1
東夷西戎蠻西域諸國蠕蠕
Eastern Yi, Western Rong, Man, Western Regions, and Rouran
2
1.1.1高句麗
1.1.1 Koguryo
3
1.1.2百濟
1.1.2 Baekje
4
1.1.3新羅
1.1.3 Silla
5
東夷之國，朝鮮為大，得箕子之化，其器物猶有禮樂云。 魏時，朝鮮以東馬韓、辰韓之屬，世通中國。 自晉過江，泛海來使，有高句麗、百濟，而宋、齊間常通職貢，梁興又有加焉。 扶桑國，在昔未聞也，梁普通中有道人稱自彼而至，其言元本尤悉，故並錄焉。
Of the Eastern Yi, Korea is greatest; civilized by Gija, its vessels still keep ritual and music, they say. Under Wei, Ma Han, Jin Han, and others east of Korea traded with China generation after generation. After Jin crossed the river, Koguryo and Baekje sent sea envoys; under Song and Qi they often paid tribute, and when Liang arose contact increased further. Fusang was unknown in former times; in Liang's Putong era a monk claimed to come from there, and his account was unusually full, so it is recorded here as well.
6
高句麗
Koguryo
7
高句麗，在遼東之東千里，其先所出，事詳北史。 地方可二千里，中有遼山，遼水所出。 漢、魏世，南與朝鮮獩貊、東與沃沮、北與夫餘接。 其王都於丸都山下，地多大山深谷，無原澤，百姓依之以居，食澗水。 雖土著，無良田，故其俗節食，好修宮室。 于所居之左立大屋，祭鬼神，又祠零星、社稷。 人性凶急，喜寇鈔。 其官有相加、對盧、沛者、古鄒加、主簿、優台、使者、皁衣、先人，尊卑各有等級。 言語諸事，多與夫餘同，其性氣衣服有異。 本有五族，有消奴部、絕奴部、慎奴部、灌奴部、桂婁部。 本消奴部為王，微弱，桂婁部代之。 其置官，有對盧則不置沛者，有沛者則不置對盧。 俗喜歌舞，國中邑落，男女每夜群聚歌戲。 其人潔淨自喜，善藏釀，跪拜申一腳，行步皆走。 以十月祭天大會。 其公會衣服皆錦繡金銀以自飾，大加、主簿頭所著似幘而無後，其小加著折風，形如弁。 其國無牢獄，有罪者則會諸加評議，重者便殺之，沒入其妻子。 其俗好淫，男女多相奔誘。 已嫁娶便稍作送終之衣。 其死葬，有槨無棺。 好厚葬，金銀財幣盡於送死。 積石為封，列植松柏。 兄死妻嫂。 其馬皆小，便登山。 國人尚氣力，便弓矢刀矛，有鎧甲，習戰鬥，沃沮、東濊皆屬焉。
Koguryo stands a thousand li east of Liaodong; its royal origins are treated fully in the Northern History. Its realm covered some two thousand li; Liaoshan rises there, source of the Liaoshui. In Han and Wei it touched Korea, Hui, and Mo in the south, Wolu in the east, and Buyeo in the north. The king's seat lay below Wandu Mountain amid great mountains and deep valleys without plains; people clung to the slopes and drank from streams. Though settled, they lacked good fields; so they ate frugally and loved grand buildings. Left of each dwelling stood a hall for ghost and spirit sacrifice, and for worship of scattered stars and the soil-altar. Fierce and hasty by nature, they loved raiding and plunder. Offices included xiangjia, duilu, peizhe, guzoujia, chief clerk, youtai, envoy, zaoyi, and xianren—each rank had its place. Speech and custom mostly matched Buyeo; temperament and dress differed. Five clans originally ruled: Xiaonu, Juenu, Shennu, Guannu, and Guilou. Once the Xiaonu clan held the throne; when they weakened, the Guilou clan replaced them. In office, duilu and peizhe are not appointed together—where one stands, the other is omitted. They love song and dance; in every settlement men and women gather nightly to sing and play. They are fastidious and proud of cleanliness, skilled at brewing; they kowtow on one foot and walk and run at a trot. In the tenth month they hold a great heaven-sacrifice. At public assemblies all dress in brocade and gold and silver; great xiang and chief clerks wear headgear like a cap but without a back, while lesser xiang wear zhefeng caps shaped like court bian. There are no prisons; the guilty are judged in council by the xiang; serious offenders are killed at once and their wives and children seized. They are licentious by custom; men and women often run off together in mutual seduction. After marriage they quickly begin preparing modest burial clothes. The dead are buried in outer coffins without inner coffins. They love lavish funerals and pour gold, silver, and coin into the dead. Stone mounds mark the graves, with pine and cypress planted in rows. A younger brother takes his dead elder brother's widow as wife. Their horses are small and nimble on mountain paths. The people honor strength and excel with bow, arrow, blade, and spear; they wear armor and train for battle; Wolu and Eastern Hui are subject to them.
8
晉安帝義熙九年，高麗王高璉遣長史高翼奉表，獻赭白馬，晉以璉為使持節、都督營州諸軍事、征東將軍、高麗王、樂浪公。 宋武帝踐阼，加璉征東大將軍，余官並如故。 三年，加璉散騎常侍，增督平州諸軍事。 少帝景平二年，璉遣長史馬婁等來獻方物，遣謁者朱邵伯、王邵子等慰勞之。
In Jin An's ninth Yixi year, Goguryo King Gao Lian sent Chief Clerk Gao Yi with a memorial and chestnut-and-white horses; Jin made him Bearer of the Staff, commander of Ying Province military affairs, General Who Conquers the East, King of Goguryo, and Duke of Lelang. When Song's Emperor Wu ascended, Lian was promoted to Grand General Who Conquers the East; his other offices stayed the same. In the third year Lian became Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry and gained supervision of Ping Province military affairs. In Shao's second Jingping year Lian sent Chief Clerk Ma Lou with local goods; Attendants Zhu Shaobo and Wang Shaozi and others were sent to console them.
9
元嘉十五年，馮弘為魏所攻，敗奔高麗北豐城，表求迎接。 文帝遣使王白駒、趙次興迎之，並令高麗資遣。 璉不欲弘南，乃遣將孫漱、高仇等襲殺之。 白駒等率所領七千餘人生禽漱，殺仇等二人。 璉以白駒等專殺，遣使執送之。 上以遠國不欲違其意，白駒等下獄見原。
In Yuanjia fifteen Feng Hong, attacked by Wei, fled defeated to Beifeng in Goguryo and asked to be received. Emperor Wen sent Wang Baiju and Zhao Cixing to welcome him and ordered Goguryo to provide travel supplies. Lian did not want Hong to go south and sent generals Sun Shu and Gao Chou and others to kill him. Baiju and his more than seven thousand men captured Shu alive and killed Chou and two others. Lian, holding that Baiju and others had killed without authorization, sent envoys to seize and deliver them. The Emperor, unwilling to offend a distant realm, imprisoned Baiju and the others but then pardoned them.
10
璉每歲遣使。 十六年，文帝欲侵魏，詔璉送馬，獻八百匹。
Lian sent envoys every year. In the sixteenth year Emperor Wen planned to attack Wei and ordered horses from Lian; eight hundred were sent.
11
孝武孝建二年，璉遣長史董騰奉表，慰國哀再周，並獻方物。 大明二年，又獻肅慎氏楛矢石砮。 七年，詔進璉為車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司，餘官並如故。 明帝泰始、後廢帝元徽中，貢獻不絕，曆齊並授爵位，百餘歲死。 子雲立，齊隆昌中，以為使持節、散騎常侍、都督營平二州、征東大將軍、高麗王、樂浪公。
In Xiaowu's second Xiaojian year Lian sent Chief Clerk Dong Teng with a memorial of condolence for the second mourning cycle and local goods. In Daming two he again sent Sushen hardwood arrows and stone arrowheads. In the seventh year an edict made Lian General of Chariots and Cavalry with Honorific Equal to the Three Excellencies and an opening office; other offices stayed the same. Under Ming's Taishi and Houfei's Yuanhui tribute never ceased; Qi too granted him rank; he died past a hundred. His son Yun, in Qi Longchang, became Bearer of the Staff, Regular Attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, commander of Ying and Ping, General Who Conquers the East, King of Goguryeo, and Duke of Lelang.
12
梁武帝即位，進雲車騎大將軍。 天監七年，詔為撫東大將軍、開府儀同三司，持節、常侍、都督、王並如故。 十一年、十五年，累遣使貢獻。 十七年，雲死，子安立。 普通元年，詔安纂襲封爵，持節、督營平二州諸軍事、甯東將軍。 七年，安卒，子延立，遣使貢獻。 詔以延襲爵。 中大通四年、六年，大同元年、七年，累奉表獻方物。 太清二年，延卒，詔其子成襲延爵位。
When Liang's Emperor Wu ascended, Yun was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry. In Tianjian seven an edict made him General Who Pacifies the East with Honorific Equal to the Three Excellencies and an opening office; staff, attendant, command, and kingship were unchanged. In the eleventh and fifteenth years they sent tribute envoys again and again. In the seventeenth year Yun died and his son An succeeded. In Putong one an edict had An inherit the title: Bearer of the Staff, commander of Ying and Ping military affairs, General Who Pacifies the East. In the seventh year An died; his son Yan succeeded and sent tribute envoys. An edict had Yan inherit the title. In Zhongdatong four and six and Datong one and seven they repeatedly sent memorials and local goods. In Taiqing two Yan died; an edict had his son Cheng inherit Yan's title.
13
百濟者，其先東夷有三韓國：一曰馬韓，二曰辰韓，三曰弁韓。 弁韓、辰韓各十二國，馬韓有五十四國。 大國萬餘家，小國數千家，總十餘萬戶，百濟即其一也。 後漸強大，兼諸小國。 其國本與句麗俱在遼東之東千餘里，晉世句麗既略有遼東，百濟亦據有遼西、晉平二郡地矣，自置百濟郡。
Baekje arose among the Eastern Yi's three Han realms—Ma Han, Jin Han, and Byeon Han. Byeon Han and Jin Han held twelve states each; Ma Han held fifty-four. Great states held ten thousand households or more, small ones a few thousand—over a hundred thousand households in all; Baekje was one. Later it grew strong and swallowed the lesser states. It once lay a thousand-odd li east of Liaodong with Koguryo; when Koguryo seized Liaodong in Jin, Baekje took Liaoxi and Jinping and set up its own Baekje commandery.
14
晉義熙十二年，以百濟王餘映為使持節、都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東將軍、百濟王。 宋武帝踐阼，進號鎮東大將軍。 少帝景平二年，映遣長史張威詣闕貢獻。 元嘉二年，文帝詔兼謁者閭丘恩子、兼副謁者丁敬子等往宣旨慰勞，其後每歲遣使奉獻方物。 七年，百濟王余毗復修貢職，以映爵號授之。 二十七年，毗上書獻方物，私假台使馮野夫西河太守，表求易林、式占、腰弩，文帝並與之。 毗死，子慶代立。 孝武大明元年，遣使求除授，詔許之。 二年，慶遣上表，言行冠軍將軍、右賢王余紀十一人忠勤，並求顯進。 於是詔並加優進。 明帝泰始七年，又遣使貢獻。 慶死，立子牟都。 都死，立子牟大。 齊永明中，除大都督百濟諸軍事、鎮東大將軍、百濟王。 梁天監元年，進大號征東將軍。 尋為高句麗所破，衰弱累年，遷居南韓地。 普通二年，王餘隆始復遣使奉表，稱累破高麗，今始與通好，百濟更為強國。 其年，梁武帝詔隆為使持節、都督百濟諸軍事、甯東大將軍、百濟王。 五年，隆死，詔復以其子明為持節、督百濟諸軍事、綏東將軍、百濟王。
In Jin's twelfth Yixi year Baekje King Yu Ying became Bearer of the Staff, commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Guards the East, and King of Baekje. When Song's Emperor Wu ascended, his title rose to Grand General Who Guards the East. In Shao's second Jingping year Ying sent Chief Clerk Zhang Wei to court with tribute. In Yuanjia two Emperor Wen sent Acting Attendant Qiu Enzi and Acting Deputy Attendant Ding Jingzi and others to proclaim the imperial will and console them; thereafter envoys came yearly with local goods. In the seventh year Baekje King Yu Bi resumed tribute; Ying's title and enfeoffment were granted to him. In the twenty-seventh year Bi sent a memorial with local goods and privately asked the court envoy Feng Yefu, grand administrator of Xihe, for the Yilin, Shizhan, and waist-mounted crossbow; Emperor Wen granted all. Bi died and his son Qing succeeded. In Xiaowu's first Daming year envoys asked for appointment; an edict granted it. In the second year Qing memorialized that Acting Champion General and Right Worthy King Yu Ji and eleven others were loyal and diligent and asked that they be advanced. An edict then advanced them all with favor. In Ming's seventh Taishi year envoys again brought tribute. Qing died and Moudu succeeded. Moudu died and Outai succeeded. In Qi Yongming he became Grand Commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Guards the East, and King of Baekje. In Tianjian one his grand title rose to General Who Campaigns East. Soon Koguryo broke them; weakened for years, they moved to southern Han lands. In Putong two King Yu Long sent envoys again, reporting repeated victories over Koguryo and a new opening of friendly ties—and Baekje grew strong once more. That year Liang's Emperor Wu made Long Bearer of the Staff, commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Pacifies the East, and King of Baekje. In the fifth year Long died; an edict made his son Ming Bearer of the Staff, commander of Baekje military affairs, General Who Assuages the East, and King of Baekje.
15
號所都城曰固麻，謂邑曰簷魯，如中國之言郡縣也。 其國土有二十二簷魯，皆以子弟宗族分據之。 其人形長，衣服潔淨。 其國近倭，頗有文身者。 言語服章略與高麗同，呼帽曰冠，襦曰複衫，褲曰褌。 其言參諸夏，亦秦、韓之遺俗云。
Their capital is called Guma and their towns Cheon-nok—like China's commanderies and counties. The realm has twenty-two cheon-nok, each held by sons, younger kin, and clansmen. The people are tall and keep their dress clean. Their land lies near Wa; tattooing is common. Speech and dress mostly match Koguryo; they call hats guan, jackets fushan, and trousers kun. Their language mixes with the Central States—said to preserve Qin and Han customs.
16
中大通六年、大同七年，累遣使獻方物，並請涅盤等經義、毛詩博士並工匠畫師等，並給之。 太清三年，遣使貢獻。 及至，見城闕荒毀，並號慟涕泣。 侯景怒，囚執之，景平乃得還國。
In Zhongdatong six and Datong seven they sent envoys with local goods and asked for masters of the Nirvana Sutra and other scriptures, a Doctor of the Mao Odes, plus craftsmen and painters—all were granted. In Taiqing three envoys were sent with tribute. On arrival, seeing ruined gates and walls, they wailed and wept aloud. Hou Jing in anger seized and held them; only after his defeat could they return home.
17
新羅，其先事詳北史，在百濟東南五千餘里。 其地東濱大海，南北與句麗、百濟接。 魏時曰新盧； 宋時曰新羅，或曰斯羅。 其國小，不能自通使聘。 梁普通二年，王姓募名泰，始使使隨百濟奉獻方物。
Silla's royal origins are treated fully in the Northern History; it lies more than five thousand li southeast of Baekje. It faces the eastern sea; north and south it touches Koguryo and Baekje. Under Wei it was called Sin Lu; under Song, Silla—or Sila. The realm was small and could not send envoys on its own. In Putong two King Mun named Tai first sent envoys with Baekje to present local goods.
18
其俗呼城曰健牟羅，其邑在內曰啄評，在外曰邑勒，亦中國之言郡縣也。 國有六啄評、五十二邑勒。 土地肥美，宜植五穀，多桑麻，作縑布，服牛乘馬，男女有別。 其官名有子賁旱支、壹旱支、齊旱支、謁旱支、壹吉支、奇貝旱支。 其冠曰遺子禮，襦曰尉解，褲曰柯半，靴曰洗。 其拜及行與高麗相類。 無文字，刻木為信。 語言待百濟而後通焉。
They call a city Geonmullara; inner towns are chokpyeong, outer ones eollok—again like China's commanderies and counties. The realm has six chokpyeong and fifty-two eollok. The soil is rich and good for the five grains; mulberry and hemp abound for fine cloth; they draft with oxen, ride horses, and keep the sexes separate. Offices include zibenhanzhi, yihanzhi, qihanzhi, yehanzhi, yijizhi, and qibeihanzhi. They call the crown yizili, the jacket wei-jie, trousers ke-ban, and boots xi. Their bows and gait match Koguryo. Without writing, they carve wood for tokens. Their language needs a Baekje interpreter.
19
倭國，其先所出及所在，事詳北史。 其官有伊支馬，次曰彌馬獲支，次曰奴往鞮。 人種禾、稻、紵、麻，蠶桑織績，有姜、桂、橘、椒、蘇。 出黑雉、真珠、青玉。 有獸如牛名山鼠，又有大蛇吞此獸。 蛇皮堅不可斫，其上有孔，乍開乍閉，時或有光，射中而蛇則死矣。 物產略與儋耳、朱崖同。 地氣溫暖，風俗不淫。 男女皆露髫，富貴者以錦繡雜采為帽，似中國胡公頭。 食飲用籩豆。 其死有棺無槨，封土作塚。 人性皆嗜酒。 俗不知正歲，多壽考，或至八九十，或至百歲。 其俗女多男少，貴者至四五妻，賤者猶至兩三妻。 婦人不媱妒，無盜竊，少諍訟。 若犯法，輕者沒其妻子，重則滅其宗族。
Wa's royal origins and where it lies are treated fully in the Northern History. Offices run ikima, then mimakazhi, then nuchangti. They grow grain, ramie, and hemp, raise silkworms and weave, and have ginger, cassia, oranges, pepper, and perilla. Black pheasants, pearls, and green jade come from the land. A beast like an ox, called the mountain rat, lives there—and a great serpent that devours it. Its hide is uncuttable, pierced with holes that open and shut and sometimes shine; a shot through a hole kills the serpent. Local products resemble Dan'er and Zhuya. The climate is mild and morals restrained. Men and women wear loose hair; the wealthy wear brocade caps like the Hu gong head of China. Meals are served on platters and in bowls. The dead receive a coffin without an outer shell, and earth is heaped for the tomb. The people are fond of wine. They keep no proper calendar year; many live to eighty or ninety, some to a hundred. Women outnumber men; nobles take four or five wives, commoners two or three. Wives do not grow jealous; theft is rare and lawsuits few. Light crimes cost wife and children; grave ones wipe out the clan.
20
晉安帝時，有倭王贊遣使朝貢。 及宋武帝永初二年，詔曰：「倭贊遠誠宜甄，可賜除授。」 文帝元嘉二年，贊又遣司馬曹達奉表獻方物。 贊死，弟珍立，遣使貢獻，自稱使持節、都督倭百濟新羅任那秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王，表求除正。 詔除安東將軍、倭國王。 珍又求除正倭洧等十三人平西、征虜、冠軍、輔國將軍等號，詔並聽之。 二十年，倭國王濟遣使奉獻，復以為安東將軍、倭國王。 二十八年，加使持節、都督倭新羅任那加羅秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事，安東將軍如故； 並除所上二十三人職。 濟死，世子興遣使貢獻。 孝武大明六年，詔授興安東將軍、倭國王。 興死，弟武立，自稱使持節、都督倭百濟新羅任那加羅秦韓慕韓七國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王。 順帝升明二年，遣使上表，言：「自昔祖禰，躬擐甲胄，跋涉山川，不遑寧處。 東征毛人五十五國，西服眾夷六十六國，陵平海北九十五國。 王道融泰，廓土遐畿，累葉朝宗，不愆於歲。 道徑百濟，裝飾船舫，而句麗無道，圖欲見吞。 臣亡考濟方欲大舉，奄喪父兄，使垂成之功，不獲一簣。 今欲練兵申父兄之志，竊自假開府儀同三司，其餘咸各假授，以勸忠節」。 詔除武使持節、都督倭新羅任那加羅秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭王。 齊建元中，除武持節、都督倭新羅任那加羅秦韓慕韓六國諸軍事、鎮東大將軍。 梁武帝即位，進武號征東大將軍。
Under Jin Emperor An, Wa King Zan sent envoys with tribute. In Song Wu's second Yongchu year an edict read, "Wa's Zan has shown true devotion from afar—let rank and appointment be granted. In Wen's second Yuanjia year Zan again sent Marshal Cao Da with a memorial and local goods. Zan died and his brother Chen succeeded, sent tribute, and styled himself Bearer of the Staff, commander of Wa, Baekje, Silla, Imna, Qin Han, and Mo Han, Grand General Who Pacifies the East, and King of Wa, asking for formal appointment. An edict made him General Who Pacifies the East and King of Wa. Chen again asked formal ranks for thirteen men including You of Wa and others as Generals Who Pacify the West, Campaign Against the Barbarians, Champion, and Assist the State; an edict granted all. In the twentieth year Wa King Ji sent tribute and was again made General Who Pacifies the East and King of Wa. In the twenty-eighth year he gained the staff and command over Wa, Silla, Imna, Kara, Qin Han, and Mo Han, with General Who Pacifies the East unchanged; and the twenty-three offices he submitted were all granted. Ji died and the heir Xing sent tribute envoys. In Xiaowu's sixth Daming year an edict made Xing General Who Pacifies the East and King of Wa. Xing died and his brother Wu succeeded, styling himself Bearer of the Staff, commander of seven states, Grand General Who Pacifies the East, and King of Wa. In Shun's second Shengming year envoys sent a memorial: "From our ancestors we donned armor, crossed mountains and rivers, and knew no rest. We campaigned east against fifty-five hairy peoples' states, west subdued sixty-six Yi states, and overawed ninety-five states north of the sea. The royal way was secure, frontiers cleared, and tribute came year after year without fail. The route runs through Baekje where ships are fitted out, while lawless Koguryo seeks to swallow us. My late father Ji was about to launch a great campaign when he suddenly lost father and brothers, and the nearly finished work lost its final basketful. Now I wish to drill troops to fulfill my father and brothers' intent and venture to request an acting Honorific Equal to the Three Excellencies with an opening office; the rest I likewise request by acting appointment to encourage loyal service." An edict made Wu Bearer of the Staff, commander of six states, Grand General Who Pacifies the East, and King of Wa. In Qi Jianyuan he became Bearer of the Staff, commander of six states, and General Who Guards the East. When Liang's Emperor Wu ascended, Wu's title rose to General Who Campaigns East.
21
其南有侏儒國，人長四尺。 又南有黑齒國、裸國，去倭四千餘里，船行可一年至。 又西南萬里有海人，身黑眼白，裸而醜，其肉美，行者或射而食之。
To the south lies the Dwarf Country, whose people stand four feet tall. Farther south lie Black-Tooth and Naked countries, four thousand li from Wa and a year's sail away. Ten thousand li southwest live sea people, black-skinned and white-eyed, naked and foul; travelers find their flesh savory and sometimes shoot them for food.
22
文身國在倭東北七千餘里，人體有文如獸，其額上有三文，文直者貴，文小者賤。 土俗歡樂，物豐而賤，行客不齎糧。 有屋宇，無城郭。 國王所居，飾以金銀珍麗，繞屋為塹，廣一丈，實以水銀，雨則流于水銀之上。 市用珍寶。 犯輕罪者則鞭杖，犯死罪則置猛獸食之，有枉則獸避而不食，經宿則赦之。
Tattooed Country stands seven thousand li northeast of Wa; bodies are tattooed like beasts, with three forehead marks—straight for noble, small for low. Life is merry, goods cheap and abundant; travelers carry no rations. They build houses without city walls. The king's residence gleams with gold, silver, and rare finery; a one-zhang moat rings the house, filled with mercury; rain runs over the mercury's surface. Markets trade in precious gems. Light offenses bring the whip and staff; capital crimes are judged by fierce beasts—if the man is wronged the beasts refuse him; after a night he goes free.
23
大漢國在文身國東五千餘里，無兵戈，不攻戰，風俗並與文身國同而言語異。
Great Han Country lies five thousand li east of Tattooed Country; it keeps no arms and makes no war; custom matches Tattooed Country but speech differs.
24
扶桑國
Fusang Country
25
扶桑國者，齊永元元年，其國有沙門慧深來至荊州，說云：「扶桑在大漢國東二萬餘里，地在中國之東。 其土多扶桑木，故以為名。 扶桑葉似桐，初生如筍，國人食之。 實如梨而赤，績其皮為布，以為衣，亦以為錦。 作板屋，無城郭。 有文字，以扶桑皮為紙。 無兵甲，不攻戰。 其國法有南北獄，若有犯，輕罪者入南獄，重罪者入北獄。 有赦則放南獄，不赦北獄。 在北獄者男女相配，生男八歲為奴，生女九歲為婢。 犯罪之身，至死不出。 貴人有罪，國人大會，坐罪人于坑，對之宴飲分訣若死別焉。 以灰繞之，其一重則一身摒退，二重則及子孫，三重者則及七世。 名國王為乙祁。 貴人第一者為對盧，第二者為小對盧，第三者為納咄沙。 國王行有鼓角導從。 其衣色隨年改易，甲乙年青，丙丁年赤，戊己年黃，庚辛年白，壬癸年黑。 有牛角甚長，以角載物，至勝二十斛。 有馬車、牛車、鹿車。 國人養鹿如中國畜牛，以乳為酪。 有赤梨，經年不壞。 多蒲桃。 其地無鐵有銅，不貴金銀。 市無租估。 其昏姻法，則婿往女家門外作屋，晨夕灑掃，經年而女不悅即驅之，相悅乃成昏。 昏禮大抵與中國同。 親喪七日不食，祖父母喪五日不食，兄弟伯叔姑姊妹三日不食。 設座為神像，朝夕拜奠，不制衰絰。 嗣王立，三年不親國事。 其俗舊無佛法。 宋大明二年，罽賓國嘗有比丘五人遊行其國，流通佛法經像，教令出家，風俗遂改。」
Fusang—in Qi Yongyuan 1 the monk Hui Shen reached Jing Province and reported, "Fusang lies twenty thousand li east of Great Han, east of China; fusang trees abound, giving the land its name. Fusang leaves resemble paulownia, new shoots like bamboo; the people eat them. Fruit is red like pears; bark is spun into cloth for dress and brocade. They live in plank houses without walled cities. They write on paper made from fusang bark. They keep no armor or arms and make no war. State law divides prisons into south and north; light crimes go to the south prison, grave crimes to the north. Amnesties free the south prison, never the north. Northern prisoners are paired; boys become slaves at eight, girls maids at nine. Condemned bodies never leave until death. When nobles sin the realm feasts above a pit where the condemned sit, taking leave as at death. Ash rings the pit—one layer dismisses the offender, two reach sons and grandsons, three reach seven generations. They call the king yiji. First nobles are duilu, second lesser duilu, third nazuo-sha. The king travels to drum and horn. Dress color follows the year—green for jia-yi, red for bing-ding, yellow for wu-ji, white for geng-xin, black for ren-gui. Long ox horns serve as load-bearers, holding twenty hu. They use horse-carts, ox-carts, and deer-carts. They herd deer as China herds cattle and make curds from the milk. Red pears keep for years. Grapes abound. Iron is absent, copper present; gold and silver are cheap. Markets take no toll or appraisal fee. The groom builds a hut outside the bride's gate and sweeps it daily; if she is displeased after a year she sends him away—marriage comes only by mutual consent. Marriage rites mostly match China's. Parents' mourning brings seven days without food, grandparents' five, brothers and uncles three. They set a spirit seat and bow morning and evening without hemp mourning dress. A new king leaves state affairs untouched for three years. They once had no Buddhist teaching. In Song's second Daming year five Kapisa monks traveled the land, spreading Buddhist scriptures and images and teaching ordination, and custom changed."
26
慧深又云：「扶桑東千餘里有女國，容貌端正，色甚潔白，身體有毛，發長委地。 至二三月競入水則任娠，六七月產子。 女人胸前無乳，項後生毛，根白，毛中有汁以乳子。 百日能行，三四年則成人矣。 見人驚避，偏畏丈夫。 食鹹草如禽獸。 鹹草葉似邪蒿，而氣香味鹹。 梁天監六年，有晉安人度海，為風所飄至一島，登岸，有人居止，女則如中國，而言語不可曉。 男則人身而狗頭，其聲如吠。 其食有小豆，其衣如布。 築土為牆，其形圓，其戶如竇云。」
Huishen also said that east of Fusang, a thousand li and more away, lay a realm of women—handsome of face, very fair in complexion, hairy of body, with hair that spilled to the ground. In the second and third months they all plunge into the water and conceive; by the sixth or seventh month they give birth. Women have no breasts on the chest; behind the neck grows hair, white at the root, and sap within the hair feeds the child. At a hundred days the child can walk; in three or four years it is grown. They startle at the sight of people and flee, and fear men above all. They eat salt-grass as birds and beasts do. Salt-grass leaves resemble wormwood, yet its scent is salty and fragrant. In Tianjian 6 a man of Jin'an crossed the sea, was blown by wind to an island, went ashore, and found people living there; the women resembled Chinese women, but their speech could not be understood. The men had human bodies and dogs' heads, and barked when they spoke. They ate small beans and wore cloth-like garments. They built round earthen walls, and their doors were like burrows."
27
河南、宕昌、鄧至、武興，其本並為氐、羌之地。 自晉南遷，九州分裂，此等諸國，地分西垂，提挈于魏，時通江左。 今采其舊土，編於西戎云。
Henan, Dangchang, Dengzhi, and Wuxing were all originally Di and Qiang territory. After Jin moved south and the Nine Provinces split, these states lay on the western frontier, were drawn along by Wei, and from time to time communicated with the south. Here we gather their former domains and record them among the Western Rong tribes.
28
河南國
Kingdom of Henan
29
河南王者，其先出自鮮卑慕容氏。 初，慕容弈洛幹有二子，庶長曰吐谷渾，嫡曰廆洛幹。 卒，廆嗣位，吐谷渾避之，西徙上隴，度枹罕，出涼州西南，至赤水而居之。 地在河南，故以為號。 事詳北史。 其界東至疊川，西鄰于闐，北接高昌，東北通秦嶺，方千餘里，蓋古之流沙地焉。 乏草木，少水潦，四時恒有冰雪，唯六七月雨雹甚盛。 若晴則風飄沙礫，常蔽光景。 其地有麥無穀。 有青海方數百里，放牝馬其側，輒生駒，土人謂之龍種，故其國多善馬。 有屋宇，雜以百子帳，即穹廬也。 著小袖袍，小口褲，大頭長裙帽。 女子被髮為辮。
The kings of Henan traced their line to the Xianbei Murong clan. At first Murong Yiluoqian had two sons: the elder by a concubine was Tuyuhun; the heir was Hui Luogan. After his death Hui took the throne. Tuyuhun fled west, moving up onto Long, crossing Fuhan, passing southwest of Liangzhou, and settling at Chishui. The realm lay south of the river—hence the name Henan. For the full account, see the Northern History. Its borders ran east to Diechuan, west to Yutian, north to Gaochang, and northeast to the Qin Mountains—over a thousand li on a side, largely the old land of shifting sands. Grass and trees were scarce, rain and flood rare; ice and snow held through the four seasons—only in the sixth and seventh months did hail and rain fall heavily. When skies cleared, wind whipped sand and gravel and often blotted out the light. The land grew wheat but not millet. Qinghai Sea spread several hundred li across; mares pastured beside it would foal, and locals called the offspring dragon stock—hence the realm's many fine horses. They had houses mixed with hundred-son tents—that is, felt yurts. They wore small-sleeved robes, narrow trousers, and large-headed caps with long skirts. Women wore their hair loose and braided.
30
其後吐谷渾孫葉延，頗識書記，自謂曾祖弈洛幹始封昌黎公，吾蓋公孫之子也。 禮以王父字為氏，因姓吐谷渾，亦為國號。 至其末孫阿豺，始通江左，受官爵。 弟子慕延，宋元嘉末，又自號河南王。 慕延死，從弟拾寅立，乃用書契，起城池，築宮殿。 其小王並立宅國中。 有佛法。 拾寅死，子度易侯立。 易侯死，子休留代立。 齊永明中，以代為使持節、都督西秦河沙三州、鎮西將軍、護羌校尉、西秦河二州刺史。
Later Tuyuhun's grandson Yeyan was well versed in writing; he said his great-grandfather Yiluoqian was first enfeoffed Duke of Changli—"I am the duke's grandson's son." By ritual the paternal grandfather's name becomes the clan name; they therefore took Tuyuhun as surname and as the name of the state. Not until the last descendant Achen did they first deal with the Jiangzuo court and receive Chinese offices and ranks. His nephew Muyan, at the end of Song Yuanjia, again styled himself King of Henan. When Muyan died, his cousin Shibin succeeded. Then they used written records, raised walls and cities, and built palaces. Lesser kings all built houses of their own within the realm. Buddhism was present. When Shibin died, his son Duyihou succeeded. When Duyihou died, his son Xiuliudai succeeded. In Qi Yongming, Xiuliudai was made bearer of the staff, area commander of West Qin, He, and Sha, General Who Pacifies the West, Protector of the Qiang, and inspector of West Qin and He.
31
宕昌國
Kingdom of Dangchang
32
宕昌國，在河南國之東、益州之西北隴西之地，西羌種也。 宋孝武世，其王梁瑾忽始獻方物。 梁天監四年，王梁彌博來獻甘草、當歸。 詔以為使持節、都督河涼二州諸軍事、安西將軍、東羌校尉、河涼二州刺史、隴西公、宕昌王。 佩以金章。 彌博死，子彌泰立。 大同七年，復策授以父爵位。 其衣服風俗與河南略同。
Dangchang stood east of Henan, in the Longxi country northwest of Yizhou—a Western Qiang people. Under Song Emperor Xiaowu, King Liang Jinhu first sent tribute. In Tianjian 4, King Liang Mibo brought licorice and angelica. The throne made him bearer of the staff, area commander of He and Liang, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel of the Eastern Qiang, governor of both provinces, Duke of Longxi, and King of Dangchang. He received a gold seal. When Mibo died, his son Mitai succeeded. In Datong 7 an edict restored his father's titles. Their clothing and customs closely resembled Henan's.
33
鄧至國
Kingdom of Dengzhi
34
武興國
Kingdom of Wuxing
35
武興國，本仇池。 楊難當自立為秦王，宋文帝遣裴方明討之，難當奔魏。 其兄子文德又聚眾葭蘆，宋因授以爵位。 魏又攻之，文德奔漢中。 從弟僧嗣又自立，復戍葭蘆，卒。 文德弟文度立，以弟文弘為白水太守，屯武興。 宋世以為武都王。 武興之國自於此矣。 難當族弟廣香又攻殺文度，自立為陰平王、葭蘆鎮主。 死，子炅立。 炅死，子崇祖立。 崇祖死，子孟孫立。 齊永明中，魏南梁州刺史仇池公楊靈珍據泥功山歸齊，齊武帝以靈珍為北梁州刺史、仇池公。 文洪死，以族人集始為北秦州刺史、武都王。 梁天監初，以集始為持節、都督秦雍二州諸軍事、輔國將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史、武都王。 靈珍為冠軍將軍。 孟孫為假節、督沙州諸軍事、平羌校尉、沙州刺史、陰平王。 集始死，子紹先襲爵位。 二年，以靈珍為持節、督隴右諸軍事、左將軍、北涼州刺史、仇池王。 十年，孟孫死，詔贈安沙將軍、北雍州刺史。 子定襲封爵。 紹先死，子智慧立。 大同元年，克復漢中，智慧遣使上表，求率四千戶歸梁，詔許焉，即以為東益州。
Wuxing had originally been Qiuchi. Yang Nandang declared himself King of Qin; Song Emperor Wen sent Pei Fangming to suppress him, and Nandang fled to Wei. His nephew Wendé rallied men at Jialu; Song enfeoffed him. Wei attacked again and Wendé fled to Hanzhong. His clansman Wensie then declared himself ruler, reoccupied Jialu, and died. Wendé's brother Wendu took over, made Wen Hong prefect of Baishui, and encamped at Wuxing. Song titled him King of Wudu. The kingdom of Wuxing began here. Nandang's kinsman Guangxiang killed Wendu and made himself King of Yinping and commandant of Jialu. When he died, his son Jiong succeeded. When Jiong died, his son Chongzu succeeded. When Chongzu died, his son Mengersun succeeded. In Qi Yongming, Yang Lingzhen—Wei's southern Liangzhou inspector and Duke of Qiuchi—held Migong Mountain and submitted; Emperor Wu of Qi made him northern Liangzhou inspector and Duke of Qiuchi. After Wen Hong died, the clansman Jishi became northern Qinzhou inspector and King of Wudu. At the start of Tianjian, Jishi became bearer of the staff, area commander of Qin and Yong, General Who Assists the State, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, northern Qinzhou inspector, and King of Wudu. Lingzhen became champion general. Mengersun became acting staff, commander of Shazhou, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, inspector of Shazhou, and King of Yinping. When Jishi died, his son Shaoxian inherited the titles. In year 2 Lingzhen became bearer of the staff, commander of Longyou, left general, northern Liangzhou inspector, and King of Qiuchi. In year 10 Mengersun died; the throne posthumously made him General Who Pacifies the Sands and northern Yongzhou inspector. His son Ding inherited the fief and titles. When Shaoxian died, his son Zhihui succeeded. In Datong 1, after Hanzhong was retaken, Zhihui asked by memorial to bring four thousand households to Liang; the throne agreed and made the region Eastern Yizhou.
36
其國東連秦嶺，西接宕昌。 其大姓有苻氏、姜氏、梁氏。 言語與中國同。 著烏皁突騎帽，長身小袖袍，小口褲，皮褲。 地植九穀。 婚姻備六禮。 知書疏。 種桑麻。 出紬絹布漆蠟椒等，山出銅鐵。
It touched the Qin Mountains on the east and Dangchang on the west. Leading clans were Fu, Jiang, and Liang. They spoke the same language as China. They wore black felt riding caps, long tight-sleeved coats, narrow trousers, and leather leggings. The land yielded the nine grains. Marriage followed the full six rites. They were literate in correspondence. They cultivated mulberry and hemp. They exported pongee, silk, cloth, lacquer, wax, pepper, and similar goods; the mountains produced copper and iron.
37
書云「蠻夷猾夏」，其作梗也已舊。 及于宋之方盛，蓋亦屢興戍役，豈詩所謂「蠢爾蠻荊，大邦為讎。」 者乎。 今亦編錄以備諸蠻云爾。
The Documents warn that "barbarians harass the heartland," and their defiance is an old story. In Song's heyday the court raised garrison after garrison—was this not the Odes' warning: "Stupid are you, southern barbarians of Jing—the great state becomes your foe." —was it not so? They are recorded here as well, to complete the roster of the Man peoples.
38
荊、雍州蠻，盤瓠之後也，種落布在諸郡縣。 宋時因晉于荊州置南蠻、雍州置甯蠻校尉以領之。 孝武初，罷南蠻並大府，而寧蠻如故。 蠻之順附者，一戶輸穀數斛，其餘無雜調。 而宋人賦役嚴苦，貧者不復堪命，多逃亡入蠻。 蠻無徭役，強者又不供官稅。 結党連郡，動有數百千人，州郡力弱，則起為盜賊，種類稍多，戶口不可知也。 所在多深險。 居武陵者有雄溪、樠溪、辰溪、酉溪、武溪，謂之五溪蠻。 而宜都、天門、巴東、建平、江北諸郡蠻所居皆深山重阻，人跡罕至焉。 前世以來，屢為人患。
The Man of Jing and Yong were descended from Panhu, their clans spread through commanderies and counties. Song, following Jin, placed a Southern Man office in Jingzhou and a Pacifying-Man colonel in Yongzhou to oversee them. When Emperor Xiaowu came to the throne, Southern Man was abolished and folded into the great prefecture; the Pacifying-Man office remained. Submissive Man paid a few hu of grain per household and faced no other levies. Song taxes and corvée were crushing; the poor could not endure them and fled into Man country in great numbers. The Man owed no corvée, and their strong men refused state taxes. They banded together across commanderies, raising hundreds or thousands at a call. Where local power was weak they turned to brigandage. As clans multiplied, no one could number their households. They dwelt for the most part in deep, perilous country. In Wuling they held the Xiong, Min, Chen, You, and Wu streams—the Five Streams Man. Man in Yidu, Tianmen, Badong, Jianping, and the north-bank Jiang commanderies lived behind mountain barriers where few travelers passed. From ages past they had been a recurring scourge.
39
少帝景平二年，宜都蠻帥石寧等一百二十三人詣闕上獻。 文帝元嘉六年，建平蠻張維之等五十人，七年，宜都蠻田生等一百一十三人，並詣闕獻見。 其後，沔中蠻大動，行旅殆絕。 天門漊中令宋矯之徭賦過重，蠻不堪命。 十八年，蠻田向求等為寇，破漊中，虜掠百姓。 荊州刺史衡陽王義季遣行參軍曾孫念討破之，免矯之官。 二十年，南郡臨沮、當陽蠻反，縛臨沮令傅僧驥。 荊州刺史南譙王義宣遣中兵參軍王諶討破之。
In Jingping 2 of Emperor Shaodi, Yidu chieftain Shi Ning and 123 others came to court with tribute. In Yuanjia 6, fifty Jianping Man led by Zhang Weizhi; in Yuanjia 7, 113 Yidu Man led by Tian Sheng—all came to court. Then the Mian River Man rose in force and travel on the roads nearly stopped. Song Jiaozhi, magistrate of Liaozhong in Tianmen, taxed and drafted too heavily; the Man could not endure it. In year 18, Tian Xiangqiu and other Man raided, overran Liaozhong, and seized the people. Jingzhou inspector Prince Yiji of Hengyang sent staff officer Zeng Sunnian to defeat them and dismissed Jiaozhi. In year 20, Man of Linju and Dangyang in Nan commandery rebelled and seized the magistrate of Linju, Fu Sengji. Jingzhou inspector Prince Yixuan of Nanqiao sent central-army staff officer Wang Chen to crush them.
40
先是，雍州刺史劉道產善撫諸蠻，前後不附者，皆引出平土，多緣沔為居。 及道產亡，蠻又反叛。 至孝武出為雍州，群蠻斷道。 台遣軍主沈慶之連年討蠻，所向皆平，事在慶之傳。
Earlier Yongzhou inspector Liu Daochan had soothed the Man well; those long unsubmissive were settled on level ground, many along the Mian. When Daochan died, the Man rebelled again. When Emperor Xiaowu took up post in Yongzhou, Man bands cut the roads. The court sent army commander Shen Qingzhi against the Man year after year; wherever he marched they were pacified—the full account is in his biography.
41
二十八年正月，龍山雉水蠻寇鈔涅陽縣，南陽太守朱韶遣軍討之，失利。 韶又遣二千人系之，蠻乃散走。 是歲，滍水諸蠻因險為寇，雍州刺史隨王誕遣使說之，又遣軍討沔北諸蠻。 襲濁山、如口、蜀松三柴，克之，又圍鬥錢、柏義諸柴。 蠻悉力距戰，軍大破之。
In the first month of year 28, Longshan Zhishui Man raided Nieyang; Nanyang prefect Zhu Shao sent troops and was beaten. Shao sent another two thousand in pursuit, and the Man broke and fled. That year Zhi River Man raided from the heights; Yongzhou inspector Prince Dan of Sui sent envoys to win them over and troops against the Man north of the Mian. They stormed the stockades at Zhuoshan, Rukou, and Shusong and took them, then besieged Douqian, Boyi, and other stockades. The Man fought with all their strength; the army broke them utterly.
42
孝武大明中，建平蠻向光侯寇暴峽川，巴東太守王濟、荊州刺史朱修之遣軍討之。 光侯走清江，清江去巴東千餘里。 時巴東、建平、宜都、天門四郡蠻為寇，諸郡人戶流散，百不存一。 明帝、順帝世尤甚，荊州為之虛弊云。
Under Emperor Xiaowu in the Daming era, Jianping Man chieftain Xiang Guanghou ravaged Xiachuan; Badong administrator Wang Ji and Jingzhou inspector Zhu Xiuzhi sent troops against him. Guanghou fled to the Qing River, more than a thousand li from Badong. Man of Badong, Jianping, Yidu, and Tianmen were then raiding in all four commanderies; households scattered until scarcely one in a hundred remained. Under Emperors Ming and Shun the damage was worse still, and Jingzhou was left hollow and spent, so they say.
43
豫州蠻，稟君後也。 盤瓠、稟君事，並具前史。 西陽有巴水、蘄水、希水、赤亭水、西歸水，謂之五水蠻。 所在並深岨，種落熾盛，曆世為盜賊。 北接淮、汝，南極江、漢，地方數千里。
The Yuzhou Man were descended from Lin Jun. The stories of Panhu and Lin Jun are fully recorded in earlier histories. In Xiyang lay the Ba, Qi, Xi, Chiting, and Xigui rivers—the Five Waters Man. They dwelt in deep ravines; their clans were strong, and for generations they had been brigands. North they reached the Huai and Ru, south the Jiang and Han—several thousand li across.
44
宋元嘉二十八年，西陽蠻殺南川令劉台。 二十九年，新蔡蠻破大雷戍，略公私船入湖。 有亡命司馬黑石逃在蠻中，共為寇。 文帝遣太子步兵校尉沈慶之討之。 孝武大明四年，又遣慶之討西陽蠻，大克獲而反。 司馬黑石徒黨三人，其一名智，黑石號曰太公，以為謀主。 一人名安陽，號譙王，一人名續之，號梁王。 蠻文山羅等討禽續之，為蠻世財所篡，山羅等相率斬世財父子六人。 豫州刺史王玄謨遣殿中將軍郭元封慰勞諸蠻，使縛送亡命。 蠻乃執智、安陽二人，送詣玄謨。 孝武使于壽陽斬之。
In Song Yuanjia 28, Xiyang Man killed Nan commandery magistrate Liu Tai. In year 29, Xincai Man overran Datile garrison and seized public and private boats on the lake. The fugitive Sima Heishi hid among the Man and together they raided. Emperor Wen sent Crown Prince's infantry commandant Shen Qingzhi against them. In Xiaowu's Daming 4, Qingzhi was again sent against the Xiyang Man and returned after a great victory and many captives. Sima Heishi had three followers: one named Zhi; Heishi styled himself Taigong and made him chief strategist. One was named Anyang, styled King of Qiao; one was named Xuzhi, styled King of Liang. Man chieftain Wenshan Luo and others attacked and captured Xuzhi; the Man Shicai seized power; Luo and his men together beheaded Shicai and his six sons. Yuzhou inspector Wang Xuanmo sent palace guard Guo Yuanfeng to console the Man and ordered them to bind and deliver the fugitives. The Man then seized Zhi and Anyang and sent them to Xuanmo. Emperor Xiaowu had them beheaded at Shouyang.
45
西域諸國
States of the Western Regions
46
玉門以西達於西海，考之漢史，通為西域，高昌迄于波斯，則其所也。 自晉、宋以還，雖有時而至，論其風土，甚未能詳。 今略備西域諸國，編之於次云。
West of Yumen Gate to the Western Sea—in Han histories all counted as the Western Regions; from Gaochang to Persia marks their reach. From Jin and Song onward envoys sometimes arrived, but their lands and customs could not be described in much detail. The Western Regions states are briefly recorded here, in the order that follows.
47
高昌國
Kingdom of Gaochang
48
高昌國，初闞氏為主，其後為河西王沮渠茂虔弟無諱襲破之。 其王闞爽奔於蠕蠕。 無諱據之稱王，一世而滅于魏。 其國人又推曲氏為王，名嘉，魏授為車騎將軍、司空公、都督秦州諸軍事、秦州刺史、金城郡公。 在位二十四年卒，國諡曰昭武王。 子子堅，子堅嗣位，魏授使持節、驃騎大將軍、散騎常侍、都督瓜州刺史、西平郡公、開府儀同三司、高昌王。
In Gaochang the Kan clan first held sway; later Wuwei, brother of Hexi King Juqu Maoqian, attacked and overthrew them. King Kan Shuang fled to Rouran. Wuwei seized the realm and styled himself king; one generation later Wei destroyed it. The people again raised the Qu clan—Jia by name. Wei made him General of Chariots and Cavalry, Duke of Works, area commander of Qinzhou, inspector of Qinzhou, and Duke of Jincheng. He ruled twenty-four years and died; the state gave him the posthumous title Bright Martial King. His son Zijian succeeded; Wei made him bearer of the staff, General of Flying Cavalry, regular attendant of the Scattered Cavalry, area commander of Guazhou, Duke of Xiping, equal in glory to the Three Dukes, and King of Gaochang.
49
其國蓋車師之故地，南接河南，東近敦煌，西次龜茲，北鄰敕勒。 置四十六鎮，交河田地高寧臨川橫截柳婆洿林新興由甯始昌篤進白力等鎮。 官有四鎮將軍，及置雜號將軍、長史、司馬、門下校郎、中兵校郎、通事舍人、通事令史、諮議、諫議、校尉、主簿。 國人言語與華略同。 有五經、歷代史、諸子集。 面貌類高麗，辮髪垂之於背。 著長身小袖袍、縵襠褲。 女子頭髮，辮而不垂，著錦纈纓絡環釧。 昏姻有六禮。 其地高燥，築土為城，架木為屋，土覆其上。 寒暑與益州相似，備植九穀，人多噉面及牛羊肉。 出良馬、蒲桃酒、石鹽。 多草木，有草實如繭，繭中絲如細纑，名曰白疊子，國人取織以為布。 布甚軟白，交市用焉。 有朝烏者，旦旦集王殿前，為行列，不畏人，日出然後散去。
The realm was roughly old Cheshi territory: south it adjoined Henan, east it neared Dunhuang, west it reached Kucha, north it bordered the Tiele. It maintained forty-six garrisons—Jiaohe, Tiandi, Gaoning, Linchuan, Hengjie, Liupo, Wulin, Xinxing, Youning, Shichang, Dujin, Baili, and the rest. Offices included four-garrison generals and miscellaneous-title generals, chief clerks, marshals, gate-section adjutants, central-army adjutants, liaison attendants, liaison clerks, advisers, remonstrators, commandants, and chief recorders. The people's speech was roughly like that of China. They possessed the Five Classics, dynastic histories, and collected works of the masters. Their faces resembled Goguryeo's; hair was braided and hung down the back. They wore long-bodied small-sleeved robes and patterned trousers. Women braided their hair without letting it hang, and wore brocade head ornaments, chains, rings, and bracelets. Marriage followed the six rites. The land was high and dry; they built earthen cities, framed houses of wood, and roofed them with earth. Cold and heat were much like Yizhou's; they planted all nine grains; people mostly ate griddle-cakes, mutton, and beef. They produced fine horses, grape wine, and rock salt. Grass and trees were abundant; grass seed came in pods like cocoons, with silk inside fine as floss—called white pile seed—and people wove it into cloth. The cloth was very soft and white and served in trade. There were court-birds: each dawn they gathered before the royal hall in ranks, unafraid of people, and only scattered after sunrise.
50
梁大同中，子堅遣使獻鳴鹽枕、蒲桃、良馬、氍獀等物。
In Liang's Datong era, Zijian sent envoys with singing-salt pillows, grapes, fine horses, carpets, and the like.
51
魏之居代都，滑猶為小國，屬蠕蠕。 後稍強大，征其旁國波斯、渴盤陀、罽賓、焉耆、龜茲、疏勒、姑墨、于闐、句般等國，開地千餘里。 土地溫暖，多山川，少樹木，有五穀。 國人以面及羊肉為糧。 其獸有師子、兩腳駱駝，野驢有角。 人皆善騎射，著小袖長身袍，用金玉為帶。 女人被裘，頭上刻木為角，長六尺，以金銀飾之。 少女子，兄弟共妻。 無城郭，氈屋為居，東向開戶。 其王坐金床，隨太歲轉，與妻並坐接客。 無文字，以木為契。 與旁國通，則使旁國胡為胡書，羊皮為紙。 無職官。 事天神、火神，每日則出戶祀神而後食。 其跪一拜而止。 葬以木為槨。 父母死，其子截一耳，葬訖即吉。 其言語待河南人譯然後通。
When Wei dwelt at Dai, Hua was still a small state under Rouran. Later it grew stronger and campaigned against neighboring states—Persia, Kepantuo, Kasmira, Karasahr, Kucha, Shule, Gumo, Yutian, Gupan, and others—opening territory over a thousand li. The land was warm, with many mountains and rivers but few trees; the five grains grew there. The people lived on flour and mutton. Their beasts included lions and two-legged camels; wild asses bore horns. All were skilled riders and archers; they wore small-sleeved long-bodied robes with belts of gold and jade. Women wore furs and carved wooden horns six feet long for their heads, adorned with gold and silver. Women were scarce; brothers shared a wife. They had no walled cities and lived in felt tents with doors facing east. Their king sat on a golden bed that turned with the Grand Year Star and received guests seated beside his wife. They had no writing and used wood for tokens. When dealing with neighbors, they had neighboring barbarians write in barbarian script on sheepskin for paper. They had no official posts. They served Heaven-god and Fire-god; each day they went out to worship before eating. Their kneeling bow was a single prostration and no more. Burial was in wooden coffins. When parents died, sons cut off one ear; mourning ended as soon as burial was finished. Their speech had to be rendered by Henan interpreters before it could be understood.
52
呵跋檀、周古柯、胡密丹等國，並滑旁小國也。 凡滑旁之國，衣服容貌皆與滑同。 普通元年，使使隨滑使來貢獻方物。
He Batan, Zhou Guke, Hu Midan, and other states were all small kingdoms beside Hua. All states beside Hua wore the same clothes and looked the same as Hua. In Putong 1 envoys came with Hua's embassy to present tribute goods.
53
白題國
Kingdom of Baiti
54
白題國王姓支名史稽毅，其先蓋匈奴之別種胡也。 漢灌嬰與匈奴戰，斬白題騎一人是也。 在滑國東，去滑六日行，西極波斯。 土地出粟、麥、瓜果，食物略與滑同。 普通三年，遣使獻方物。
In Baiti the king's surname was Zhi and his name Shi Jiyi; his ancestors were likely a separate branch of the Xiongnu barbarians. In Han, Guan Ying fought the Xiongnu and cut down one Baiti horseman—that is the origin of the name. It lies east of Hua, six days' travel away; west it reaches as far as Persia. The land produced millet, wheat, melons, and fruits; food was much like Hua's. In Putong 3 they sent envoys with tribute goods.
55
龜茲國
Kingdom of Kucha
56
龜茲者，西域之舊國也。 自晉度江不通，至梁普通二年，王尼瑞摩珠那勝遣使奉表貢獻。
Kucha was an old kingdom of the Western Regions. After Jin crossed the river contact ceased until Liang Putong 2, when King Niruimozhunasheng sent envoys with a formal tribute memorial.
57
于闐國
Kingdom of Yutian
58
于闐者，西域之舊國也。 梁天監九年，始通江左，遣使獻方物。 十三年，又獻波羅婆步鄣。 十八年，又獻琉璃罌。 大同七年，又獻外國刻玉佛。
Yutian was an old kingdom of the Western Regions. In Liang Tianjian 9 they first opened relations with the court south of the Yangzi and sent tribute envoys. In year 13 they again offered a prasada screen. In year 18 they sent a glass vessel. In Datong 7 they sent a foreign-carved jade Buddha.
59
渴盤陀國
Kingdom of Kepantuo
60
渴盤陀國，于闐西小國也。 西鄰滑國，南接罽賓國，北連沙勒。 國都在山谷中，城周回十餘里。 國有十二城，風俗與于闐相類。 衣古貝布，著長身小袖袍、小口褲。 地宜小麥，資以為糧。 多牛馬駱駝羊等。 出好氈。 王姓葛沙氏，梁中大同元年，始通江左，遣獻方物。
Kepantuo was a small kingdom west of Khotan. It bordered Hua to the west, Jibin to the south, and Shale to the north. Its capital stood in a mountain valley, walled for more than ten li. The realm held twelve towns; its customs were much like Khotan's. They dressed in kapok cloth, long tight-sleeved coats, and narrow trousers. Wheat flourished there and fed the people. Cattle, horses, camels, and sheep were abundant. It yielded fine felt. The royal house bore the surname Gesa; in Liang Zhongdatong 1 they first opened relations with the court south of the Yangzi and sent tribute.
61
末國，漢世且末國也。 勝兵萬餘戶。 北與丁零、東與白題、西與波斯接。 土人剪發，著氊帽、小袖衣，為衫則開頸而縫前。 多牛羊騾驢。 其王安末深盤，梁普通五年，始通江左，遣使來貢獻。
Mo was the Han-era kingdom of Qimo. It could field more than ten thousand fighting households. Dingling lay to the north, Baiti to the east, and Persia to the west. The people cropped their hair, wore felt caps and short-sleeved coats, and stitched their tunics closed at the neck and front. Sheep, cattle, mules, and donkeys were plentiful. King Anmo Shenpan first opened relations with the court south of the Yangzi in Liang Putong 5 and sent tribute envoys.
62
波斯國
Kingdom of Persia
63
波斯國，其先有波斯匿王者，子孫以王父字為氏，因為國號。 國有城周回三十二里，城高四丈，皆有樓觀。 城內屋宇數百千間，城外佛寺二三百所。 西去城十五里有土山，山非過高，其勢連接甚遠。 中有鷲鳥噉羊，土人極以為患。 國中有優缽曇花，鮮華可愛。 出龍駒馬。 咸池生珊瑚樹，長一二尺。 亦有武魄、馬腦、真珠、玫瑰等，國內不以為珍。 市買用金銀。 昏姻法，下娉財訖，女婿將數十人迎婦。 婿著金線錦袍、師子錦褲，戴天冠。 婦亦如之。 婦兄弟便來捉手付度，夫婦之禮，于茲永畢。 國東與滑國、西及南俱與娑羅門國、北與泛栗國接。 梁中大通二年，始通江左，遣使獻佛牙。
Persia took its name from an early king called Bosini, whose descendants adopted his personal name as their clan surname. Its capital ran thirty-two li around, with walls four zhang high and towered watchposts. Inside stood hundreds of thousands of houses, and outside two or three hundred Buddhist temples. Fifteen li west stood a low earthen ridge running far. Vultures there preyed on sheep, and the people counted it a great plague. The udumbara flower grew there, bright and fair. It bred dragon colts. Coral trees grew at Xianchi, a foot or two in height. Amber, carnelian, pearls, and rose quartz were common and not prized at home. Markets traded in gold and silver. By marriage custom, once the bride-price was paid the groom led dozens of men to fetch the bride. The groom wore gold-thread brocade and lion-pattern trousers with a heavenly crown. The bride wore the same. Her brothers then took her hand and passed her to the groom—the wedding rites ended there. Hua lay to the east; Brahman to the west and south; Fanli to the north. Under Liang, in Zhongdatong 2 they first dealt with the lands south of the Yangzi and sent a Buddha tooth as tribute.
64
北狄種類實繁，蠕蠕為族，蓋匈奴之別種也。 魏自南遷，因擅其故地。 無城郭，隨水草畜牧，以穹廬居。 辮髪，衣錦小袖袍、小口褲、深雍韡。 其地苦寒，七月流澌亙河。
Northern Di peoples were many; the Rouran were one tribe, likely a separate branch of the Xiongnu. When Wei moved south, the Rouran took over its old territory. They had no cities, followed pasture and water with their herds, and lived in felt yurts. They braided their hair and dressed in brocade small-sleeved robes, narrow trousers, and deep boots. The country was bitterly cold; in the seventh month ice floes bridged the rivers.
65
其國能以術祭天而致風雪，前對皎日，後則泥潦橫流，故其戰敗莫能追及。 或於中夏為之，則不能雨，問其故，蓋以暖云。
The Rouran could perform rituals to Heaven and summon wind and snow; bright sun lay ahead while muddy floods swept behind, so when they broke and fled no pursuer could catch them. Performed in China proper, the rite brought no rain; asked why, they said the land was too warm.
66
論曰：自晉氏南度，介居江左，北荒西裔，隔礙莫通。 至於南徼東邊。 界壤所接，洎宋元嘉撫運，爰命干戈，象浦之捷，威震冥海。 於是鞮譯相系，無絕歲時。 以洎齊、梁，職貢有序。 及侯景之亂，邊鄙日蹙。 陳氏基命，衰微已甚，救首救尾，身其幾何。 故西贐南琛，無聞竹素，豈所謂有德則來，無道則去者也。
Discussion: After the Jin court moved south and held only the Jiangzuo, the northern frontier and western marches were blocked off and out of reach. As for the southern frontier and eastern marches, where borders adjoined—by Song Yuanjia, when the throne took up arms, the victory at Xiangpu made the Dark Sea tremble. Then interpreters and envoys followed one another without a break through the seasons. Through Qi and Liang, tribute and office kept their proper order. With the turmoil of Hou Jing the frontier shrank day by day. When Chen received the Mandate, decline was already extreme—whether one saved head or tail, how long could it endure? Thus western gifts and southern treasures no longer reached the bamboo annals—was this not the saying that virtue draws men in and the lack of the Way sends them away?