Volume 126 Biographies 14: Li Wenzhong, Deng Yu, Tang He, Mu Ying

李文忠

Li Wenzhong

李文忠，字思本，小字保兒，盱眙人，太祖姊子也。年十二而母死，父貞攜之轉側亂軍中，瀕死者數矣。逾二年乃謁太祖于滁陽。太祖見保兒，喜甚，撫以為子，令從己姓。讀書穎敏如素習。年十九，以舍人將親軍，從援池州，破天完軍，驍勇冠諸將。別攻青陽、石埭、太平、旌德，皆下之。敗元院判阿魯灰於萬年街，復敗苗軍于於潛、昌化。進攻淳安，夜襲洪元帥，降其眾千餘，授帳前左副都指揮兼領元帥府事。尋會鄧愈、胡大海之師，取建德，以為嚴州府，守之。

Li Wenzhong, whose courtesy name was Siben and childhood name Bao'er, came from Xuyi. He was the Founder's nephew, born to the Founder's elder sister. His mother died when he was twelve. His father Li Zhen led him from camp to camp through the chaos of war, and more than once the boy nearly lost his life. Only after two more years did he finally reach Chuyang and present himself to the Founder. The Founder was overjoyed to see Bao'er. He took the boy in as his own son and had him adopt the Zhu surname. In his studies he proved quick and perceptive, as if he had been at his books all his life. At nineteen he led the personal guard as an imperial attendant. On the relief march to Chizhou he shattered the Tianwan army, and none among the generals matched his daring in battle. He then led separate attacks on Qingyang, Shidi, Taiping, and Jingde, capturing every one of them. He routed the Yuan vice-censor Aru Hui at Wannian Street, then beat the Miao forces again at Yuqian and Changhua. During the assault on Chun'an he struck Marshal Hong's camp by night, took the surrender of more than a thousand troops, and was made Left Vice Commander-in-Chief of the Vanguard with concurrent charge of the Marshal's headquarters. He soon united with the forces of Deng Yu and Hu Dahai, seized Jiande, established it as Yanzhou Prefecture, and remained to defend it.

苗帥楊完者以苗、僚數萬水陸奄至。文忠將輕兵破其陸軍，取所馘首，浮巨筏上。水軍見之亦遁。完者復來犯，與鄧愈擊卻之。進克浦江，禁焚掠，示恩信。義門鄭氏避兵山谷，招之還，以兵護之。民大悅。完者死，其部將乞降，撫之，得三萬餘人。

The Miao commander Yang Wanzhe swept in by land and water with tens of thousands of Miao and Liao troops. Wenzhong led light infantry against their land force, collected the severed heads, and set them adrift on great rafts. When the enemy fleet saw the heads, it fled as well. When Wanzhe attacked again, Wenzhong and Deng Yu drove him off. He advanced and captured Pujiang, forbidding looting and burning while making a show of mercy and trustworthiness. The Zheng clan of the famed Righteous Gate had taken refuge in the hills; he called them home and posted troops to guard them. The populace rejoiced. After Wanzhe's death his officers sought surrender. Wenzhong won them over and absorbed more than thirty thousand men.

與胡大海拔諸暨。張士誠寇嚴州，禦之東門，使別將出小北門，間道襲其後，夾擊大破之。逾月，復來攻，又破之大浪灘，乘勝克分水。士誠遣將據三溪，復擊敗之，斬陸元帥，焚其壘。士誠自是不敢窺嚴州。進同僉行樞密院事。

He and Hu Dahai captured Zhuji. When Zhang Shicheng attacked Yanzhou, Wenzhong held the east gate while sending another commander through the lesser north gate to hit the enemy's rear by a side road. The double assault routed Zhang's army. A month later the enemy returned; he beat them again at Dalangtan and, riding the momentum, seized Fenshui. Shicheng sent troops to hold Sanxi, but Wenzhong defeated them once more, slew Marshal Lu, and burned their fortifications. After that Shicheng himself never again dared threaten Yanzhou. He was promoted to Associate Censor-in-Chief of the Branch Secretariat.

胡大海得漢將李明道、王漢二，送文忠所，釋而禮之，使招建昌守將王溥。溥降。苗將蔣英、劉震殺大海，以金華叛。文忠遣將擊走之，親撫定其眾。處州苗軍亦殺耿再成叛。文忠遣將屯縉雲以圖之。拜浙東行省左丞，總制嚴、衢、信、處、諸全軍事。

Hu Dahai captured the Han generals Li Mingdao and Wang Han and sent them to Wenzhong, who freed them and received them honorably, then sent them to persuade Wang Pu, the Jianchang garrison commander, to surrender. Wang Pu submitted. The Miao generals Jiang Ying and Liu Zhen murdered Hu Dahai and rose in revolt from Jinhua. Wenzhong sent officers to drive them off, then went in person to calm and reorganize the troops. The Miao forces in Chuzhou likewise killed Geng Zaicheng and rebelled. Wenzhong posted troops at Jinyun to prepare an operation against them. He was named Left Vice Minister of the Zhejiang Eastern Branch Secretariat with overall command of the armies of Yan, Qu, Xin, Chu, and Zhu prefectures.

吳兵十萬方急攻諸全，守將謝再興告急，遣同僉胡德濟往援。再興復請益兵，文忠兵少無以應。會太祖使邵榮討處州亂卒，文忠乃揚言徐右丞、邵平章將大軍刻日進。吳軍聞之懼，謀夜遁。德濟與再興帥死士夜半開門突擊，大破之，諸全遂完。

A hundred thousand Wu troops were fiercely besieging Zhu when the defender Xie Zaixing sent an urgent appeal for help. Wenzhong dispatched Associate Censor Hu Deji to the rescue. Zaixing asked again for reinforcements, but Wenzhong had too few men to spare any. Just then the Founder sent Shao Rong against the Chuzhou mutineers, and Wenzhong spread the rumor that Vice Minister Xu and Pacification Commissioner Shao were marching with a great host and would arrive within days. The Wu troops took fright at the report and plotted a night withdrawal. Deji and Zaixing led picked men in a midnight sortie through the gates and shattered the enemy, saving Zhu from capture.

明年，再興叛降于吳，以吳軍犯東陽。文忠與胡深迎戰于義烏，將千騎橫突其陣，大敗之。已，用深策去諸全五十里別築一城，以相掎角。士誠遣司徒李伯升以十六萬眾來攻，不克。逾年，復以二十萬眾攻新城。文忠帥硃亮祖等馳救，去新城十里而軍。德濟使人告賊勢盛，宜少駐以俟大軍。文忠曰：「兵在謀不在眾。」乃下令曰：「彼眾而驕，我少而銳，以銳遇驕，必克之矣。彼軍輜重山積，此天以富汝曹也。勉之。」會有白氣自東北來覆軍上，占之曰「必勝」。詰朝會戰，天大霧晦冥，文忠集諸將仰天誓曰：「國家之事在此一舉，文忠不敢愛死以後三軍。」乃使元帥徐大興、湯克明等將左軍，嚴德、王德等將右軍，而自以中軍當敵沖。會處州援兵亦至，奮前搏擊。霧稍開，文忠橫槊引鐵騎數十，乘高馳下，沖其中堅。敵以精騎圍文忠數重。文忠手所格殺甚眾，縱騎馳突，所向皆披靡。大軍乘之，城中兵亦鼓噪出，敵遂大潰。逐北數十里，斬首數萬級，溪水盡赤，獲將校六百，甲士三千，鎧仗芻粟收數日不盡，伯升僅以身免。捷聞，太祖大喜，召歸，宴勞彌日，賜禦衣名馬，遣還鎮。

The following year Zaixing defected to Wu and led Wu forces against Dongyang. Wenzhong and Hu Shen met them at Yiwu. At the head of a thousand horsemen he drove straight through their line and routed them. He then followed Shen's advice and built a second walled town fifty li from Zhu so the two posts could shield each other. Shicheng sent Minister of Works Li Bosheng with a hundred and sixty thousand men against the new town, but they failed to take it. More than a year later they returned with two hundred thousand men to assault the new town. Wenzhong hurried to the rescue at the head of Zhu Liangzu and others, halting his army ten li from the new town. Deji sent word that the enemy was too strong and urged Wenzhong to hold back until the main force arrived. Wenzhong replied, "Victory depends on strategy, not numbers." He then proclaimed to his men, "They are numerous but arrogant; we are few but fierce. Fierce troops meeting arrogant ones will surely prevail. Their wagons and supplies are piled like hills—Heaven means to make you rich today. Do your utmost." At that moment a white mist rolled in from the northeast and shrouded the army; the diviners declared it a sign of certain victory. At dawn they joined battle in pitch fog. Wenzhong assembled his officers, looked to Heaven, and swore: "The fate of the realm rests on this day. I will not hold back my life and leave the army leaderless." He placed Xu Daxing, Tang Keming, and others in command of the left wing, Yan De and Wang De of the right, and himself took the center against the enemy's main thrust. Chuzhou reinforcements arrived at the same moment and threw themselves into the fight. As the fog thinned, Wenzhong levelled his spear, led a few dozen armored horsemen down from the heights, and drove into the enemy center. Elite enemy horsemen surrounded Wenzhong in ring after ring. He killed many with his own blade, then spurred his riders forward; wherever they charged the enemy lines broke apart. The main force pressed the attack while the garrison poured out with a great clamor, and the enemy collapsed in full rout. The pursuit ran for miles. Tens of thousands were beheaded until the streams ran red. Six hundred officers, three thousand armored soldiers, and mountains of arms, armor, fodder, and grain fell into their hands—loot enough to keep men gathering for days. Bosheng alone escaped with his life. When word of the victory reached the Founder he was overjoyed. He recalled Wenzhong, feasted him for days, gave him imperial robes and fine horses, and sent him back to his post.

明年秋，大軍伐吳，令攻杭州以牽制之。文忠帥亮祖等克桐廬、新城、富陽，遂攻余杭。守將謝五，再興弟也，諭之降，許以不死。五與再興子五人出降。諸將請僇之，文忠不可。遂趨杭州，守將潘元明亦降，整軍入。元明以女樂迎，麾去之。營於麗譙，下令曰：「擅入民居者死。」一卒借民釜，斬以徇，城中帖然。得兵三萬，糧二十萬。就加榮祿大夫、浙江行省平章事，復姓李氏。大軍征閩，文忠別引軍屯浦城以逼之。師還，余寇金子隆等聚眾剽掠，文忠復討擒之，遂定建、延、汀三州。命軍中收養道上棄兒，所全活無算。

The next autumn, as the main army marched against Wu, he was ordered to strike Hangzhou and tie down the enemy's forces. Wenzhong led Liangzu and the others in capturing Tonglu, Xincheng, and Fuyang, then moved against Yuhang. The defender Xie Wu was Zaixing's younger brother. Wenzhong persuaded him to surrender and promised his life. Wu came out with Zaixing's five sons to submit. The other generals demanded their execution, but Wenzhong refused. He pressed on to Hangzhou, where Pan Yuanming also surrendered, and Wenzhong led his troops into the city in good order. Yuanming tried to greet him with singing girls and musicians; Wenzhong waved them away. He pitched camp at the ceremonial gate tower and proclaimed, "Anyone who enters a private home without leave dies." When one soldier borrowed a cooking pot from a household, Wenzhong had him beheaded as an example, and the city fell utterly quiet. He gained thirty thousand soldiers and two hundred thousand piculs of grain. He was promoted on the spot to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Pacification Commissioner of Zhejiang, and his surname was restored to Li. During the Fujian campaign he led a separate force to garrison Pucheng and pressure the enemy. After the army withdrew, remnant raiders led by Jin Zilong banded together to plunder. Wenzhong campaigned again, captured them, and secured Jian, Yan, and Ting prefectures. He ordered his troops to take in infants abandoned along the roads, saving untold lives.

洪武二年春，以偏將軍從右副將軍常遇春出塞，薄上都，走元帝，語具《遇春傳》。遇春卒，命文忠代將其軍，奉詔會大將軍徐達攻慶陽。行次太原，聞大同圍急，謂左丞趙庸曰：「我等受命而來，閫外之事苟利於國，專之可也。今大同甚急，援之便。」遂出雁門，次馬邑，敗元遊兵，擒平章劉帖木，進至白楊門。天雨雪，已駐營，文忠令移前五里，阻水自固。元兵乘夜來劫，文忠堅壁不動。質明，敵大至。以二營委之，殊死戰，度敵疲，乃出精兵左右擊，大破之，擒其將脫列伯，俘斬萬餘人，窮追至莽哥倉而還。

In the spring of Hongwu 2 he served as vice general under the Right Vice General Chang Yuchun on a campaign beyond the frontier that pressed Shangdu and drove off the Yuan emperor; the full account appears in Chang Yuchun's biography. After Yuchun's death Wenzhong was placed in command of his army and ordered to join the Great General Xu Da in the assault on Qingyang. On the march they stopped at Taiyuan. Hearing that Datong was in desperate straits, he told the Left Vice Minister Zhao Yong, "We were sent on imperial commission. Where affairs beyond the capital serve the state, we may act on our own authority. Datong is in grave peril now—relief is the right move." He marched out through Yanmen Pass, halted at Mayi, routed Yuan scouts, captured Pacification Commissioner Liu Tiemuer, and advanced to Baiyangmen. Snow and rain fell as they camped. Wenzhong ordered the army forward five li to a position backed by water where they could stand firm. Yuan forces raided by night, but Wenzhong held his lines and did not stir. At dawn the enemy came in full strength. He threw two camps into a desperate holding fight, then, judging the enemy spent, sent elite troops to strike from both flanks. The Yuan army was shattered. He captured the general Tuoleibo, killed or took more than ten thousand men, and pursued as far as Manggecang before turning back.

明年拜征虜左副將軍。與大將軍分道北征，以十萬人出野狐嶺，至興和，降其守將。進兵察罕腦兒，擒平章竹真。次駱駝山，走平章沙不丁。次開平，降平章上都罕等。時元帝已崩，太子愛猷識裏達臘新立。文忠諜知之，兼程趨應昌。元嗣君北走，獲其嫡子買的立八剌暨後妃宮人諸王將相官屬數百人，及宋、元玉璽金寶十五，玉冊二，鎮圭、大圭、玉帶、玉斧各一。出精騎窮追至北慶州而還。道興州，擒國公江文清等，降三萬七千人。至紅羅山，又降楊思祖之眾萬六千餘人。獻捷京師，帝御奉天門受朝賀。大封功臣，文忠功最，授開國輔運推誠宣力武臣，特進榮祿大夫、右柱國、大都督府左都督，封曹國公，同知軍國事，食祿三千石，予世券。

The following year he was named Left Vice General of the Pacification Campaign. He and the Great General marched north by separate routes. With a hundred thousand men he crossed Wild Fox Ridge, reached Xinghe, and accepted the surrender of its garrison commander. He advanced to Chahan Nur and captured Pacification Commissioner Zhuzhen. At Camel Mountain he put Pacification Commissioner Shabuding to flight. At Kaiping he received the surrender of Pacification Commissioner Shangduhan and others. By then the Yuan emperor was dead and the crown prince Ayushiridara had just ascended the throne. Wenzhong learned this through his spies and forced the march to Yingchang. The new Yuan ruler fled north. Wenzhong seized his legitimate son Buyandalba along with several hundred consorts, palace women, princes, generals, ministers, and officials, fifteen jade seals and gold treasures of Song and Yuan, two jade books, and the ceremonial regalia—the scepters, jade belt, and jade axe, one of each. He sent elite cavalry in pursuit all the way to Northern Qingzhou before turning back. Passing Xingzhou he captured Duke of the State Jiang Wenqing and others and took the surrender of thirty-seven thousand men. At Hongluo Mountain he received the surrender of more than sixteen thousand men under Yang Sizu. He presented his victory in the capital, and the emperor received the court's congratulations at the Fengtian Gate. In the great enfeoffment of meritorious ministers Wenzhong ranked first. He received the title Martial Minister Who Assists the Founding, Promotes the Fortune, Extends Sincerity, and Proclaims Merit; was specially promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness; made Right Pillar of the State and Left Commissioner-in-Chief of the Chief Military Commission; enfeoffed as Duke of Cao with concurrent charge of state affairs; granted three thousand piculs of income; and awarded a hereditary patent of privilege.

四年秋，傅友德等平蜀，令文忠往拊循之。築成都新城，發軍戍諸郡要害，乃還。明年復以左副將軍由東道北征，出居庸，趨和林，至口溫，元人遁。進至臚朐河，令部將韓政等守輜重，而自帥大軍，人齎二十日糧，疾馳至土剌河。元太師蠻子哈剌章悉眾渡河，列騎以待。文忠引軍薄之，敵稍卻。至阿魯渾河，敵來益眾。文忠馬中流矢，下馬持短兵鬥。指揮李榮以所乘馬授文忠，而自奪敵馬乘之。文忠得馬，益殊死戰，遂破敵，虜獲萬計。追奔至稱海，敵兵復大集。文忠乃斂兵據險，椎牛饗士，縱所獲馬畜於野。敵疑有伏，稍稍引去。文忠亦引還，失故道。至桑哥兒麻，乏水，渴甚，禱於天。所乘馬跑地，泉湧出，三軍皆給，乃刑牲以祭。遂還。是役也，兩軍勝負相當，而宣甯侯曹良臣，指揮使周顯、常榮、張耀俱戰死，以故賞不行。

In the autumn of the fourth year, after Fu Youde and others pacified Shu, Wenzhong was sent to pacify and reassure the people there. He built the new walled city of Chengdu, posted troops at key points throughout the prefectures, and then returned. The next year he again marched north as Left Vice General by the eastern route, crossed Juyong Pass toward Karakorum, reached Kökö Temür, and the Yuan forces fled. He advanced to the Luchin River, left Han Zheng and others to guard the baggage train, and himself led the main force—each man carrying twenty days' rations—in a forced march to the Tula River. The Yuan Grand Preceptor Mangqu Harachin brought his whole army across the river and drew up his cavalry to meet them. Wenzhong pressed his army forward; the enemy gave ground. At the Aruhun River the enemy forces grew ever thicker. An arrow struck his mount. He dismounted and fought on foot with a short weapon. Commander Li Rong gave Wenzhong his own horse and wrested a mount from the enemy for himself. Mounted again, Wenzhong fought with redoubled fury and routed the enemy, taking captives and booty by the tens of thousands. The pursuit carried to Chenghai, where the enemy massed again in strength. He drew his men into strong ground, feasted them on slaughtered oxen, and turned the captured herds loose on the plain. The enemy suspected an ambush and slowly drew off. Wenzhong withdrew as well, but lost his way. At Sanggermah they ran out of water and were parched with thirst; he prayed to Heaven. His horse pawed the earth and a spring burst forth. The whole army was saved. He sacrificed animals in thanks. Then he marched home. In that campaign both sides could claim something like a draw, yet Marquis of Xuanning Cao Liangchen and the commanders Zhou Xian, Chang Rong, and Zhang Yao all fell in battle, so no rewards were issued.

六年行北平、山西邊，敗敵於三角村。七年遣部將分道出塞。至三不剌川，俘平章陳安禮。至順甯、楊門，斬真珠驢。至白登，擒太尉不花。其秋帥師攻大寧、高州，克之，斬宗王朵朵失裏，擒承旨百家奴。追奔至氈帽山，擊斬魯王，獲其妃及司徒答海等。進師豐州，擒元故官十二人，馬駝牛羊甚眾，窮追至百幹兒乃還。是後屢出備邊。

In the sixth year he patrolled the Beiping and Shanxi frontier and defeated the enemy at Sanjiao Village. In the seventh year he sent subordinate generals on separate sorties beyond the frontier. At the Sanbula River he captured Pacification Commissioner Chen Anli. At Shunning and Yangmen he slew Zhenzhulu. At Baideng he took Grand Marshal Buhua prisoner. That autumn he attacked Daning and Gaozhou, captured both, slew Prince Duoduoshili, and took Grand Secretary Baijianu prisoner. The pursuit reached Zhanmao Mountain, where he killed the Prince of Lu and seized his consort, Minister of Works Dahai, and others. He advanced to Fengzhou, took twelve former Yuan officials, and vast herds of horses, camels, cattle, and sheep, pursuing as far as Baiganer before turning back. After that he campaigned repeatedly on the frontier.

十年命與韓國公李善長議軍國重事。十二年，洮州十八番族叛，與西平侯沐英合兵討平之，築城東籠山南川，置洮州衛。還言西安城中水鹼鹵不可飲，請鑿地引龍首渠入城以便汲，從之。還掌大都督府兼領國子監事。

In the tenth year he was ordered to join the Duke of Han, Li Shanchang, in deliberating on major affairs of state and war. In the twelfth year the eighteen Fan tribes of Taozhou rebelled. With Marquis of Xiping Mu Ying he suppressed them, built a city south of Donglong Mountain's eastern ridge, and established Taozhou Guard. On his return he reported that Xi'an's water was brackish and undrinkable and asked to tap the Longshou Canal into the city; the emperor approved. He resumed charge of the Chief Military Commission and concurrently directed the Directorate of Education.

文忠器量沉宏，人莫測其際。臨陣踔厲曆風發，遇大敵益壯。頗好學問，常師事金華范祖幹、胡翰，通曉經義，為詩歌雄駿可觀。初，太祖定應天，以軍興不給，增民田租，文忠請之，得減額。其釋兵家居，恂恂若儒者，帝雅愛重之。家故多客，嘗以客言，勸帝少誅戮，又諫帝征日本，及言宦者過盛，非天子不近刑人之義。以是積忤旨，不免譴責。十六年冬遂得疾。帝親臨視，使淮安侯華中護醫藥。明年三月卒，年四十六。帝疑中毒之，貶中爵，放其家屬于建昌衛，諸醫並妻子皆斬。親為文致祭，追封岐陽王，諡武靖。配享太廟，肖像功臣廟，位皆第三。父貞前卒，贈隴西王，諡恭獻。

Wenzhong's bearing was deep and immeasurable; no one could plumb his inner mind. In battle he surged forward like a rising gale, and the greater the foe the fiercer he became. He loved learning, studied under Fan Zugan and Hu Han of Jinhua, mastered the classics, and wrote poetry of bold, striking force. When the Founder took Yingtian, war costs drove him to raise the land tax. Wenzhong petitioned for relief and the levy was cut. At home in retirement he was courteous and mild as a scholar, and the emperor held him in special regard. His house had long entertained many guests. Through them he urged the emperor to kill less, opposed the Japanese campaign, and warned that too many eunuchs violated the principle that the Son of Heaven should not keep men subject to mutilation close at hand. Such counsel repeatedly offended the throne and brought him reprimand. In the winter of the sixteenth year he fell gravely ill. The emperor visited him in person and sent Marquis of Huai'an Hua Zhong to supervise his treatment. He died the following third month, aged forty-six. The emperor suspected poison. He degraded Hua Zhong, exiled the household to Jianchang Guard, and executed the physicians and their families. The emperor wrote the sacrificial text himself, posthumously enfeoffed him as Prince of Qiyang, and gave him the posthumous name Wujing. He was given a place in the Imperial Ancestral Temple sacrifices and a portrait in the Hall of Meritorious Ministers, each in the third rank. His father Zhen had died earlier and was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Longxi with the posthumous name Gongxian.

文忠三子，長景隆，次增枝、芳英，皆帝賜名。增枝初授勳衛，擢前軍左都督。芳英官至中都正留守。

Wenzhong had three sons: Jinglong the eldest, then Zengzhi and Fangying, all given their names by the emperor. Zengzhi first served in the Guard of Meritorious Service and rose to Left Commissioner-in-Chief of the Vanguard Army. Fangying became Chief Defender of the Central Capital.

景隆，小字九江。讀書通典故。長身，眉目疏秀，顧盼偉然。每朝會，進止雍容甚都，太祖數目屬之。十九年襲爵，屢出練軍湖廣、陝西、河南，市馬西番。進掌左軍都督府事，加太子太傅。

Jinglong, whose childhood name was Jiujiang. In his studies he mastered precedent and classical allusion. He was tall, with refined brows and eyes, and carried himself with imposing presence. At court his bearing was dignified and graceful, and the Founder often fixed his gaze on him. In the nineteenth year he inherited the title, repeatedly drilled troops in Huguang, Shaanxi, and Henan, and bought horses in the Western Territories. He was put in charge of the Left Military Commission and made Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent.

建文帝即位，景隆以肺腑見親任，嘗被命執周王橚。及燕兵起，長興侯耿炳文討燕失利，齊泰、黃子澄等共薦景隆。乃以景隆代炳文為大將軍，將兵五十萬北伐。賜通天犀帶，帝親為推輪，餞之江滸，令一切便宜行事。景隆貴公子，不知兵，惟自尊大，諸宿將多怏怏不為用。景隆馳至德州，會兵進營河間。燕王聞之喜，語諸將曰：「李九江，紈綺少年耳，易與也。」遂命世子居守，戒勿出戰，而自引兵援永平，直趨大寧。景隆聞之，進圍北平。都督瞿能攻張掖門，垂破。景隆忌能功，止之。及燕師破大寧，還軍擊景隆。景隆屢大敗，奔德州，諸軍皆潰。明年正月，燕王攻大同，景隆引軍出紫荊關往救，無功而還。帝慮景隆權尚輕，遣中官齎璽書賜黃鉞弓矢，專征伐。方渡江，風雨舟壞，賜物盡失，乃更制以賜。四月，景隆大誓師於德州，會武定侯郭英、安陸侯吳傑等於真定，合軍六十萬，進營白溝河。與燕軍連戰，復大敗，璽書斧鉞皆委棄，走德州，復走濟南。斯役也，王師死者數十萬人，南軍遂不支，帝始詔景隆還。黃子澄慚憤，執景隆于朝班，請誅之以謝天下。燕師渡江，帝旁皇甚，方孝孺復請誅景隆。帝皆不問。使景隆及尚書茹瑺、都督王佐如燕軍，割地請和。燕兵屯金川門，景隆與谷王橞開門迎降。

When the Jianwen Emperor came to the throne, Jinglong was trusted as close kin and once ordered to arrest Prince of Zhou Zhu Su. When the Prince of Yan rebelled, Marquis of Changxing Geng Bingwen was defeated in the northern campaign; Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng, and others recommended Jinglong in his place. Jinglong replaced Bingwen as Great General and marched north with five hundred thousand men. The emperor gave him a belt of penetrating-heaven rhinoceros horn, pushed his chariot wheel in farewell at the riverbank, and authorized him to act at his own discretion. Jinglong was a pampered noble who knew nothing of war and lorded it over his betters; the veteran generals resented him and would not follow willingly. He galloped to Dezhou, gathered his forces, and advanced to camp at Hejian. The Prince of Yan was delighted and told his generals, "Li Jiujiang is only a silken youth—easy prey." He left the heir to hold the city, forbade him to give battle, and marched himself to relieve Yongping and seize Daning. Jinglong heard and advanced to besiege Beiping. Commissioner-in-Chief Qu Neng attacked the Zhangye Gate and nearly broke through. Jinglong, jealous of his success, ordered him to halt. When the Yan forces took Daning and turned back against Jinglong, Jinglong suffered repeated defeats and fled to Dezhou while his armies collapsed. The next first month the Prince of Yan struck Datong. Jinglong marched through Zijing Pass to relieve it, accomplished nothing, and returned. Fearing Jinglong still lacked authority, the emperor sent a eunuch with an imperial seal, the yellow battle-axe, and bow and arrows, granting him sole command. Crossing the river, a storm wrecked his boats and the gifts were lost; replacements were made and sent. In the fourth month he swore a great oath at Dezhou, joined Marquis of Wuding Guo Ying, Marquis of Anlu Wu Jie, and others at Zhending with six hundred thousand men, and camped on the Baigou River. Battle after battle ended in rout. He abandoned the imperial seal, edict, axe, and regalia, fled to Dezhou, then to Jinan. Hundreds of thousands of imperial troops died in that campaign. The southern armies could no longer hold, and the emperor recalled Jinglong. Huang Zicheng, shamed and furious, seized Jinglong in court and demanded his execution to appease the realm. As the Yan army crossed the Yangzi the emperor was desperate; Fang Xiaoru again demanded Jinglong's death. The emperor refused both times. He sent Jinglong with Minister of Revenue Ru Yao and Commissioner-in-Chief Wang Zuo to the Yan camp to offer territory and sue for peace. When the Yan army reached the Jinchuan Gate, Jinglong and Prince Gu Zhu Hui opened the gates in surrender.

燕王即帝位，授景隆奉天輔運推誠宣力武臣、特進光祿大夫、左柱國，增歲祿千石。朝廷有大事，景隆猶以班首主議，諸功臣咸不平。永樂二年，周王發其建文時至邸受賂事，刑部尚書鄭賜等亦劾景隆包藏禍心，蓄養亡命，謀為不軌。詔勿問。已，成國公硃能、吏部尚書蹇義與文武群臣，廷劾景隆及弟增枝逆謀有狀，六科給事中張信等復劾之。詔削勳號，絕朝請，以公歸第，奉長公主祀。亡何，禮部尚書李至剛等復言：「景隆在家，坐受閽人伏謁如君臣禮，大不道；增枝多立莊田，蓄僮僕無慮千百，意叵測。」於是奪景隆爵，並增枝及妻子數十人錮私第，沒其財產。景隆嘗絕食旬日不死，至永樂末乃卒。

When the Prince of Yan became emperor he confirmed Jinglong as Martial Minister Who Assists Heaven, Promotes the Fortune, Extends Sincerity, and Proclaims Merit, made him Grand Master of Glorious Blessings and Left Pillar of the State, and added a thousand piculs to his income. On great state occasions Jinglong still spoke first among the ministers, to the resentment of the founding generals. In Yongle 2 the Prince of Zhou exposed bribes Jinglong had taken during the Jianwen years; Minister of Justice Zheng Ci and others impeached him for treason, sheltering fugitives, and plotting rebellion. An edict ordered the charges dropped. Later Duke of Cheng Zhu Neng, Minister of Personnel Jian Yi, and the civil and military officials jointly impeached Jinglong and Zengzhi in open court; supervising secretaries led by Zhang Xin impeached them again. He was stripped of his merit title, barred from court, and sent home as a duke to tend the Senior Princess's rites. Soon Minister of Rites Li Zhigang reported that Jinglong at home received obeisance from his gatekeepers as from subjects to a ruler, while Zengzhi amassed estates and kept bond servants by the thousands, their intentions beyond reckoning." Jinglong was stripped of his rank; Zengzhi, his wife, children, and dozens of kin were imprisoned at home and their property seized. Jinglong once fasted ten days without dying; he finally expired only at the end of Yongle.

正統十三年始下詔令增枝等啟門第，得自便。弘治初，錄文忠後，以景隆曾孫璿為南京錦衣衛世指揮使。卒，子濂嗣。卒，子性嗣。嘉靖十一年詔封性為臨淮侯，祿千石。逾年卒，無子，復以濂弟沂紹封。卒，子庭竹嗣。屢典軍府，提督操江，佩平蠻將軍印，鎮湖廣。卒，子言恭嗣。守備南京，入督京營，累加少保。言恭，字惟寅，好學能詩，折節寒素。子宗城，少以文學知名。萬曆中，倭犯朝鮮，兵部尚書石星主封貢，薦宗城才，授都督僉事，充正使，持節往，指揮楊方亨副之。宗城至朝鮮釜山，倭來益眾，道路籍籍，言且劫二使。宗城恐，變服逃歸。而方亨渡海，為倭所辱。宗城下獄論戍，以其子邦鎮嗣侯。明亡，爵絕。

In Zhengtong 13 an edict finally let Zengzhi and the others leave their confinement freely. Early in Hongzhi Wenzhong's line was restored; Jinglong's great-grandson Xuan became hereditary Commander of the Nanjing Brocade Guard. He died and his son Lian succeeded. He died and his son Xing succeeded. In Jiajing 11 an edict enfeoffed Xing as Marquis of Linhuai with a thousand piculs of income. He died within a year without an heir, and Lian's younger brother Yi inherited the title. He died and his son Tingshu succeeded. He repeatedly directed military offices, supervised Yangzi training, bore the Pacification General's seal, and garrisoned Huguang. He died and his son Yangong succeeded. He defended Nanjing, supervised the capital garrison, and rose to Junior Guardian. Yangong, courtesy name Weiyin, loved learning and poetry and treated the poor with courtesy. His son Zongcheng was known early for literary talent. During the Wanli reign, when Japan invaded Korea, Minister of War Shi Xing favored tribute and investiture, recommended Zongcheng, appointed him Vice Commissioner-in-Chief and chief envoy with credentials, and sent Commander Yang Fangheng as deputy. Zongcheng reached Pusan in Korea as Japanese forces grew; rumor spread that the envoys would be seized. Terrified, Zongcheng disguised himself and fled home. Fangheng crossed the sea and was shamed by the Japanese. Zongcheng was imprisoned and sentenced to exile; his son Bangzhen inherited the title. When the Ming fell, the line ended.

鄧愈，虹人。初名友德，太祖為賜名。父順興，據臨濠，與元兵戰死，兄友隆代之，復病死，眾推愈領軍事。愈年甫十六，每戰必先登陷陣，軍中鹹服其勇。太祖起滁陽，愈自盱眙來歸，授管軍總管。從渡江。克太平，破擒陳野先，略定溧陽、溧水，下集慶，取鎮江，皆有功。進廣興翼元帥，出守廣德州，破長槍帥謝國璽於城下，俘其總管武世榮，獲甲士千人。移鎮宣州，以其兵取績溪，與胡大海克徽州，遷行樞密院判官守之。

Deng Yu came from Hong County. He was originally named Youde; the Founder gave him the name Yu. His father Shunxing had held Linhao and was killed fighting Yuan forces. His elder brother Youlong took over but soon died of illness, and the troops pressed Yu to assume command. Yu was only sixteen, yet in every battle he was the first to charge the enemy lines, and the whole army came to respect his valor. When the Founder raised his banner at Chuyang, Yu came from Xuyi to join him and was made Military Commandant. He crossed the Yangzi with the army. He helped capture Taiping, defeat and seize Chen Yexian, pacify Liyang and Lishui, take Jiqing, and seize Zhenjiang, distinguishing himself in each campaign. Promoted to Marshal of the Broad Expansion Wing, he garrisoned Guangde Prefecture, routed the Long Spear chieftain Xie Guoxi beneath the walls, captured his commandant Wu Shirong, and took a thousand armored troops. Transferred to garrison Xuanzhou, he seized Jixi with his own forces, joined Hu Dahai in capturing Huizhou, and was promoted to Acting Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs to hold the city.

苗帥楊完者以十萬眾來攻，守禦單弱，愈激勵將士，與大海合擊，破走之。進拔休寧、婺源，獲卒三千，徇下高河壘。與李文忠、胡大海攻建德，道遂安，破長槍帥餘子貞，逐北至淳安，又破其援兵，遂克建德。楊完者來攻，破擒其將李副樞，降溪洞兵三萬。逾月，復破完者于烏龍嶺。再遷僉行樞密院事。

When the Miao chieftain Yang Wanzhe attacked with a hundred thousand men, the garrison was badly outnumbered; Yu rallied his troops, joined Hu Dahai in a combined assault, and drove the enemy off. He advanced to take Xiuning and Wuyuan, captured three thousand troops, and subdued the fort at Gaohe. With Li Wenzhong and Hu Dahai he attacked Jiande, routed the Long Spear chieftain Yu Zizhen at Suian, pursued him north to Chun'an, smashed his reinforcements, and finally took Jiande. When Yang Wanzhe attacked again, he routed and captured his general Vice Censor-in-Chief Li and received the surrender of thirty thousand indigenous troops. A month later he defeated Wanzhe again at Wulong Ridge. He received a further promotion to Associate Commissioner of the Acting Bureau of Military Affairs.

略臨安，李伯升來援，敗之閑林寨。遣使說降饒州守將於光，遂移守饒。饒濱彭蠡湖，與友諒接境，數來侵，輒擊卻之。進江南行省參政，總制各翼軍馬。取浮梁，徇樂平，餘幹、建昌皆下。

He subdued Lin'an; when Li Bosheng marched to its relief, he routed him at Xianlin Stockade. He sent envoys to persuade Raozhou's defender Yu Guang to surrender, then moved to garrison the prefecture. Raozhou lay on Poyang Lake and bordered Chen Youliang's domain; whenever the enemy raided, he beat them back. Promoted to Administrative Vice Commissioner of the Jiangnan Branch Secretariat, he took overall command of the wing armies. He seized Fuliang, subdued Leping, and brought Yuyu and Jianchang under control.

友諒撫州守將鄧克明為吳宏所攻，遣使偽降以緩師。愈知其情，卷甲夜馳二百里，比明入其城。克明出不意，單騎走。愈號令嚴肅，秋毫不犯，遂定撫州。克明不得已降。會友諒丞相胡廷瑞獻龍興路，改洪都府，以愈為江西行省參政守之，而命降將祝宗、康泰以所部從。二人初不欲降，及奉命從徐達攻武昌，遂反。舟次女兒港，趨還，乘夜破新城門而入。愈倉卒聞變，以數十騎走，數與賊遇。從騎死且盡，窘甚。連易三馬，馬輒踣。最後得養子馬乘之，始得奪撫州門以出，奔還應天。太祖弗之罪也。既而徐達還師復洪都，復命愈佐大都督硃文正鎮之。其明年，友諒眾六十萬入寇，樓船高與城等，乘漲直抵城下，圍數百重。愈分守撫州門，當要衝。友諒親督眾來攻，城壞且三十餘丈，愈且築且戰。敵攻益急，晝夜不解甲者三月。太祖自將來援，圍始解，論功與克敵等。太祖已平武昌，使愈帥兵徇江西未附州縣。鄧克明之弟志清據永豐，有卒二萬。愈擊破之，擒其大帥五十餘人。從常遇春平沙坑、麻嶺諸寨，進兵取吉安，圍贛州，五月乃克之。進江西行省右丞，時年二十八。兵興，諸將早貴未有如愈與李文忠者。

Chen Youliang's Fuzhou defender Deng Keming, besieged by Wu Hong, sent envoys feigning surrender to stall the attack. Yu saw through the ruse, wrapped his armor and rode two hundred li through the night, entering the city at dawn. Taken completely by surprise, Keming fled alone on horseback. Yu enforced strict discipline and forbade the slightest looting, and so secured Fuzhou. Keming had no choice but to surrender. When Chen Youliang's chancellor Hu Tingrui surrendered Longxing Circuit, renamed Hongdu Prefecture, Yu was made Administrative Vice Commissioner of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat to hold it, with the surrendered generals Zhu Zong and Kang Tai ordered to follow with their troops. The two had never truly wished to submit; ordered to join Xu Da's assault on Wuchang, they rebelled. Their fleet had reached Daughters' Harbor when they turned back, broke through the New City Gate under cover of night, and seized the city. Yu learned of the revolt in sudden alarm and fled with a few dozen horsemen, clashing repeatedly with the rebels. His escort was nearly wiped out, and he was in desperate peril. He changed mounts three times in a row, and each horse collapsed beneath him. At last he mounted his adopted son's horse, broke through the Fuzhou Gate, and escaped back to Yingtian. The Founder did not hold it against him. When Xu Da marched back and retook Hongdu, Yu was again ordered to assist Grand Commander Zhu Wenzhong in its defense. The next year Chen Youliang invaded with six hundred thousand men; his tower ships stood as high as the walls, and riding the flood they swept straight to the city, wrapping it in layer upon layer of siege. Yu was posted at the Fuzhou Gate, the city's most critical point. Chen Youliang personally led the assault; the wall was breached for more than thirty zhang, yet Yu fought on even as he rebuilt it. The enemy pressed harder and harder; for three months the defenders never laid aside their armor, day or night. The Founder came in person to relieve the city, and the siege was finally broken; when rewards were distributed, Yu received credit on par with the chief victors. Once the Founder had pacified Wuchang, he sent Yu to subdue the Jiangxi prefectures and counties still holding out. Deng Keming's younger brother Zhiqing held Yongfeng with twenty thousand troops. Yu smashed his force and captured more than fifty of his senior commanders. With Chang Yuchun he pacified the stockades at Shakeng, Maling, and elsewhere, marched on Ji'an, besieged Ganzhou, and took it only after five months. He was promoted to Right Vice Director of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat at the age of twenty-eight. In the founding wars, no general had risen to eminence as young as Yu and Li Wenzhong.

愈為人簡重慎密，不憚危苦，將軍嚴，善撫降附。其徇安福也，部卒有虜掠者。判官潘樞入謁，面責之。愈驚起謝，趣下令掠民者斬，索軍中所得子女盡出之。樞因閉置空舍中，自坐舍外，作糜食之。卒有謀乘夜劫取者，愈鞭之以徇。樞悉護遣還其家，民大悅。已而遇春克襄陽，以愈為湖廣行省平章鎮其地，賜以書曰：「爾戍襄陽，宜謹守法度。山寨來歸者，兵民悉仍故籍，小校以下悉令屯種，且耕且戰。爾所戍地鄰擴廓，若爾愛加於民，法行於軍，則彼所部皆將慕義來歸，如脫虎口就慈母。我賴爾如長城，爾其勉之！」愈披荊棘，立軍府營屯，拊循招徠，威惠甚著。

Yu was plain, grave, and discreet, unafraid of hardship; he commanded with strict discipline yet knew how to win over those who surrendered. During his subjugation of Anfu, some of his troops looted the populace. Judge Pan Shu came to see him and rebuked him to his face. Yu rose in alarm and apologized, immediately ordered looters executed, and had every woman and child seized by his troops returned. Pan Shu housed the victims in empty quarters, sat outside himself, and prepared gruel for them. When some soldiers plotted to seize the victims by night, Yu had them flogged as a public warning. Pan Shu saw them all safely home, and the people were overjoyed. Soon Chang Yuchun took Xiangyang, and Yu was made Pacification Commissioner of the Huguang Branch Secretariat to hold the region. The Founder wrote him: "As you garrison Xiangyang, you must strictly uphold the law. For stockade people who submit, soldiers and civilians alike shall keep their old registers; all ranks below company commander shall farm garrison lands, fighting even as they plow. Your post borders Köke Temür's domain. If you show the people kindness and enforce discipline in the army, his followers will come over in admiration of your righteousness, as though escaping a tiger's jaws to find a mother's embrace. I depend on you as on the Great Wall— do your utmost!" Yu cleared the wilderness, established headquarters and garrison farms, and won people through kindness and firm rule; his reputation for justice and benevolence spread far.

吳元年建御史台，召為右御史大夫，領台事。洪武元年兼太子諭德。大軍經略中原，愈為征戍將軍，帥襄、漢兵取南陽以北未附州郡。遂克唐州，進攻南陽，敗元兵於瓦店，逐北抵城下，遂克之，擒史國公等二十六人。隋、葉、舞陽、魯山諸州縣相繼降。攻下牛心、光石、洪山諸山寨，均、房、金、商之地悉定。三年，以征虜左副副將軍從大將軍出定西。擴廓屯車道峴，愈直抵其壘，立柵逼之，擴廓敗走。分兵自臨洮進克河州，招諭吐蕃諸酋長，宣慰何鎖南普等皆納印請降。追豫王至西黃河，抵黑松林，破斬其大將。河州以西朵甘、烏斯藏諸部悉歸附。出甘肅西北數千里而還。論功授開國輔運推誠宣力武臣、特進榮祿大夫、右柱國，封衛國公，同參軍國事，歲祿三千石，予世券。

In the first year of the Wu regime the Censorate was established, and he was summoned as Right Censor-in-Chief to head it. In Hongwu 1 he also served as Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. As the main army advanced into the Central Plains, Yu served as Expeditionary Garrison General, leading Xiang and Han forces to seize the prefectures north of Nanyang still holding out. He took Tangzhou, advanced on Nanyang, routed Yuan forces at Wadian, pursued them to the city walls, and captured the city, seizing Duke of State Shi and twenty-six others. Sui, Ye, Wuyang, Lushan, and neighboring prefectures and counties surrendered one after another. He reduced the stockades at Niuxin, Guangshi, Hongshan, and elsewhere, bringing the regions of Jun, Fang, Jin, and Shang fully under control. In the third year he served as Left Associate Vice General of the Expeditionary Force against the Barbarians and marched west with the Grand General. Köke Temür encamped at Chedao Xian; Yu marched straight to his lines, threw up palisades to hem him in, and drove him off in defeat. Detaching a force from Lintao, he took Hezhou and summoned the Tibetan chieftains; Pacification Commissioner He Suonanpu and others all surrendered their seals. He pursued the Prince of Henan to the Western Yellow River, reached Black Pine Forest, and killed his chief general in battle. All the Do-Kham and Ü-Tsang tribes west of Hezhou submitted. He marched several thousand li into northwestern Gansu before returning. For his achievements he received the titles Founding Merit Minister Who Assists the Dynasty, Promotes Sincerity, and Proclaims Strength in War, Special Advancement Grand Master of Glorious Blessings, and Right Pillar of the State; he was enfeoffed Duke of Weiguo with a voice in state affairs, an income of three thousand piculs, and a hereditary patent of privilege.

四年伐蜀，命愈赴襄陽練軍馬，運糧給軍士。五年，辰、澧諸蠻作亂，以愈為征南將軍，江夏侯周德興、江陰侯吳良為副。討之。愈帥楊璟、黃彬出澧州，克四十八洞，又捕斬房州反者。六年，以右副將軍從徐達巡西北邊。十年，吐番川藏為梗，剽貢使，愈以征西將軍偕副將軍沐英討之。分兵為三道，窮追至昆侖山，俘斬萬計，獲馬牛羊十余萬，留兵戍諸要害乃還。道病，至壽春卒，年四十一。追封甯河王，諡武順。長子鎮嗣，改封申國公，以征南副將軍平永新龍泉山寇。再出塞，有功。其妻，李善長外孫也，善長敗，坐奸黨誅。弟銘錦衣衛指揮僉事，征蠻，卒於軍。有子源為鎮後。弘治中，授源孫炳為南京錦衣衛世指揮使。嘉靖十一年詔封炳子繼坤定遠侯。五傳至文明，崇禎末，死流賊之難。

In the fourth year, during the campaign against Shu, he was ordered to Xiangyang to train troops and horses and supply the army with grain. In the fifth year, when the Chen and Li tribes rebelled, Yu was made General of the Southern Expedition, with Marquis of Jiangxia Zhou Dexing and Marquis of Jiangyin Wu Liang as his deputies. He marched to put down the uprising. Yu led Yang Jing and Huang Bin from Lizhou, took forty-eight cave settlements, and captured and executed the rebels of Fangzhou. In the sixth year he served as Right Vice General and joined Xu Da in patrolling the northwest frontier. In the tenth year, when Tibetan bandits on the Sichuan-Tibet route harassed the frontier and robbed tribute envoys, Yu was made General of the Western Expedition and, with Vice General Mu Ying, sent to suppress them. He split his force into three columns, pursued the enemy to Kunlun Mountain, killed and captured tens of thousands, took more than a hundred thousand horses, cattle, and sheep, garrisoned the key passes, and returned. He fell ill on the march, reached Shouchun, and died at forty-one. He was posthumously enfeoffed Prince of Ninghe with the posthumous name Wushun, Martial and Orderly. His eldest son Zhen succeeded him; the title was changed to Duke of Shen, and as Vice General of the Southern Expedition he pacified the bandits of Longquan Mountain in Yongxin. He campaigned beyond the frontier again with distinction. His wife was Li Shanchang's granddaughter by marriage; when Shanchang fell, she was executed as an accomplice in the treasonous faction. His younger brother Ming served as Assistant Commander of the Brocade Guard; he died on campaign against the tribes. His son Yuan inherited the title after Zhen. During Hongzhi, Yuan's grandson Bing was made hereditary Commander of the Nanjing Brocade Guard. In Jiajing 11 an edict enfeoffed Bing's son Jikun as Marquis of Dingyuan. The line passed five generations to Wenming, who perished in the rebel turmoil at the end of Chongzhen.

湯和，字鼎臣，濠人，與太祖同里閈。幼有奇志，嬉戲嘗習騎射，部勒群兒。及長，身長七尺，倜儻多計略。郭子興初起，和帥壯士十余人歸之，以功授千戶。從太祖攻大洪山，克滁州，授管軍總管。從取和州。時諸將多太祖等夷，莫肯為下。和長太祖三歲，獨奉約束甚謹，太祖甚悅之。從定太平，獲馬三百。從擊陳野先，流矢中左股，拔矢復鬥，卒與諸將破擒野先。別下溧水、句容，從定集慶。從徐達取鎮江，進統軍元師。徇奔牛、呂城，降陳保二。取金壇、常州，以和為樞密院同僉守之。

Tang He, courtesy name Dingchen, came from Hao and grew up in the same neighborhood as the Founder. Even as a boy he showed unusual ambition, practicing riding and archery in play and drilling the other children. Grown to manhood, he stood seven chi tall, carried himself with easy boldness, and was full of stratagems. When Guo Zixing first raised his banner, He brought more than ten stalwart followers to join him and, for his service, was made commander of a thousand. He followed the Founder in the assault on Dahong Mountain, helped take Chuzhou, and was made Military Commandant. He joined in the capture of Hezhou. At the time many generals regarded themselves as the Founder's equals and refused to submit to him. Though three years older than the Founder, he alone submitted to discipline with scrupulous loyalty, and the Founder was deeply pleased. He helped pacify Taiping and captured three hundred horses. In the assault on Chen Yexian a stray arrow struck his left thigh; he pulled it out and kept fighting, and in the end he and the other generals routed and captured Yexian. On separate operations he took Lishui and Jurong, then joined in the pacification of Jiqing. He joined Xu Da in capturing Zhenjiang and was promoted to Marshal of the Army. He subdued Beniu and Lücheng and received the surrender of Chen Bao'er. Jintan and Changzhou were captured, and Tang He was made Vice Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs to hold them.

常與吳接境，張士誠間諜百出，和防禦嚴密，敵莫能窺。再寇，再擊卻之，俘斬千計。進攻無錫，大破吳軍於錫山，走莫天祐，獲其妻子，進中書左丞。以舟師徇黃楊山，敗吳水軍，獲千戶四十九人，拜平章政事。援長興，與張士信戰城下。城中兵出夾擊，大敗之，俘卒八千，解圍而還。討平江西諸山寨。永新守將周安叛，進擊敗之，連破其十七寨，圍城三月，克之，執安以獻，還守常州。從大軍伐士誠，克太湖水寨，下吳江州，圍平江，戰於閶門，飛礮傷左臂，召還應天，創愈復往，攻克之，論功賜金帛。

Changzhou lay on the border with Wu, and Zhang Shicheng sent spies in every direction, but He's defenses were so tight that the enemy could find no opening. When they raided again, he drove them back again, and prisoners and slain enemies numbered in the thousands. He advanced on Wuxi and shattered the Wu army at Xishan, putting Mo Tianyou to flight and taking his wife and children captive; for this he was promoted to Left Vice Director of the Secretariat. Leading a fleet against Huangyang Mountain, he crushed the Wu navy, took forty-nine thousand-household commanders prisoner, and was made Grand Councillor. He marched to relieve Changxing and battled Zhang Shixin under the city walls. When garrison troops sallied out in a pincer attack, he routed them completely, took eight thousand prisoners, broke the siege, and withdrew. He subdued the mountain strongholds throughout Jiangxi. When Zhou An, the Yongxin garrison commander, rebelled, he advanced, defeated him, stormed seventeen stockades in a row, and after a three-month siege took the city, seized Zhou An and sent him up as a captive, then returned to hold Changzhou. He joined the main army against Zhang Shicheng, took the Taihu water fort and Wujiang Prefecture, and besieged Pingjiang. At Chang Gate a flying bomb wounded his left arm; recalled to Yingtian, he returned once healed, captured the city, and was rewarded with gold and silk for his service.

大軍方北伐，命造舟明州，運糧輸直沽。海多颶風，輸鎮江而還。拜偏將軍。從大將軍西征，與右副將軍馮勝自懷慶逾太行，取澤、潞、晉、絳諸州郡。從大將軍拔河中。明年，渡河入潼關，分兵趨涇州，使部將招降張良臣，既而叛去。會大軍圍慶陽，執斬之。又明年，復以右副副將軍從大將軍敗擴廓於定西，遂定寧夏，逐北至察罕腦兒，擒猛將虎陳，獲馬牛羊十余萬。徇東勝、大同、宣府皆有功。還，授開國輔運推誠宣力武臣、榮祿大夫、柱國，封中山侯，歲祿千五百石，予世券。

While the main army marched north, he was ordered to build ships at Mingzhou and carry grain to Zhigu. Storms were frequent at sea, so he delivered the grain as far as Zhenjiang and turned back. He was made Vice General. On the western campaign under the Grand General, he and Right Vice General Feng Sheng crossed the Taihang from Huaqing and captured Ze, Lu, Jin, Jiang, and the other prefectures and commanderies there. He joined the Grand General in capturing Hedong. The next year he crossed the river into Tong Pass, dispatched a detachment toward Jingzhou, and had a subordinate induce Zhang Liangchen to surrender, but Liangchen soon rebelled and broke away. When the main army besieged Qingyang, he was captured and executed. The following year, again serving as Right Vice Vice General under the Grand General, he defeated Köke Temür at Dingxi, pacified Ningxia, pursued the enemy north to Chaghan-naur, captured the fierce general Hu Chen, and seized more than a hundred thousand horses, cattle, and sheep. On campaigns through Dongsheng, Datong, and Xuanfu he distinguished himself each time. On returning he received the titles Founding Martial Minister Who Aids the Dynasty with Sincere Merit, Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, and Pillar of the State; he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Zhongshan with a stipend of fifteen hundred shi and given a hereditary patent of nobility.

四年拜征西將軍，與副將軍廖永忠帥舟師溯江伐夏。夏人以兵扼險，攻不克。江水暴漲，駐師大溪口，久不進，而傅友德已自秦、隴深入，取漢中。永忠先驅破瞿塘關，入夔州。和乃引軍繼之，入重慶，降明升。師還，友德、永忠受上賞，而和不及。明年從大將軍北伐，遇敵於斷頭山，戰敗，亡一指揮，帝不問。尋與李善長營中都宮闕。鎮北平，甓彰德城。征察罕腦兒，大捷。九年，伯顏帖木兒為邊患，以征西將軍防延安。伯顏乞和，乃還。十一年春，進封信國公，歲祿三千石，議軍國事。數出中都、臨清、北平練軍伍，完城郭。十四年以左副將軍出塞，征乃兒不花，破敵灰山營，獲平章別裏哥、樞密使久通而還。十八年，思州蠻叛，以征虜將軍從楚王討平之，俘獲四萬，擒其酋以歸。

In the fourth year he was made General Who Conquers the West and, with Vice General Liao Yongzhong, led a fleet up the Yangzi to attack Xia. Xia forces held the mountain passes, and the assault failed. The river rose in flood, and the army lingered at Daxi Pass without advancing for a long time, even as Fu Youde had already pushed deep from Qin and Long and taken Hanzhong. Yongzhong led the vanguard through Qutang Pass and into Kuizhou. He then brought his army up after him, entered Chongqing, and accepted the surrender of Ming Sheng. When the army returned, Youde and Yongzhong received the highest honors, but He was passed over. The next year he joined the Grand General's northern campaign; at Duan Tou Mountain they met the enemy, were defeated, and lost a commander, yet the Emperor did not reproach him. Soon afterward he joined Li Shanchang in constructing the palace at the Central Capital. He garrisoned Beiping and rebuilt the walls of Zhangde with brick. On the campaign against Chaghan-naur he scored a great victory. In the ninth year, with Boyan Temür raiding the frontier, he served as General Who Conquers the West and defended Yan'an. When Boyan sued for peace, he withdrew. In the spring of the eleventh year he was promoted to Duke of Xin with a stipend of three thousand shi and given a voice in deliberations on military and state affairs. He went out again and again to the Central Capital, Linqing, and Beiping to drill troops and finish the city defenses. In the fourteenth year he crossed the frontier as Left Vice General to campaign against Nayirbuqa, smashed the enemy camp at Mount Hui, captured Grand Councillor Berke and Bureau Commissioner Jiutong, and returned. In the eighteenth year, when the Si tribes rebelled, he served as General Who Subdues Barbarians under the Prince of Chu, pacified them, took forty thousand captives, and brought back their chieftain in chains.

和沉敏多智數，頗有酒過。守常州時，嘗請事于太祖，不得，醉出怨言曰：「吾鎮此城，如坐屋脊，左顧則左，右顧則右。」太祖聞而銜之。平中原師還論功，以和征閩時放遣陳友定餘孽，八郡復擾，師還，為秀蘭山賊所襲，失二指揮，故不得封公。伐蜀還，面數其逗撓罪。頓首謝，乃已。其封信國公也，猶數其常州時過失，鐫之券。于時，帝春秋浸高，天下無事，魏國、曹國皆前卒，意不欲諸將久典兵，未有以發也。和以間從容言：「臣犬馬齒長，不堪復任驅策，願得歸故鄉，為容棺之墟，以待骸骨。」帝大悅，立賜鈔治第中都，並為諸公、侯治第。

He was shrewd and resourceful, though he had a weakness for wine. While holding Changzhou he once asked to see the Founder and was refused; drunk, he went out grumbling, "I hold this city as one sits on a roof ridge—look left and I turn left, look right and I turn right. The Founder heard of this and never forgot it. When merits were weighed after the Central Plains campaign, he was denied a ducal title because during his Min campaign he had released Chen Youding's remaining followers, eight prefectures were thrown into turmoil again, and on the march home his force was ambushed at Xiulan Mountain and lost two commanders. When he returned from the Shu campaign, the Emperor confronted him face to face and listed his crimes of delay and slackness. He kowtowed in apology, and the Emperor let the matter rest. Even when he was enfeoffed as Duke of Xin, his old misconduct at Changzhou was still recounted and carved into the patent of nobility. By then the Emperor was growing old, the realm was at peace, and the Dukes of Wei and Cao had already died; he wanted no general to hold command too long, but had found no occasion to act. Seizing a suitable moment, he said gently, "Your servant's years have grown long; I can no longer bear to be driven in your service. I wish to return home and prepare a place for my coffin, there to await my bones. The Emperor was delighted, immediately granted paper money for a mansion at the Central Capital, and had residences built for the other dukes and marquises as well.

既而倭寇上海，帝患之，顧謂和曰：「卿雖老，強為朕一行。」和請與方鳴謙俱。鳴謙，國珍從子也，習海事，常訪以禦倭策。鳴謙曰：「倭海上來，則海上御之耳。請量地遠近，置衛所，陸聚步兵，水具戰艦，則倭不得入，入亦不得傅岸。近海民四丁籍一以為軍，戍守之，可無煩客兵也。」帝以為然。和乃度地浙西東，並海設衛所城五十有九，選丁壯三萬五千人築之，盡發州縣錢及籍罪人貲給役。役夫往往過望，而民不能無擾，浙人頗苦之。或謂和曰：「民讟矣，奈何？」和曰：「成遠算者不恤近怨，任大事者不顧細謹，復有讟者，齒吾劍。」逾年而城成。稽軍次，定考格，立賞令。浙東民四丁以上者，戶取一丁戍之，凡得五萬八千七百餘人。明年，閩中並海城工竣，和還報命，中都新第亦成。和帥妻子陛辭，賜黃金三百兩、白金二千兩、鈔三千錠、彩幣四十有副，夫人胡氏賜亦稱是。並降璽書褒諭，諸功臣莫得比焉。自是和歲一朝京師。

Before long Japanese pirates struck Shanghai; troubled by this, the Emperor turned to He and said, "Though you are old, do this one service for me. He asked permission to take Fang Mingqian with him. Mingqian was a nephew of Fang Guozhen and knew maritime affairs well; the Emperor often consulted him on how to repel the pirates. Mingqian said, "When the Japanese come from the sea, they must be met on the sea. Measure the distances along the coast, establish guard stations, mass infantry on land and ready warships on the water, and the Japanese will neither enter nor, if they enter, reach the shore. Draft one man in four from coastal households for garrison duty, and there will be no need to rely on outside troops. The Emperor agreed that this was sound. He then surveyed western and eastern Zhejiang, built fifty-nine coastal guard-station fortresses, drafted thirty-five thousand strong young men to construct them, and spent every penny from the prefectures and counties plus the registered property of convicts to pay for the work. Labor quotas were often exceeded, yet the people could not escape hardship, and the people of Zhejiang suffered sorely. Someone said to him, "The people are cursing you—what will you do? He replied, "One who plans for the long term does not worry about present resentment; one charged with great affairs does not fuss over small niceties. If anyone curses again, let him taste my sword." Within a year the fortifications were finished. He reviewed military ranks, set standards for evaluation, and issued reward regulations. From households in eastern Zhejiang with four adult males or more, one man per household was drafted for garrison duty, yielding fifty-eight thousand seven hundred-odd men in all. The next year the coastal fortifications in Min were finished as well; he returned to report completion of his mission, and his new mansion at the Central Capital was also ready. He brought his wife and children to court to take leave; he was granted three hundred taels of gold, two thousand taels of silver, three thousand ingots of paper money, and forty pairs of brocade bolts, and Lady Hu received the same. An imperial patent of praise was also issued, and none of the other meritorious ministers could compare with him. From then on he came to the capital once each year to pay court.

二十三年朝正旦，感疾失音。帝即日臨視，惋歎久之，遣還裏。疾小間，復命其子迎至都，俾以安車入內殿，宴勞備至，賜金帛禦膳法酒相屬。二十七年，病浸篤不能興。帝思見之，詔以安車入覲，手拊摩之，與敘裏閈故舊及兵興艱難事甚悉。和不能對，稽首而已。帝為流涕，厚賜金帛為葬費。明年八月卒，年七十，追封東甌王，諡襄武。

In the twenty-third year he came for the New Year's audience, fell ill, and lost his voice. That same day the Emperor came in person to see him, sighed long in sorrow, and sent him home. When his illness eased, the Emperor again had his son bring him to the capital, received him in the inner hall in a comfortable carriage, entertained him with every honor, and showered him with gold, silk, imperial meals, and ceremonial wine. In the twenty-seventh year his illness worsened until he could no longer rise. Longing to see him, the Emperor ordered him brought to court in a comfortable carriage, stroked him with his own hand, and spoke at length of old neighbors, old friends, and the hardships of the founding wars. He could not answer and could only kowtow. The Emperor wept for him and generously granted gold and silk for his burial. The next year, in the eighth month, he died at seventy; he was posthumously enfeoffed as King of Dong'ou with the posthumous title Xiangwu.

和晚年益為恭慎，入聞國論，一語不敢外泄。媵妾百餘，病後悉資遣之。所得賞賜，多分遺鄉曲，見布衣時故交遺老，歡如也。當時公、侯諸宿將坐奸党，先後麗法，稀得免者，而和獨享壽考，以功名終。嘉靖間，東南苦倭患，和所築沿海城戍，皆堅緻，久且不己，浙人賴以自保，多歌思之。巡按御史請於朝，立廟以祀。

In his later years he grew ever more deferential and cautious; when he heard state deliberations, he never let a word slip outside. He kept more than a hundred concubines; after his illness he settled them all and sent them away. Most of what he received in rewards he gave away to neighbors at home, and when he met old friends and elders from his days in plain cloth, he was as warm as ever. At that time the old generals who were dukes and marquises, caught up in factional crimes, were one after another executed, and few escaped; He alone lived out a long life and ended his days in honor. During the Jiajing reign the southeast suffered greatly from Japanese piracy; the coastal fortresses He had built were solid and tight, enduring for years without crumbling, and the people of Zhejiang relied on them to defend themselves and sang his praises in remembrance. The touring censor memorialized the court, and a temple was established in his honor.

和五子。長子鼎為前軍都督僉事，從征雲南，道卒。少子醴，積功至左軍都督同知，征五開，卒於軍。鼎子晟，晟子文瑜，皆早世，不得嗣。英宗時，文瑜子傑乞嗣爵，竟以曆四十餘年未襲，罷之。傑無子，以弟倫之子紹宗為後。孝宗錄功臣後，授紹宗南京錦衣衛世指揮使。嘉靖十一年封靈璧侯，食祿千石。傳子至孫世隆，隆慶中協守南京，兼領後府，改提督漕運，曆四十餘年，以勞加太子太保，進少保。卒，諡僖敏。傳爵至明亡乃絕。

Tang He had five sons. His eldest son Ding served as Vice Commissioner of the Vanguard Army; he joined the Yunnan campaign and died on the march. His youngest son Li rose through merit to Left Vice Commissioner of the Army; on a campaign to Wukai he died in service. Ding's son Sheng and Sheng's son Wenyü both died young, so the line could not pass down. During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, Wenyü's son Jie petitioned to inherit the title, but because more than forty years had passed without succession, the claim was denied. Jie had no son and adopted his brother Lun's son Shaozong as his heir. Emperor Xiaozong enrolled descendants of meritorious ministers and made Shaozong hereditary commander of the Nanjing Embroidered Uniform Guard. In the eleventh year of the Jiajing reign he was made Marquis of Lingbi with a stipend of a thousand shi. The title passed to his son and then to his grandson Shilong; during the Longqing reign Shilong helped defend Nanjing, concurrently headed the Rear Military Commission, was transferred to supervise grain transport on the Grand Canal, served more than forty years, and for his service was promoted to Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent and then Junior Mentor of the State. When he died he was posthumously titled Ximin. The title passed down until the fall of the Ming, and then ended.

和曾孫胤勣，字公讓。為諸生，工詩，負才使氣。巡撫尚書周忱使作啟事，即席具數萬言。忱薦之朝。少保于謙召詢古今將略及兵事，胤勣應對如響。累授錦衣千戶。偕中書舍人趙榮通問英宗於沙漠，脫脫不花問中朝事，慷慨酬答不少屈。景泰中，用尚書胡濙薦，署指揮僉事。天順中，錦衣偵事者摭胤勣舊事以聞，謫為民。成化初，復故官。三年擢署都指揮僉事，為延綏東路參將，分守孤山堡。孤山最當寇沖，胤勣奏請築城聚糧，增兵戍守。未報，寇大至。胤勣病，力疾上馬，陷伏死。事聞，贈祭如例。

He's great-grandson Yinji, whose courtesy name was Gongrang. He was a licentiate, skilled in poetry, proud of his gifts and quick to take offense. Grand Coordinator Minister Zhou Chen had him draft a memorial report, and on the spot he produced tens of thousands of words. Zhou Chen recommended him to the court. Junior Mentor Yu Qian summoned him to question him on military stratagems ancient and modern and on matters of war, and Yinji answered as swiftly as an echo. He rose through successive appointments to commander of a thousand in the Embroidered Uniform Guard. Together with Secretariat Drafting Officer Zhao Rong he went to the desert to visit Emperor Yingzong; when Totoqon questioned him about affairs at court, he answered boldly without yielding. During the Jingtai reign, on Minister Hu Ying's recommendation, he was appointed acting Vice Commander. During the Tianshun reign, Embroidered Uniform Guard investigators dredged up Yinji's old affairs and reported them, and he was reduced to commoner status. At the start of the Chenghua reign he was restored to his former post. In the third year he was promoted to acting Vice Commander-in-Chief, appointed Regional Vice Commander on the Eastern Route of Yan-sui, and assigned to hold Gushan Fort. Gushan stood squarely in the raiders' path; Yinji memorialized asking to fortify the place, stockpile grain, and reinforce the garrison. Before any answer arrived, the enemy struck in overwhelming numbers. Though ill, Yinji dragged himself into the saddle, rode into an ambush, and was killed. When the court learned what had happened, he was granted the usual posthumous honors and sacrificial rites.

沐英，字文英，定遠人。少孤，從母避兵，母又死。太祖與孝慈皇后憐之，撫為子，從硃姓。年十八，授帳前都尉，守鎮江。稍遷指揮使，守廣信。已，從大軍征福建，破分水關，略崇安，別破閔溪十八寨，縛馮穀保。始命復姓。移鎮建甯，節制邵武、延平、汀州三衛。尋遷大都督府僉事，進同知。府中機務繁積，英年少明敏，剖決無滯。後數稱其才，帝亦器重之。

Mu Ying, whose courtesy name was Wenying, came from Dingyuan. He lost his father while still a boy and fled the fighting with his mother; she too soon died. The founding emperor and Empress Xiaoci took pity on the boy, adopted him as a son, and he took the Zhu surname. At eighteen he was made Captain of the Guard before the imperial tent and assigned to hold Zhenjiang. Before long he was promoted to commander and posted to defend Guangxin. Later he joined the main army on the Fujian campaign, stormed Fenshui Pass, overran Chong'an, separately reduced eighteen stockades along Min Creek, and captured Feng Gubao. Only then was he ordered to take back his original surname. He was transferred to Jianning, where he commanded the garrisons of Shaowu, Yanping, and Tingzhou. Soon afterward he was made Commissioner of the Chief Military Commission and then promoted to Vice Commissioner. Business at the commission was heavy, but though still young Ying was sharp and quick, and his decisions never stalled. His superiors soon began praising his talent again and again, and the emperor came to rely on him heavily.

洪武九年命乘傳詣關、陝，抵熙河，問民疾苦，事有不便，更置以聞。明年充征西副將軍，從衛國公鄧愈討吐番，西略川、藏，耀兵昆侖。功多，封開國輔運推誠宣力武臣、榮祿大夫、柱國、西平侯，食祿二千五百石，予世券。明年拜征西將軍，討西番，敗之土門峽。徑洮州，獲其長阿昌失納，築城東籠山，擊擒酋長三副使癭嗉子等，平朵甘納兒七站，拓地數千里，俘男女二萬、雜畜二十余萬，乃班師。元國公脫火赤等屯和林，數擾邊。十三年命英總陝西兵出塞，略亦集乃路，渡黃河，登賀蘭山，涉流沙，七日至其境。分四翼夜擊之，而自以驍騎沖其中堅。擒脫火赤及知院愛足等，獲其全部以歸。明年，又從大將軍北征，異道出塞，略公主山長寨，克全寧四部，度臚朐河，執知院李宣，盡俘其眾。

In the ninth year of Hongwu he was sent by relay post to the frontier passes and Shaanxi, as far as the Xihé region, to inquire into the people's hardships; wherever he found burdensome arrangements he revised them and reported back to the throne. The next year he served as vice general on the western expedition, following Duke of Weiguo Deng Yu against the Tibetans, pushing west into Sichuan and Tibet and parading his forces at Kunlun. For his many achievements he was enfeoffed as a founding minister who supports the state through sincere martial service, with the titles Grand Master for Glorious Emolument and Pillar of the State, made Marquis of Xiping with a stipend of 2,500 shi, and granted a hereditary patent of investiture. The next year he was made general on the western expedition, marched against the western tribes, and routed them at Tumen Gorge. He pressed on to Taozhou, captured their leader Achangshina, built a fort on Donglong Mountain, defeated and captured the chieftains' three vice-envoys including Yingsuozi, pacified the seven stations of Duogannar, extended Ming territory by thousands of li, took twenty thousand men and women captive along with more than two hundred thousand head of livestock, and then withdrew. Yuan princes such as Tuo Huozhe were encamped at Karakorum and repeatedly raided the frontier. In the thirteenth year Ying was ordered to lead Shaanxi troops beyond the frontier; he overran the Yijinai route, crossed the Yellow River, climbed Helan Mountain, crossed drifting sands, and reached enemy territory in seven days. He split his force into four wings and struck by night, while he himself led elite cavalry straight at the enemy center. He captured Tuo Huozhe and Court Commissioner Aizhu among others and returned with their entire following. The next year he again joined the grand general on the northern expedition, marching out by a separate route; he overran the long stockade at Gongzhu Mountain, subdued the four divisions of Quanning, crossed the Lüju River, seized Court Commissioner Li Xuan, and took all his followers captive.

尋拜征南右副將軍，同永昌侯藍玉從將軍傅友德取雲南。元梁王遣平章達裏麻以兵十余萬拒于曲靖。英乘霧趨白石江。霧霽，兩軍相望，達裏麻大驚。友德欲渡江，英曰：「我兵罷，懼為所扼。」乃帥諸軍嚴陳，若將渡者。而奇兵從下流濟，出其陳後，張疑幟山谷間，人吹一銅角。元兵驚擾。英急麾軍渡江，以善泅者先之，長刀斫其軍。軍卻，師畢濟。鏖戰良久，復縱鐵騎，遂大敗之，生擒達裏麻，僵屍十餘里。長驅入雲南，梁王走死，右丞觀音保以城降，屬郡皆下。獨大理倚點蒼山、洱海，扼龍首、龍尾二關。關故南詔築，土酋段世守之。英自將抵下關，遣王弼由洱水東趨上關，胡海由石門間道渡河，扳點蒼山而上，立旗幟。英亂流斬關進，山上軍亦馳下，夾擊，擒段世，遂拔大理。分兵收未附諸蠻，設官立衛守之。回軍，與友德會滇池，分道平烏撒、東川、建昌、芒部諸蠻，立烏撒、畢節二衛。土酋楊苴等復煽諸蠻二十余萬圍雲南城。英馳救，蠻潰竄山谷中，分兵捕滅之，斬級六萬。明年詔友德及玉班師，而留英鎮滇中。

Soon afterward he was made right vice general on the southern expedition and, together with Marquis of Yongchang Lan Yu, followed General Fu Youde to conquer Yunnan. The Yuan Prince of Liang sent Pingzhang Dalima with more than a hundred thousand men to hold Qujing. Ying used the cover of fog to rush to the Baishi River. When the fog lifted the two armies stood face to face, and Dalima was badly shaken. Youde wanted to cross the river at once, but Ying said, "Our men are spent—we'll be strangled if we try. So he drew up his troops in tight order, as though he meant to ford the river. Meanwhile his surprise force crossed downstream and struck from behind; decoy banners filled the valleys, and every man blew a bronze horn. The Yuan army broke into panic and confusion. Ying immediately ordered the crossing, sending the best swimmers ahead to hack at the enemy with long knives. The enemy fell back, and the whole army got across. After a long, savage fight he unleashed his armored cavalry and broke them completely, taking Dalima alive; the dead lay stiff for more than ten li. They swept deep into Yunnan; the Prince of Liang fled to his death; Right Chancellor Guanyin Bao surrendered the city, and every subordinate prefecture submitted. Only Dali remained, sheltered by Cangshan and Erhai Lake and holding the two passes of Longshou and Longwei. The passes had been built long ago by Nanzhao, and the native chieftain Duan Shi now held them. Ying himself led the main force to Xianguan; he sent Wang Bi east along Erhai toward Shangguan, and Hu Hai by a hidden route through Shimen to cross the river, climb Cangshan, and raise banners. Ying fought through the swirling current, broke the pass, and pressed forward while the troops on the mountain charged down; caught in the pincer, Duan Shi was captured and Dali fell. He sent detachments to bring in tribes still holding out, then appointed officials and established garrisons to hold the region. On the march back he joined Youde at Dianchi Lake; by separate routes they pacified the tribes of Wusa, Dongchuan, Jianchang, and Mangbu and established the garrisons of Wusa and Bijie. Native chieftains such as Yang Ju again stirred up more than two hundred thousand tribesmen to besiege Yunnan City. Ying raced to the rescue; the tribes broke and fled into the mountains; he sent detachments to hunt them down and took sixty thousand heads. The next year an edict recalled Youde and Yu, while Ying was left to hold Dianzhong.

十七年，曲靖亦佐酋作亂，討降之。因定普定、廣南諸蠻，通田州糧道。二十年平浪穹蠻，奉詔自永寧至大理，六十里設一堡，留軍屯田。明年，百夷思倫發叛，誘群蠻入寇摩沙勒寨，遣都督甯正擊破之。二十二年，思倫發復寇定邊，眾號三十萬。英選騎三萬馳救，置火砲勁弩為三行。蠻驅百象，被甲荷欄盾，左右挾大竹為筒，筒置標槍，銳甚。英分軍為三，都督馮誠將前軍，甯正將左，都指揮同知湯昭將右。將戰，令曰：「今日之事，有進無退。」因乘風大呼，駮弩併發，象皆反走。昔剌亦者，寇梟將也，殊死鬥，左軍小卻。英登高望之，取佩刀，命左右斬帥首來。左帥見一人握刀馳下，恐，奮呼突陣。大軍乘之，斬馘四萬餘人，生獲三十七象，餘象盡殪。賊渠帥各被百餘矢，伏象背以死。思倫發遁去，諸蠻震懼，麓川始不復梗。已，會穎國公傅友德討平東川蠻，又平越州酋阿資及廣西阿赤部。是年冬，入朝，賜宴奉天殿，賚黃金二百兩、白金五千兩、鈔五百錠、彩幣百疋，遣還。陛辭，帝親拊之曰：「使我高枕無南顧憂者，汝英也。」還鎮，再敗百夷于景東。思倫發乞降，貢方物。阿資又叛，擊降之。南中悉定。使使以兵威諭降諸番，番部有重譯入貢者。

In the seventeenth year the chieftain Yizuo at Qujing rebelled; Ying marched against him and forced his submission. He then pacified the tribes of Puding and Guangnan and secured the grain route to Tianzhou. In the twentieth year he pacified the Pinglangqiong tribes; by imperial order he built a fort every sixty li from Yongning to Dali and left troops to farm the garrison lands. The next year the Baiyi chieftain Silunfa rebelled and incited the tribes to raid Mosha Stockade; Ying sent Regional Commander Ning Zheng, who defeated them. In the twenty-second year Silunfa raided Dingbian again with a force said to number three hundred thousand. Ying chose thirty thousand cavalry and raced to the rescue, deploying cannon and heavy crossbows in three ranks. The tribes drove a hundred elephants forward in armor with shields on their backs; men on either side carried great bamboo tubes fitted with javelins—formidable weapons. Ying split his army into three wings: Regional Commander Feng Cheng led the vanguard, Ning Zheng the left, and Vice Commander Tang Zhao the right. Before the battle he gave the order: "Today there is only forward—no falling back. Then, with the wind at their backs, his men shouted and loosed a volley of crossbows; the elephants all wheeled and fled. Xilaye, a fierce enemy commander, fought to the death and briefly drove the left wing back. Ying climbed to a vantage point, drew the dagger at his belt, and ordered his attendants to bring him the left commander's head. The left commander saw a man with a drawn blade galloping toward him, took fright, and with a fierce shout charged the enemy line. The main army pressed the advantage, killing more than forty thousand men, capturing thirty-seven elephants alive, and slaughtering all the rest. Each rebel chieftain had taken more than a hundred arrows and died sprawled across an elephant's back. Silunfa fled; the tribes were terrified, and Lucuan never again blocked the frontier. Later he joined Duke of Yingguo Fu Youde in putting down the Dongchuan tribes, and also pacified the Yuezhou chieftain Azi and the Achi clans of Guangxi. That winter he came to court, was feasted in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and was given two hundred taels of gold, five thousand taels of silver, five hundred ingots of paper money, and a hundred bolts of colored silk before being sent back. When he took his leave at the palace steps, the emperor personally clasped his shoulder and said, "You, Ying, are the one who lets me sleep at ease without fear for the south. Back at his post, he defeated the Baiyi again at Jingdong. Silunfa sued for peace and sent tribute. When Azi rebelled again, Ying marched against him and forced his submission. The whole south was finally pacified. He sent envoys to bring the frontier peoples to heel by force of arms; some tribes even sent tribute through chains of interpreters.

二十五年六月，聞皇太子薨，哭極哀。初，高皇后崩，英哭至嘔血。至是感疾，卒於鎮，年四十八。軍民巷哭，遠夷皆為流涕。歸葬京師，追封黔甯王，諡昭靖，侑享太廟。

In the sixth month of the twenty-fifth year, when he heard that the crown prince had died, he wept with overwhelming grief. When Empress Gao had died earlier, Ying had wept until he vomited blood. Grief brought on illness, and he died at his post at the age of forty-eight. Soldiers and civilians wept in the streets, and even distant tribes shed tears. His body was brought back to the capital for burial; he was posthumously made Prince of Qianning with the posthumous title Zhaojing and granted a place in the imperial ancestral temple.

英沉毅寡言笑，好賢禮士，撫卒伍有恩，未嘗妄殺。在滇，百務具舉，簡守令，課農桑，歲較屯田增損以為賞罰，墾田至百萬餘畝。滇池隘，浚而廣之，無復水患。通鹽井之利以來商旅，辨方物以定貢稅，視民數以均力役。疏節闊目，民以便安。居常讀書不釋卷，暇則延諸儒生講說經史。太祖初起時，數養他姓為子，攻下郡邑，輒遣之出守，多至二十餘人，惟英在西南勳最大。子春、晟、昂皆鎮雲南。昕駙馬都尉，尚成祖女常甯公主。

Ying was grave and resolute, sparing of speech and laughter; he honored the worthy and treated scholars with courtesy, showed real kindness to his troops, and never killed without cause. In Yunnan he saw to every branch of government, chose magistrates carefully, promoted farming and sericulture, judged officials each year by the gains and losses of garrison farming, and opened more than a million mu of land. Dianchi Lake was choked and narrow; he dredged and widened it until the floods stopped. He opened the salt wells to trade and drew merchants in; he catalogued local products to fix tribute and taxes, and apportioned labor service according to population. His rules were simple and his demands light, and the people lived in ease and security. He read constantly and never put his books aside; in his free time he invited Confucian scholars to lecture on the classics and history. When the founding emperor first rose to power he repeatedly adopted sons of other surnames and, as counties and prefectures fell, sent them out to govern until there were more than twenty such men; of them all, only Ying's achievements in the southwest were greatest. His sons Chun, Sheng, and Ang all held command in Yunnan. Xin served as Commandant-in-Chief of the Horse and married Emperor Chengzu's daughter, Princess Changning.

春，字景春，材武有父風。年十七，從英征西番，又從征雲南，從平江西寇，皆先登。積功授後軍都督府僉事。群臣請試職，帝曰：「兒，我家人，勿試也。」遂予實授。嘗命錄烈山囚，又命鞫叛黨於蔚州，所開釋各數百人。英卒，命嗣爵，鎮雲南。洪武二十六年，維摩十一寨亂，遣瞿能討平之。明年平越巂蠻，立瀾滄衛。其冬，阿資復叛，與何福討之。春曰：「此賊積年逋誅者，以與諸土酋姻婭，輾轉亡匿。今悉發諸酋從軍，縻系之，而多設營堡，制其出人，授首必矣。」遂趨越州，分道逼其城，伏精兵道左，以羸卒誘賊，縱擊大敗之。阿資亡穀中，春陰結旁近土官，詗知所在，樹壘斷其糧道。賊困甚。已，出不意搗其巢，遂擒阿資，並誅其黨二百四十人。越州遂平。廣南酋儂貞佑糾黨蠻拒官軍，破擒之，俘斬千計。寧遠酋刀拜爛依交址不順命，遣何福討降之。

Chun, whose courtesy name was Jingchun, was gifted in arms and bore his father's stamp. At seventeen he followed Ying against the western tribes, then on the Yunnan campaign, and on the suppression of Jiangxi bandits—always first over the wall. Through accumulated merit he was made Commissioner of the Rear Military Commission. When the ministers asked that he serve a probationary term, the emperor said, "The boy is one of my own—no trial appointment for him. He was given the post outright. He was once ordered to review prisoners at Lieshan and again to try rebels at Weizhou; each time he released several hundred people. When Ying died, he was ordered to inherit the title and take command in Yunnan. In the twenty-sixth year of Hongwu the eleven stockades of Weimo rebelled; he sent Qu Neng to put them down. The next year he pacified the Yuexi tribes and established the Lancang Garrison. That winter, when Azi rebelled again, he joined He Fu in campaigning against him. Chun said, "This rebel has escaped punishment for years because he is tied by marriage to the native chieftains and keeps slipping from one hiding place to another. If we now mobilize all the chieftains with the army, keep them under restraint, and build camps and forts everywhere to control their movements, his head is as good as delivered. He then hurried to Yuezhou, closed on the city by separate routes, hid elite troops on the left of the road, baited the rebels with a weak detachment, and then struck and routed them completely. Azi fled into a valley; Chun secretly contacted nearby native officials, learned where he was hiding, and built stockades to cut off his supply lines. The rebels were driven to desperation. Then, catching them off guard, he stormed their stronghold, captured Azi, and executed two hundred forty of his followers. Yuezhou was pacified. The Guangnan chieftain Nong Zhenyou rallied tribal allies to resist the government troops; Chun defeated and captured him, taking and slaying thousands. The Ningyuan chieftain Dao Bailan, leaning on Dai Viet for support, refused to obey orders; Chun sent He Fu to campaign against him and bring him to submission.

三十年，麓川宣慰使思倫發為其屬刀幹孟所逐。來奔。春挾與俱朝，受上方略，遂拜春為征虜前將軍，帥何福、徐凱討之。先以兵送思倫發于金齒，檄幹孟來迎。不應。乃選卒五千，令福與瞿能將，逾高良公山，直搗南甸，大破之，斬其酋刀名孟。回軍擊景罕寨。賊乘高堅守，官軍糧且盡，福告急。春帥五百騎救之。夜渡怒江，旦抵寨，下令騎騁，揚塵蔽天，賊大驚潰。乘勝擊崆峒寨，亦潰。前後降者七萬人。將士欲屠之，春不可。幹孟乞降，帝不許，命春總滇、黔、蜀兵攻之。末發而春卒，年三十六。諡惠襄。

In the thirtieth year of Hongwu, the Luchuan Pacification Commissioner Si Lunfa was driven out by his subordinate Dao Ganmeng. He fled to the court for refuge. Chun brought him to court in his retinue, received the emperor's campaign plan, and was then appointed Forward General for Subduing Barbarians, commanding He Fu and Xu Kai against the rebels. First he sent troops to escort Si Lunfa to Jingchi and summoned Ganmeng to come and receive him. Ganmeng did not respond. He then selected five thousand men and put Fu and Qu Neng in command; they crossed Mount Gaolianggong, struck straight at Nandian, routed the enemy, and beheaded the chieftain Dao Mingmeng. On the return march they attacked the stockade at Jinghan. The rebels held the high ground and defended stubbornly; government provisions were nearly exhausted, and Fu sent an urgent appeal for help. Chun led five hundred cavalry to the rescue. He crossed the Nu River by night and reached the stockade at dawn, then ordered his cavalry to charge at full gallop until the dust blotted out the sky; the rebels panicked and fled in rout. Pressing their advantage, they attacked the Kongtong stockade and broke that position as well. In all, seventy thousand people submitted. The officers and soldiers wanted to massacre them, but Chun forbade it. Ganmeng begged to surrender, but the emperor refused and ordered Chun to assemble troops from Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan for the attack. Before the campaign could be launched, Chun died at the age of thirty-six. He was posthumously honored as Huixiang.

春在鎮七年，大修屯政，辟田三十余萬畝，鑿鐵池河，灌宜良涸田數萬畝，民復業者五千餘戶，為立祠祀之。無子，弟晟嗣。

During his seven years in command, Chun greatly expanded military colonies, reclaiming more than three hundred thousand mu of land; he dug the Tiechi River to irrigate tens of thousands of mu of dried-out fields at Yiliang, helped more than five thousand households return to their livelihoods, and the people built a shrine in his honor. He had no son; his younger brother Sheng succeeded him.

永樂三年，八百大甸寇邊，遏貢使，晟會車裏、木邦討定之。明年大發兵討交址，拜晟征夷左副將軍，與大將軍張輔異道自雲南入。遂由蒙自徑野蒲斬木通道，奪猛烈、掤華諸關隘。舁舟夜出洮水，渡富良江，與輔會師。共破多邦城，搗其東西二都，蕩諸巢，擒偽王黎季犛，語在《輔傳》。論功封黔國公，歲祿三千石，予世券。

In the third year of Yongle, the Eight Hundred Great Domains raided the frontier and blocked tribute envoys; Sheng joined forces with Cheli and Mubang to put them down. The next year the court mobilized a great army against Dai Viet; Sheng was appointed Left Vice General for Subduing Barbarians and, taking a separate route from Grand General Zhang Fu, entered from Yunnan. He then advanced from Mengzi straight through Yebu, cutting timber to clear a path, and seized the passes at Menglie, Binhua, and others. He carried boats out onto the Tao River by night, crossed the Fu River, and joined Zhang Fu. Together they took Duobang city, struck at the eastern and western capitals, swept away rebel strongholds, and captured the usurper Le Quy Ly; the fuller account appears in Zhang Fu's biography. For his merit he was enfeoffed as Duke of Qian, granted an annual stipend of three thousand shi, and given an hereditary patent of nobility.

交址簡定復叛，命晟佩征夷將軍印討之，戰生厥江，敗績。輔再出帥師合討，擒定送京師。輔還，晟留捕陳季擴，連戰不能下。輔復出帥師會晟，窮追至占城，獲季擴，乃班師，晟亦受上賞。十七年，富州蠻叛，晟引兵臨之，弗攻，使人譬曉，竟下之。

When Jian Ding rebelled again in Dai Viet, Sheng was ordered to campaign against him with the seal of General for Subduing Barbarians; they fought at the Shengque River and were defeated. Zhang Fu took command again and joined in a combined campaign, captured Jian Ding, and sent him to the capital. When Zhang Fu returned, Sheng stayed behind to capture Chen Jikuo, but repeated battles failed to bring him down. Zhang Fu took command again and joined Sheng, pursued the enemy all the way to Champa, captured Chen Jikuo, and then withdrew; Sheng also received generous rewards. In the seventeenth year the tribes of Fuzhou rebelled; Sheng marched his troops to their border but held his fire, sent envoys to reason with them, and in the end they submitted.

晟席父兄業，用兵非所長，戰數不利。朝廷以其絕遠，且世將，寬假之。而滇人懾晟父子威信，莊事如朝廷。片楮下，土酋具威儀出郭迎，盥而後啟，曰：「此令旨也。」晟久鎮，置田園三百六十區，資財充牣，善事朝貴，賂遺不絕，以故得中外聲。晟有子斌，字文輝，幼嗣公爵，居京師，而以昂代鎮。

Sheng had inherited the legacy of his father and elder brother, but military command was not his strength, and he often fared poorly in battle. Because the region was far away and he was a hereditary commander, the court treated him leniently. Yet the people of Yunnan stood in awe of the prestige of the Sheng father and son, and conducted affairs with the same formality as at court. When even a single sheet of paper arrived from him, native chieftains would turn out in full ceremonial dress to receive it outside the city gate, wash their hands before opening it, and say, "This is an imperial command. Sheng held long command, amassed three hundred sixty estates, and possessed overflowing wealth; he cultivated court nobles with gifts that never ceased, and for this reason enjoyed reputation at court and in the provinces alike. Sheng had a son Bin, courtesy name Wenhui, who inherited the ducal title while still young and remained in the capital, while Ang was placed in command in his stead.

昂，字景高，初為府軍左衛指揮僉事。成祖將使晟南討，乃擢昂都指揮同知，領雲南都司，累遷至右都督。正統四年佩將印，討麓川，抵金齒。畏賊盛，遷延者久之。參將張榮前驅至芒部敗，昂不救，引還，貶秩二級。已，思任發入寇，擊卻之，又捕斬師宗反者。六年，兵部尚書王驥、定西伯蔣貴將大軍討思任發，昂主饋運。賊破，復昂職，命督軍捕思任發，不能得。十年，昂卒。贈定邊伯，諡武襄。

Ang, courtesy name Jinggao, initially served as assistant commandant of the Left Guard of the Fufu Army. When the Yongle Emperor was about to send Sheng on a southern campaign, Ang was promoted to vice commandant-in-chief and put in charge of the Yunnan Regional Military Commission, eventually rising to Right Chief Controller. In the fourth year of Zhengtong he received the general's seal and campaigned against Luchuan, reaching Jingchi. Fearing the rebels' strength, he delayed for a long time. Vice General Zhang Rong, advancing as vanguard, was defeated at Mangbu; Ang failed to relieve him and withdrew instead, and was demoted two ranks. Soon afterward, when Si Renfa invaded, Ang drove him back and also captured and executed rebels in Shizong. In the sixth year, Minister of War Wang Ji and the Earl of Dingxi Jiang Gui led a great army against Si Renfa, with Ang in charge of supply transport. When the rebels were defeated, Ang's rank was restored and he was ordered to hunt down Si Renfa, but failed to capture him. In the tenth year Ang died. He was posthumously created Earl of Dingbian and honored as Wuxiang.

斌始之鎮，會緬甸執思任發送京師，其子思機發來襲，斌擊卻之。思機發復據孟養。十三年復大發兵，使驥等討之，而斌為後拒，督餉無乏。卒，贈太傅，諡榮康。

When Bin first took command, Burma had just captured Si Renfa and sent him to the capital; his son Si Jifa then launched an attack, and Bin drove him back. Si Jifa again seized Mengyang. In the thirteenth year the court mobilized a great army again; Wang Ji and others were sent against him, while Bin served as rear guard and kept the supplies flowing without fail. At his death he was posthumously made Grand Mentor and honored as Rongkang.

子琮幼，景泰初，命昂孫璘以都督同知代鎮。璘字廷章，素儒雅，滇人易之，既而號令肅然不可犯，天順初卒。琮猶幼，擢璘弟錦衣副千戶瓚為都督同知，往代。居七年，先後討平沾祿諸寨及土官之構兵者，降思卜發，勒還諸蠻侵地。功多，然頗黷貨。

His son Cong was still young; at the beginning of the Jingtai reign Ang's grandson Lin was appointed vice chief controller to hold command in his stead. Lin, courtesy name Tingzhang, had always been refined and scholarly, and the people of Yunnan underestimated him at first; but once he took command his orders were stern and inviolable, and he died early in the Tianshun reign. Cong was still young, so Zan, Lin's younger brother and a deputy centurion of the Embroidered Uniform Guard, was promoted to vice chief controller and sent to replace him. Over seven years in command he successively suppressed the stockades of Zhanlu and native officials who had taken up arms, brought Sibufa to submission, and compelled the return of lands seized by various tribes. His achievements were many, yet he was rather corrupt.

成化三年春，琮始之鎮，而以瓚為副總兵，移鎮金齒。琮字廷芳，通經義，能詞章，屬夷饋贄無所受。尋甸酋殺兄子，求為守，琮捕誅之。廣西土官虐，所部為亂，琮請更設流官，民大便。以次討平馬龍、麗江、劍川、順甯、羅雄諸叛蠻，捕擒橋甸、南窩反者。卒，贈太師，諡武僖。無子，以瓚孫昆嗣。

In the spring of the third year of Chenghua, Cong took command for the first time, while Zan was made vice commander-in-chief and transferred to Jingchi. Cong, courtesy name Tingfang, was versed in the classics and skilled in literary composition, and refused all gifts offered by submitting tribes. The Xundian chieftain killed his elder brother's son and sought appointment as local commander; Cong captured and executed him. The native official of Guangxi was cruel and his jurisdiction fell into disorder; Cong petitioned to replace him with regular officials, greatly to the people's benefit. In succession he put down rebellious tribes at Malong, Lijiang, Jianchuan, Shunning, and Luoxiong, and captured rebels at Qiaodian and Nanwo. At his death he was posthumously made Grand Preceptor and honored as Wuxi. He had no son; Zan's grandson Kun succeeded him.

昆字元中，初襲錦衣指揮僉事。琮撫為子，朝議以昆西平侯裔孫當嗣侯，而守臣爭之，謂滇人知黔國公不知西平侯也，侯之恐為所輕。孝宗以為然，令嗣公，佩印如故。弘治十二年平龜山、竹箐諸蠻，又平普安賊，再益歲祿。正德二年，師宗民阿本作亂，與都御史吳文度督兵分三道進。一出師宗，一出羅雄，一出彌勒，而別遣一軍伏盤江，截賊巢，遂大破之。七年，安南長官司那代爭襲，殺土官，復與都御史顧源討擒之，再加太子太傅。昆初喜文學，自矜厲，其後通賂權近，所請無不得。浸驕，淩三司，使從角門入。諸言官論劾者，輒得罪去。卒，贈太師，諡莊襄。

Kun, courtesy name Yuanzhong, initially inherited the post of assistant commandant of the Embroidered Uniform Guard. Cong had raised him as a son; court deliberation held that as a descendant of the Marquis of Xiping, Kun ought to inherit the marquisate, but local officials objected, arguing that the people of Yunnan knew the Duke of Qian but not the Marquis of Xiping, and that the lesser title might be disrespected. Emperor Xiaozong agreed and ordered him to succeed as duke, bearing the seal as before. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi he pacified the tribes of Guishan and Zhujing, then put down rebels at Pu'an, and his annual stipend was increased again. In the second year of Zhengde, when the commoner Aben of Shizong rebelled, Kun joined Censor-in-Chief Wu Wendu in directing a three-pronged advance. One column advanced from Shizong, one from Luoxiong, one from Mile, while a separate force lay in ambush at the Pan River to cut off the rebel stronghold, and together they routed the enemy completely. In the seventh year, when Nadai of the Annam Chief Office disputed succession and killed the native official, Kun again joined Censor-in-Chief Gu Yuan to campaign against him and capture him, and was further promoted to Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. At first Kun delighted in literary studies and held himself to a strict standard; later he bribed those close to power, and whatever he asked for he obtained. Gradually he grew arrogant, looked down on the three provincial commissions, and made them enter by the side gate. Whenever censorial officials impeached him, they were promptly punished and driven from office. At his death he was posthumously made Grand Preceptor and honored as Zhuangxiang.

子紹勳嗣。尋甸土舍安銓叛，都御史傅習討之，敗績。武定土舍鳳朝文亦叛，與銓連兵攻雲南，大擾。世宗遣尚書伍文定將大軍征之。未至，而紹勳督所部先進，告土官子弟當襲者，先予冠帶，破賊後當為請。眾多奮戰，賊大敗。朝文絕普渡河走，追斬之東川。銓還尋甸，列砦數十，官軍攻破之，擒銓於芒部。先後擒賊党千餘人，俘斬無算。時嘉靖七年也。捷聞，加太子太傅，益歲祿。而是時老撾、木邦、孟養、緬甸、孟密相仇殺，師宗、納樓、思陀、八寨皆亂，久不解。紹勳使使者遍曆諸蠻，諷以武定、尋甸事，皆懾伏，願還侵地，而木邦、孟養俱貢方物謝罪。南中悉定。紹勳有勇略，用兵輒勝。卒，贈太師，諡敏靖。

His son Shaoxun succeeded him. An Quan, a native officer of Xundian, rebelled; Censor-in-Chief Fu Xi campaigned against him and was defeated. Feng Chaowen, a native officer of Wuding, also rebelled; joining forces with Quan he attacked Yunnan and threw the province into turmoil. Emperor Shizong sent Minister Wu Wendeng at the head of a great army to suppress them. Before Wu Wendeng arrived, Shaoxun led his own troops forward in advance, promising the sons of native officials due to inherit that if they received official caps and belts now, he would petition on their behalf once the rebels were defeated. Many fought with renewed zeal, and the rebels were routed. Chaowen fled across the Pu River; he was pursued and beheaded at Dongchuan. Quan retreated to Xundian and set up dozens of stockades; government troops broke through them and captured Quan at Mangbu. In all they captured more than a thousand rebel followers, with captures and killings beyond count. This was in the seventh year of Jiajing. When victory was reported, he was promoted to Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent and his annual stipend was increased. Yet at this time Laos, Mubang, Mengyang, Burma, and Mengmi were locked in mutual bloodshed; Shizong, Nalou, Situo, and Bazhai were all in revolt, and the unrest dragged on without resolution. Shaoxun sent envoys throughout the tribes, pointing to what had happened at Wuding and Xundian; all were awed into submission, offered to return seized lands, and Mubang and Mengyang both sent tribute goods to apologize. The entire south was pacified. Shaoxun had courage and strategic skill; whenever he took the field he prevailed. At his death he was posthumously made Grand Preceptor and honored as Minjing.

子朝輔嗣。都御史劉渠索賂，朝輔與之，因上章言：「臣家世守茲土，上下相承。今有司紛更典制，關臣職守，率不與聞，接見不循故例。臣疏遠孤危，動作掣肘，無以彈壓蠻方。乞申敕諸臣，悉如其舊。」詔許之。給事中萬虞愷劾朝輔，並論渠。詔罷渠而令朝輔治事如故。卒，贈太保，諡恭僖。

His son Chaofu succeeded him. Censor-in-Chief Liu Qu demanded a bribe, and Chaofu paid it; he then submitted a memorial saying, "My family has guarded this land for generations, each generation succeeding the last. Now local officials keep changing regulations that bear on my duties, usually without informing me, and audiences no longer follow the old precedents. I am far from court, isolated, and vulnerable; at every turn I am checked and hindered, and cannot keep the tribal frontier under control. I beg that all officials be expressly ordered to restore everything as it was before. An edict approved his request. Supervising Secretary Wan Yukai impeached Chaofu and also censured Liu Qu. An edict dismissed Liu Qu and ordered Chaofu to continue in office as before. At his death he was posthumously made Grand Guardian and honored as Gongxi.

二子融、鞏皆幼。詔視琮、璘故事，令融嗣公，給半祿，而授朝輔弟朝弼都督僉事，佩印代鎮。居三年，融卒，鞏當嗣，朝弼心害之，於是朝弼嫡母李請護鞏居京師，待其長而還鎮。報可。鞏未至京卒，朝弼遂得嗣。嘉靖三十年，元江土舍那鑒叛。詔朝弼與都御史石簡討之，分五軍薄其城。城垂拔，以瘴發引還。詔罷簡，將再出師。鑒懼仰藥死，乃已。四十四年討擒叛蠻阿方李向陽。隆慶初，平武定叛酋鳳繼祖，破賊巢三十餘。朝弼素驕，事母嫂不如禮，奪兄田宅，匿罪人蔣旭等，用調兵火符遣人詗京師。乃罷朝弼，以其子昌祚嗣，給半祿。朝弼怏怏，益放縱。葬母至南京，都御史請留之。詔許還滇，毋得預滇事。朝弼恚，欲殺昌祚。撫按交章言狀，併發其殺人通番諸不法事，逮系詔獄論死。援功，錮之南京，卒。

Both his sons, Rong and Gong, were still young. An edict, following the precedents set for Cong and Lin, ordered Rong to succeed to the ducal title with half stipend, while Chaofu's younger brother Chaob was appointed assistant chief controller, given the seal, and sent to hold command in his stead. After three years Rong died and Gong was due to succeed; Chaob resented this, whereupon his principal mother, Lady Li, petitioned to have Gong kept under guard in the capital until he came of age, when he would return to take command. The petition was approved. Gong died before reaching the capital, and Chaob thus succeeded. In the thirtieth year of the Jiajing reign, Na Jian, a native adjutant of Yuanjiang, rebelled. An edict ordered Chaob and Censor-in-Chief Shi Jian to suppress the rebellion; they divided five armies and closed in on the city. The city was nearly taken, but when pestilence broke out they withdrew. An edict dismissed Shi Jian and prepared to launch another campaign. Na Jian, terrified, took poison and died, and the campaign was called off. In the forty-fourth year he captured the rebel chieftain Afang Li at Xiangyang. Early in the Longqing reign he pacified Wuding, defeating the rebel chieftain Feng Jizu and destroying more than thirty rebel lairs. Chaob had long been arrogant; he failed to treat his mother and sister-in-law with proper respect, seized his elder brother's lands and property, harbored criminals such as Jiang Xu, and used military tallies to mobilize troops and send agents to reconnoiter the capital. Chaob was dismissed, and his son Changzuo succeeded him with half stipend. Chaob grew resentful and became increasingly unrestrained. While taking his mother for burial he reached Nanjing, and the censor-in-chief petitioned to detain him. An edict allowed him to return to Yunnan but forbade him from meddling in Yunnan matters. Chaob was enraged and plotted to kill Changzuo. The grand coordinator and regional inspector memorialized in succession, also exposing his murders, illegal trade with foreigners, and other crimes; he was arrested, held in the imperial prison, and sentenced to death. On account of his past service his sentence was commuted; he was confined in Nanjing, where he died.

昌祚初以都督僉事總兵官鎮守，久之嗣公爵。萬曆元年，姚安蠻羅思等叛，殺郡守。昌祚與都御史鄒應龍發土、漢兵討之，破向寧、鮓摩等十餘寨，犁其巢，盡得思等。十一年，隴川賊嶽鳳叛附緬甸，挾其兵侵旁近土司。昌祚壁洱海，督裨將鄧子龍、劉綎等斬木邦叛酋罕虔，以暑瘴退師。明年復攻罕虔故巢，三道併入，擒其酋罕招等，又破緬兵於猛臉。嶽鳳降。論功加太子太保，悉食故祿。復以次平羅雄諸叛蠻，再賜銀幣。緬兵攻猛廣，昌祚會師壁永昌，緬人遁，追擊至那莫江，瘴作而還。二十一年，緬人復入寇，昌祚逐之。連戰俱捷，遂傅於緬，會群蠻內亂乃還。

Changzuo initially served as assistant chief controller and regional commander-in-chief; only after many years did he succeed to the dukedom. In the first year of the Wanli reign, Luo Si and other tribesmen of Yao'an rebelled and killed the prefect. Changzuo and Censor-in-Chief Zou Yinglong raised native and Han troops against them, stormed more than ten stockades including Xiangning and Zamó, uprooted their strongholds, and captured Luo Si and his followers. In the eleventh year the bandit Yue Feng of Longchuan rebelled, threw in his lot with Burma, and used Burmese troops to raid neighboring native jurisdictions. Changzuo encamped at Erhai Lake and directed lieutenant generals Deng Zilong, Liu Ting, and others to execute Han Qian, the rebel chieftain of Mong Mao; they then withdrew on account of the summer pestilence. The next year they struck at Han Qian's former stronghold again; three columns advanced together, captured chieftains including Han Zhao, and routed Burmese forces at Menglian. Yue Feng submitted. For his achievements he was promoted to grand guardian of the heir apparent and restored to his full former stipend. He went on to pacify the rebel tribes of Luoxiong in turn and was again rewarded with silver and silks. When Burmese troops attacked Mengguang, Changzuo assembled his forces and encamped at Yongchang; the Burmese fled, and though he pursued them to the Namo River, pestilence forced his withdrawal. In the twenty-first year the Burmese invaded again, and Changzuo drove them back. Battle after battle went his way, and his army pressed deep into Burma, but when the tribes erupted in internal disorder he withdrew.

沐氏在滇久，威權日盛，尊重擬親王。昌祚出，僉事楊寅秋不避道，昌祚笞其輿人。寅秋訴於朝，下詔切責。已，以病，命子叡代鎮。武定土酋阿克叛，攻會城，脅府印去。叡被逮下獄，昌祚復理鎮事。卒，孫啟元嗣。卒，子天波嗣。十餘年而土司沙定洲作亂，天波奔永昌。亂定，復歸於滇。永明王由榔入滇，天波任職如故。已，從奔緬甸。緬人欲劫之，不屈死。初，沙定洲之亂，天波母陳氏、妻焦氏自焚死。後天波奔緬，妾夏氏不及從，自縊死。逾數十日收葬，支體不壞，人以為節義所感焉。

The Mu clan had long held sway in Yunnan; their power grew by the day, and the honors paid them rivaled those accorded imperial princes. When Changzuo went abroad, Assistant Controller Yang Yinqiu failed to clear the way; Changzuo had his sedan bearers beaten. Yinqiu appealed to the court, and an edict sharply rebuked Changzuo. Before long, taken ill, he was ordered to have his son Rui hold command in his stead. Ake, the native chieftain of Wuding, rebelled, attacked the provincial capital, and carried off the prefectural seal. Rui was arrested and thrown into prison, and Changzuo resumed command. At his death his grandson Qiyuan succeeded him. He died; his son Tianbo succeeded. After more than a decade the native official Sha Dingzhou rebelled, and Tianbo fled to Yongchang. When the rebellion was put down he returned to Yunnan. When Prince of Yongming Zhu Youlang entered Yunnan, Tianbo continued in office as before. Before long he followed the prince in flight to Burma. When the Burmese sought to coerce him, he refused to yield and died. At the outbreak of Sha Dingzhou's rebellion, Tianbo's mother, Lady Chen, and his wife, Lady Jiao, burned themselves to death. Later, when Tianbo fled to Burma, his concubine Lady Xia was unable to follow in time and hanged herself. More than ten days later her body was retrieved for burial; her flesh had not decayed, and people took it as a marvel wrought by her faithfulness and virtue.

贊曰：明興諸將，以六王為稱首。非獨功茂，亦由其忠誠有以契主知焉。親莫如岐陽，舊莫如東甌，而寧河、黔甯皆以英年膺腹心之寄。汗馬宣勞，純勤不二，旂常炳耀，洵無愧矣。岐陽敦詩說禮，以儒雅見重，東甌乞身歸第，以明哲自全，皆卓然非人所能及。獨黔寧威震遐荒，剖符弈世，勳名與明相始終。而寧河盡瘁馳驅，功高齡促，後嗣亦少所表見。論者謂諸王之遺澤，隆替有殊，然而中山有增壽，與岐陽之有景隆，追溯先烈，不無遺憾。榮遇之弗齊，亦安見其有幸有不幸哉。

The Commentator says: At the rise of the Ming, among all its generals the Six Princes stood foremost. It was not merely that their achievements were great; their loyalty also won the sovereign's deepest trust. None was closer in kin than Qiyang, none more venerable in long service than Dong'ou, while Ninghe and Qianning, still in their prime, were entrusted with the sovereign's most intimate confidence. They toiled on horseback and proclaimed their labors, pure and steadfast to the end; their banners and bells blaze forth in glory—they were truly beyond reproach. Qiyang cultivated the classics and was honored for scholarly grace; Dong'ou begged leave to retire home and preserved himself through wise withdrawal—each in his way was extraordinary, beyond ordinary men. Qianning alone made his might felt across the far frontiers; enfeoffed with imperial tally from generation to generation, his renown endured with the dynasty from its founding to its fall. Ninghe, by contrast, wore himself out in constant campaigns—great were his deeds, but brief his life, and his descendants distinguished themselves little. Commentators observe that the blessings the princes left behind waxed and waned unequally; yet Zhongshan had Zengshou even as Qiyang had Jinglong—looking back at the founding heroes, one must feel regret. Since their rewards were unequal, who is to say which were favored and which were not?

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