1
西南諸蠻，有虞氏之苗，商之鬼方，西漢之夜郎、靡莫、邛、莋、僰、爨之屬皆是也。 自巴、夔以東及湖、湘、嶺嶠，盤踞數千里，種類殊別。 歷代以來，自相君長。 原其為王朝役使，自周武王時孟津大會，而庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、盧、彭、濮諸蠻皆與焉。 及楚莊蹻王滇，而秦開五尺道，置吏，沿及漢武，置都尉縣屬，仍令自保，此即土官、土吏之所始歟。
The tribal peoples of the southwest — the Miao of the Yu clan, the Guifang of the Shang, and the Yelang, Mimo, Qiong, Zhuo, Bo, and Cuan of the Western Han — all belong to this category. From Ba and Kui eastward through Hunan, the Xiang region, and the Ling ranges, they occupied several thousand li of territory, divided into many distinct groups. Through successive dynasties they recognized one another as rulers among themselves. As for when they first came to serve the imperial house, that dates to King Wu of Zhou at the great assembly at Mengjin, when the Yong, Shu, Qiang, Mao, Wei, Lu, Peng, and Pu tribes all participated. When Zhuang Qiao of Chu made himself king of Dian, Qin opened the Five-Foot Road and posted officials; under Emperor Wu of Han commandants and counties were established, yet the people were still left to govern themselves — and is this not where native officials and native clerks had their beginning?
2
迨有明踵元故事，大為恢拓，分別司郡州縣，額以賦役，聽我驅調，而法始備矣。 然其道在於羈縻。 彼大姓相擅，世積威約，而必假我爵祿，寵之名號，乃易為統攝，故奔走惟命。 然調遣日繁，急而生變，恃功怙過，侵擾益深，故歷朝征發，利害各半。 其要在於撫綏得人，恩威兼濟，則得其死力而不足為患。 《實錄》載成化十八年馬平主簿孔性善言：「谿峒蠻僚，雖常梗化，亂豈無因。 昔陳景文為令，瑤、僮皆應差徭，厥後撫字乖方，始仍反側。 誠使守令得人，示以恩信，諭以禍福，亦當革心。」 帝嘉納之，惜未能實究其用，此可為治蠻之寶鑒矣。
Under the Ming, following Yuan precedent, the court greatly extended its reach, apportioned pacification commissions, prefectures, and counties, levied taxes and corvée, and accepted their service on campaign — and only then was the system fully in place. Yet the governing principle remained loose-rein pacification. Powerful clans held sway among themselves, their authority built up over generations, yet they had to rely on our ranks and stipends and on the honor of imperial titles before they could be readily governed — and so they hurried to do our bidding. But as requisitions grew ever more frequent, haste bred rebellion; they leaned on past merit to excuse present faults, and raids and encroachments deepened — so that through the dynasties expeditions were launched, with gain and loss about evenly matched. The essential lay in appointing the right men to pacify them and combining kindness with severity — then one could win their utmost loyalty without their becoming a threat. The 《Veritable Records》 note that in Chenghua 18, Kong Xingshan, registrar of Maping, said: "The tribal peoples of stream valleys and mountain passes, though they often resist assimilation, do not rise without provocation. In the past, when Chen Jingwen served as magistrate, Yao and Zhuang alike met corvée obligations; later, when local governance failed, they turned rebellious once more. If only the right prefects and magistrates were appointed, shown kindness and trust, and taught what gain and ruin would bring, they too would mend their ways." The emperor praised and accepted the advice, yet regretted that it could not be fully put into practice — a lesson that remains a treasured mirror for governing tribal peoples.
3
嘗考洪武初，西南夷來歸者，即用原官授之。 其土官銜號曰宣慰司，曰宣撫司，曰招討司，曰安撫司，曰長官司。 以勞績之多寡，分尊卑之等差，而府州縣之名亦往往有之。 襲替必奉朝命，雖在萬里外，皆赴闕受職。 天順末，許土官繳呈勘奏，則威柄漸弛。 成化中，令納粟備振，則規取日陋。 孝宗雖發憤厘革，而因循未改。 嘉靖九年始復舊制，以府州縣等官隸驗封，宣慰、招討等官隸武選。 隸驗封者，布政司領之； 隸武選者，都指揮領之。 於是文武相維，比於中土矣。 其間叛服不常，誅賞互見。 茲據其事跡尤著者，列於篇。
It is recorded that at the outset of Hongwu, when southwestern tribes submitted, they were immediately confirmed in their former offices. Their native-official titles ran: Pacification Commission, Pacification Superintendent, Bandit-Suppression Commission, Comforting Commission, and Chieftain's Office. Merit determined rank, high or low, and the designations of prefectures and counties also often appeared among them. Succession required imperial sanction; even from ten thousand li away, heirs went to court to receive appointment. Late in the Tianshun reign, native officials were permitted to submit memorials for review and approval, and imperial control gradually loosened. During Chenghua they were required to contribute grain for famine relief, and standards for promotion grew shabbier day by day. Emperor Xiaozong, though he angrily sought to reform abuses, found old habits unchanged. In Jiajing 9 the old system was restored: prefectural and county officials fell under Credential Verification, while pacification and bandit-suppression offices fell under Military Selection. Offices under Credential Verification were led by the provincial administration commission; those under Military Selection were led by the regional commander. Civil and military posts were thus interwoven, much as in the heartland. Among them loyalty and rebellion shifted without pattern, punishment and reward alternating. Here those whose deeds were especially notable are recorded in this chapter.
4
○湖廣土司
○ Huguang Tribal Headmen
5
湖南，古巫郡、黔中地也。 其施州衛與永、保諸土司境，介於嶽、辰、常德之西，與川東巴、夔相接壤，南通黔陽。 谿峒深阻，易於寇盜，元末滋甚。 陳友諒據湖、湘間，啖以利，資其兵為用。 諸苗亦為盡力，有乞兵旁寨為之驅使者，友諒以此益肆。 及太祖殲友諒於鄱陽，進克武昌，湖南諸郡望風歸附，元時所置宣慰、安撫、長官司之屬，皆先後迎降。 太祖以原官授之，已而梗化。
Hunan was anciently the territory of Wu commandery and Qianzhong. The Shizhou Guard and the Yong and Bao headmen lay west of Yue, Chen, and Changde, adjoined Ba and Kui in eastern Sichuan, and reached south to Qianyang. Deep stream valleys and mountain passes made banditry easy, and troubles worsened at the end of the Yuan. Chen Youliang held Hunan and the Xiang region, enticing the tribes with profit and employing their soldiers. The various Miao fought with all their strength; some even begged troops from neighboring stockades to drive others forward — and Youliang grew bolder still. When the Taizu destroyed Youliang at Poyang and took Wuchang, Hunan's prefectures submitted one after another; the pacification, comforting, and chieftain offices of Yuan times all came forward to surrender in turn. The Taizu confirmed them in their former offices, yet before long they again resisted assimilation.
6
洪武三年，慈利安撫使覃垕連構諸蠻入寇，征南將軍周德興平之。 五年，復命鄧愈為征南將軍，率師平散毛等三十六洞，而副將軍吳良復平五開、古州諸蠻凡二百二十三洞，籍其民一萬五千，收集潰散士卒四千五百余人，平其地。 未幾，五開、五谿諸蠻亂，討平之。 十八年，五開蠻吳面兒反，勢獗甚。 命楚王楨將征虜將軍湯和，擊斬九谿諸處蠻僚，俘獲四萬余人，諸苗始懼。 而靖、沅、道、澧之間，十年內亦尋起尋滅。 雖開國之初，師武臣力，實太祖控制之道恩威備焉。
In Hongwu 3, Qin Huan, comforting commissioner of Cili, incited several tribes to raid; the southern campaign general Zhou Dexing pacified them. In the fifth year Deng Yu was again named southern campaign general and pacified the thirty-six caves of Sanmao; Vice General Wu Liang pacified two hundred twenty-three caves among the tribes of Wukai and Guzhou, registered fifteen thousand people, gathered more than four thousand five hundred scattered troops, and secured the region. Soon after, the tribes of Wukai and the Five Streams rebelled and were put down. In the eighteenth year Wu Mian'er of the Wukai tribes rebelled with overwhelming force. The Prince of Chu Zhu Zhen was ordered to lead expeditionary general Tang He, who struck down the tribal peoples of the Nine Streams and elsewhere and took more than forty thousand captives — only then did the various Miao begin to fear. Between Jing, Yuan, Dao, and Li, disturbances likewise flared and subsided within a decade. Though at the dynasty's founding military force and martial ministers did the work, in truth the Taizu's method combined kindness and severity in full measure.
7
永樂初，苗告繼絕，襲冠帶，益就銜勒。 垂百年，而五開、銅鼓間又紛紛多警。 時英宗北狩，中原所在侵擾，苗勢殊熾。 景泰初，總兵官宮聚奏：「蠻賊西至貴州龍裏，東至湖廣沅州，北至武岡，南至播州之境，不下二十萬，圍困焚掠諸郡邑。 臣所領官軍不及二萬，前後奔赴不能解平越之圍。 乞急調京邊軍及征麓川卒十萬前來，以資調遣。」 久而師征不至，更易他帥，浸淫六七載。 至天順元年，總督石璞調總兵官方瑛，始克期征剿。 破天堂、小坪、墨溪二百二十七寨，擒偽王侯伯等百余人，斬賊首千四百余級，奪回軍人男婦千三百余口，於是苗患漸平。 蓋萌發於貴州，而蔓銜於湖南，皆生苗為梗。 諸土司初無動搖，而永、保諸宣慰，世席富強，每遇征伐，輒願荷戈前驅，國家亦賴以撻伐，故永、保兵號為虓雄。 嘉、隆以還，徵符四出，而湖南土司均備臂指矣。
Early in Yongle the Miao reported broken succession lines and received caps and belts; they submitted ever more readily to restraint. After nearly a century, alarms again multiplied between Wukai and Tonggu. When Emperor Yingzong was captured in the north, the heartland was harassed on every side, and Miao strength flared with special intensity. Early in Jingtai regional commander Gong Ju reported: "Tribal rebels range west to Longli in Guizhou, east to Yuanzhou in Huguang, north to Wugang, and south to Bozhou — no fewer than two hundred thousand — besieging and burning prefectures and counties. The government troops under my command number fewer than twenty thousand; reinforcements sent before and after could not relieve the siege of Pingyue. I beg that capital-border troops and the veterans of the Luchuan campaign — one hundred thousand men — be urgently sent to support operations." Yet troops long failed to arrive, commanders were replaced, and the affair dragged on six or seven years. In Tianshun 1 Grand Coordinator Shi Pu mobilized regional commander Fang Ying, and only then was a date fixed for the punitive campaign. They stormed two hundred twenty-seven stockades at Tiantang, Xiaoping, and Moxi, captured more than a hundred self-styled kings, marquises, and earls, beheaded more than fourteen hundred rebel chiefs, and recovered more than thirteen hundred soldiers and civilians — and the Miao threat gradually eased. The trouble had sprouted in Guizhou and spread into Hunan; raw Miao were the source of obstruction throughout. The headmen themselves did not waver at first; the Yong and Bao pacification commissioners, wealthy and powerful for generations, whenever campaigns arose volunteered to lead the van — and the state relied on them for punishment — so Yong and Bao troops were famed as fiercely valiant. From the Jiajing and Longqing reigns onward, requisition orders flew in every direction, and Hunan's tribal headmen all stood ready at the court's command.
8
△施州 〈（施南宣撫司散毛宣撫司忠建宣撫司容美宣撫司）〉 永順軍民宣慰使司保靖州軍民宣慰使司
△ Shizhou (Shinan Pacification Superintendent; Sanmao Pacification Superintendent; Zhongjian Pacification Superintendent; Rongmei Pacification Superintendent)〉 Yongshun Military-Civilian Pacification Commissioner; Baojing Prefecture Military-Civilian Pacification Commissioner
9
施州，隋為清江郡，改施州。 明初仍之。 洪武十四年改置施州衛軍民指揮使司，屬湖廣都司。 領軍民千戶所一：曰大田。 領宣撫司三：曰施南，曰散毛，曰忠建。 領安撫司八：曰東鄉五路，曰忠路，曰忠孝，曰金峒，曰龍潭，曰大旺，曰忠峒，曰高羅。 領長官司七：曰搖把峒，曰上愛茶峒，曰下愛茶峒，曰劍南，曰木冊，曰鎮南，曰唐崖。 領蠻夷長官司五：曰鎮遠，曰隆奉，曰西泙，曰東流，曰臘壁峒。 又有容美宣撫司者，亦在境內，領長官司四：曰椒山瑪瑙，曰五峰石寶，曰石梁下峒，曰水盡源通塔平。
Shizhou: under the Sui it was Qingjiang commandery, later renamed Shizhou. At the beginning of Ming the name remained unchanged. In Hongwu 14 the Shizhou Guard Military-Civilian Command was established, subordinate to the Huguang regional command. It oversaw one military-civilian battalion: Datian. It had three pacification superintendents: Shinan, Sanmao, and Zhongjian. It had eight comforting commissions: Dongxiang Five Routes, Zhonglu, Zhongxiao, Jintong, Longtan, Dawang, Zhongtong, and Gaoluo. It had seven chieftain's offices: Yaoba Cave, Upper Ai Tea Cave, Lower Ai Tea Cave, Jiannan, Muce, Zhennan, and Tangya. It had five tribal chieftain's offices: Zhenyuan, Longfeng, Xiping, Dongliu, and Labi Cave. The Rongmei Pacification Superintendent also lay within the territory, with four chieftain's offices: Jiaoshan Agate, Wufeng Shibao, Shiliang Xiadong, and Shuijinyuan Tongtapin.
10
初，太祖即吳王位，甲辰六月，湖廣安定宣撫使向思明遣長官硬徹律等，以元所授宣撫敕印來上，請改授。 乃命仍置安定等處宣撫司二，以思明及其弟思勝為之。 又置懷德軍民宣撫司一，以向大旺為之，統軍元帥二，以南木、潘仲玉為之。 抽攔、不用、黃石三洞，各置長官一，以沒葉、大蟲、硬徹律為之。 簳坪洞設元帥府一，以向顯祖為之。 梅梓、麻寮二洞，各置長官一，以向思明、唐漢明為之。 皆新降者。 丙午二月，容美洞宣撫使田光寶遣弟光受等，以元所授宣撫敕印來上。 命光寶為四川行省參政，行容美洞等處軍民宣撫司事，仍置安撫元帥治之。 並立太平、臺宜、麻寮等十寨長官司。
Early on, when the Taizu took the title King of Wu, in the sixth month, jiachen cycle, Huguang Anding Pacification Commissioner Xiang Siming sent chieftain Ying Chelü and others to present the Yuan-conferred pacification patent and seal and request reappointment. He ordered two Anding and related pacification superintendents retained, appointing Siming and his younger brother Sisheng. He also established one Huaide Military-Civilian Pacification Superintendent under Xiang Dawang, with two army marshals — Nanmu and Pan Zhongyu. For the three caves Choulian, Buyong, and Huangshi he appointed one chieftain each — Meiye, Dachong, and Ying Chelü. For Qianping Cave he established one marshal's headquarters under Xiang Xianzu. For Meizi and Maliao caves he placed one chieftain each — Xiang Siming and Tang Hanming. All were newly submitted peoples. In the second month, bingwu cycle, Rongmei Cave Pacification Commissioner Tian Guangbao sent his younger brother Guangshou and others to present the Yuan-conferred pacification patent and seal. Guangbao was named Sichuan Branch Secretariat councillor and charged with the Rongmei Cave Military-Civilian Pacification Superintendent, with comforting marshals still appointed to govern. Ten stockade chieftain's offices were also established at Taiping, Taiyi, Maliao, and elsewhere.
11
洪武四年，宣寧侯曹良臣帥兵取桑植，容美洞元施南道宣慰使覃大勝弟大旺、副宣慰覃大興、光寶子答谷等皆來朝，納元所授金虎符。 命以施州宣慰司為從三品，東鄉諸長官司為正六品，以流官參用。 五年，忠建元帥墨池遣其子驢吾，率所部溪洞元帥阿巨等來歸附，納元所授金虎符並銀印、銅章、誥敕。 置忠建長官司及沿邊溪洞長官司，以墨池等為長官。 二月，容美宣撫田光寶復遣子答谷來朝。 征南將軍鄧愈平散毛、柿谿、赤谿、安福等三十九峒，散毛宣慰司都元帥覃野旺上偽夏所授印。
In Hongwu 4, Marquis Cao Liangchen led troops to take Sangzhi; Tian Guangbao's son Daguo of Rongmei Cave, Qin Dawang younger brother of Yuan Shinan Circuit Pacification Commissioner Qin Dasheng, Vice Pacification Commissioner Qin Daxing, and others all came to court and surrendered the Yuan golden tiger tally. The Shizhou Pacification Commission was made third rank subordinate; Dongxiang chieftain's offices were made sixth rank, with regular officials intermixed. In the fifth year Zhongjian Marshal Mochi sent his son Lüwu leading stream-cave marshals Agu and others to submit, surrendering the Yuan golden tiger tally with silver seals, bronze stamps, and patents. The Zhongjian Chieftain's Office and border stream-cave chieftain's offices were established, with Mochi and others as chieftains. In the second month Tian Guangbao of Rongmei Pacification again sent his son Daguo to court. Southern campaign general Deng Yu pacified thirty-nine caves including Sanmao, Shixi, Chixi, and Anfu; Sanmao Pacification Commission Grand Marshal Qin Yewang surrendered the seal conferred by the false Xia.
12
十四年，江夏侯周德興移師討水盡源、通塔平、散毛諸峒，置施州衛軍民指揮使司。 十五年，置施南宣撫司，隸施州衛。 十七年，散毛、沿邊安撫司安撫覃野旺之子起剌來朝，命為本司僉事。 景川侯曹震言：「散毛等洞蠻時寇掠為民患，已令施州衛及施南宣撫覃大勝招之，如負固，請發兵討。」
In the fourteenth year Marquis Zhou Dexing of Jiangxia moved troops against the caves of Shuijinyuan, Tongtapin, and Sanmao and established the Shizhou Guard Military-Civilian Command. In the fifteenth year the Shinan Pacification Superintendent was established, subordinate to Shizhou Guard. In the seventeenth year Qici, son of Sanmao and border comforting commissioner Qin Yewang, came to court and was appointed vice commissioner of his office. Marquis Cao Zhen of Jingchuan reported: "Tribes of Sanmao and other caves often raid and plague the people; Shizhou Guard and Shinan Pacification Superintendent Qin Dasheng have been ordered to summon them — if they hold out, send troops to punish them."
13
二十二年命忠建宣撫田思進之子忠孝代父職。 時思進年八十余，乞致仕，故有是命。 明年，涼國公藍玉克散毛洞，擒剌惹長官覃大旺等萬余人。 置大田軍民千戶所，隸施州衛。 以藍玉奏散毛、鎮南、大旺、施南等洞蠻叛服不常，黔江、施州衛兵相去遠，難應援。 今散毛地與大水田連，宜置千戶所守禦，乃改散毛為大田，命千戶石山等領土兵一千五百人，置所鎮之。 時忠建、施南叛蠻結寨於龍孔，玉遣指揮徐玉將兵攻之，擒宣撫覃大勝，余蠻退走。 玉復分兵搜之，殺獲男女一千八百余人，械大勝及其黨八百二十人送京師。 磔大勝於市，余戍開元，給衣糧遣之。
In the twenty-second year Zhongxiao, son of Zhongjian Pacification Superintendent Tian Sijin, was ordered to replace his father. Sijin was then over eighty and begged to retire — hence the order. The following year Duke Lan Yu of Liang took Sanmao Cave and captured more than ten thousand including Lare Chieftain Qin Dawang. The Datian Military-Civilian Battalion was established, subordinate to Shizhou Guard. Lan Yu reported that tribes of Sanmao, Zhennan, Dawang, Shinan, and other caves wavered between submission and rebellion; Qianjiang and Shizhou Guard troops were too far apart to reinforce one another readily. Sanmao territory now adjoined Dashuitian; a battalion should guard it — Sanmao was renamed Datian, and Battalion Commander Shi Shan and others were ordered to lead fifteen hundred native troops to garrison the post. Rebellious tribes of Zhongjian and Shinan had fortified stockades at Longkong; Yu sent Commander Xu Yu to attack, captured Pacification Superintendent Qin Dasheng, and the rest fled. Yu again divided his forces to hunt them down, killing and capturing more than eighteen hundred men and women, and sent Dasheng and more than eight hundred twenty followers to the capital in bonds. Dasheng was dismembered in the market; the rest were exiled to Kaiyuan with clothing and grain for the journey.
14
永樂二年復設散毛、施南二長官司。 先是，洪武初，諸土司長官來降者，皆予原官。 蠻苗吳面兒之難，諸土司地多荒廢，長官亦罷承襲。 至是，故土官之子覃友諒等以招復蠻民，請仍設治所。 以其戶少，降為長官司，隸大田軍民千戶所。 以友諒為散毛，長官，覃添富為施南長官。 四年，改施南、散毛仍為宣撫司，以友諒、添富來朝故也。 以田應虎為龍潭安撫。 時應虎來朝，言其祖父自宋、元來，俱為安撫，自蠻亂並其地入散毛隔遠難治，乞仍舊，從之。 時高羅安撫田大民言，招復蠻民四百余戶，乞還原職治所。 木冊長官田谷佐、唐崖長官覃忠孝，並言父祖世為安撫，洪武時大軍平蜀，民驚潰，治所廢，今谷佐等招集三百余戶，請襲，許之。 五年，鎮南長官覃興等來朝，稱系世職，洪武中廢，今招來蠻民三百戶，乞仍舊，既五峰石寶長官張再武亦以襲職請，從之。 同時，設東鄉五路安撫，以覃忠為之，隸施南。 設石梁下峒、椒山瑪瑙、水盡源通塔平三長官司，以向潮文、劉再貴、唐思文為之，隸容美。 既復設忠路、忠孝、金峒三安撫司，隸施州衛，以覃英、田大英、覃添貴為之。 皆因洪武間蠻亂民散，廢其治，今忠等以故官子侄來朝，奏請復設，並從之，各賜印章冠帶。
In Yongle 2 the Sanmao and Shinan chieftain's offices were re-established. Earlier, at the beginning of Hongwu, headmen who submitted were all confirmed in their former offices. During the troubles of the Miao leader Wu Mian'er, many headman territories fell waste and succession was suspended. Now sons of former native officials such as Qin Youliang, having gathered tribal peoples back, asked that governing posts be restored. Because their registered households were few, the offices were reduced to chieftain's rank and placed under the Datian Military-Civilian Battalion. Qin Youliang was appointed Sanmao chieftain and Qin Tianfu Shinan chieftain. In the fourth year Shinan and Sanmao were restored to pacification superintendents because Youliang and Tianfu had presented themselves at court. Tian Yinghu was appointed comforting commissioner of Longtan. When Yinghu came to court he said his forebears had held comforting office since Song and Yuan times, but tribal unrest had merged their lands into Sanmao, which was too remote to govern — he asked for the old arrangement, and the court agreed. Meanwhile Tian Damin of Gaoluo reported that he had brought back more than four hundred tribal households and asked to resume his former office and seat. Muce chieftain Tian Guzuo and Tangya chieftain Qin Zhongxiao both said their line had held comforting office for generations until Hongwu's conquest of Shu scattered the people and ruined their seats — now they had gathered more than three hundred households and sought succession, which was granted. In the fifth year Qin Xing of Zhennan and others came to court, claiming hereditary posts abolished under Hongwu; having gathered three hundred tribal households they asked for restoration — and Zhang Zaiwu of Wufeng Shibao also sought succession; the court agreed to both. At the same time the Dongxiang Five Routes comforting commission was set up under Qin Zhong, subordinate to Shinan. Chieftain's offices were established at Shiliang Xiadong, Jiaoshan Agate, and Shuijinyuan Tongtapin, with Xiang Chaowen, Liu Zaigui, and Tang Siwen in charge under Rongmei. The comforting commissions of Zhonglu, Zhongxiao, and Jintong were re-established under Shizhou Guard, with Qin Ying, Tian Daying, and Qin Tiangui appointed. All this followed Hongwu-era unrest that had scattered the people and ended local rule; now Zhong and others, as heirs of former officials, came to court to ask for restoration — the court agreed and bestowed seals, caps, and belts on each.
15
宣德二年設劍南長官司，隸忠路安撫； 搖把峒、上愛下愛二茶峒三長官司及鎮邊、隆奉二蠻夷官司，皆隸東鄉五路安撫； 東流、臘壁峒二蠻夷官司，隸散毛宣撫； 石關峒長官司、西泙蠻夷官司，隸金峒安撫。 皆以其酋長為之。 先是，忠路安撫司等各奏，前元故土官子孫牟酋蠻等，各擁蠻民，久據谿洞，今就招撫，請設官司，授以職事。 兵部以聞，帝以馭蠻當順其情，所授諸司，宜有等殺。 兵部議以四百戶以上者設長官司，四百戶以下者設蠻夷官司。 元土官子孫量授以職，從所招官司管屬。 皆從之。 令三年一朝貢如故事。 九年，木冊長官田谷佐奏：「高羅安撫常倚勢淩轢，侵奪其土地人民，已蒙朝廷分理，然彼宿怨未平，恐復加害。 乞徑隸施州衛。」 從之。 正統三年命散毛宣撫覃友諒子瑄試職。 初，友諒以罪械赴京，中路逃匿，後為官軍所獲，斃獄。 至是，本司以其子為蠻民信服，乞襲職。 帝以友諒罪重宜革，第以蠻故詘法信恩，命瑄試職圖後效。 景泰二年，禮部奏：「散毛宣撫司副使黃縉瑄謀殺親兄，律應斬。 其妻譚氏遣子忠等貢馬贖罪，然縉瑄罪重，法不可宥。 宜給鈔以酬馬直。」 從之。 天順元年，容美宣撫田潮美老疾，請子保富代職，從之。 五年，禮部奏：「施州木冊長官司土舍譚文壽兇暴，並造不法誹謗之言，罪當刑。 今其母向氏進馬以贖，恐不可從。」 帝命給鈔百錠以慰其母，其子仍禁錮之。
In Xuande 2 the Jiannan chieftain's office was created, subordinate to Zhonglu comforting commission; the chieftain's offices of Yaoba Cave and the Upper and Lower Ai Tea Caves and the tribal offices of Zhenbian and Longfeng were placed under Dongxiang Five Routes; the tribal offices of Dongliu and Labi Cave were placed under Sanmao pacification superintendent; the Shiguan Cave chieftain's office and the Xiping tribal office were placed under Jintong comforting commission. In each case the tribal chiefs themselves were appointed. Earlier Zhonglu and other offices had reported that Yuan-era native heirs such as Mou Qiu still held tribal followers and long occupied mountain passes; now pacified, they asked for formal offices and titles. The Ministry of War relayed the matter; the emperor said tribes should be governed according to their customs, and the offices granted should be ranked in proper order. The ministry proposed chieftain's offices for groups of four hundred households or more and tribal chieftain's offices for fewer than four hundred. Yuan native heirs were to receive posts commensurate with their standing, under whichever recruiting office had brought them in. The court approved all of this. They were ordered to send triennial tribute missions as in former practice. In the ninth year Tian Guzuo of Muce reported: "The Gaoluo comforting commissioner habitually abuses his power, seizing our lands and people; though the court has ruled on the dispute, old hatred remains and we fear further injury. We ask to be placed directly under Shizhou Guard. The request was approved. In Zhengtong 3 Qin Xuan, son of Sanmao pacification superintendent Qin Youliang, was given trial appointment. Earlier Youliang had been sent to the capital in bonds for crime, escaped en route, was later captured by government troops, and died in prison. Now the office reported that his son enjoyed the tribes' trust and asked for succession. The emperor said Youliang's crimes warranted abolition of the line, yet because of tribal custom bent the law in mercy and let Xuan serve on trial to prove himself. In Jingtai 2 the Ministry of Rites reported: "Huang Jin Xuan, vice commissioner of Sanmao Pacification Superintendent, plotted to murder his elder brother and should be beheaded by law. His wife Lady Tan sent their son Zhong and others with horses to redeem his guilt, but the crime was too grave to pardon. Paper money should be given in compensation for the horses. The ministry's recommendation was approved. In Tianshun 1 Tian Chaomei of Rongmei, aged and ill, asked that his son Baofu succeed him, and the court agreed. In the fifth year the Ministry of Rites reported: "Tan Wenshou, native cadet of Shizhou's Muce chieftain's office, is violent and has spoken unlawful slander — he should be punished. His mother Lady Xiang now offers horses to redeem him, which perhaps should not be allowed. The emperor ordered one hundred ingots of paper money to comfort the mother while the son remained imprisoned.
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成化二年，搖把洞長官向麥答踵奏：「鄰近洗羅峒長，窺知本洞土兵調征兩廣，村寨空虛，煽誘土蠻攻劫，乞調官軍剿治。」 五年，禮部奏：「容美宣撫司田保富等，遣人進貢方物不及數，恐使者侵盜，宜停其賞，仍移知所司。」 施州等衛八安撫司各奏，成化五年朝覲進馬，已付邊衛騎操，而諸衛收馬文移不至，恐有虛詐，宜勘實給賞，皆從之。 弘治二年，木冊長官田賢及容美致在田保富各進馬，為土人譚敬保等贖罪。 刑部言：「蠻民納馬贖罪，輕者可原，重者難宥，宜下按臣察核。」 八年，容美宣撫貢馬及香，禮部以香不及數，馬多道斃，又無文驗，命予半賞。 九年，金峒安撫覃彥龍奏：「境內產杉木，嘗鬻金三千貯庫。 今彥龍年老，子惟一人，恐身後土人爭奪，乞解部。」 工部議非貢典，卻之。
In Chenghua 2 Xiang Maidazhong of Yaoba Cave reported: "The neighboring Xiluo chieftain, learning our native troops had been sent to the Two Guangs and our stockades left empty, incited raiders — we beg government troops for suppression. In the fifth year the Ministry of Rites reported: "Tian Baofu of Rongmei and others sent tribute below the required quota — fearing the envoys stole the goods, rewards should be withheld and local offices informed. The eight comforting commissions under Shizhou Guard and elsewhere reported that horses presented for the Chenghua 5 audience had been sent to border guards for training, but receipts had not arrived — fearing fraud, rewards should follow verification — and the court agreed. In Hongzhi 2 Tian Xian of Muce and the retired Tian Baofu of Rongmei each presented horses to redeem Tan Jingbao and other natives. The Ministry of Punishments said: "Tribal horse offerings may redeem light crimes but not grave ones — touring officials should investigate. In the eighth year Rongmei presented horses and incense; the Ministry of Rites, finding the incense short, many horses dead on the road, and no verification papers, ordered half rewards. In the ninth year Qin Yanlong of Jintong reported: "Our territory produces fir; three thousand taels from sales were once stored in the treasury. Now I am old with only one son — fearing strife among the natives after my death, I ask that it be surrendered to the ministry. The Ministry of Works ruled this outside tribute regulations and refused.
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正德四年，容美宣撫並椒山瑪瑙長官司所遣通事劉思朝等赴京進貢，沿途驛傳多需索，為偵事所發，自魯橋以北計千余金。 部臣以聞，帝以遠蠻宥之。 散毛宣撫並五峰石寶、水盡源通塔平長官司入貢後期，部議半賞，從之。 九年命大田千戶所千戶冉霖彡子舜卿為指揮僉事，以自陳討川寇功也。 十一年，容美宣撫田秀愛其幼子，將逐其兄白俚俾，而以幼子襲。 白俚俾恨之，賊殺其父及其弟。 事聞，下鎮巡官驗治，磔死。 土官唐勝富、張世英等為白俚俾奏辨，罪亦當坐。 詔以蠻僚異類，難盡繩以法，免其並坐，戒飭之。 十五年，容美宣撫司同知田世瑛，奏獲鎮南軍民府古印，為始祖田始進開熙二年頒給，乞改升宣撫司為軍民府。 禮部議，以開設宣撫，頒印已久，不當更，古印宜繳，從之。
In Zhengde 4 Rongmei and Jiaoshan Agate sent interpreters Liu Sichao and others to court with tribute; along the route they extorted the courier stations — exposed by investigators, their take north of Luqiao alone exceeded one thousand taels. The ministry reported this; the emperor pardoned them as distant tribes. Sanmao pacification superintendent and the chieftain's offices of Wufeng Shibao and Shuijinyuan Tongtapin arrived late with tribute; the ministry proposed half rewards, which were granted. In the ninth year Shunqing, son of Datian battalion commander Ran Linshan, was made assistant regional commander for merit against Sichuan bandits. In the eleventh year Tian Xiu of Rongmei favored a younger son and planned to drive out his elder brother Bailübi so the younger could succeed. Bailübi, enraged, murdered his father and younger brother. When the matter was reported, touring officials investigated and he was dismembered. Native officials Tang Shengfu and Zhang Shiying and others pleaded Bailübi's case — they too were legally liable. An edict held that as tribal peoples of another kind they could not be fully bound by statute — they were exempted from joint punishment and admonished. In the fifteenth year vice commissioner Tian Shiying of Rongmei reported recovering the ancient seal of Zhennan Military-Civilian Prefecture, issued in Kaixi 2 to founder Tian Shi, and asked that the pacification office be raised to a military-civilian prefecture. The Ministry of Rites ruled that the pacification office and its seal had long been established and should not be changed; the ancient seal should be surrendered — approved.
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嘉靖七年，容美宣撫司、龍潭安撫司每朝貢率領千人，所過擾害，鳳陽巡撫唐龍以聞。 禮部按舊制，進貢不過百人，赴京不過二十人，命所司申飭。 忠孝安撫司把事田春者數十人稱入貢，偽造關文，騷擾驛傳，應天巡撫以聞。 兵部議，土司違例入貢，且所過橫索，恐有他虞，宜嚴禁諭。 二十六年，臘壁峒等長官司入貢，禮部驗印文詐偽，詔革其賞，並下按臣勘問。
In Jiajing 7 Rongmei pacification superintendent and Longtan comforting commission each led a thousand men on tribute missions, harming the regions they passed — grand coordinator Tang Long of Huguang reported it. The Ministry of Rites, citing the old limit of one hundred for tribute parties and twenty for the capital journey, ordered local offices to admonish them. Several dozen men led by clerk Tian Chun of Zhongxiao comforting commission claimed tribute missions, forged transit papers, and harassed courier stations — the Yingtian grand coordinator reported it. The Ministry of War proposed that headmen entering tribute against regulations while extorting along the route might portend further trouble — strict prohibition was needed. In the twenty-sixth year Labi Cave and other chieftain's offices presented tribute; the Ministry of Rites found seals and papers forged — rewards were stripped and touring officials ordered to investigate.
19
三十三年詔湖廣川貴總督並節制容美十四司。 初，容美土官田世爵與土官向元楫累世相仇。 元楫幼，世爵佯為講好，以女嫁之，謀奪其產，因誣元楫以奸。 有司恐激變，令自捕元楫，下獄論死。 世爵遂發兵，盡俘向氏，並籍其土，皆沒入之。 久之，撫按知其謀，責與元楫對狀，世爵不出，陰與羅峒土舍黃中等謀叛。 於是湖廣巡按御史周如鬥請移荊南道分巡施州衛，以便控制，調廣西清浪等戍軍，以實行伍。 疏下督臣馮嶽等議，嶽等言：「施州地勢孤懸，不可久居，戍軍亦非一時可集。 當移荊瞿守備於施州，九永守備於九谿，上荊南道備巡歷。 至世爵驕橫，有司不能攝治，獨久系元楫何為。 宜假督臣以節制容美之權，問世爵抗違之罪，如不悛，即繩以法。」 從之。
In the thirty-third year an edict placed the Huguang-Sichuan-Guizhou grand coordinator in overall command of Rongmei's fourteen offices. Earlier Rongmei native official Tian Shijue and native official Xiang Yuanji had been enemies for generations. Yuanji was young; Shijue feigned peace, married him his daughter, plotted to seize his property, then slandered him with adultery. Local officials, fearing revolt, ordered Yuanji to capture himself; he was imprisoned and sentenced to death. Shijue then sent troops, captured the entire Xiang clan, and registered all their lands into his own holdings. Eventually pacification officials learned of the plot and ordered Shijue to confront Yuanji — he refused and secretly plotted rebellion with Huang Zhong of Luotong. Huguang touring censor Zhou Rudou then asked that the Jingnan circuit assistant patrol Shizhou Guard for control and that troops from Guangxi's Qinglang garrison and others reinforce the ranks. The memorial went to supervising minister Feng Yue and others, who said: "Shizhou is isolated and cannot be long garrisoned; troops cannot be gathered at once. Move the Jingqu garrison command to Shizhou, the Jiuyong garrison to Jiuxi, and have the upper Jingnan circuit assistant patrol regularly. As for Shijue's arrogance, which local officials cannot restrain — why keep Yuanji imprisoned so long? Grant the grand coordinator authority over Rongmei to charge Shijue with defiance; if he does not reform, apply the law. This was approved.
20
時龍潭安撫黃俊素貪暴，據支羅洞寨，以睚爔殺人，系獄。 會白草番反，俊子中請立功為父貰罪，已又自求為副指揮，賄當事者許之。 俊出益驕，乃與中及群盜李仲實等，恣行於四川之雲陽、奉節間，副使熊逵等計擒俊與仲實。 俊死於獄，中自縛出降，執余黨譚景雷等自贖。 帝命追戮俊，梟示，仲實等論斬，中謫戍，而賞有功者。 三十五年，命容美宣撫田九霄襲職，賜紅纻衣一襲，以浙江黃宗山擊倭之功也。
At the time Huang Jun of Longtan was greedy and violent, holding Zhiluo Cave stockade and killing over trifles — he was imprisoned. When the Baicao tribes rebelled, Jun's son Zhong asked to earn merit to redeem his father; he also sought vice battalion command through bribes to those in charge. Released, Jun grew bolder still and with Zhong and bandit Li Zhongshi raided between Yunyang and Fengjie in Sichuan — vice commissioner Xiong Kui and others planned their capture. Jun died in prison; Zhong bound himself and surrendered, handing over accomplices such as Tan Jinglei to redeem himself. The emperor ordered Jun posthumously executed and exposed, Zhongshi and others decapitated, Zhong exiled to garrison duty, and the meritorious rewarded. In the thirty-fifth year Tian Jiuxiao was ordered to succeed at Rongmei and given a suit of red silk for merit against Japanese pirates under Zhejiang's Huang Zongshan.
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隆慶元年，吏科給事朱繪等言，湖廣施州衛忠路安撫覃大寧一日奏五上，語多不實，請究治。 都察院議，金峒安撫上舍覃璧爭印相殺，及磁峒不當轄四川。 俱下撫按官勘報。 四年，覃璧作亂，傷官軍，撫按請治失事諸臣罪。 兵部言：「本衛孤懸境外，事起倉猝，宜從寬貰，以責後功。」 帝然之，命所司相機剿撫。 五年，巡撫劉愨以覃璧平，條議五事：「一，請以川東所轄巫山、建始、黔江、萬縣改屬上荊道。 一，以荊州去施州衛遠，不便巡歷。 夷陵西有傅友德所辟取蜀故道，名百里荒者，抵衛僅五百余裏。 請以巴東之石砫司巡檢、施州衛之州門驛、三會驛並移近地，俾閭井聯絡。 而於百里荒及東卜壟仍創建哨堡，令千戶一員，督班軍百人戍守。 一，施州衛延袤頗廣，物產最饒，衛官朘削，致民逃夷地為亂。 宜裁通判設同知，撫治民蠻，均平徭賦，勿額外橫索。 一，金峒世官不宜遽絕，貸覃勝罪，降安撫為峒長，聽支羅所百戶提調。 一，施州所轄十四司應襲官舍，必先白道院，始許理事。 其擅立名號者，請嚴治，並令兵巡道每歲經歷施州，豫行調集各官舍獎諭，令赴學觀化。」 俱從之。
In Longqing 1 supervising secretary Zhu Hui of the Ministry of Personnel said Qin Daning of Shizhou Guard's Zhonglu comforting commission filed five memorials in one day, mostly false — investigation was requested. The Censorate added that Qin Bi of Jintong fought over seals and killed one another, and that Cidong should not fall under Sichuan. All were referred to pacification officials for investigation. In the fourth year Qin Bi rebelled and wounded government troops; pacification officials sought punishment for negligent officers. The Ministry of War said: "This guard stands alone beyond the border and the affair arose in haste — leniency should be shown to demand later merit. The emperor agreed and ordered responsible offices to suppress or pacify as circumstances required. In the fifth year, with Qin Bi pacified, Grand Coordinator Liu Kui submitted five proposals: "First, transfer Wushan, Jianshi, Qianjiang, and Wanxian of eastern Sichuan to upper Jing circuit. Second, because Jingzhou is far from Shizhou Guard and hard to patrol. West of Yiling lies the old road to Shu opened by Fu Youde, called the Hundred-Li Wilderness, only five hundred-odd li from the guard. Move Badong's Shizhu inspector, Shizhou Guard's Zhoumen post, and the Sanhui post nearer so settlements connect. Still create sentry forts at the Hundred-Li Wilderness and Dongbulong, each with a battalion commander and a hundred garrison soldiers. Third, Shizhou Guard's territory is broad and rich, yet officers embezzle, driving people to flee into tribal lands and rebel. Abolish the transit judge, establish an assistant prefect to pacify civilians and tribes, equalize corvée, and forbid extra exactions. Fourth, Jintong's hereditary line should not end abruptly — pardon Qin Sheng, reduce comforting commissioner to cave chieftain, and let Zhiluo's company commander direct him. Fifth, among Shizhou's fourteen offices, hereditary native cadets must report to the circuit intendant before acting. Those who presumptuously establish titles should be strictly punished; the military patrol circuit should visit Shizhou yearly, gather native cadets for encouragement, and send them to schools. All were approved.
22
萬歷十一年，湖廣撫按奏：「施州衛施南等宣撫司各官，仍聽鎮筸參將節制，載入敕書，以一事權。」 從之。
In Wanli 11 Huguang pacification officials reported: "Officials of Shinan and other pacification superintendents under Shizhou Guard should remain under the Zhengan regional vice commander, recorded in the appointment patent, to unify authority. This was approved.
23
崇禎十二年，容美宣撫田元疏言：「六月間，谷賊復叛，撫治兩臣調用土兵。 臣即捐行糧戰馬，立遣土兵七千，令副長官陳一聖等將之前行。 悍軍鄧維昌等憚於征調，遂與譚正賓結七十二村，鳩銀萬七千兩，賂巴東知縣蔡文升以逼民從軍之文上報，阻忠義而啟邊釁。」 帝命撫按核其事。 時中原寇盜充斥，時事日非，即土司征調不至，亦不能問矣。
In Chongzhen 12, Rongmei Pacification Superintendent Tian Yuan reported: "[In the sixth month the Gu rebels rose again, and the two pacifying commissioners called up native troops. I at once donated marching provisions and war horses, immediately sent seven thousand native troops, and had Vice Chieftain Chen Yisheng and others lead them ahead. The fierce soldiers Deng Weichang and others shrank from the levy; they joined Tan Zhengbin and seventy-two villages, raised seventeen thousand taels of silver, and bribed Badong Magistrate Cai Wensheng into memorializing a draft to force the people into service, blocking the loyal and opening a border quarrel. The emperor ordered the provincial pacification and inspection officials to verify the affair. By then the heartland swarmed with rebels and the times worsened daily; even when native offices ignored a summons, the court could no longer hold them to account.
24
永順軍民宣慰使司
Yongshun Military-Civilian Pacification Commissioner
25
永順，漢武陵、隋辰州、唐溪州地也。 宋初為永順州。 嘉祐中，溪州刺史彭仕羲叛，臨以大兵，仕羲降。 熙寧中，築下溪州城，賜名會溪。 元時，彭萬潛自改為永順等處軍民安撫司。 洪武五年，永順宣慰使順德汪倫、堂厓安撫使月直遣人上其所受偽夏印，詔賜文綺襲衣。 遂置永順等處軍民宣慰使司，隸湖廣都指揮使司。 領州三，曰南渭，曰施溶，曰上谿； 長官司六，曰臘惹洞，曰麥著黃洞，曰驢遲洞，曰施溶溪，曰白崖洞，曰田家洞。 九年，永順宣慰彭添保遣其弟義保等貢馬及方物，賜衣幣有差。 自是，每三年一入貢。 永樂十六年，宣慰彭源之子仲率土官部長六百六十七人貢馬。
Yongshun occupied the lands of Han's Wuling, Sui's Chenzhou, and Tang's Xizhou. In early Song it was made Yongshun Prefecture. During Jiayou, Xizhou Prefect Peng Shixi revolted; pressed by a large force, Shixi submitted. Under Xining the Lower Xizhou fort was built and named Huixi. Under the Yuan, Peng Wanqian renamed it the Yongshun and other places Military-Civilian Pacification Office. In Hongwu 5, Yongshun Pacification Commissioner Shunde Wang Lun and Tangya Pacification Superintendent Yuezhi sent envoys to surrender the seals they had received from the Xia regime; the court granted patterned silks and investiture robes. The Yongshun and other places Military-Civilian Pacification Commissioner was then established, placed under the Huguang Regional Military Commission. It administered three prefectures: Nanwei, Shirong, and Shangxi; and six chieftain's offices: Layedong, Maizhuanghuangdong, Lvchidong, Shirongxi, Baiyadong, and Tianjiadong. In the ninth year Yongshun Pacification Commissioner Peng Tianbao sent his brother Yibao and others to offer horses and local products; robes and gifts were granted in due measure. Thereafter tribute came once every three years. In Yongle 16, Pacification Commissioner Peng Yuan's son Zhong led six hundred sixty-seven native chiefs to present tribute horses.
26
成化三年，兵部尚書程信請調永順兵征都掌蠻。 十三年以征苗功，命宣慰彭顯英進散官一階，仍賜敕獎勞。 十五年免永順賦。 弘治七年，貴州奏平苗功，以宣慰彭世麒等與有勞，世麒乞升職。 兵部言非例，請進世麒階昭勇將軍，仍賜敕褒獎，從之。 八年，世麒進馬謝恩。 十四年，世麒以北邊有警，請帥土兵一萬赴延綏助討賊。 兵部議不可，賜敕獎諭，並賜奏事人路費鈔千貫，免其明年朝覲，以方聽調征賊婦米魯故也。
In Chenghua 3, Minister of War Cheng Xin asked that Yongshun troops be mobilized against the Duzhang Miao. In the thirteenth year, for merit against the Miao, Pacification Commissioner Peng Xianying was promoted one honorary grade and again received an edict of commendation. In the fifteenth year Yongshun's taxes were remitted. In Hongzhi 7, Guizhou reported success in pacifying the Miao; Pacification Commissioner Peng Shiqi and others had taken part, and Shiqi asked for promotion. The Ministry of War said this was not precedent but asked that Shiqi be advanced to Brave-and-Courageous General and still receive a commendatory edict; approved. In the eighth year Shiqi presented horses in gratitude. In the fourteenth year, with trouble on the northern frontier, Shiqi asked to lead ten thousand native troops to Yan-sui to help suppress the rebels. The Ministry of War ruled against it but granted an edict of praise, gave the memorial presenter one thousand strings of traveling notes, and excused him from the next year's audience, since he was already on campaign against the bandit woman Milu.
27
正德元年以世麒從征有功，賜紅織金麒麟服，世麒進馬謝恩。 二年進馬賀立中宮，命給賞如例。 五年，永順與保靖爭地相攻，累年不決，訴於朝，命各罰米三百石。 六年，四川賊藍廷瑞、鄢本恕等及其黨二十八人倡亂兩川，鳥合十余萬人，僭王號，置四十八營，攻城殺吏，流毒黔、楚。 總制尚書洪鐘等討之，不克。 已而為官軍所遏，乏食，乃佯聽撫，劫掠自如。 廷瑞以女結婚於永順土舍彭世麟，冀緩兵。 世麟偽許之，因與約期。 廷瑞、本恕及王金珠等二十八人皆來會，世麟伏兵擒之，余賊潰渡河，官兵追圍之，擒斬及溺死者七百余人。 總制、巡撫以捷聞，獎賚有差，論者以是役世麟為首功雲。 七年，賊劉三等自遂平趨東臯，宣慰彭明輔及都指揮曹鵬等以土軍追擊之，賊倉卒渡河，溺死者二千人，斬首八十余級。 巡撫李士實以聞。 命永順宣慰格外加賞，仍給明輔誥命。
In Zhengde 1, for merit on campaign, Shiqi was granted red brocade with gold kylin patterns; he presented horses in thanks. In the second year he presented horses to congratulate the establishment of the empress; rewards were ordered as usual. In the fifth year Yongshun and Baojing warred over land; the dispute dragged on for years until they appealed to court, which fined each side three hundred shi of rice. In the sixth year the Sichuan rebels Lan Tingrui, Yan Benshu, and twenty-eight associates raised rebellion in both Shu, gathering more than one hundred thousand men, assuming royal titles, establishing forty-eight camps, storming cities and killing officials, and ravaging Qian and Chu. Grand Coordinator Hong Zhong and others attacked them without success. Later, hemmed in by government troops and short of provisions, they pretended to accept pacification while plundering as before. Tingrui betrothed his daughter to Yongshun native cadet Peng Shilin, hoping to stall the army. Shilin pretended consent and fixed a meeting date. Tingrui, Benshu, Wang Jinzhu, and all twenty-eight came to the rendezvous; Shilin's hidden troops seized them; the rest broke across the river; pursuing troops encircled them and killed or drowned more than seven hundred. The grand coordinator and pacification commissioner reported the victory; rewards varied by rank; commentators held Shilin chiefly responsible for the success. In the seventh year the rebels Liu San and others fled from Suiping toward Donggao; Pacification Commissioner Peng Mingfu and Regional Vice Commander Cao Peng pursued with native troops; the enemy rushed the river in panic; two thousand drowned and more than eighty heads were taken. Pacification Commissioner Li Shishi memorialized the victory. The emperor ordered additional rewards for the Yongshun Pacification Commissioner and granted Mingfu a patent of appointment.
28
十年，致仕宣慰彭世麒獻大木三十，次者二百，親督運至京，子明輔所進如之。 賜敕褒諭，賞進奏人鈔千貫。 十三年，世麒獻大楠本四百七十，子明輔亦進大木備營建。 詔世麒升都指揮使，賞蟒衣三襲，仍致仕； 明輔授正三品散官，賞飛魚服三襲，賜敕獎勵，仍令鎮巡官宴勞之。 時政出權幸，恩澤皆由於幹請。 於是郴州民頌世麒征賊時號令嚴明，其土官彭芳等亦頌世麒功，乞蟒衣玉帶。 兵部格不可，乃已。 世麒辭賞，請立坊，賜名曰表勞。 會有保靖兩宣慰爭兩江口之議，詞連明輔，主者議逮治。 明輔乃令蠻民奏其從征功，悉辭香爐山應得升賞，以贖逮治之辱。 部議悉已之。
In the tenth year the retired Pacification Commissioner Peng Shiqi presented thirty great timbers and two hundred lesser ones, personally escorting them to the capital; his son Mingfu made a like offering. An edict praised him and granted the memorial presenter one thousand strings of paper money. In the thirteenth year Shiqi offered four hundred seventy great nan logs; Mingfu also sent great timbers for building works. He was promoted to Regional Vice Commander, given three python robes, and allowed to remain in retirement; Mingfu received honorary third rank, three flying-fish robes, and a reward edict; the pacification and inspection officials were also ordered to feast and honor him. Government then flowed from powerful favorites, and every grace came by private petition. Chenzhou people praised Shiqi's stern discipline on campaign; his native officials Peng Fang and others likewise praised his service and begged python robes and jade belts for him. The Ministry of War refused as irregular, and the request lapsed. Shiqi declined the gifts and asked instead for a commemorative arch; the court named it Biaolao, "Commending Merit." A dispute over the Two-River Mouth between the Baojing and Yongshun pacification commissioners implicated Mingfu; the authorities proposed arresting him. Mingfu had tribal subjects memorialize his campaign service and renounce all promotion and rewards tied to Incense-Burner Mountain, seeking to expiate the disgrace of impending punishment. The ministry reviewed the matter and let everything drop.
29
嘉靖六年，論擒岑猛功，免應襲宣慰彭宗漢赴京，而加宗漢父明輔、祖世麒銀幣。 二十一年，巡撫陸傑言：「酉陽與永順以采木仇殺，保靖又煽惑其間，大為地方患。」 乃命川、湖撫臣撫戢，勿釀兵端。 是年，免永順秋糧。
In Jiajing 6, for merit in capturing Cen Meng, heir-apparent Pacification Commissioner Peng Zonghan was excused from attending court, while his father Mingfu and grandfather Shiqi received extra silver and silks. In the twenty-first year Pacification Commissioner Lu Jie reported: "[Youyang and Yongshun have been killing one another over timber rights, and Baojing has been fanning the quarrel -- a grave affliction for the region. The emperor then ordered the Sichuan and Huguang pacification officials to calm them and forbid any new outbreak of fighting. That year Yongshun's autumn grain tax was remitted.
30
三十三年冬，調永順土兵協剿倭賊於蘇、松。 明年，永順宣慰彭翼南統兵三千，致仕宣慰彭明輔統兵二千，俱會於松江。 時保靖兵敗賊於石塘灣。 永順兵邀擊，賊奔王江涇，大潰。 保靖兵最，永順次之，帝降敕獎勵，各賜銀幣，翼南賜三品服。
In the thirty-third year, winter, Yongshun native troops were called up to help suppress Japanese pirates in Suzhou and Songjiang. The following year Yongshun Pacification Commissioner Peng Yinan led three thousand men and retired Pacification Commissioner Peng Mingfu two thousand; both joined at Songjiang. By then Baojing troops had already beaten the pirates at Shitang Bay. Yongshun troops cut them off; the enemy fled to Wangjiangjing and collapsed in complete rout. Baojing ranked first and Yongshun second; the emperor issued a reward edict, granting silver and silks to each, and third-rank robes to Yinan.
31
先是，永順兵剿新場倭，倭故不出，保靖兵為所誘遽先入，永順土官田菑、田豐等亦爭入，為賊所圍，皆死之。 議者皆言督撫經略失宜，致永順兵再戰再北。 及王江涇之戰，保靖掎之，永順角之，斬獲一千九百余級，倭為奪氣，蓋東南戰功第一雲。 時邀功者方行賞，翼南遂授昭毅將軍。 已，升右參政管宣慰事，與明輔俱受銀幣之賜。 時保、永二宣慰破倭後，兵驕，所過皆劫掠，緣江上下苦之。 御史請究治，部議以土兵新有功，遽加罰，失遠人心，宜諭責之。 並令浙、直練鄉勇，嗣後不得輕調土兵。
Earlier, at Xinchang, Yongshun troops had hunted the Japanese, who held back; Baojing men were baited into charging in first; Yongshun native officers Tian Zai, Tian Feng, and others rushed in as well, were surrounded, and all perished. Commentators blamed the grand coordinator's strategy for Yongshun's two defeats in succession. At Wangjiangjing, Baojing pinned the enemy while Yongshun closed the kill; more than nineteen hundred were slain or taken, and the Japanese lost heart -- held to be the greatest victory in the southeast. While merit claims were being rewarded, Yinan was appointed Brave-and-Steadfast General. He was later made Right Administration Commissioner in charge of pacification affairs; both he and Mingfu received silver and silks. After the victory, the Baojing and Yongshun pacification commissioners' troops grew insolent and plundered wherever they marched, bringing misery along the rivers. Censors called for punishment; the ministry argued that the native troops had just won merit and sudden penalties would alienate distant peoples -- they should be rebuked instead. Zhejiang and the metropolitan circuit were also ordered to train local militia; native troops were not to be lightly called up again.
32
四十二年以獻大木功再論賞，加明輔都指揮使，賜蟒衣，其子掌宣慰司事，右參政彭翼南為右布政使，賜飛魚服，仍賜敕獎勵。 四十四年，永順復獻大木，詔加明輔、翼南二品服。
In the forty-second year, for presenting great timbers, Mingfu was made Regional Vice Commander and given python robes; his son took charge of the pacification office; Right Administration Commissioner Peng Yinan became Right Pacification Commissioner with flying-fish robes and a reward edict. In the forty-fourth year Yongshun again sent great timbers; an edict granted Mingfu and Yinan second-rank robes.
33
萬歷二十五年，東事棘，調永順兵萬人赴援。 宣慰彭元錦請自備衣糧聽調，既而支吾，有要挾之跡，命罷之。 三十八年賜元錦都指揮銜，給蟒衣一襲，妻汪氏封夫人。 四十七年，永順貢馬後期，減賞。 兵部言：「前調宣慰元錦兵三千人援遼，已半載，至關者僅七百余人。」 命究主兵者。 四十八年進元錦都督僉事。 先是，元錦以調兵三千為不足立功，願以萬兵往。 朝廷嘉其忠，加恩優渥。 既而檄調八千，僅以三千，塞責，又上疏稱病，為巡撫所劾，得旨切責。 元錦不得已行，兵抵通州北，聞三路敗恤，遂大潰。 於是巡撫徐兆魁言：「調永順兵八千，費逾十萬，今奔潰，虛糜無益。」 罷之。
In Wanli 25, with the eastern frontier in crisis, ten thousand Yongshun troops were mobilized for relief. Pacification Commissioner Peng Yuanjin offered to supply his own provisions and obey the call; later he stalled and showed signs of extortion; he was ordered to stand down. In the thirty-eighth year Yuanjin received the rank of Regional Vice Commander and one python robe; his wife, Lady Wang, was enfeoffed as a lady. In the forty-seventh year Yongshun's tribute horses arrived late and its reward was cut. The Ministry of War reported: "[Three thousand men under Pacification Commissioner Yuanjin were sent to aid Liaodong; after half a year, barely seven hundred had reached the frontier pass. The emperor ordered those responsible for the troops to be investigated. In the forty-eighth year Yuanjin was promoted to Assistant Regional Commander. Earlier Yuanjin had said three thousand men were too few to win distinction and volunteered ten thousand. The court praised his loyalty and heaped favors upon him. When eight thousand were later demanded he sent only three thousand to satisfy duty; he then memorialized illness; the pacification commissioner impeached him and he received a stern edict of rebuke. Yuanjin set out at last; his force reached north of Tongzhou, heard that three armies had been routed, and broke completely. Pacification Commissioner Xu Zhaokui then reported: "[Eight thousand Yongshun troops were mobilized at a cost exceeding one hundred thousand; they have now scattered in rout, wasting funds to no purpose. They were dismissed.
34
保靖州軍民宣慰使司
Baojing Prefecture Military-Civilian Pacification Commissioner
35
宣德元年，宣慰彭大蟲可宜遣子順來貢。 四年，兵部奏：「保靖舊有二宣慰，一為人所殺，一以殺人當死，其同知以下官皆缺，請改流官治之。」 帝以蠻性難馴，流官不諳土俗，令都督蕭授擇眾所推服者以聞。 正統十四年，保靖宣慰與族人彭南木答等相訐奏，既而講和，願輸米贖誣奏罪，從之。
In Xuande 1, Pacification Commissioner Peng Dachong Keyi sent his son Shun to present tribute. In the fourth year the Ministry of War reported: "[Baojing once had two pacification commissioners; one was murdered, the other faced execution for murder; vice commissioners and lower posts were all vacant -- it should be placed under regular officials. The emperor replied that tribal peoples are hard to govern and regular officials do not know local custom; he ordered Regional Commander Xiao Shou to choose someone the people would accept and report. In Zhengtong 14 the Baojing Pacification Commissioner and his kinsman Peng Nanmuda and others exchanged accusations; they later reconciled and offered rice to redeem the penalty for false memorials; approved.
36
景泰七年命調保靖土兵協剿銅鼓、五開、黎平諸蠻，先頒賞犒之。 天順二年敕宣慰彭舍怕俾即選兵進討。 三年，保靖奏夏災。 成化二年，以保靖宣慰彭顯宗征蠻有功，命給誥命。 三年復調保靖兵征都掌蠻。 五年免保靖宣慰諸土司成化二年稅糧八百五十三石，以屢調征廣西及荊、襄、貴州有功也。 七年，顯宗老不任事，命其子仕瓏代。 十三年，以平苗功，顯宗、仕瓏皆進一階。 十五年以災免保靖租賦。 仁瓏奏，兩江口長官彭勝祖違例進貢，下部臣議，宜逮問，命鎮巡官諭之。
In Jingtai 7, Baojing native troops were ordered to help suppress the Tonggu, Wukai, Liping, and other tribes; rewards were issued in advance to hearten them. In Tianshun 2 an edict told Pacification Commissioner Peng Shepa to choose troops at once and march to attack. In the third year Baojing reported a summer disaster. In Chenghua 2, for merit against tribal rebels, Baojing Pacification Commissioner Peng Xianzong was granted a patent of appointment. In the third year Baojing troops were again called up against the Duzhang Miao. In the fifth year eight hundred fifty-three shi of Chenghua 2 grain tax owed by Baojing's tribal offices was remitted, for repeated meritorious service in Guangxi and the Jing, Xiang, and Guizhou campaigns. In the seventh year Xianzong, too old to govern, was replaced by his son Shilong. In the thirteenth year, for pacifying the Miao, Xianzong and Shilong were each promoted one grade. In the fifteenth year Baojing's rents and levies were remitted on account of disaster. Shilong reported that Two-River Mouth Chieftain Peng Shengzu had presented tribute contrary to regulations; the ministry proposed arrest and inquiry; the emperor ordered the pacification and inspection officials to warn him.
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弘治十二年，永順宣慰司奏，仕瓏擅率兵攻長官彭世英，仇殺多年，構禍不已，乞發兵征剿。 部覆以屢行按問不報，宜諭鎮巡官速勘奏聞，從之。 十四年，以保靖宣慰等方聽調，免明年朝覲，時有征貴州賊婦米魯之役故也。 初，保靖安撫彭萬里以洪武元年歸附，即其地設保靖宣慰司，授萬里宣慰使，領白崖、大別、大江、小江等二十八村寨。 萬里卒，子勇烈嗣。 勇烈卒，子藥哈俾嗣，年幼。 萬里弟麥谷踵之子大蟲可宜，諷土人奏己為副宣慰，同理司事，因殺藥哈俾而據其十四寨。 事覺，逮問，死獄中，革副宣慰，而所據寨如故。 其後，勇烈之弟勇傑嗣，傳子南木杵，孫顯宗，曾孫仕瓏； 與大蟲可宜之子忠，忠子武，武子勝祖及其子世英，代為仇敵。 而武以正統中隨征有功，授兩江口長官，勝祖成化中亦以功授前職，並隨司理事，無印署。 弘治初，勝祖以年老，世英無官，恐仕瓏奪其地，援例求世襲，奏行核實，仕瓏輒沮之，以是仇恨益甚，兩家所轄土人亦各分黨仇殺。 永順宣慰使彭世麒取勝祖女，復左右之，以是互相攻擊，奏訴無寧歲。 弘治十年，巡撫沈暉奏言，令世英入粟嗣父職，將以平之，而仕瓏奏訐不止。 是時，敕調世英從征貴州，而兵部移文有「兩江口長官司」字，仕瓏疑世英得設官署，將不聽約束，復奏言之。 於是巡撫閻仲宇、巡按王約等請以前後章奏下兵部、都察院，議：「令世英歸所據小江七寨於仕瓏，止領大江七寨，聽仕瓏約束。 其原居兩江口系襟喉要地，請調清水溪堡官兵守之。 而徙世英於沱埠，以絕爭端。 以後土官應襲子弟，悉令入學，漸染風化，以格頑冥。 如不入學者，不準承襲。 世麒黨於世英，法當治，但從征湖廣頗效忠勤，已有旨許以功贖。 仕瓏、世英並逮問，勝祖照常例發遣。」 奏上，從之。 弘治十六年六月事也。
In Hongzhi 12 the Yongshun Pacification Commission reported that Shilong had on his own led troops against Chieftain Peng Shiying; their feud had raged for years without cease, and troops should be sent to suppress him. The ministry answered that repeated inquiries had gone unanswered; the pacification and inspection officials should be told to investigate promptly and report; approved. In the fourteenth year, because Baojing's pacification commissioners were on active service, next year's court audience was waived — owing to the campaign against the Guizhou rebel Milu. Earlier, Baojing comforting commissioner Peng Wanli submitted in Hongwu 1; the Baojing Pacification Commission was established in his territory, with Wanli as pacification commissioner over twenty-eight stockades including Baiya, Dabie, Dajiang, and Xiaojiang. When Wanli died, Yonglie inherited the post. Yonglie died and his young son Yaohabi succeeded. Dachong Keyi, son of Wanli's younger brother Maiguzhong, incited natives to ask that he be named vice pacification commissioner, then murdered Yaohabi and seized fourteen stockades. Exposed, he was arrested, died in prison; the vice pacification post was abolished, but his seized stockades remained. Later Yongjie's line ran through son Nanmuzhu, grandson Xianzong, and great-grandson Shilong; Dachong Keyi's line — Zhong, Wu, Shengzu, and Shengzu's son Shiying — were their hereditary enemies. Wu earned Liangjiangkou chieftain in Zhengtong for campaign merit; Shengzu received the same post in Chenghua — both served the commission without formal seals. Early in Hongzhi, Shengzu aged and Shiying without office, fearing Shilong would seize their lands, they sought hereditary succession by precedent; Shilong blocked verification — hatred deepened and both sides' followers feuded. Yongshun's Peng Shiqi married Shengzu's daughter and favored their faction — attacks and lawsuits followed year after year. In Hongzhi 10 Grand Coordinator Shen Hui proposed that Shiying contribute grain to succeed his father and settle the feud — yet Shilong's accusations continued. Shiying was ordered to the Guizhou campaign; a Ministry of War document mentioned "Liangjiangkou chieftain's office" — Shilong feared Shiying would gain an independent office and refuse restraint, and memorialized again. Grand Coordinator Yan Zhongyu and Touring Censor Wang Yue asked the ministries to deliberate: "Shiying should return seven Xiaojiang stockades to Shilong, keep seven Dajiang stockades, and obey Shilong. Their original seat at Liangjiangkou is strategically vital — transfer Qingshuixi fort troops to guard it. Relocate Shiying to Tuobu to end the dispute. Henceforth all native heirs should attend school to absorb civilization and reform stubborn ways. Those who refuse schooling shall not succeed. Shiqi favored Shiying and was legally liable, yet his Huguang service was loyal — an edict already allowed merit to redeem guilt. Shilong and Shiying were both arrested; Shengzu was dealt with under usual procedure. The memorial was approved. This occurred in the sixth month of Hongzhi 16.
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正德十四年，保靖兩江口土舍彭惠既以祖大蟲可宜與彭藥哈俾世仇，至是與宣慰彭九霄復構怨。 永順宣慰彭明輔與之連姻，助以兵力，遂與九霄往復仇殺，數年不息，死者五百余人，前後訐奏累八十余章。 守巡官系惠於獄，明輔率眾劫之去，尋復捕系。 事聞，詔都御史吳廷舉勘處。 廷舉乃令鎮巡議，以為惠罪當誅，但土蠻難盡以法繩，宜徙惠置辰、常城中，令九霄出價以易兩江口故地。 仍用文官左遷者二人為首領官，以勸相之。 俟數年後革心向化，請敕獎諭，仍擢用為首領。 下兵部議，以惠徙內地，恐貽後患，令廷舉再議。 於是廷舉等復請以大江之右五寨歸保靖，大江之左二寨屬辰州，設大剌巡檢司，流官一人主之。 惠免遷徙，仍居沱埠，以土舍名目協理巡檢事。 部覆如廷舉言。
In Zhengde 14 Baojing's Peng Hui of Liangjiangkou, heir to the feud of Dachong Keyi and Yaohabi, renewed strife with pacification commissioner Peng Jiuxiao. Yongshun's Peng Mingfu, allied by marriage, sent troops — vendetta killings with Jiuxiao continued for years, five hundred dead and eighty accusation memorials. Defense officials jailed Hui; Mingfu led men to free him, then he was seized again. Reported, an edict ordered Censor-in-Chief Wu Tingju to investigate. Tingju had officials deliberate: Hui deserved death, yet tribes are hard to bind by statute — move Hui to Chen and Chang cities and let Jiuxiao buy back Liangjiangkou. Employ two demoted civil officials as headmen to guide them. After years, if they reform, request imperial praise and restore them as headmen. The Ministry of War feared moving Hui inland would breed later trouble and ordered Tingju to reconsider. Tingju then proposed five stockades east of the Great River for Baojing, two west for Chen prefecture, and a Dalai inspection office under a regular official. Hui was not relocated, remaining at Tuobu as native cadet to assist the inspector. The ministry approved Tingju's proposal.
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嘉靖六年以擒岑猛功進九霄湖廣參政，賜銀幣。 長子虎臣戰歿，贈指揮僉事，次子良臣襲職時，免赴京。 二十六年免保靖秋糧。 三十三年詔調宣慰彭藎臣帥所部三千人赴蘇、松征倭。 明年遇倭於石塘彎，大戰，敗之。 賊北走平望，諸軍尾之於王江涇，大破之。 錄功，以保靖為首，敕賜藎臣銀幣並三品服，令統兵益擊賊。 先是，都司李經率保靖兵追倭至新場，倭二千人伏不出，保靖土舍彭翅引軍探之，中伏，與所部皆死，贈翅一官並賜棺殮具。 及是，以王江涇捷，進藎臣為昭毅將軍。 既又調保靖土兵六千赴總督軍前，從胡宗憲請也。 時已敘趙文華、宗憲功，復加藎臣右參政，管宣慰司事，仍賞銀幣。
In Jiajing 6, for capturing Cen Meng, Jiuxiao was made Huguang administration commissioner with silver and silks. Eldest son Huchen died in battle and was posthumously made assistant regional commander; second son Liangchen succeeded with court attendance waived. In the twenty-sixth year Baojing's autumn grain tax was remitted. In the thirty-third year an edict ordered Peng Jinchen to lead three thousand men against Japanese pirates in Suzhou and Songjiang. The next year they met pirates at Shitang Bay, fought fiercely, and defeated them. The raiders fled to Pingwang; pursuers caught them at Wangjiangjing and shattered them. Merit was recorded with Baojing first; Jinchen received silver, silks, third-rank robes, and orders to press the attack. Earlier Li Jing led Baojing troops to Xinchang; two thousand Japanese ambushed them — Peng Chi and his scouts died; Chi received posthumous rank and coffin fittings. For Wangjiangjing, Jinchen was promoted to Brave-and-Steadfast General. Six thousand more Baojing troops were sent to Grand Coordinator Hu Zongxian's camp. After Zhao Wenhua and Zongxian were rewarded, Jinchen was made Right Administration Commissioner managing pacification affairs, with more silver and silks.
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萬歷四十七年調保靖兵五千，命宣慰彭象乾親統援遼。 四十八年加象乾指揮使。 象乾至涿州病，中夜兵逃散者三千余人，部臣以聞。 帝嚴旨責統兵者，並敕監軍道沿途招撫。 明年，象乾病不能行，遣其子侄率親兵出關，戰於渾河，全軍皆歿。 天啟二年進象乾都督僉事，贈彭象周、彭緄、彭天祐各都司僉書，以渾河之役一門殉戰，義烈為諸土司冠雲。
In Wanli 47 five thousand Baojing troops were mobilized under Peng Xiangqian for Liaodong. In the forty-eighth year Xiangqian received regional vice commander rank. Xiangqian fell ill at Zhuozhou; at midnight more than three thousand soldiers deserted — the ministry reported it. The emperor sternly rebuked the commanders and ordered supervision officials along the route to gather the deserters. The next year, too ill to march, Xiangqian sent sons and nephews beyond the pass; they fought at the Hun River and the entire force perished. In Tianqi 2 Xiangqian was promoted to Regional Vice Commander; Peng Xiangzhou, Peng Gun, and Peng Tianyou were posthumously made battalion vice commanders — at the Hun River the whole family died fighting, their loyalty unmatched among tribal headmen.