1
蹇義夏原吉 〈(俞士吉李文郁鄒師顏)〉
Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji (Yu Shiji, Li Wenyu, Zou Shiyan)〉
2
燕師入,迎附,遷左侍郎。 數月,進尚書。 時方務反建文之政,所更易者悉罷之。 義從容言曰:「損益貴適時宜。 前改者固不當,今必欲盡復者,亦未悉當也。」 因舉數事陳說本末。 帝稱善,從其言。
When the Prince of Yan's army entered the capital, he welcomed them and submitted; he was promoted to Left Vice Minister of Revenue. Within a few months he was promoted to Minister of Revenue. The court was then intent on undoing the policies of the Jianwen reign, and every measure that had been altered was rescinded. Jian Yi said calmly, "Whether to add or cut depends on what suits the times. The earlier reforms were indeed wrong, but to insist now on restoring everything wholesale is not entirely right either. He then cited several examples and explained each from beginning to end. The Emperor approved and followed his counsel.
3
永樂二年兼太子詹事。 帝有所傳諭太子,輒遣義,能委曲導意。 帝與太子俱愛重之。 七年,帝巡北京,命輔皇太子監國。 義熟典故,達治體,軍國事皆倚辦。 時舊臣見親用者,戶部尚書夏原吉與義齊名,中外稱曰「蹇、夏」。 滿三考,帝親宴二人便殿,褒揚甚至。 數奉命兼理他部事,職務填委,處之裕如。 十七年以父喪歸,帝及太子皆遣官賜祭。 詔起復。 十九年,三殿災,敕廷臣二十六人巡行天下。 義及給事中馬俊分巡應天諸府,問軍民疾苦,黜文武長吏擾民者數人,條興革數十事奏行之。 還治部事。 明年,帝北征還,以太子曲宥呂震婿主事張鶴朝參失儀,罪義不匡正,逮義系錦衣衛獄。 又明年春得釋。
In the second year of the Yongle reign he was also appointed Grand Mentor of the Crown Prince. Whenever the Emperor wished to convey something to the Crown Prince, he would send Jian Yi, who could convey the intent tactfully and fully. Both the Emperor and the Crown Prince held him in high regard. In the seventh year, when the Emperor toured Beijing, he was ordered to assist the Crown Prince in governing the realm. Jian Yi was versed in precedent and understood how government worked; military and civil affairs alike were entrusted to him. Among the veteran officials then in favor, Minister of Revenue Xia Yuanji was as renowned as Jian Yi, and throughout the court and empire they were known as "Jian and Xia." When they had completed three rounds of performance review, the Emperor personally entertained them in a side hall and lavished praise upon them. He was repeatedly ordered to handle affairs of other ministries on commission; though duties piled up, he managed them with ease. In the seventeenth year he went home to mourn his father; both the Emperor and the Crown Prince sent officials with sacrificial gifts. An edict ordered him recalled to office before the mourning period had ended. In the nineteenth year, when fire destroyed the Three Halls, the Emperor ordered twenty-six court officials to tour the empire. Jian Yi and Supervising Secretary Ma Jun toured the prefectures of the Yingtian region, inquired into the hardships of soldiers and civilians, removed several civil and military officials who had harassed the people, and submitted dozens of proposals for reform, which were put into effect. He then returned to manage affairs at the Ministry of Revenue. The following year, when the Emperor returned from the northern campaign, he blamed Jian Yi for failing to correct the Crown Prince, who had unduly excused Director Zhang He—Lü Zhen's son-in-law—for a breach of court etiquette at audience; Jian Yi was arrested and imprisoned in the Embroidered Uniform Guard jail. He was released the following spring.
4
仁宗即位,義、原吉皆以元老為中外所信。 帝又念義監國時舊勞,尤厚倚之。 首進義少保,賜冠服、象笏、玉帶,兼食二祿。 歷進少師,賜銀章一,文曰「繩愆糾繆」。 已,復賜璽書曰:「曩朕監國,卿以先朝舊臣,日侍左右。 兩京肇建,政務方殷,卿勞心焦思,不恤身家,二十余年,夷險一節。 朕承大統,贊襄治理,不懈益恭。 朕篤念不忘,茲以已意,創制『蹇忠貞印』賜卿。 俾藏於家,傳之後世,知朕君臣共濟艱難,相與有成也。」 時惟楊士奇亦得賜「貞一」印及敕。 尋命與英國公輔及原吉同監修《太宗實錄》。 義視原吉尤重厚,然過於周慎。 士奇嘗於帝前謂義曰:「何過慮?」 義曰:「恐鹵莽為後憂耳。」 帝兩是之。 楊榮嘗毀義。 帝不直榮。 義頓首言:「榮無他。 即左右有讒榮者,願陛下慎察。」 帝笑曰:「吾固弗信也。」 宣宗即位,委寄益重。 時方修獻陵,帝欲遵遺詔從儉約,以問義、原吉。 二人力贊曰:「聖見高遠,出於至孝,萬世之利也。」 帝親為規畫,三月而陵成,宏麗不及長陵,其後諸帝因以為制。 迨世宗營永陵,始益崇侈雲。
When the Renzong Emperor ascended the throne, Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji were both trusted throughout the court and empire as senior statesmen. The Emperor also remembered Jian Yi's service when the Crown Prince had governed the realm, and relied on him all the more heavily. He first promoted Jian Yi to Junior Guardian, bestowed court dress, an ivory tablet, and a jade belt, and granted him double stipends. He was further promoted to Junior Preceptor and given a silver seal inscribed "Correcting faults and remedying errors." Shortly afterward he bestowed another imperial letter, which read: "When I was governing the realm as heir, you, as a veteran of the previous reign, attended me day after day. As the two capitals were being built and government affairs pressed hard upon us, you labored with anxious devotion, heedless of yourself and your family—for more than twenty years you held the same integrity through good times and bad. When I inherited the throne, you assisted in governing the realm, never slackening but growing ever more devoted. I hold this in deep remembrance; of my own accord I have had made the "Seal of Jian the Loyal and Upright" and bestow it upon you. Keep it in your household and pass it down to posterity, so they may know how we, ruler and minister, weathered hardship together and achieved what we did. At that time only Yang Shiqi likewise received the "Upright and One" seal and an imperial edict. He was soon ordered, together with the Duke of Ying, Zhang Fu, and Xia Yuanji, to supervise compilation of the Veritable Records of the Taizong Emperor. Jian Yi regarded Xia Yuanji with especial respect and warmth, yet he himself was excessively thorough and cautious. Shiqi once said to Jian Yi in the Emperor's presence, "Why such excessive worry? Jian Yi replied, "I fear that acting rashly will bring trouble later." The Emperor approved of both views. Yang Rong once spoke ill of Jian Yi. The Emperor did not take Rong's side. Jian Yi kowtowed and said, "Rong means no harm. If anyone at your side speaks against him, I beg Your Majesty to look into it carefully. The Emperor smiled and said, "I never believed it in the first place." When the Xuanzong Emperor ascended the throne, his reliance on Jian Yi grew even greater. The Xian Mausoleum was then under construction; the Emperor wished to follow his father's testament and keep the work frugal, and consulted Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji. Both men strongly endorsed the plan, saying, "Your sage vision is far-reaching and springs from deepest filial piety; it will benefit generations to come. The Emperor personally oversaw the design; the mausoleum was completed in three months. It was less grand than the Chang Mausoleum, and later emperors took this as their standard. Only when the Shizong Emperor built the Yong Mausoleum did imperial tombs grow more lavish.
5
帝征樂安,義、原吉及諸學士皆從,預軍中機務,賜鞍馬甲胄弓劍。 及還,賚予甚厚。 三年從巡邊還。 帝以義、原吉、士奇、榮四人者皆已老,賜璽書曰:「卿等皆祖宗遺老,畀輔朕躬。 今黃髮危齒,不宜復典冗劇,傷朝廷優老待賢之禮。 可輟所務,朝夕在朕左右討論至理,共寧邦家。 官祿悉如舊。」 明年,郭琎代為尚書。 尋以胡濙言,命義等四人議天下官吏軍民建言章奏。 復賜義銀章,文曰「忠厚寬宏」。 七年詔有司為義營新第於文明門內。
When the Emperor campaigned against Le'an, Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji, and the Hanlin academicians all accompanied him, took part in military planning, and were given saddles, horses, armor, bows, and swords. On their return, the rewards were very generous. In the third year of the reign he returned from accompanying the border inspection tour. Seeing that Jian Yi, Xia Yuanji, Yang Shiqi, and Yang Rong were all advanced in years, the Emperor bestowed an imperial letter: "You are all surviving elders left by our ancestors, entrusted to assist me. Now that your hair has turned white and your teeth are failing, you should no longer bear the burden of heavy routine duties, to the detriment of the court's policy of honoring the aged and treating the worthy with care. You may set aside your official duties and remain at my side day and night to discuss fundamental principles and together bring peace to the realm. Your rank and stipends shall all remain unchanged. The following year Guo Jin replaced him as Minister of Revenue. Soon afterward, on Hu Ying's recommendation, the Emperor ordered Jian Yi and the other three to deliberate on memorials submitted by officials, soldiers, and civilians throughout the empire. He again bestowed on Jian Yi a silver seal inscribed "Loyal, generous, broad, and magnanimous." In the seventh year of the reign an edict ordered the authorities to build Jian Yi a new residence inside the Wenhua Gate.
6
英宗即位,齋宿得疾。 遣醫往視,問所欲言。 對曰:「陛下初嗣大寶,望敬守祖宗成憲,始終不渝耳。」 遂卒,年七十三。 贈太師,謚忠定。
When the Yingzong Emperor ascended the throne, Jian Yi fell ill while observing ritual fasting and vigil. The Emperor sent physicians to attend him and asked what he wished to say. He replied, "Your Majesty has only just inherited the throne; I hope you will reverently uphold the established institutions of your ancestors and never depart from them. He then died, at the age of seventy-three. He was posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor with the posthumous title Zhongding (Loyal and Settled).
7
義為人質直孝友,善處僚友間,未嘗一語傷物。 士奇常言:「張詠之不飾玩好,傅堯俞之遇人以誠,範景仁之不設城府,義兼有之。」 子英,有詩名,以蔭為尚寶司丞,歷官太常少卿。
Jian Yi was by nature plainspoken, upright, filial, and friendly; he handled relations among colleagues well and never spoke a word that wounded anyone. Shiqi often said, "Zhang Yong's disdain for ornamental luxuries, Fu Yaoyu's sincerity toward others, and Fan Jingren's freedom from hidden designs—Jian Yi combined them all. His son Ying was renowned as a poet; through hereditary privilege he became a director in the Imperial Seals Office and eventually rose to Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
8
夏原吉,字維喆,其先德興人。 父時敏,官湘陰教諭,遂家焉。 原吉早孤,力學養母。 以鄉薦入太學,選入禁中書制誥。 諸生或喧笑,原吉危坐儼然。 太祖诇而異之。 擢戶部主事。 曹務叢脞,處之悉有條理,尚書郁新甚重之。 有劉郎中者,忌其能。 會新劾諸司怠事者。 帝欲宥之,新持不可。 帝怒,問:「誰教若?」 新頓首曰:「堂後書算生。」 帝乃下書算生於獄。 劉郎中遂言:「教尚書者,原吉也。」 帝曰:「原吉能佐尚書理部事,汝欲陷之耶!」 劉郎中與書算生皆棄市。 建文初,擢戶部右侍郎。 明年充采訪使。 巡福建,所過郡邑,核吏治,咨民隱。 人皆悅服。 久之,移駐蘄州。 成祖即位,或執原吉以獻。 帝釋之,轉左侍郎。 或言原吉建文時用事,不可信。 帝不聽,與蹇義同進尚書。 偕義等詳定賦役諸制。 建白三十余事,皆簡便易遵守。 曰:「行之而難繼者,且重困民,吾不忍也。」 浙西大水,有司治不效。 永樂元年,命原吉治之。 尋命侍郎李文郁為之副,復使僉都御史俞士吉賫水利書賜之。 原吉請循禹三江入海故跡,浚吳淞下流,上接太湖,而度地為閘,以時蓄泄。 從之。 役十余萬人。 原吉布衣徒步,日夜經畫。 盛暑不張蓋,曰:「民勞,吾何忍獨適。」 事竣,還京師,言水雖由故道入海,而支流未盡疏泄,非經久計。 明年正月,原吉復行,浚白茆塘、劉家河、大黃浦。 大理少卿袁復為之副。 已,復命陜西參政宋性佐之。 九月工畢,水泄,蘇、松農田大利。 三年還。 其夏,浙西大饑。 命原吉率俞士吉、袁復及左通政趙居任往振,發粟三十萬石,給牛種。 有請召民佃水退淤田益賦者,原吉馳疏止之。 姚廣孝還自浙西,稱原吉曰:「古之遺愛也。」 亡何,郁新卒,召還,理部事。 首請裁冗食,平賦役; 嚴鹽法、錢鈔之禁; 清倉場,廣屯種,以給邊蘇民,且便商賈。 皆報可。 凡中外戶口、府庫、田賦贏縮之數,各以小簡書置懷中,時檢閱之。 一日,帝問:「天下錢、谷幾何?」 對甚悉,以是益重之。 當是時,兵革初定,論「靖難」功臣封賞,分封諸藩,增設武衛百司。 已,又發卒八十萬問罪安南、中官造巨艦通海外諸國、大起北都宮闕。 供億轉輸以鉅萬萬計,皆取給戶曹。 原吉悉心計應之,國用不絀。
Xia Yuanji, courtesy name Weizhe, came from a family originally of Dexing. His father Shimin served as instructor in Xiangyin, and the family settled there. Yuanji lost his father early; he studied diligently and supported his mother. Recommended through the provincial examination, he entered the Imperial Academy and was selected to draft imperial edicts within the palace. While other students sometimes laughed and chatted noisily, Yuanji sat upright with stern composure. Taizu noticed this and regarded him as extraordinary. He was promoted to Director in the Ministry of Revenue. Though ministry business was tangled and piled high, he handled it all with order, and Minister Yu Xin held him in high regard. A certain Director Liu envied his ability. When Yu Xin impeached officials in various offices for neglecting their duties, the Emperor wished to pardon them, but Yu Xin insisted that this could not be done. The Emperor was angry and asked, "Who told you to do this? Yu Xin kowtowed and said, "The clerks and accountants behind the hall." The Emperor then had the clerks and accountants imprisoned. Director Liu then said, "The one who instructed the Minister was Yuanji. The Emperor said, "Yuanji assists the Minister in running the ministry—are you trying to frame him?" Director Liu and the clerks and accountants were all executed in the marketplace. At the beginning of the Jianwen reign he was promoted to Right Vice Minister of Revenue. The following year he was appointed investigation commissioner. He toured Fujian; in every prefecture and county he passed he examined how officials governed and inquired into the people's hidden grievances. Everyone was pleased and submitted to his authority. After some time he moved his headquarters to Qizhou. When the Chengzu Emperor took the throne, some seized Yuanji to present him as a captive. The Emperor released him and appointed him Left Vice Minister of Revenue. Some said that Yuanji had held power under the Jianwen Emperor and could not be trusted. The Emperor would not hear of it and promoted him to Minister of Revenue together with Jian Yi. Together with Jian Yi and others he worked out in detail the regulations on taxes and corvée labor. He proposed more than thirty measures, all simple, practical, and easy to enforce. He said, "I cannot bear to impose measures that are hard to sustain once enacted and that would further burden the people. Western Zhejiang suffered severe flooding, and the local authorities' efforts proved ineffective. In the first year of the Yongle reign the Emperor ordered Yuanji to take charge of relief efforts. He was soon given Vice Minister Li Wenyu as deputy, and Censor-in-Chief Yu Shiji was again dispatched with an imperial book on water control as a gift. Yuanji proposed following the ancient course by which Yu the Great's three rivers had reached the sea, dredging the lower Wusong River to connect with Lake Tai, and building sluices at suitable points to store and release water according to the season. The Emperor approved. More than a hundred thousand laborers were mobilized. Yuanji wore plain clothes and went on foot, planning the work day and night. In the height of summer he would not raise a parasol, saying, "The people are laboring—how can I bear to enjoy comfort alone? When the work was finished he returned to the capital and reported that although water now reached the sea by the old channel, tributary streams had not been fully dredged—a solution that would not last. In the first month of the following year Yuanji set out again and dredged Baimao Pond, the Liu Family River, and the Great Huangpu. Vice Minister of Justice Yuan Fu served as his deputy. Shortly afterward Administrative Commissioner Song Xing of Shaanxi was ordered to assist him. In the ninth month the work was completed, the water drained away, and agriculture in Suzhou and Songjiang benefited greatly. In the third year he returned to the capital. That summer western Zhejiang suffered severe famine. The Emperor ordered Yuanji to lead Yu Shiji, Yuan Fu, and Left Commissioner Zhao Juren to provide relief, distributing three hundred thousand piculs of grain and supplying oxen and seed. When some proposed summoning people to farm silted fields left by the receding flood and increasing the tax levy, Yuanji sent an urgent memorial to halt the plan. When Yao Guangxiao returned from western Zhejiang, he praised Yuanji, saying, "He has the enduring benevolence of the ancients. Before long Yu Xin died; Yuanji was recalled to manage affairs at the Ministry of Revenue. His first proposals were to cut redundant government spending and equalize taxes and corvée labor; to enforce the salt monopoly and restrictions on paper currency; to clear the granaries, expand military farming colonies to supply the frontier and relieve the people, and facilitate commerce. All were approved. He kept slips in his pocket recording figures for households, treasuries, and land-tax surpluses and deficits throughout the empire, and reviewed them regularly. One day the Emperor asked, "How much money and grain does the empire hold? He answered in full detail, and the Emperor valued him all the more for it. At that time, with warfare only just ended, the court debated rewards for those who had pacified the realm, enfeoffed the imperial princes, and expanded the military guards and government offices. Then eight hundred thousand troops were sent to punish Annam, eunuchs built great ships to reach overseas countries, and construction of the northern capital's palaces was undertaken on a vast scale. Supplies and transport costs ran into the tens of billions, all drawn from the Ministry of Revenue. Yuanji calculated carefully to meet every demand, and state finances never ran short.
9
六年命督軍民輸材北都,詔以錦衣官校從,治怠事者。 原吉慮犯者眾,告戒而後行,人皆感悅。
In the sixth year he was ordered to supervise the transport of building materials to the northern capital; an edict sent Embroidered Uniform Guard officers to accompany him and punish negligence. Fearing that many would be punished, Yuanji issued warnings before setting out, and everyone was grateful.
10
七年,帝北巡,命兼攝行在禮部、兵部、都察院事。 有二指揮冒月廩,帝欲斬之。 原吉曰:「非律也,假實為盜,將何以加?」 乃止。
In the seventh year, when the Emperor toured the north, Yuanji was ordered concurrently to handle affairs of the traveling capital's Ministries of Rites and War and the Censorate. Two commanders had fraudulently claimed monthly rations; the Emperor wished to execute them. Yuanji said, "This is not according to law. If false claims are treated as theft, what further penalty could be applied? The Emperor then relented.
11
八年,帝北征,輔太孫留守北京,總行在九卿事。 時諸司草創,每旦,原吉入佐太孫參決庶務。 朝退,諸曹郎御史環請事。 原吉口答手書,不動聲色。 北達行在,南啟監國,京師肅然。 帝還,賜鈔幣、鞍馬、牢醴,慰勞有加。 尋從還南京,命侍太孫周行鄉落,觀民間疾苦。 原吉取齏黍以進,曰:「願殿下食此,知民艱。」 九載滿,與蹇義皆宴便殿,帝指二人謂群臣曰:「高皇帝養賢以貽朕。 欲觀古名臣,此其人矣。」 自是屢侍太孫,往來兩京,在道隨事納忠,多所裨益。
In the eighth year, when the Emperor campaigned north, he assisted the imperial grandson in governing Beijing and oversaw all ministerial affairs at the traveling capital. At that time the various offices were still being established; each morning Yuanji entered to assist the imperial grandson in deciding routine affairs. After court, bureau directors, secretaries, and censors surrounded him seeking decisions on pending matters. Yuanji answered orally while writing by hand, without a change in voice or expression. He reported north to the traveling court and south to the regency in Nanjing, and the capital was orderly throughout. When the Emperor returned, he bestowed paper money, saddles and horses, and provisions, with special words of consolation and reward. He soon accompanied the court back to Nanjing and was ordered to attend the imperial grandson on tours through villages to observe the people's hardships. Yuanji brought forward pickled grain and presented it, saying, "I hope Your Highness will eat this and understand the people's hardship. When nine years of service were complete, he and Jian Yi were both feasted in a side hall; the Emperor pointed to them and told the ministers, "The Hongwu Emperor nurtured worthy men to bequeath to me. If you wish to see the famous ministers of antiquity, here they are. From then on he often attended the imperial grandson, traveling between the two capitals and offering loyal counsel along the way to great effect.
12
十八年,北京宮室成,使原吉南召太子、太孫。 既還,原吉言:「連歲營建,今告成。 宜撫流亡,蠲逋負以寬民力。」 明年,三殿災,原吉復申前請,亟命所司行之。 初以殿災詔求直言,群臣多言都北京非便。 帝怒,殺主事蕭儀,曰:「方遷都時,與大臣密議,久而後定,非輕舉也。」 言者因劾大臣。 帝命跪午門外質辨。 大臣爭詈言者,原吉獨奏曰:「彼應詔無罪。 臣等備員大臣,不能協贊大計,罪在臣等。」 帝意解,兩宥之。 或尤原吉背初議。 曰:「吾輩歷事久,言雖失,幸上憐之。 若言官得罪,所損不細矣。」 眾始嘆服。
In the eighteenth year, when the Beijing palaces were completed, Yuanji was sent south to summon the Crown Prince and imperial grandson. After returning, Yuanji said, "Construction has continued for years; now it is finished. It is time to comfort displaced people and remit tax arrears to ease the burden on the people. The following year, when fire destroyed the Three Halls, Yuanji renewed his earlier request, and the Emperor urgently ordered the authorities to implement it. When the hall fire prompted an edict seeking frank counsel, many ministers argued that establishing the capital at Beijing was unwise. The Emperor was enraged and executed Director Xiao Yi, saying, "When the capital was moved, I deliberated in secret with my ministers for a long time before deciding—it was no hasty act. The memorialists thereupon impeached the senior ministers. The Emperor ordered the ministers to kneel outside the Meridian Gate and answer the charges. The senior ministers quarreled with the memorialists; Yuanji alone memorialized, saying, "They were responding to the edict and are not guilty. We who serve as senior ministers failed to assist the great plan adequately—the fault lies with us. The Emperor's anger eased and he pardoned both sides. Some blamed Yuanji for abandoning his earlier position. He said, "We have served for many years; though our counsel was mistaken, fortunately the sovereign is merciful. If censorial officials are punished, the damage will be no small matter. Only then did everyone admire his judgment.
13
原吉雖居戶部,國家大事輒令詳議。 帝每禦便殿闕門,召語移時,左右莫得聞。 退則恂恂若無預者。 交阯平,帝問:「遷官與賞孰便?」 對曰:「賞費於一時,有限; 遷官為後日費,無窮也。」 從之。 西域法王來朝,帝欲郊勞,原吉不可。 及法王入,原吉見,不拜。 帝笑曰:「卿欲效韓愈耶?」 山東唐賽兒反,事平,俘脅從者三千余人至。 原吉請於帝,悉原之。 谷王叛,帝疑長沙有通謀者。 原吉以百口保之,乃得寢。
Although Yuanji headed the Ministry of Revenue, he was always consulted on major affairs of state. The Emperor often received him at the side hall by the palace gate and talked with him at length, out of earshot of attendants. On leaving he was deferential, as though he had played no part in affairs. When Jiaozhi was pacified, the Emperor asked, "Which is preferable—promoting officials or granting rewards? He replied, "Rewards are a one-time expense and are limited; promoting officials creates ongoing expense without end. The Emperor followed his advice. When the Dharma King of the Western Regions came to court, the Emperor wished to greet him with suburban rites; Yuanji objected. When the Dharma King entered, Yuanji saw him but did not bow. The Emperor laughed and said, "Do you wish to imitate Han Yu? When Tang Sai'er rebelled in Shandong and the uprising was suppressed, more than three thousand coerced followers were brought in as captives. Yuanji asked the Emperor to pardon them all. When the Prince of Gu rebelled, the Emperor suspected conspirators at Changsha. Yuanji vouched for them with his own life and those of his family, and the matter was dropped.
14
十九年冬,帝將大舉征沙漠。 命原吉與禮部尚書呂震、兵部尚書方賓、工部尚書吳中等議,皆言兵不當出。 未奏,會帝召賓,賓力言軍興費乏,帝不懌。 召原吉問邊儲多寡,對曰:「比年師出無功,軍馬儲蓄十喪八九,災眚叠作,內外俱疲。 況聖躬少安,尚須調護,乞遣將往征,勿勞車駕。」 帝怒,立命原吉出理開平糧儲。 而吳中入對如賓言,帝益怒。 召原吉系之內官監,並系大理丞鄒師顏,以嘗署戶部也。 賓懼自殺。 遂並籍原吉家,自賜鈔外,惟布衣瓦器。 明年北征,以糧盡引還。 已,復連歲出塞,皆不見敵。 還至榆木川,帝不豫,顧左右曰:「夏原吉愛我。」 崩聞至之三日,太子走系所,呼原吉,哭而告之。 原吉伏地哭,不能起。 太子令出獄,與議喪禮,復問赦詔所宜。 對以振饑、省賦役、罷西洋取寶船及雲南、交阯采辦諸道金銀課。 悉從之。
In the winter of the nineteenth year the Emperor planned a major campaign into the desert. He ordered Yuanji, together with Ministers Lü Zhen of Rites, Fang Bin of War, and Wu Zhong of Works, to deliberate; all agreed that troops should not be sent. Before they could submit a memorial, the Emperor summoned Fang Bin, who strongly argued that mobilization would exhaust funds; the Emperor was displeased. He summoned Yuanji and asked about frontier stores. Yuanji replied, "In recent years campaigns have achieved nothing; military stores have been depleted by eight or nine tenths. Disasters have struck repeatedly, and the empire is exhausted within and without. Moreover Your Majesty has only recently recovered and still needs care; I beg that generals be sent on campaign rather than troubling the imperial person. The Emperor was furious and immediately ordered Yuanji to go manage grain stores at Kaiping. When Wu Zhong appeared in audience and spoke as Fang Bin had, the Emperor grew even angrier. He recalled Yuanji and imprisoned him in the Inner Palace Directorate, and also imprisoned Assistant Minister of Justice Zou Shiyan, who had once acted for the Ministry of Revenue. Fang Bin, in fear, took his own life. They then inventoried Yuanji's household; apart from paper money bestowed by the Emperor, they found only plain cloth and earthenware vessels. On the northern campaign the following year, the army turned back when supplies ran out. Afterward the Emperor campaigned beyond the passes year after year without ever encountering the enemy. On the return to Yumu River the Emperor fell ill and said to those beside him, "Xia Yuanji loves me. Three days after news of the death arrived, the Crown Prince ran to the prison, called for Yuanji, and weeping told him the news. Yuanji lay on the ground weeping and could not rise. The Crown Prince ordered him released to deliberate on funeral rites and asked what should be included in the amnesty edict. He proposed famine relief, reduction of taxes and corvée, abolition of treasure fleets to the Western Ocean, and ending procurement of gold and silver in Yunnan, Jiaozhi, and other regions. All were adopted.
15
仁宗即位,復其官。 方原吉在獄,有母喪,至是乞歸終制。 帝曰:「卿老臣,當與朕共濟艱難。 卿有喪,朕獨無喪乎?」 厚賜之,令家人護喪,馳傳歸葬,有司治喪事。 原吉不敢復言。 尋加太子少傅。 呂震以太子少師班原吉上,帝命鴻臚引震列其下。 進少保,兼太子少傅、尚書如故,食三祿。 原吉固辭,乃聽辭太子少傅祿。 賜「繩愆糾繆」銀章,建第於兩京。
When the Renzong Emperor ascended the throne, Yuanji's office was restored. While Yuanji was in prison his mother had died; he now asked to return home and complete the mourning period. The Emperor said, "You are a veteran minister and should weather hardship together with me. You are in mourning—am I not in mourning as well? He richly rewarded him, ordered his family to escort the coffin home on post horses for burial, and had the authorities manage the funeral. Yuanji did not dare raise the matter again. He was soon additionally appointed Junior Tutor of the Crown Prince. Lü Zhen, as Junior Preceptor of the Crown Prince, ranked above Yuanji; the Emperor ordered the Court of State Ceremonial to place Lü Zhen below him in rank. He was promoted to Junior Guardian, retaining his posts as Junior Tutor of the Crown Prince and Minister of Revenue, with triple stipends. Xia Yuanji firmly declined, and the Emperor allowed him to forgo the Crown Prince's tutor stipend. He received a silver seal inscribed "Correcting faults and remedying errors," and residences were built for him in both capitals.
16
已而仁宗崩,太子至自南京。 原吉奉遺詔迎於盧溝橋。 宣宗即位,以舊輔益親重。 明年,漢王高煦反,亦以「靖難」為辭,移檄罪狀諸大臣,以原吉為首。 帝夜召諸臣議。 楊榮首勸帝親征。 帝難之。 原吉曰:「獨不見李景隆已事耶? 臣昨見所遣將,命下即色變,臨事可知矣。 且兵貴神速,卷甲趨之,所謂先人有奪人之心也。 榮策善。」 帝意遂決。 師還,賚予加等,賜閽者三人。 原吉以無功辭。 不聽。
Soon Emperor Renzong died, and the Crown Prince came up from Nanjing. Following the testamentary edict, Xia Yuanji welcomed him at the Lugou Bridge. When the Xuanzong Emperor came to the throne, he treated this veteran counselor with even greater intimacy and respect. The following year the Prince of Han, Zhu Gaoxu, rebelled, likewise invoking the Pacification of Difficulties; he circulated a proclamation denouncing the senior ministers, with Xia Yuanji listed first. The Emperor summoned his ministers for a night council. Yang Rong was the first to urge the Emperor to take the field in person. The Emperor hesitated. Xia Yuanji said, "Have you forgotten what became of Li Jinglong? Yesterday I saw the generals you dispatched; the moment they received orders their faces changed—you can guess how they will perform in battle. Moreover, war favors speed; march at once in full armor—that is how you seize the initiative. Rong's plan is sound. The Emperor's mind was made up. When the army returned, rewards were increased and he was given three gatekeepers. Xia Yuanji declined on the grounds that he had done nothing to deserve them. The Emperor would not hear of it.
17
三年,從北巡。 帝取原吉橐糗嘗之,笑曰:「何惡也?」 對曰:「軍中猶有餒者。」 帝命賜以大官之饌,且犒將士。 從閱武兔兒山,帝怒諸將慢,褫其衣。 原吉曰:「將帥,國爪牙,奈何凍而斃之?」 反覆力諫。 帝曰:「為卿釋之。」 再與蹇義同賜銀印,文曰:「含弘貞靖。」 帝雅善繪事,嘗親畫《壽星圖》以賜。 其他圖畫、服食、器用、銀幣、玩好之賜,無虛日。 五年正月,兩朝實錄成,復賜金幣、鞍馬。 旦入謝,歸而卒,年六十五。 贈太師,謚忠靖。 敕戶部復其家,世世無所與。
In the third year he accompanied the northern tour. The Emperor took the dried grain from Xia Yuanji's pouch and tasted it, laughing, "How wretched this is! He replied, "There are still hungry men in the army." The Emperor ordered court delicacies bestowed on him and rewards given to the officers and troops. He accompanied the troop review at Tuer Mountain; the Emperor, angered by the generals' slackness, ordered their garments stripped off. Xia Yuanji said, "Generals are the claws and teeth of the state—how can you let them freeze to death? He remonstrated again and again with all his strength. The Emperor said, "For your sake I will release them. He and Jian Yi were again given silver seals inscribed "Broad, forbearing, upright, and tranquil." The Emperor was skilled at painting and once personally painted the Star of Longevity to bestow on him. Other gifts of paintings, food, utensils, silver, and curios came almost every day. In the first month of the fifth year, when the Veritable Records of the two reigns were completed, he was again given gold, coins, saddles, and horses. That morning he went in to give thanks; returning home he died, at the age of sixty-five. He was posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor with the posthumous title Zhongjing (Loyal and Tranquil). An edict ordered the Ministry of Revenue to restore his household to tax exemption for generations.
18
原吉有雅景,人莫能測其際。 同列有善,即采納之。 或有小過,必為之掩覆。 吏汙所服金織賜衣。 原吉曰:「勿怖,汙可浣也。」 又有汙精微文書者,吏叩頭請死。 原吉不問,自入朝引咎,帝命易之。 呂震嘗傾原吉。 震為子乞官,原吉以震在「靖難」時有守城功,為之請。 平江伯陳瑄初亦惡原吉,原吉顧時時稱瑄才。 或問原吉:「量可學乎?」 曰:「吾幼時,有犯未嘗不怒。 始忍於色,中忍於心,久則無可忍矣。」 嘗夜閱爰書,撫案而嘆,筆欲下輒止。 妻問之。 曰:「此歲終大辟奏也。」 與同列飲他所,夜歸值雪,過禁門,有欲不下者,原吉曰:「君子不以冥冥墮行。」 其慎如此。
Xia Yuanji had refined sensibilities that others could not fully fathom. Whenever colleagues had a good idea, he adopted it at once. If they had minor faults, he always covered for them. A clerk soiled the gold-brocade robe the Emperor had bestowed on him. Xia Yuanji said, "Do not be afraid; stains can be washed out. On another occasion a clerk soiled an important document and kowtowed, begging to die. Xia Yuanji did not question the clerk; he went to court himself to accept blame, and the Emperor ordered the document replaced. Lü Zhen once tried to undermine Xia Yuanji. When Lü Zhen asked an office for his son, Xia Yuanji pleaded on his behalf because Lü Zhen had defended the city during the Pacification of Difficulties. The Earl of Pingjiang, Chen Xuan, had also disliked Xia Yuanji at first, yet Xia Yuanji often praised Chen Xuan's ability. Someone asked Xia Yuanji, "Can forbearance be learned? He said, "In my youth, whenever I was offended I grew angry. At first I bore it in my expression, then in my heart; in time there was nothing I could not bear. Once at night, reviewing legal cases, he stroked the desk and sighed, and whenever his brush was about to sign a death warrant he stopped. His wife asked why. He said, "This is the year-end report recommending executions. Once, after drinking at a colleague's home, he returned at night through snow; passing the forbidden gate, some companions wished not to dismount. Xia Yuanji said, "A gentleman does not let his conduct lapse in the dark." Such was his care in conduct.
19
原吉與義皆起家太祖時。 義秉銓政,原吉筦度支,皆二十七年,名位先於三楊。 仁、宣之世,外兼臺省,內參館閣,與三楊同心輔政。 義善謀,榮善斷,而原吉與士奇尤持大體,有古大臣風烈。
Xia Yuanji and Jian Yi both began their careers under Taizu. Jian Yi held authority over appointments, Xia Yuanji managed state finances—each for twenty-seven years, and both ranked ahead of the Three Yangs in seniority. Under the Renzong and Xuanzong emperors they held censorial posts abroad and served in the Hanlin at court, working in concert with the Three Yangs to govern. Jian Yi excelled at planning, Yang Rong at decision, while Xia Yuanji and Yang Shiqi especially upheld the larger pattern, with the bearing of great ministers of antiquity.
20
子瑄,以蔭為尚寶司丞。 喜談兵。 景泰時,數上章言兵事,有沮者,不獲用。 終南京太常少卿。
His son Xuan entered office through hereditary privilege as a director in the Imperial Seals Office. He delighted in discussing military affairs. During the Jingtai reign he repeatedly memorialized on military affairs; opponents blocked him and his proposals were not adopted. He ended his career as Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices at Nanjing.
21
李文郁,襄陽人。 永樂初,以戶部侍郎副原吉治水有勞。 後坐事謫遼東二十年。 仁宗即位,召還,為南京通政參議,致仕。
Li Wenyu was a native of Xiangyang. At the beginning of the Yongle reign, as Vice Minister of Revenue he assisted Xia Yuanji in water-control work with distinction. Later he was implicated in an offense and banished to Liaodong for twenty years. When the Renzong Emperor ascended the throne he was recalled, appointed participating secretary of the Nanjing Court of Transmission, and retired.
22
鄒師顏,宣都人。 永樂初,為江西參政,坐事免。 尋以薦擢御史,有直聲。 遷大理丞,署戶部。 與原吉同下獄。 仁宗立,釋為禮部侍郎。 省墓歸,還至通州,卒,貧不能歸葬。 尚書呂震聞於朝,宣宗命驛舟送之。 詔京官卒者,皆給驛,著為令。
Zou Shiyan was a native of Yidu. At the beginning of the Yongle reign he served as administrative commissioner of Jiangxi and was dismissed for an offense. He was soon promoted to censor on recommendation and gained a reputation for integrity. He was transferred to assistant minister of justice and acted for the Ministry of Revenue. He was imprisoned together with Xia Yuanji. When the Renzong Emperor took the throne he was released and appointed Vice Minister of Rites. On his way back from visiting his family's graves he reached Tongzhou and died, too poor to transport his body home for burial. Minister Lü Zhen reported it at court; the Xuanzong Emperor ordered a courier boat to convey the body home. An edict decreed that when capital officials died, courier transport should be provided—a rule thereafter fixed in law.
23
贊曰:《書》曰「敷求哲人,俾輔於爾後嗣」。 蹇義、夏原吉自筮仕之初,即以誠篤幹濟受知太祖,至成祖,益任以繁劇。 而二人實能通達政體,諳練章程,稱股肱之任。 仁、宣繼體,委寄優隆,同德協心,匡翼令主。 用使吏治修明,民風和樂,成績懋著,蔚為宗臣。 樹人之效,遠矣哉。
The eulogist writes: The Book of Documents says, "Seek widely for the wise to assist your successors." From the start of their careers Jian Yi and Xia Yuanji won Taizu's trust through sincerity and practical ability; under the Chengzu Emperor they were entrusted with ever heavier duties. In truth both understood how government worked and were versed in regulations—true pillars of the state. Under the Renzong and Xuanzong emperors they were entrusted with exceptional favor, working in concert to support their excellent sovereigns. Through them official governance was clarified and the people lived in harmony; their achievements were outstanding, and they stood among the dynasty's greatest ministers. How far-reaching is the effect of nurturing worthy men!