai Suozhu with ten thousand cavalry to defend the capital, but after a defeat escorted the prince in flight to Taiyuan. More than a year later, acting on the crown prince's orders, Kuokuotiemuer marched against Boluo Temur, entered Datong, and pressed toward Dadu. Emperor Shundi then had Boluo Temur killed by surprise at court. Kuokuotiemuer accompanied the crown prince to an audience with the emperor and was appointed grand tutor and left chief councillor. At that juncture, had it not been for Kuokuotiemuer, the crown prince would almost certainly have been lost. His achievements were great, but he had risen from the army to the highest office overnight, and many long-serving courtiers resented him. Kuokuotiemuer, who had spent his career in the field, was ill at ease at court; after only two months he asked leave to take command again and pacify the Yangzi and Huai regions in the south. The emperor agreed, enfeoffed him as Prince of Henan, put all armies under his command, and sent him to campaign in the crown prince's stead, with half the Secretariat's staff assigned to his headquarters. His imperial escort and armaments stretched for miles, and the spectacle of his army was magnificent. By then the Ming founder had destroyed Chen Youliang and held the Yangzi and Chu regions; Zhang Shicheng controlled the Huai east and western Zhejiang. Knowing the southern forces were formidable, Kuokuotiemuer would not risk a hasty advance; he encamped in Henan and called on the four Guanzhong generals to muster for a major offensive. These four generals were Li Siqi, Zhang Sidao, Kong Xing, and Tuoliebo.

思齊，羅山人，與察罕同起義兵，齒位略相埒。得檄大怒曰：「吾與若父交，若發未燥，敢檄我耶！」令其下一甲不得出武關。思道等亦皆不聽調。擴廓歎曰：「吾奉詔總天下兵，而鎮將不受節制，何討賊為！」乃遣其弟脫因帖木兒以一軍屯濟南，防遏南軍，而自引兵西入關，攻思齊等。思齊等會兵長安，盟於含元殿舊基，並力拒擴廓。相持經年，數百戰未能決。順帝使使諭令罷兵，專事江、淮。擴廓欲遂定思齊等，然後引軍東。乃遣其驍將貊高趨河中，欲出不意搗鳳翔，覆思齊巢穴。貊高所將多孛羅部曲，行至衛輝，軍變，脅貊高叛擴廓，襲衛輝、彰德據之，罪狀擴廓於朝。

Li Siqi was from Luoshan; he had raised loyalist forces alongside Chaghan Temur, and the two men were peers in seniority and standing. When the summons arrived, he flew into a rage: "I was friends with your father! Your hair is scarcely dry—how dare you order me about! He ordered that not one of his companies was to march through Wuguan Pass. Zhang Sidao and the others likewise refused to answer his call. Kuokuotiemuer sighed: "I have been ordered to command all armies under heaven, yet the regional commanders will not obey me—how am I to fight the rebels? He sent his younger brother Tuoyintiemuer with one corps to hold Jinan against the southern armies, while he himself marched west through the passes to attack Li Siqi and his allies. Li Siqi and his allies massed at Chang'an, swore their pact on the ruins of the Hanyuan Hall, and united to resist Kuokuotiemuer. The stalemate lasted more than a year, with hundreds of engagements yet no decisive outcome. Emperor Shundi sent envoys ordering them to halt the internecine war and focus on the Yangzi and Huai fronts. Kuokuotiemuer wanted to finish off Li Siqi and his allies first, then turn his army eastward. He dispatched his fierce general Mo Gao toward Hezhong, planning a surprise thrust against Fengxiang to destroy Li Siqi's base. Most of Mo Gao's troops were veterans of Boluo Temur's command; at Weihui they mutinied, forced Mo Gao to turn against Kuokuotiemuer, seized Weihui and Zhangde, and laid charges against him at court.

初，太子之奔太原也，欲用唐肅宗靈武故事自立。擴廓不可。及還京師，皇后諭指令以重兵擁太子入城，脅順帝禪位。擴廓未至京三十里，留其軍，以數騎入朝。由是太子銜之，而順帝亦心忌擴廓。廷臣嘩言擴廓受命平江、淮，乃西攻關中，今罷兵不奉詔，跋扈有狀。及貊高奏至，順帝乃削擴廓太傅、中書左丞相，令以河南王就食邑汝南，分其軍隸諸將；而以貊高知樞密院事兼平章，總河北軍，賜其軍號「忠義功臣」。太子開撫軍院于京師，總制天下兵馬，專備擴廓。

When the crown prince had fled to Taiyuan, he had wanted to follow the Tang precedent of Emperor Suzong proclaiming himself at Lingwu and set up an independent regime. Kuokuotiemuer would not allow it. On their return to the capital, the empress instructed him to march the crown prince into the city at the head of a large army and force Emperor Shundi to abdicate. Thirty li short of the capital, Kuokuotiemuer left his army behind and rode into court with only a small escort. The crown prince never forgave him for this, and Emperor Shundi too came to regard him with suspicion. Court ministers clamored that Kuokuotiemuer had been charged with pacifying the south yet had turned west to fight in Guanzhong, and now refused to halt his private war—his defiance was plain for all to see. When Mo Gao's memorial reached the court, Emperor Shundi stripped Kuokuotiemuer of his posts as grand tutor and left chief councillor, ordered him as Prince of Henan to retire to his fief at Runan, and broke up his army among the other commanders; Mo Gao was made commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs and grand councillor, given overall command of the Hebei armies, and his troops were honored with the title Loyal and Righteous Meritorious Warriors. The crown prince established the Pacification Army Bureau in the capital to command all military forces, aimed specifically at countering Kuokuotiemuer.

擴廓既受詔，退軍澤州，其部將關保亦歸於朝。朝廷知擴廓勢孤，乃詔李思齊等東出關，與貊高合攻擴廓，而令關保以兵戍太原。擴廓憤甚，引軍據太原，盡殺朝廷所置官吏。於是順帝下詔盡削擴廓官爵，令諸軍四面討之。是時明兵已下山東，收大樑。梁王阿魯溫，察罕父也，以河南降。脫因帖木兒敗走，餘皆望風降遁，無一人抗者。既迫潼關，思齊等倉皇解兵西歸，而貊高、關保皆為擴廓所擒殺。順帝大恐，下詔歸罪於太子，罷撫軍院，悉復擴廓官，令與思齊等分道南討。詔下一月，明兵已逼大都，順帝北走。擴廓入援不及，大都遂陷，距察罕死時僅六年雲。

Kuokuotiemuer obeyed the edict and withdrew to Zezhou; his subordinate Guan Bao also submitted to the court. Seeing Kuokuotiemuer isolated, the court ordered Li Siqi and the others east through the passes to join Mo Gao in attacking him, while Guan Bao was told to garrison Taiyuan. Enraged, Kuokuotiemuer seized Taiyuan and executed every official the court had posted there. Emperor Shundi then stripped him of every rank and title and ordered armies on all sides to converge against him. By then Ming forces had swept into Shandong and retaken Daliang (Kaifeng). Aruwen, Prince of Liang—Chaghan Temur's father—surrendered Henan to the Ming. Tuoyintiemuer was routed and fled; the rest surrendered or scattered at the first approach of Ming troops—not one stood to fight. As Ming forces pressed Tong Pass, Li Siqi and his allies hastily disbanded and fled west; Mo Gao and Guan Bao were both captured and executed by Kuokuotiemuer. Terrified, Emperor Shundi blamed the crown prince, abolished the Pacification Army Bureau, restored all of Kuokuotiemuer's offices, and ordered him and Li Siqi to march south by separate routes. Within a month of the edict, Ming armies were at the gates of Dadu and Emperor Shundi fled north. Kuokuotiemuer could not reach the capital in time; Dadu fell—only six years after Chaghan Temur's death.

明兵已定元都，將軍湯和等自澤州徇山西。擴廓遣將禦之，戰于韓店，明師大敗。會順帝自開平命擴廓復大都，擴廓乃北出雁門，將由保安徑居庸以攻北平。徐達、常遇春乘虛搗太原，擴廓還救。部將豁鼻馬潛約降於明。明兵夜劫營，營中驚潰。擴廓倉卒以十八騎北走，明兵遂西入關。思齊以臨洮降。思道走寧夏，其弟良臣以慶陽降，既而復叛，明兵破誅之。於是元臣皆入於明，唯擴廓擁兵塞上，西北邊苦之。

Once the Ming had secured the former Yuan capital, Generals Tang He and others advanced from Zezhou into Shanxi. Kuokuotiemuer sent his generals to meet them; at Handian the Ming army was routed. Emperor Shundi, now at Kaiping (Shangdu), ordered Kuokuotiemuer to retake Dadu; he marched north through Yanmen Pass, planning to strike Beiping via Bao'an and Juyong Pass. Xu Da and Chang Yuchun exploited the opening to strike at Taiyuan, forcing Kuokuotiemuer to turn back to its relief. His subordinate Huobima secretly negotiated a surrender to the Ming. Ming troops raided the camp by night, and his army broke in panic. Kuokuotiemuer fled north with only eighteen horsemen; the Ming army then pushed west through the passes. Li Siqi surrendered at Lintao. Zhang Sidao fled to Ningxia; his brother Liangchen surrendered at Qingyang, rebelled again, and was defeated and executed by Ming forces. One by one the Yuan commanders submitted to the Ming; only Kuokuotiemuer held the northern passes with his army, and the northwestern frontier groaned under his raids.

洪武三年，太祖命大將軍徐達總大兵出西安，搗定西。擴廓方圍蘭州，趨赴之。戰于沈兒峪，大敗，盡亡其眾，獨與妻子數人北走，至黃河，得流木以渡，遂奔和林。時順帝崩，太子嗣立，復任以國事。逾年，太祖復遣大將軍徐達、左副將軍李文忠、征西將軍馮勝將十五萬眾，分道出塞取擴廓。大將軍至嶺北，與擴廓遇，大敗，死者數萬人。劉基嘗言于太祖曰：「擴廓未可輕也。」至是帝思其言，謂晉王曰：「吾用兵未嘗敗北。今諸將自請深入，敗于和林，輕信無謀，致多殺士卒，不可不戒。」明年，擴廓復攻雁門，命諸將嚴為之備，自是明兵希出塞矣。其後，擴廓從其主徙金山，卒于哈剌那海之衙庭，其妻毛氏亦自經死，蓋洪武八年也。

In Hongwu year 3 (1370), the founding emperor ordered Grand General Xu Da to lead a major force from Xi'an against Dingxi. Kuokuotiemuer was besieging Lanzhou and rushed to intercept them. At Shen'er Valley he was crushingly defeated and lost his entire force; he fled north with only his wife and a handful of companions, crossed the Yellow River on driftwood, and made for Karakorum. Emperor Shundi had by then died; the crown prince succeeded and again put him in charge of state affairs. The following year the founding emperor sent Grand General Xu Da, Left Deputy General Li Wenzhong, and Western Campaign General Feng Sheng with 150,000 men by separate routes beyond the frontier to capture Kuokuotiemuer. Xu Da reached Lingbei, met Kuokuotiemuer in battle, and was routed with tens of thousands dead. Liu Ji had once warned the founding emperor: "Kuokuotiemuer is not to be underestimated. Now the emperor recalled his warning and told the Prince of Jin: "I have never before suffered a defeat in the north. Yet my generals pressed for a deep advance on their own initiative and were beaten at Karakorum—rash and ill-advised, costing the lives of countless soldiers. This must be a lesson to us all." The following year Kuokuotiemuer attacked Yanmen Pass again; the emperor ordered his generals to hold the frontier strictly, and thereafter Ming armies rarely ventured beyond the passes. Later Kuokuotiemuer followed his sovereign to Jinshan; he died at the yamen of Karanai, and his wife Lady Mao hanged herself as well—this was in Hongwu year 8 (1375).

初，察罕破山東，江、淮震動。太祖遣使通好。元遣戶部尚書張昶、郎中馬合謀浮海如江東，授太祖榮祿大夫、江西等處行中書省平章政事，賜以龍衣禦酒。甫至而察罕被刺，太祖遂不受，殺馬合謀，以張昶才，留官之。及擴廓視師河南，太祖乃復遣使通好，擴廓輒留使者不遣。凡七致書，皆不答。既出塞，復遣人招諭，亦不應。最後使李思齊往。始至，則待以禮。尋使騎士送歸，至塞下，辭曰：「主帥有命，請公留一物為別。」思齊曰：「吾遠來無所齎。」騎士曰：「願得公一臂。」思齊知不免，遂斷與之。還，未幾死。太祖以是心敬擴廓。一日，大會諸將，問曰：「天下奇男子誰也？」皆對曰：「常遇春將不過萬人，橫行無敵，真奇男子。」太祖笑曰：「遇春雖人傑，吾得而臣之。吾不能臣王保保，其人奇男子也。」竟冊其妹為秦王妃。

When Chaghan Temur had conquered Shandong, the Yangzi and Huai regions were thrown into turmoil. The Ming founder sent envoys to propose an alliance. The Yuan court sent Minister of Revenue Zhang Chang and Director Ma Hemou by sea to Jiangdong, offering the founder the title of honored minister and grand councillor of the Jiangxi regional secretariat, along with dragon robes and imperial wine. They had scarcely arrived when Chaghan Temur was assassinated; the founder refused the Yuan titles, executed Ma Hemou, but kept Zhang Chang in office for his ability. When Kuokuotiemuer took command in Henan, the founder again sent envoys seeking peace; Kuokuotiemuer detained them and refused to let them return. He wrote seven times in all; Kuokuotiemuer never replied. After Kuokuotiemuer withdrew beyond the frontier, the founder sent envoys again to win him over; still he would not respond. Finally the founder sent Li Siqi as envoy. On his arrival Kuokuotiemuer received him with full courtesy. Soon he sent horsemen to escort him home; at the frontier they said: "Our commander bids you leave something behind as a keepsake. Li Siqi said: "I have come from far away and brought nothing with me." The horsemen said: "We would like one of your arms." Knowing he could not refuse, Li Siqi cut off his arm and gave it to them. He returned home and died not long afterward. From this the founding emperor came to respect Kuokuotiemuer in his heart. One day at a grand assembly of his generals he asked: "Who is the most remarkable man under heaven? All answered: "Chang Yuchun—he commands fewer than ten thousand men yet marches unopposed. He is the true extraordinary man." The founder laughed and said: "Chang Yuchun is a great man, yet I was able to win him to my service. But I could not win Wang Baobao—he is the true extraordinary man." In the end he enfeoffed Kuokuotiemuer's sister as consort to the Prince of Qin.

張昶仕明，累官中書省參知政事，有才辨，明習故事，裁決如流，甚見信任。自以故元臣，心嘗戀戀。會太祖縱降人北還，昶附私書訪其子存亡。楊憲得書稿以聞，下吏按問。昶大書牘背曰：「身在江南，心思塞北。」太祖乃殺之。而擴廓幕下士不屈節縱出塞者，有蔡子英。

Zhang Chang entered Ming service and rose to vice grand councillor of the Central Secretariat; gifted and eloquent, thoroughly versed in precedent, he decided cases with ease and enjoyed the founder's full trust. As a former Yuan official, his heart still yearned toward his old masters. When the founder allowed surrendered northerners to return home, Zhang attached a private letter asking after his son's welfare. Yang Xian obtained the draft and reported it; officials were ordered to investigate. Zhang wrote boldly on the back of the document: "My body is in the south, but my heart is on the northern frontier. The founder then had him executed. Among Kuokuotiemuer's retainers who refused to compromise and were eventually allowed to leave the frontier was Cai Ziying.

蔡子英

Cai Ziying

子英，永寧人，元至正中進士。察罕開府河南，辟參軍事，累薦至行省參政。元亡，從擴廓走定西。明兵克定西，擴廓軍敗，子英單騎走關中，亡入南山。太祖聞其名，使人繪形求得之，傳詣京師。至江濱，亡去，變姓名，賃舂。久之，復被獲。械過洛陽，見湯和，長揖不拜。抑之跪，不肯。和怒，爇火焚其須，不動。其妻適在洛，請與相見，子英避不肯見。至京，太祖命脫械以禮遇之，授以官，不受。退而上書曰：「陛下乘時應運，削平群雄，薄海內外，莫不賓貢。臣鼎魚漏網，假息南山。曩者見獲，復得脫亡。七年之久，重煩有司追跡。而陛下以萬乘之尊，全匹夫之節，不降天誅，反療其疾，易冠裳，賜酒饌，授以官爵，陛下之量包乎天地矣。臣感恩無極，非不欲自竭犬馬，但名義所存，不敢輒渝初志。自惟身本韋布，智識淺陋，過蒙主將知薦，仕至七命，躍馬食肉十有五年，愧無尺寸以報國士之遇。及國家破亡，又復失節，何面目見天下士。管子曰：『禮義廉恥，國之四維。』今陛下創業垂統，正當挈持大經大法，垂示子孫臣民。奈何欲以無禮義、寡廉恥之俘囚，廁諸維新之朝、賢士大夫之列哉！臣日夜思維，咎往昔之不死，至於今日，分宜自裁。陛下待臣以恩禮，臣固不敢賣死立名，亦不敢偷生苟祿。若察臣之愚，全臣之志，禁錮海南，畢其餘命，則雖死之日，猶生之年。或王蠋閉戶以自縊，李芾闔門以自屠，彼非惡榮利而樂死亡，顧義之所在，雖湯鑊有不得避也。渺焉之軀，上愧古人，死有餘恨，惟陛下裁察。」帝覽其書，益重之，館之儀曹。忽一夜大哭不止。人問其故，曰：「無他，思舊君耳。」帝知不可奪，洪武九年十二月命有司送出塞，令從故主于和林。

Ziying was from Yongning and had passed the civil examinations in the Zhizheng era. When Chaghan Temur established his headquarters in Henan, he recruited Ziying as a military aide; through repeated recommendations he rose to provincial vice administrator. When the Yuan dynasty fell, he followed Kuokuotiemuer west to Dingxi. When Ming forces took Dingxi and Kuokuotiemuer's army was routed, Ziying fled alone into Guanzhong and hid in the Qinling mountains. The founder, hearing of him, had his portrait painted and sent men to hunt him down; he was brought to the capital under escort. At the Yangzi he escaped, assumed a false name, and hired himself out as a mill hand. After a long while he was captured again. In chains he passed through Luoyang; meeting Tang He, he bowed from the waist but refused to kneel. They forced him to his knees; he would not comply. Tang He in anger set fire to his beard; Ziying did not flinch. His wife happened to be in Luoyang and asked to see him; he refused to meet her. In the capital the founder had his chains removed, received him with courtesy, and offered him office; he refused. He withdrew and submitted a memorial: "Your Majesty, seizing heaven's mandate, has crushed the rival warlords; within the four seas and beyond, all now offer tribute. I was a fish that slipped the cauldron's net and took refuge in the southern mountains. Once captured, I escaped again. For seven years your officials were again put to the trouble of hunting me down. Yet Your Majesty, sovereign of ten thousand chariots, honored a commoner's integrity—sparing me heaven's punishment, tending my illness, clothing me anew, feasting me, and offering rank and emolument. Your magnanimity embraces heaven and earth. My gratitude is boundless, and it is not that I would not serve you with my life—but where duty and honor stand, I dare not betray my first loyalty. I was but a commoner, shallow in learning, yet my commander favored me and raised me to the seventh rank; for fifteen years I rode at his side—yet I have not a span's worth of merit to repay his trust. When the state fell I failed in my duty again—what face have I to show the world's scholars? Guanzi said: 'Propriety, righteousness, integrity, and shame are the four bonds of a state.' Your Majesty is founding a dynasty to last ten thousand generations; you should uphold the great principles of governance and display them to your heirs and your people. How can you place a captive devoid of propriety, righteousness, integrity, and shame among the worthy scholars and officials of your renewing court! Day and night I blame myself that I did not die when I should have; by rights I ought to take my own life today. Your Majesty has treated me with grace; I would not court death for fame, nor cling to life for a salary. If Your Majesty sees my folly and honors my resolve—imprison me in Hainan for the rest of my days—then even in death I would count myself among the living. Wang Shu barred his door and hanged himself; Li Fu shut his household and perished with his kin—they did not despise life and court death, but where duty lay, even the boiling cauldron could not be avoided. This slight frame shames the ancients; in death I would still have regrets—only Your Majesty's judgment can decide. The emperor read his memorial and esteemed him all the more, lodging him in the Ceremonies Office. One night he suddenly wept without stopping. Asked why, he said: "Nothing else—I am thinking of my former sovereign, that is all. Seeing that his loyalty could not be swayed, in the twelfth month of Hongwu year 9 (1376) the emperor ordered officials to send him beyond the frontier to join his former master at Karakorum.

陳友定附伯顏子中等

Chen Youding (with appended biography of Bayan Zizhong and others)

陳友定，一名有定，字安國，福清人，徙居汀之清流。世業農。為人沉勇，喜遊俠。鄉里皆畏服。至正中，汀州府判蔡公安至清流募民兵討賊，友定應募。公安與語，奇之，使掌所募兵，署為黃土砦巡檢。以討平諸山寨功，遷清流縣尹。陳友諒遣其將鄧克明等陷汀、邵，略杉關。行省授友定汀州路總管禦之。戰于黃土，大捷，走克明。逾年，克明復取汀州，急攻建寧。守將完者帖木兒檄友定入援，連破賊，悉復所失郡縣。行省上其功第一，進參知政事。已，置分省于延平，以友定為平章，於是友定盡有福建八郡之地。

Chen Youding, also known as Youding, style name Anguo, was from Fuqing and later moved to Qingliu in Ting Prefecture. His family had farmed for generations. He was resolute and brave, and fond of the wandering life of a knight-errant. The whole countryside feared and obeyed him. During the Zhizheng era, Prefectural Judge Cai Gong'an of Tingzhou came to Qingliu to raise militia against bandits; Youding enlisted. Cai was impressed in conversation and put him in command of the militia, appointing him inspector of Huangtu Stockade. For pacifying the mountain strongholds he was promoted to magistrate of Qingliu County. Chen Youliang sent his generals Deng Keming and others to take Ting and Shao and overrun Shan Pass. The provincial administration appointed Youding circuit intendant of Tingzhou to resist them. At Huangtu he won a great victory and drove off Deng Keming. The following year Deng Keming retook Tingzhou and pressed the attack on Jianning. The defender Wanzh Temur summoned Youding to his aid; he repeatedly routed the rebels and recovered every lost prefecture and county. The province ranked his merit first and promoted him to vice administrator. A branch secretariat was then set up at Yanping with Youding as grand councillor, and he came to control all eight prefectures of Fujian.

友定以農家子起傭伍，目不知書。及據八郡，數招致文學知名士，如閩縣鄭定、廬州王翰之屬，留置幕下。粗涉文史，習為五字小詩，皆有意理。然頗任威福，所屬違令者輒承制誅竄不絕。漳州守將羅良不平，以書責之曰：「郡縣者，國家之土地。官司者，人主之臣役。而廥廩者，朝廷之外府也。今足下視郡縣如室家，驅官僚如圉僕，擅廥廩如私藏，名雖報國，實有鷹揚跋扈之心。不知足下欲為郭子儀乎，抑為曹孟德乎？」友定怒，竟以兵誅良。而福清宣慰使陳瑞孫、崇安令孔楷、建陽人詹翰拒友定不從，皆被殺。於是友定威震八閩，然事元未嘗失臣節。是時張士誠據浙西，方國珍據浙東，名為附元，歲漕粟大都輒不至。而友定歲輸粟數十萬石，海道遼遠，至者嘗十三四。順帝嘉之，下詔褒美。

Youding had risen from hired farm labor and could not read. Once he held the eight prefectures, he repeatedly recruited renowned scholars such as Zheng Ding of Min County and Wang Han of Luzhou to his staff. He picked up some learning and composed five-character verses that showed genuine thought. Yet he ruled with arbitrary power; subordinates who disobeyed were continually executed or banished on his own authority. Zhangzhou's defender Luo Liang took offense and wrote to rebuke him: "Prefectures and counties are the state's lands. Officials are the sovereign's servants. Granaries are the court's outer storehouses. Yet you treat prefectures as your private household, drive officials like stable boys, and hoard grain as your own treasure—though you claim to serve the state, in truth you harbor the heart of a usurper. Do you mean to be another Guo Ziyi, or another Cao Cao? Youding in fury sent troops to kill Luo Liang. The Fuqing pacification commissioner Chen Ruisun, Chong'an magistrate Kong Kai, and the Jianyang scholar Zhan Han, who refused to submit, were all killed. Youding's power now awed all Fujian, yet in his service to the Yuan he never wavered in loyalty. Zhang Shicheng held western Zhejiang and Fang Guozhen eastern Zhejiang; though nominally Yuan subjects, their annual grain shipments to Dadu rarely arrived. Youding, by contrast, shipped hundreds of thousands of piculs each year; the sea route was long and perilous, and only three or four tenths typically reached the capital. Emperor Shundi commended him and issued an edict of praise.

太祖既定婺州，與友定接境。友定侵處州。參政胡深擊走之，遂下浦城，克松溪，獲友定將張子玉，與硃亮祖進攻建寧，破其二柵。友定遣阮德柔以兵四萬屯錦江，繞出深後，斷其歸路，而自帥牙將賴政等以銳師搏戰，德柔自後夾擊。深兵敗，被執死。太祖既平方國珍，即發兵伐友定。將軍胡廷美、何文輝由江西趨杉關，湯和、廖永忠由明州海道取福州，李文忠由浦城取建寧，而別遣使至延平，招諭友定。友定置酒大會諸將及賓客，殺明使者，瀝其血酒甕中，與眾酌飲之。酒酣，誓於眾曰：「吾曹並受元厚恩，有不以死拒者，身磔，妻子戮。」遂往視福州，環城作壘。距壘五十步，輒築一台，嚴兵為拒守計。已而聞杉關破，急分軍為二，以一軍守福，而自帥一軍守延平，以相掎角。及湯和等舟師抵福之五虎門，平章曲出引兵逆戰敗，明兵緣南台蟻附登城。守將遁去，參政尹克仁、宣政使朵耳麻不屈死，僉院柏帖木兒積薪樓下，殺妻妾及二女，縱火自焚死。

Once the founder had secured Wuzhou, his territory bordered Chen Youding's. Youding invaded Chuzhou. Vice Administrator Hu Shen drove him back, took Pucheng and Songxi, captured Youding's general Zhang Ziyu, and with Zhu Liangzu advanced on Jianning and broke two of his stockades. Youding sent Ruan Derou with forty thousand men to hold Jinjiang, swung around behind Hu Shen to cut his retreat, while he himself led his crack troops under Lai Zheng in the frontal fight and Derou struck from the rear. Hu Shen's army was defeated; he was captured and executed. Once the founder had subdued Fang Guozhen, he immediately launched an offensive against Chen Youding. Generals Hu Tingmei and He Wenhui advanced from Jiangxi toward Shan Pass; Tang He and Liao Yongzhong took the sea route from Mingzhou against Fuzhou; Li Wenzhong advanced from Pucheng on Jianning; and separate envoys were sent to Yanping to offer terms. Youding held a great feast for his generals and guests, killed the Ming envoys, mixed their blood into the wine, and shared the cup with all present. When the wine was warm, he swore before them: "We have all received great favor from the Yuan; whoever does not resist to the death shall be dismembered, and his wife and children executed. He then went to Fuzhou and built ramparts around the city. Every fifty paces along the ramparts he built a watchtower and stationed troops for defense. When he heard Shan Pass had fallen, he hastily split his forces—one corps to hold Fuzhou, he himself leading the other at Yanping in mutual support. When Tang He's fleet reached Fuzhou's Wuhu Gate, Grand Councillor Qu Chu met them in battle and was defeated; Ming troops swarmed up the South Terrace wall like ants. The defender fled; Vice Administrator Yin Keren and Pacification Commissioner Duo'erma died defiant; Vice Commissioner Bo Temur piled firewood under a tower, killed his wives, concubines, and two daughters, and burned himself to death.

廷美克建甯，湯和進攻延平。友定欲以持久困之，諸將請出戰，不許。數請不已，友定疑所部將叛，殺蕭院判。軍士多出降者。會軍器局災，城中礮聲震地，明師知有變，急攻城。友定呼其屬訣曰：「大事已去，吾一死報國，諸君努力。」因退入省堂，衣冠北面再拜，仰藥死。所部爭開城門納明師。師入，趨視之，猶未絕也。舁出水東門，適天大雷雨，友定復蘇。械送京師。入見，帝詰之。友定曆聲曰：「國破家亡，死耳，尚何言。」遂並其子海殺之。

Hu Tingmei took Jianning while Tang He pressed the attack on Yanping. Youding planned to wear them down in a siege; his generals repeatedly asked to give battle, but he refused. When they pressed again and again, Youding suspected his officers of treason and executed Vice Commissioner Xiao. Soldiers began surrendering in large numbers. When the ordnance depot caught fire and cannon blasts shook the city, the Ming army sensed disorder and pressed the assault. Youding took leave of his officers: "The cause is lost; I die once to repay the Yuan—do your utmost, all of you. He withdrew to the provincial hall, dressed in full regalia, bowed twice toward the north, and took poison. His men rushed to open the gates and admit the Ming army. The troops entered and found him still alive. They carried him out the East Water Gate; a great thunderstorm broke, and Youding revived. He was sent to the capital in chains. Brought before the emperor, he was interrogated. Youding said harshly: "The state is fallen and my house destroyed—death is all that remains. What more is there to say? The emperor then had him and his son Hai executed together.

海，一名宗海，工騎射，亦喜禮文士。友定既被執，自將樂歸於軍門，至是從死。

Hai, also called Zonghai, was skilled in mounted archery and cultivated the company of scholars. After his father was captured, Hai had led troops from Jiangle to surrender at the Ming camp; now he died with his father.

元末所在盜起，民間起義兵保障鄉里，稱元帥者不可勝數，元輒因而官之。其後或去為盜，或事元不終，惟友定父子死義，時人稱完節焉。友定既死，興化、泉州皆望風納疑。獨漳州路達魯花赤迭裏彌實具公服，北面再拜，引斧斫印章，以佩刀剚喉而死。時雲「閩有三忠」，謂友定、柏帖木兒、迭裏彌實也。

At the end of the Yuan, rebels rose everywhere; local militias sprang up to defend their communities, and countless men styled themselves marshals—the Yuan court regularly enfeoffed them as officials. Later many turned bandit or abandoned their Yuan allegiance—only the Youdings, father and son, died for their cause, and contemporaries praised their unbroken loyalty. After Youding's death, Xinghua and Quanzhou surrendered at the first approach of Ming troops. Only Zhangzhou's darughachi Dielimishi, in full official regalia, bowed twice toward the north, smashed the seal with an axe, and cut his own throat with his dagger. People said Fujian had three loyal martyrs: Chen Youding, Bo Temur, and Dielimishi.

鄭定，字孟宣。好擊劍，為友定記室。及敗，浮海入交、廣間。久之，還居長樂。洪武末，累官至國子助教。王翰，字用文，仕元為潮州路總管。友定敗，為黃冠，棲永泰山中者十載。太祖聞其賢，強起之，自刎死，有子偁知名。

Zheng Ding, style name Mengxuan. He was fond of swordplay and served as Chen Youding's secretary. When Youding fell, he fled by sea to Annam and Guangdong. After many years he returned to live in Changle. By the end of the Hongwu reign he had risen to assistant instructor at the Imperial Academy. Wang Han, style name Yongwen, had served the Yuan as circuit intendant of Chaozhou. When Youding fell, he became a Daoist recluse and lived on Yongtai Mountain for ten years. The founder, hearing of his virtue, forcibly summoned him; Wang Han cut his own throat rather than serve; his son Cheng became well known.

為友定所辟者，又有伯顏子中。子中，其先西域人，後仕江西，因家焉。子中明《春秋》，五舉有司不第，行省辟授東湖書院山長，遷建昌教授。子中雖儒生，慷慨喜談兵。江西盜起，授分省都事，使守贛州，而陳友諒兵已破贛。子中倉卒募吏民，與鬥城下，不勝，脫身間道走閩。陳友定素知之，辟授行省員外郎。出奇計，以友定兵復建昌，浮海如元都獻捷。累遷吏部侍郎。持節發廣東何真兵救閩，至則真已降于廖永忠。子中跳墜馬，折一足，致軍前。永忠欲脅降之，不屈。永忠義而舍之。乃變姓名，冠黃冠，遊行江湖間。太祖求之不得，簿錄其妻子，子中竟不出。嘗齎鴆自隨，久之事浸解，乃還鄉里。洪武十二年詔郡縣舉元遺民。布政使沈立本密言子中於朝，以幣聘。使者至，子中太息曰：「死晚矣。」為歌七章，哭其祖父師友，飲鴆而死。

Another man recruited by Chen Youding was Bayan Zizhong. Zizhong's family were originally from the Western Regions; they later settled in Jiangxi after entering Yuan service. Zizhong was expert in the Spring and Autumn Annals; he failed the civil examinations five times; the province appointed him head of Donghu Academy and later professor at Jianchang. Though a scholar, Zizhong was bold and fond of military talk. When rebels rose in Jiangxi, he was made branch secretariat director and sent to defend Ganzhou—but Chen Youliang's army had already taken it. Zizhong hastily raised militia and fought below the walls but was defeated; he escaped by a secret route to Fujian. Chen Youding, who had long known him, appointed him provincial secretariat vice director. He devised a stratagem by which Youding's troops retook Jianchang, then sailed to Dadu to report the victory. He rose through promotion to vice minister of the Ministry of Personnel. Bearing imperial credentials he mobilized He Zhen's Guangdong forces to relieve Fujian; when he arrived, He Zhen had already surrendered to Liao Yongzhong. Zizhong fell from his horse and broke a leg; he was brought before the Ming army. Liao Yongzhong tried to force his surrender; he refused. Moved by his integrity, Liao Yongzhong let him go. He changed his name, became a Daoist priest, and wandered the country. The founder hunted for him in vain and registered his wife and children; Zizhong never came forward. He carried poison with him always; as the hunt eased, he returned home. In Hongwu year 12 (1379) an edict ordered local officials to recommend surviving Yuan loyalists. Provincial Commissioner Shen Liben secretly recommended him to court, and envoys were sent with gifts to engage him. When the envoys arrived, Zizhong sighed: "I have lived too long. He composed seven laments, mourned his grandfather, teachers, and friends, and drank poison.

當元亡時，守土臣仗節死者甚眾。明兵克太平，總管靳義赴水死。攻集慶，行台御史大夫福壽戰敗，嬰城固守。城破，猶督兵巷戰，坐伏龜樓指揮。左右或勸之遁，福壽叱而射之，遂死於兵。參政伯家奴、達魯花赤達尼達思等皆戰死。克鎮江，守將段武、平章定定戰死。克甯國，百戶張文貴殺妻妾自刎死。克徽州，萬戶吳訥戰敗自殺。克婺州，浙東廉訪使楊惠、婺州達魯花赤僧住戰死。克衢州，總管馬浩赴水死。石抺宜孫守處州，其母與弟厚孫先為明兵所獲，令為書招之。不聽。比克處，宜孫戰敗，走建寧，收集士卒，欲復處州。攻慶元，為耿再成所敗，還走建寧。半道遇鄉兵，被殺，部將李彥文葬之龍泉。太祖嘉其忠，遣使致祭，復其處州生祠。又祠福壽于應天，余闕于安慶，李黼于江州。闕、黼事具《元史》。

When the Yuan fell, countless territorial officials died defending their posts. When Ming forces took Taiping, Circuit Intendant Jin Yi drowned himself. Attacking Jiqing (Nanjing), Regional Censor-in-Chief Fushou was defeated and held the city in a desperate defense. When the city fell he still directed street fighting from the Tortoise Tower. When aides urged him to flee, Fushou rebuked them and shot at them, then died in the fighting. Vice Administrator Bojianu, Darughachi Danidasi, and others all fell in battle. At Zhenjiang the defender Duan Wu and Grand Councillor Dingding died fighting. At Ningguo Centurion Zhang Wengui killed his wives and concubines and cut his own throat. At Huizhou Myriarch Wu Ne was defeated and took his own life. At Wuzhou Surveillance Commissioner Yang Hui of eastern Zhejiang and Darughachi Sengzhu fell in battle. At Quzhou Circuit Intendant Ma Hao drowned himself. Shi Moyisun held Chuzhou; Ming forces captured his mother and brother Housun and forced them to write summoning him to surrender. He refused. When Chuzhou fell, Yisun was routed, fled to Jianning, gathered troops, and planned to retake Chuzhou. He attacked Qingyuan but was defeated by Geng Zaicheng and fled back toward Jianning. Halfway he was killed by village militia; his officer Li Yanwen buried him at Longquan. The founder commended his loyalty, sent envoys to offer sacrifice, and restored his shrine at Chuzhou. He also established shrines to Fushou at Yingtian (Nanjing), Yu Que at Anqing, and Li Fu at Jiangzhou. The stories of Yu Que and Li Fu are recorded in full in the History of Yuan.

其後大軍北克益都，平章普顏不花不屈死。克東昌，平章申榮自經死。真定路達魯花赤鈒納錫彰聞王師取元都，朝服登城西崖，北面再拜，投崖死。克奉元，西台御史桑哥失裏與妻子俱投崖死，左丞拜泰古逃入終南山，郎中王可仰藥死，檢校阿失不花自經死。三原縣尹硃春謂其妻曰：「吾當死以報國。」妻曰：「君能盡忠，妾豈不能盡節。」亦俱投繯死。又大軍攻永州，右丞鄧祖勝固守，食盡力窮，仰藥死。克梧州，吏部尚書普顏帖木兒戰死，張翱赴水死。克靖江，都事趙元隆、陳瑜、劉永錫，廉訪使僉事帖木兒不花，元帥元禿蠻，萬戶董醜漢，府判趙世傑皆自殺。至如劉福通、徐壽輝、陳友諒等所破郡縣，守吏將帥多死節者，已見《元史》，不具載，載其見《明實錄》者。

Later the main army took Yidu in the north; Grand Councillor Puyan Buhua died defiant. At Dongchang Grand Councillor Shen Rong hanged himself. Zhending's darughachi Qiana Xizhang, hearing the Ming had taken Dadu, dressed in court robes, climbed the west cliff, bowed north, and leaped to his death. At Fengyuan (Xi'an) Censor Sangeshili and his wife leaped from a cliff; Left Chancellor Baitaigu fled to Zhongnan Mountain; Director Wang Keyang took poison; Inspector Ashibuhua hanged himself. Sanyuan Magistrate Zhu Chun told his wife: "I must die to repay the state. She said: "If you can give your life for loyalty, how can I not give mine for honor?" They both hanged themselves. When the army attacked Yongzhou, Right Chancellor Deng Zusheng held out until food and strength were gone, then took poison. At Wuzhou Minister of Personnel Puyan Temur fell in battle and Zhang Ao drowned himself. At Jingjiang Directors Zhao Yuanlong, Chen Yu, and Liu Yongxi, Surveillance Vice Commissioner Temur Buhua, Marshal Yuantuman, Myriarch Dong Chouhan, and Prefectural Judge Zhao Shijie all took their own lives. The many officials who died defending prefectures taken by Liu Futong, Xu Shouhui, Chen Youliang, and others are recorded in the History of Yuan and are not repeated here; only those noted in the Ming Veritable Records are included.

又有劉諶，江西人，為仁壽教官。明玉珍入蜀，棄官隱瀘州。玉珍欲官之，不就。鳳山趙善璞隱深山，明玉珍聘為學士，亦不就。而張士誠破平江時，參軍楊椿挺身戰，刃交於胸，嗔目怒駡死，妻亦自經。士誠又以書幣征故左司員外郎楊乘於松江，乘具酒醴告祖禰，顧西日晴明，曰：「人生晚節，如是足矣。」夜分自經死。其親籓死事最烈者，有雲南梁王。

There was also Liu Chen of Jiangxi, an instructor at Renshou. When Ming Yuzhen entered Sichuan, he resigned and went into hiding at Luzhou. Ming Yuzhen offered him office; he refused. Zhao Shanpu of Fengshan lived as a recluse in the mountains; Ming Yuzhen offered him a post as academician, but he too refused. When Zhang Shicheng's Pingjiang fell, staff officer Yang Chun fought to the death with blades in his chest, glaring and cursing his enemies; his wife hanged herself as well. Zhang Shicheng also summoned former Left Secretariat Vice Director Yang Cheng at Songjiang with gifts; Yang offered wine to his ancestors, looked at the clear western sun, and said: "A man's final honor—this is enough. At midnight he hanged himself. Among the collateral princes, the most resolute martyr was the Prince of Liang in Yunnan.

把匝剌瓦爾密

Bazalawaermi

梁王把匝剌瓦爾密，元世祖第五子雲南王忽哥赤之裔也。封梁王，仍鎮雲南。順帝之世，天下多故，雲南僻遠，王撫治有威惠。至正二十三年，明玉珍僭號於蜀，遣兵三道來攻，王走營金馬山。明年以大理兵迎戰，玉珍兵敗退。久之，順帝北去，大都不守，中國無元尺寸地，而王守雲南自若；歲遣使自塞外達元帝行在，執臣節如故。

Prince of Liang Bazalawaermi was a descendant of Hugachi, Prince of Yunnan, fifth son of Kublai Khan. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Liang and continued to rule Yunnan. During Emperor Shundi's reign, while turmoil engulfed the realm, remote Yunnan remained stable under the prince's firm and benevolent rule. In Zhizheng year 23 (1363), Ming Yuzhen declared himself in Sichuan and sent three columns against Yunnan; the prince withdrew to Golden Horse Mountain. The following year he met them with Dali troops and routed Ming Yuzhen's army. In time Emperor Shundi fled north, Dadu fell, and not a span of Yuan territory remained in China—yet the prince held Yunnan as before; each year he sent envoys beyond the frontier to the Yuan emperor's court, maintaining his loyalty as before.

未幾，明師平四川，天下大定。太祖以雲南險僻，不欲用兵。明年正月，北平守將以所得王遣往漠北使者蘇成來獻，太祖乃命待制王禕齎詔偕成往招諭。王待禕以禮。會元嗣君遣使脫脫來征餉，脫脫疑王有他意，因脅以危語。王遂殺禕而以禮斂之。逾三年，太祖復遣湖廣參政吳雲偕大軍所獲雲南使臣鐵知院等往。知院以己奉使被執，誘雲改制書紿王。雲不從，被殺。王聞雲死，收其骨，送蜀給孤寺。

Soon Ming forces pacified Sichuan and the empire was largely settled. The founder, seeing Yunnan as remote and difficult, wished to avoid war. In the first month of the following year the Beiping garrison presented Su Cheng, an envoy the prince had sent to the northern steppe whom they had captured; the founder ordered Academician Wang Yi to carry an edict and go with Cheng to offer terms. The prince received Wang Yi with full courtesy. The Yuan heir's envoy Toto arrived to collect tribute; suspecting the prince of disloyalty, Toto threatened him. The prince then killed Wang Yi but buried him with full honors. More than three years later the founder sent Huguang Vice Administrator Wu Yun with Tiezhiyuan and other captured Yunnan envoys. Tiezhiyuan, having himself been captured on a mission, persuaded Wu Yun to alter the edict to deceive the prince. Wu Yun refused and was killed. Learning of Wu Yun's death, the prince gathered his remains and sent them to a temple in Sichuan for proper burial.

太祖知王終不可以諭降，乃命傅友德為征南將軍，藍玉、沐英為副，帥師征之。洪武十四年十二月下普定。王遣司徒平章達裏麻率兵駐曲靖。沐英引軍疾趨，乘霧抵白石江。霧解，達裏麻望見大驚。友德等率兵進擊，達裏麻兵潰被擒。先是，王以女妻大理酋段得功，嘗倚其兵力，後以疑殺之，遂失大理援。至是達裏麻敗，失精甲十余萬。王知事不可為，走普寧州之忽納砦，焚其龍衣，驅妻子赴滇池死。遂與左丞達的、右丞驢兒夜入草舍，俱自經。太祖遷其家屬于耽羅。

Seeing that the prince would never submit, the founder appointed Fu Youde Southern Campaign General, with Lan Yu and Mu Ying as deputies, to lead the expedition. In the twelfth month of Hongwu year 14 (1381) they took Puding. The prince sent Minister and Grand Councillor Dalima with troops to hold Qujing. Mu Ying advanced rapidly through the fog to Baishi River. When the fog lifted, Dalima saw the Ming army and was terrified. Fu Youde attacked; Dalima's army collapsed and he was captured. Earlier the prince had married his daughter to the Dali chieftain Duan Degong and relied on Dali's strength; later, suspecting treason, he killed Duan and lost Dali's support. With Dalima's defeat the prince lost more than one hundred thousand elite troops. Seeing that all was lost, the prince fled to Hunazhai in Puning, burned his imperial robes, and drove his wife and children into Dianchi Lake to their deaths. That night he entered a hut with Left Chancellor Dadi and Right Chancellor Lü'er, and all three hanged themselves. The founder relocated his surviving family to Jeju (Tamna).

贊曰：洪武九年，方穀珍死，宋濂奉敕撰墓碑，于一時群雄，皆直書其名，獨至察罕，曰齊國李忠襄王，順逆之理昭然可見矣。擴廓百戰不屈，欲繼先志，而齎恨以死。友定不作何真之偷生，梁王恥為納哈出之背國，要皆元之忠臣也。《詩》曰「其儀一兮，心如結兮」，《易》曰「苦節悔亡」，其伯顏子中、蔡子英之謂歟。嘗謂元歸塞外，一時從臣必有賦《式微》之章於沙漠之表者，惜其姓字湮沒，不得見於人間。然則若子英者，又豈非厚幸哉！

The historian comments: In Hongwu year 9 (1376), when Fang Guozhen died, Song Lian was ordered to compose his tomb inscription; of all the warlords of the age he recorded their names plainly—only for Chaghan Temur did he write "Prince Li, Loyal and Commendable King of Qi." The court's judgment of loyalty and treason could not be clearer. Kuokuotiemuer fought countless battles without yielding, striving to carry on Chaghan Temur's cause, yet died with his purpose unfulfilled. Chen Youding refused the craven survival of He Zhen; the Prince of Liang scorned Nahachu's betrayal of his country—all were loyal servants of the Yuan in the end. The Odes says, "Their bearing is uniform; their hearts are bound as with a knot"; the Changes says, "Bitter integrity, yet no regret"—surely this describes Bayan Zizhong and Cai Ziying. When the Yuan withdrew beyond the frontier, surely some loyal followers composed laments like "Decline" on the desert's edge—yet their names are lost and their verses never reached the world. Yet for one such as Cai Ziying, was that not the greatest fortune of all!

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