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卷一百四十九 列傳第三十七 蹇義 夏原吉

Volume 149 Biographies 37: Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji

Chapter 149 of 明史 · History of Ming
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Chapter 149
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1
Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji (Yu Shiji, Li Wenyu, Zou Shiyan)〉
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When the Prince of Yan's army entered the capital, he welcomed them and submitted; he was promoted to Left Vice Minister of Revenue. Within a few months he was promoted to Minister of Revenue. The court was then intent on undoing the policies of the Jianwen reign, and every measure that had been altered was rescinded. Jian Yi said calmly, "Whether to add or cut depends on what suits the times. The earlier reforms were indeed wrong, but to insist now on restoring everything wholesale is not entirely right either. He then cited several examples and explained each from beginning to end. The Emperor approved and followed his counsel.
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滿便殿 殿 婿
In the second year of the Yongle reign he was also appointed Grand Mentor of the Crown Prince. Whenever the Emperor wished to convey something to the Crown Prince, he would send Jian Yi, who could convey the intent tactfully and fully. Both the Emperor and the Crown Prince held him in high regard. In the seventh year, when the Emperor toured Beijing, he was ordered to assist the Crown Prince in governing the realm. Jian Yi was versed in precedent and understood how government worked; military and civil affairs alike were entrusted to him. Among the veteran officials then in favor, Minister of Revenue Xia Yuanji was as renowned as Jian Yi, and throughout the court and empire they were known as "Jian and Xia." When they had completed three rounds of performance review, the Emperor personally entertained them in a side hall and lavished praise upon them. He was repeatedly ordered to handle affairs of other ministries on commission; though duties piled up, he managed them with ease. In the seventeenth year he went home to mourn his father; both the Emperor and the Crown Prince sent officials with sacrificial gifts. An edict ordered him recalled to office before the mourning period had ended. In the nineteenth year, when fire destroyed the Three Halls, the Emperor ordered twenty-six court officials to tour the empire. Jian Yi and Supervising Secretary Ma Jun toured the prefectures of the Yingtian region, inquired into the hardships of soldiers and civilians, removed several civil and military officials who had harassed the people, and submitted dozens of proposals for reform, which were put into effect. He then returned to manage affairs at the Ministry of Revenue. The following year, when the Emperor returned from the northern campaign, he blamed Jian Yi for failing to correct the Crown Prince, who had unduly excused Director Zhang He—Lü Zhen's son-in-law—for a breach of court etiquette at audience; Jian Yi was arrested and imprisoned in the Embroidered Uniform Guard jail. He was released the following spring.
4
祿
When the Renzong Emperor ascended the throne, Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji were both trusted throughout the court and empire as senior statesmen. The Emperor also remembered Jian Yi's service when the Crown Prince had governed the realm, and relied on him all the more heavily. He first promoted Jian Yi to Junior Guardian, bestowed court dress, an ivory tablet, and a jade belt, and granted him double stipends. He was further promoted to Junior Preceptor and given a silver seal inscribed "Correcting faults and remedying errors." Shortly afterward he bestowed another imperial letter, which read: "When I was governing the realm as heir, you, as a veteran of the previous reign, attended me day after day. As the two capitals were being built and government affairs pressed hard upon us, you labored with anxious devotion, heedless of yourself and your family—for more than twenty years you held the same integrity through good times and bad. When I inherited the throne, you assisted in governing the realm, never slackening but growing ever more devoted. I hold this in deep remembrance; of my own accord I have had made the "Seal of Jian the Loyal and Upright" and bestow it upon you. Keep it in your household and pass it down to posterity, so they may know how we, ruler and minister, weathered hardship together and achieved what we did. At that time only Yang Shiqi likewise received the "Upright and One" seal and an imperial edict. He was soon ordered, together with the Duke of Ying, Zhang Fu, and Xia Yuanji, to supervise compilation of the Veritable Records of the Taizong Emperor. Jian Yi regarded Xia Yuanji with especial respect and warmth, yet he himself was excessively thorough and cautious. Shiqi once said to Jian Yi in the Emperor's presence, "Why such excessive worry? Jian Yi replied, "I fear that acting rashly will bring trouble later." The Emperor approved of both views. Yang Rong once spoke ill of Jian Yi. The Emperor did not take Rong's side. Jian Yi kowtowed and said, "Rong means no harm. If anyone at your side speaks against him, I beg Your Majesty to look into it carefully. The Emperor smiled and said, "I never believed it in the first place." When the Xuanzong Emperor ascended the throne, his reliance on Jian Yi grew even greater. The Xian Mausoleum was then under construction; the Emperor wished to follow his father's testament and keep the work frugal, and consulted Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji. Both men strongly endorsed the plan, saying, "Your sage vision is far-reaching and springs from deepest filial piety; it will benefit generations to come. The Emperor personally oversaw the design; the mausoleum was completed in three months. It was less grand than the Chang Mausoleum, and later emperors took this as their standard. Only when the Shizong Emperor built the Yong Mausoleum did imperial tombs grow more lavish.
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祿
When the Emperor campaigned against Le'an, Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji, and the Hanlin academicians all accompanied him, took part in military planning, and were given saddles, horses, armor, bows, and swords. On their return, the rewards were very generous. In the third year of the reign he returned from accompanying the border inspection tour. Seeing that Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji, Yang Shiqi, and Yang Rong were all advanced in years, the Emperor bestowed an imperial letter: "You are all surviving elders left by our ancestors, entrusted to assist me. Now that your hair has turned white and your teeth are failing, you should no longer bear the burden of heavy routine duties, to the detriment of the court's policy of honoring the aged and treating the worthy with care. You may set aside your official duties and remain at my side day and night to discuss fundamental principles and together bring peace to the realm. Your rank and stipends shall all remain unchanged. The following year Guo Jin replaced him as Minister of Revenue. Soon afterward, on Hu Ying's recommendation, the Emperor ordered Jian Yi and the other three to deliberate on memorials submitted by officials, soldiers, and civilians throughout the empire. He again bestowed on Jian Yi a silver seal inscribed "Loyal, generous, broad, and magnanimous." In the seventh year of the reign an edict ordered the authorities to build Jian Yi a new residence inside the Wenhua Gate.
6
宿
When the Yingzong Emperor ascended the throne, Jian Yi fell ill while observing ritual fasting and vigil. The Emperor sent physicians to attend him and asked what he wished to say. He replied, "Your Majesty has only just inherited the throne; I hope you will reverently uphold the established institutions of your ancestors and never depart from them. He then died, at the age of seventy-three. He was posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor with the posthumous title Zhongding (Loyal and Settled).
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Jian Yi was by nature plainspoken, upright, filial, and friendly; he handled relations among colleagues well and never spoke a word that wounded anyone. Shiqi often said, "Zhang Yong's disdain for ornamental luxuries, Fu Yaoyu's sincerity toward others, and Fan Jingren's freedom from hidden designs—Jian Yi combined them all. His son Ying was renowned as a poet; through hereditary privilege he became a director in the Imperial Seals Office and eventually rose to Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
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使 便 西 使 西 西 退 西 便
Xia Yuanji, courtesy name Weizhe, came from a family originally of Dexing. His father Shimin served as instructor in Xiangyin, and the family settled there. Yuanji lost his father early; he studied diligently and supported his mother. Recommended through the provincial examination, he entered the Imperial Academy and was selected to draft imperial edicts within the palace. While other students sometimes laughed and chatted noisily, Yuanji sat upright with stern composure. Taizu noticed this and regarded him as extraordinary. He was promoted to Director in the Ministry of Revenue. Though ministry business was tangled and piled high, he handled it all with order, and Minister Yu Xin held him in high regard. A certain Director Liu envied his ability. When Yu Xin impeached officials in various offices for neglecting their duties, the Emperor wished to pardon them, but Yu Xin insisted that this could not be done. The Emperor was angry and asked, "Who told you to do this? Yu Xin kowtowed and said, "The clerks and accountants behind the hall." The Emperor then had the clerks and accountants imprisoned. Director Liu then said, "The one who instructed the Minister was Yuanji. The Emperor said, "Yuanji assists the Minister in running the ministry—are you trying to frame him?" Director Liu and the clerks and accountants were all executed in the marketplace. At the beginning of the Jianwen reign he was promoted to Right Vice Minister of Revenue. The following year he was appointed investigation commissioner. He toured Fujian; in every prefecture and county he passed he examined how officials governed and inquired into the people's hidden grievances. Everyone was pleased and submitted to his authority. After some time he moved his headquarters to Qizhou. When the Chengzu Emperor took the throne, some seized Yuanji to present him as a captive. The Emperor released him and appointed him Left Vice Minister of Revenue. Some said that Yuanji had held power under the Jianwen Emperor and could not be trusted. The Emperor would not hear of it and promoted him to Minister of Revenue together with Jian Yi. Together with Jian Yi and others he worked out in detail the regulations on taxes and corvée labor. He proposed more than thirty measures, all simple, practical, and easy to enforce. He said, "I cannot bear to impose measures that are hard to sustain once enacted and that would further burden the people. Western Zhejiang suffered severe flooding, and the local authorities' efforts proved ineffective. In the first year of the Yongle reign the Emperor ordered Yuanji to take charge of relief efforts. He was soon given Vice Minister Li Wenyu as deputy, and Censor-in-Chief Yu Shiji was again dispatched with an imperial book on water control as a gift. Yuanji proposed following the ancient course by which Yu the Great's three rivers had reached the sea, dredging the lower Wusong River to connect with Lake Tai, and building sluices at suitable points to store and release water according to the season. The Emperor approved. More than a hundred thousand laborers were mobilized. Yuanji wore plain clothes and went on foot, planning the work day and night. In the height of summer he would not raise a parasol, saying, "The people are laboring—how can I bear to enjoy comfort alone? When the work was finished he returned to the capital and reported that although water now reached the sea by the old channel, tributary streams had not been fully dredged—a solution that would not last. In the first month of the following year Yuanji set out again and dredged Baimao Pond, the Liu Family River, and the Great Huangpu. Vice Minister of Justice Yuan Fu served as his deputy. Shortly afterward Administrative Commissioner Song Xing of Shaanxi was ordered to assist him. In the ninth month the work was completed, the water drained away, and agriculture in Suzhou and Songjiang benefited greatly. In the third year he returned to the capital. That summer western Zhejiang suffered severe famine. The Emperor ordered Yuanji to lead Yu Shiji, Yuan Fu, and Left Commissioner Zhao Juren to provide relief, distributing three hundred thousand piculs of grain and supplying oxen and seed. When some proposed summoning people to farm silted fields left by the receding flood and increasing the tax levy, Yuanji sent an urgent memorial to halt the plan. When Yao Guangxiao returned from western Zhejiang, he praised Yuanji, saying, "He has the enduring benevolence of the ancients. Before long Yu Xin died; Yuanji was recalled to manage affairs at the Ministry of Revenue. His first proposals were to cut redundant government spending and equalize taxes and corvée labor; to enforce the salt monopoly and restrictions on paper currency; to clear the granaries, expand military farming colonies to supply the frontier and relieve the people, and facilitate commerce. All were approved. He kept slips in his pocket recording figures for households, treasuries, and land-tax surpluses and deficits throughout the empire, and reviewed them regularly. One day the Emperor asked, "How much money and grain does the empire hold? He answered in full detail, and the Emperor valued him all the more for it. At that time, with warfare only just ended, the court debated rewards for those who had pacified the realm, enfeoffed the imperial princes, and expanded the military guards and government offices. Then eight hundred thousand troops were sent to punish Annam, eunuchs built great ships to reach overseas countries, and construction of the northern capital's palaces was undertaken on a vast scale. Supplies and transport costs ran into the tens of billions, all drawn from the Ministry of Revenue. Yuanji calculated carefully to meet every demand, and state finances never ran short.
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In the sixth year he was ordered to supervise the transport of building materials to the northern capital; an edict sent Embroidered Uniform Guard officers to accompany him and punish negligence. Fearing that many would be punished, Yuanji issued warnings before setting out, and everyone was grateful.
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In the seventh year, when the Emperor toured the north, Yuanji was ordered concurrently to handle affairs of the traveling capital's Ministries of Rites and War and the Censorate. Two commanders had fraudulently claimed monthly rations; the Emperor wished to execute them. Yuanji said, "This is not according to law. If false claims are treated as theft, what further penalty could be applied? The Emperor then relented.
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退 殿 滿便殿
In the eighth year, when the Emperor campaigned north, he assisted the imperial grandson in governing Beijing and oversaw all ministerial affairs at the traveling capital. At that time the various offices were still being established; each morning Yuanji entered to assist the imperial grandson in deciding routine affairs. After court, bureau directors, secretaries, and censors surrounded him seeking decisions on pending matters. Yuanji answered orally while writing by hand, without a change in voice or expression. He reported north to the traveling court and south to the regency in Nanjing, and the capital was orderly throughout. When the Emperor returned, he bestowed paper money, saddles and horses, and provisions, with special words of consolation and reward. He soon accompanied the court back to Nanjing and was ordered to attend the imperial grandson on tours through villages to observe the people's hardships. Yuanji brought forward pickled grain and presented it, saying, "I hope Your Highness will eat this and understand the people's hardship. When nine years of service were complete, he and Jian Yi were both feasted in a side hall; the Emperor pointed to them and told the ministers, "The Hongwu Emperor nurtured worthy men to bequeath to me. If you wish to see the famous ministers of antiquity, here they are. From then on he often attended the imperial grandson, traveling between the two capitals and offering loyal counsel along the way to great effect.
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使 殿 殿便
In the eighteenth year, when the Beijing palaces were completed, Yuanji was sent south to summon the Crown Prince and imperial grandson. After returning, Yuanji said, "Construction has continued for years; now it is finished. It is time to comfort displaced people and remit tax arrears to ease the burden on the people. The following year, when fire destroyed the Three Halls, Yuanji renewed his earlier request, and the Emperor urgently ordered the authorities to implement it. When the hall fire prompted an edict seeking frank counsel, many ministers argued that establishing the capital at Beijing was unwise. The Emperor was enraged and executed Director Xiao Yi, saying, "When the capital was moved, I deliberated in secret with my ministers for a long time before deciding—it was no hasty act. The memorialists thereupon impeached the senior ministers. The Emperor ordered the ministers to kneel outside the Meridian Gate and answer the charges. The senior ministers quarreled with the memorialists; Yuanji alone memorialized, saying, "They were responding to the edict and are not guilty. We who serve as senior ministers failed to assist the great plan adequately—the fault lies with us. The Emperor's anger eased and he pardoned both sides. Some blamed Yuanji for abandoning his earlier position. He said, "We have served for many years; though our counsel was mistaken, fortunately the sovereign is merciful. If censorial officials are punished, the damage will be no small matter. Only then did everyone admire his judgment.
13
便殿 退 便 西
Although Yuanji headed the Ministry of Revenue, he was always consulted on major affairs of state. The Emperor often received him at the side hall by the palace gate and talked with him at length, out of earshot of attendants. On leaving he was deferential, as though he had played no part in affairs. When Jiaozhi was pacified, the Emperor asked, "Which is preferable—promoting officials or granting rewards? He replied, "Rewards are a one-time expense and are limited; promoting officials creates ongoing expense without end. The Emperor followed his advice. When the Dharma King of the Western Regions came to court, the Emperor wished to greet him with suburban rites; Yuanji objected. When the Dharma King entered, Yuanji saw him but did not bow. The Emperor laughed and said, "Do you wish to imitate Han Yu? When Tang Sai'er rebelled in Shandong and the uprising was suppressed, more than three thousand coerced followers were brought in as captives. Yuanji asked the Emperor to pardon them all. When the Prince of Gu rebelled, the Emperor suspected conspirators at Changsha. Yuanji vouched for them with his own life and those of his family, and the matter was dropped.
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調 西
In the winter of the nineteenth year the Emperor planned a major campaign into the desert. He ordered Yuanji, together with Ministers Lü Zhen of Rites, Fang Bin of War, and Wu Zhong of Works, to deliberate; all agreed that troops should not be sent. Before they could submit a memorial, the Emperor summoned Fang Bin, who strongly argued that mobilization would exhaust funds; the Emperor was displeased. He summoned Yuanji and asked about frontier stores. Yuanji replied, "In recent years campaigns have achieved nothing; military stores have been depleted by eight or nine tenths. Disasters have struck repeatedly, and the empire is exhausted within and without. Moreover Your Majesty has only recently recovered and still needs care; I beg that generals be sent on campaign rather than troubling the imperial person. The Emperor was furious and immediately ordered Yuanji to go manage grain stores at Kaiping. When Wu Zhong appeared in audience and spoke as Fang Bin had, the Emperor grew even angrier. He recalled Yuanji and imprisoned him in the Inner Palace Directorate, and also imprisoned Assistant Minister of Justice Zou Shiyan, who had once acted for the Ministry of Revenue. Fang Bin, in fear, took his own life. They then inventoried Yuanji's household; apart from paper money bestowed by the Emperor, they found only plain cloth and earthenware vessels. On the northern campaign the following year, the army turned back when supplies ran out. Afterward the Emperor campaigned beyond the passes year after year without ever encountering the enemy. On the return to Yumu River the Emperor fell ill and said to those beside him, "Xia Yuanji loves me. Three days after news of the death arrived, the Crown Prince ran to the prison, called for Yuanji, and weeping told him the news. Yuanji lay on the ground weeping and could not rise. The Crown Prince ordered him released to deliberate on funeral rites and asked what should be included in the amnesty edict. He proposed famine relief, reduction of taxes and corvée, abolition of treasure fleets to the Western Ocean, and ending procurement of gold and silver in Yunnan, Jiaozhi, and other regions. All were adopted.
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祿 祿
When the Renzong Emperor ascended the throne, Yuanji's office was restored. While Yuanji was in prison his mother had died; he now asked to return home and complete the mourning period. The Emperor said, "You are a veteran minister and should weather hardship together with me. You are in mourning—am I not in mourning as well? He richly rewarded him, ordered his family to escort the coffin home on post horses for burial, and had the authorities manage the funeral. Yuanji did not dare raise the matter again. He was soon additionally appointed Junior Tutor of the Crown Prince. Lü Zhen, as Junior Preceptor of the Crown Prince, ranked above Yuanji; the Emperor ordered the Court of State Ceremonial to place Lü Zhen below him in rank. He was promoted to Junior Guardian, retaining his posts as Junior Tutor of the Crown Prince and Minister of Revenue, with triple stipends. Xia Yuanji firmly declined, and the Emperor allowed him to forgo the Crown Prince's tutor stipend. He received a silver seal inscribed "Correcting faults and remedying errors," and residences were built for him in both capitals.
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Soon Emperor Renzong died, and the Crown Prince came up from Nanjing. Following the testamentary edict, Xia Yuanji welcomed him at the Lugou Bridge. When the Xuanzong Emperor came to the throne, he treated this veteran counselor with even greater intimacy and respect. The following year the Prince of Han, Zhu Gaoxu, rebelled, likewise invoking the Pacification of Difficulties; he circulated a proclamation denouncing the senior ministers, with Xia Yuanji listed first. The Emperor summoned his ministers for a night council. Yang Rong was the first to urge the Emperor to take the field in person. The Emperor hesitated. Xia Yuanji said, "Have you forgotten what became of Li Jinglong? Yesterday I saw the generals you dispatched; the moment they received orders their faces changed—you can guess how they will perform in battle. Moreover, war favors speed; march at once in full armor—that is how you seize the initiative. Rong's plan is sound. The Emperor's mind was made up. When the army returned, rewards were increased and he was given three gatekeepers. Xia Yuanji declined on the grounds that he had done nothing to deserve them. The Emperor would not hear of it.
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In the third year he accompanied the northern tour. The Emperor took the dried grain from Xia Yuanji's pouch and tasted it, laughing, "How wretched this is! He replied, "There are still hungry men in the army." The Emperor ordered court delicacies bestowed on him and rewards given to the officers and troops. He accompanied the troop review at Tuer Mountain; the Emperor, angered by the generals' slackness, ordered their garments stripped off. Xia Yuanji said, "Generals are the claws and teeth of the state—how can you let them freeze to death? He remonstrated again and again with all his strength. The Emperor said, "For your sake I will release them. He and Jian Yi were again given silver seals inscribed "Broad, forbearing, upright, and tranquil." The Emperor was skilled at painting and once personally painted the Star of Longevity to bestow on him. Other gifts of paintings, food, utensils, silver, and curios came almost every day. In the first month of the fifth year, when the Veritable Records of the two reigns were completed, he was again given gold, coins, saddles, and horses. That morning he went in to give thanks; returning home he died, at the age of sixty-five. He was posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor with the posthumous title Zhongjing (Loyal and Tranquil). An edict ordered the Ministry of Revenue to restore his household to tax exemption for generations.
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Xia Yuanji had refined sensibilities that others could not fully fathom. Whenever colleagues had a good idea, he adopted it at once. If they had minor faults, he always covered for them. A clerk soiled the gold-brocade robe the Emperor had bestowed on him. Xia Yuanji said, "Do not be afraid; stains can be washed out. On another occasion a clerk soiled an important document and kowtowed, begging to die. Xia Yuanji did not question the clerk; he went to court himself to accept blame, and the Emperor ordered the document replaced. Lü Zhen once tried to undermine Xia Yuanji. When Lü Zhen asked an office for his son, Xia Yuanji pleaded on his behalf because Lü Zhen had defended the city during the Pacification of Difficulties. The Earl of Pingjiang, Chen Xuan, had also disliked Xia Yuanji at first, yet Xia Yuanji often praised Chen Xuan's ability. Someone asked Xia Yuanji, "Can forbearance be learned? He said, "In my youth, whenever I was offended I grew angry. At first I bore it in my expression, then in my heart; in time there was nothing I could not bear. Once at night, reviewing legal cases, he stroked the desk and sighed, and whenever his brush was about to sign a death warrant he stopped. His wife asked why. He said, "This is the year-end report recommending executions. Once, after drinking at a colleague's home, he returned at night through snow; passing the forbidden gate, some companions wished not to dismount. Xia Yuanji said, "A gentleman does not let his conduct lapse in the dark." Such was his care in conduct.
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Xia Yuanji and Jian Yi both began their careers under Taizu. Jian Yi held authority over appointments, Xia Yuanji managed state finances—each for twenty-seven years, and both ranked ahead of the Three Yangs in seniority. Under the Renzong and Xuanzong emperors they held censorial posts abroad and served in the Hanlin at court, working in concert with the Three Yangs to govern. Jian Yi excelled at planning, Yang Rong at decision, while Xia Yuanji and Yang Shiqi especially upheld the larger pattern, with the bearing of great ministers of antiquity.
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His son Xuan entered office through hereditary privilege as a director in the Imperial Seals Office. He delighted in discussing military affairs. During the Jingtai reign he repeatedly memorialized on military affairs; opponents blocked him and his proposals were not adopted. He ended his career as Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices at Nanjing.
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Li Wenyu was a native of Xiangyang. At the beginning of the Yongle reign, as Vice Minister of Revenue he assisted Xia Yuanji in water-control work with distinction. Later he was implicated in an offense and banished to Liaodong for twenty years. When the Renzong Emperor ascended the throne he was recalled, appointed participating secretary of the Nanjing Court of Transmission, and retired.
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西
Zou Shiyan was a native of Yidu. At the beginning of the Yongle reign he served as administrative commissioner of Jiangxi and was dismissed for an offense. He was soon promoted to censor on recommendation and gained a reputation for integrity. He was transferred to assistant minister of justice and acted for the Ministry of Revenue. He was imprisoned together with Xia Yuanji. When the Renzong Emperor took the throne he was released and appointed Vice Minister of Rites. On his way back from visiting his family's graves he reached Tongzhou and died, too poor to transport his body home for burial. Minister Lü Zhen reported it at court; the Xuanzong Emperor ordered a courier boat to convey the body home. An edict decreed that when capital officials died, courier transport should be provided—a rule thereafter fixed in law.
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使
The eulogist writes: The Book of Documents says, "Seek widely for the wise to assist your successors." From the start of their careers Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji won Taizu's trust through sincerity and practical ability; under the Chengzu Emperor they were entrusted with ever heavier duties. In truth both understood how government worked and were versed in regulations—true pillars of the state. Under the Renzong and Xuanzong emperors they were entrusted with exceptional favor, working in concert to support their excellent sovereigns. Through them official governance was clarified and the people lived in harmony; their achievements were outstanding, and they stood among the dynasty's greatest ministers. How far-reaching is the effect of nurturing worthy men!
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