Liu Kunyi (劉坤一) | 24 Histories

Overview

Liu Kunyi was a Governor-general.

Life and dates

Attested activity

AD 1894 二十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 211
AD 1903 光緒二十九年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passage 131
AD 1904 三十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125
AD 1895 二十一年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 148
AD 1900 二十六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 168
AD 1894 二十年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 49

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AD 1895 代劉坤一督兩江
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 437, passage 156
AD 1901 光緒二十七年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 234, 236
AD 1902 光緒二十八年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
AD 1880 光緒六年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 64
AD 1893 光緒十九年
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 11
AD 1893 光緒十九年五月
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 43
AD 1890 光緒十六年
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 169
AD 1861 to AD 1879 同治至光緒間
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 450, passage 83
AD 1899 太后議廢帝
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 473, passages 102-103
AD 1900 拳亂
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 472, passage 224
AD 1895 to AD 1901 鳳陽知府任內疏保馮煦
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 449, passages 254, 257

Key source chapters

Career and standing

Governor-General of Jiangsu 江督
AD 1880 光緒六年 · Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 64
Governor-General of the Two Jiangs 兩江總督
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 148
Governor-General of the Two Jiangs
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 450, passage 83
governor-general 總督
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 257
Minister of the Southern Seas 南洋大臣
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 11
Viceroy of Liangjiang 兩江總督
Held
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120

Places and affiliations

Qing 清
Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 139, passage 236; Draft History of Qing 150, passage 64
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passage 131; Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120; Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125; Draft History of Qing 449, passages 148, 257; Draft History of Qing 461, passages 49, 211
Polity Qing 清 · Relation Served
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 11
At Liangjiang 兩江 · Relation Posted to
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
Organization Xiang Army 湘軍 · Relation Commander of
Strongly inferred · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 49

Works and attributed material

Recommended
Memorial · Author · With Lu Yuanding (陸元鼎)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 148
AD 1890 光緒十六年
Memorial · Author
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 169
Joint proposal · Author · With Zhang Zhidong (張之洞) · Summary twelve essentials; capital general-staff yamen
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 236-237, 241
Memorial · Author · With Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passages 131-134; Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125
Memorial · Author · With Feng Xu (馮煦)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 257

Events and relationships

Asked to order joint attack
AD 1894 二十年 · Military · Authority · Outcome Without result
Dated from the passage context · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 211
Joint reform memorial
Political · Memorialist · With Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125
Jointly proposed officer training and staff office
Political · Proposer
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 139, passages 236, 244
Jointly recommended legal revisers
Political · Recommender
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
memorialized recommending Lu Yuanding's talent for higher responsibility
Political · Recommender · Memorialized recommendation · With Lu Yuanding (陸元鼎)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 148
Opposed small steamers on inner rivers
Political · Memorialist
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 169

Show 15 more source-backed claims

Proposed postal reform
AD 1903 光緒二十九年 · Administrative · Memorialist · With Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passages 131-134
Relayed nie jigui warning
AD 1893 光緒十九年五月 · Administrative · Reporter
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 43
Requested dismissal
Legal · Accuser · With Sheng Xuanhuai (盛宣懷)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 150, passage 64
Requested postal countermeasures
AD 1893 光緒十九年 · Administrative · Reporter
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 11
Song Qing and Wu Dacheng ordered to assist his force
Military · Commander
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 49
recommended for devoted public service 疏保
Relation Recommender of · Person Feng Xu (馮煦)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 257
Relation Recommender of · Person Shen Jiaben (沈家本)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
Relation Co author with · Person Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 143, passage 125
Relation Colleague of · Person Zhang Zhidong (張之洞)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 141, passage 131
Relation Superior of · Person Wu Dacheng (吳大澂)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 49
Relation Received request from · Person Zhang Shun (長順)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 211
Relation Recommender of · Person Lu Yuanding (陸元鼎)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 148
Relation Superior of · Person Song Qing (宋慶)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 461, passage 49
Relation Recommender of · Person Wu Tingfang (伍廷芳)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 142, passage 120
Relation Relayed report of · Person Nie Jigui (聶緝槼)
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 152, passage 43

Source notes

Historicity historical
Directly stated · Draft History of Qing 449, passage 148; Draft History of Qing 461, passage 49; Draft History of Qing 473, passage 56

References in the histories

Search passages

History

20 passages

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 139Volume 139 Treatises 114: Military 10, Training · 1 passage

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是年，劉坤一、張之洞等，以二十年來，各省練習洋操，屢經整頓，而舊日將領，於新操多未諳習。 That year Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong noted that after twenty years of foreign drill reforms, many old officers still did not know the new methods.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 141Volume 141 Treatises 116: Military 12, Horse Administration · 1 passage

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二十九年，劉坤一、張之洞條陳新法，謂驛站耗財，不如仿外人之郵政。 Guangxu 29 (1903) Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong proposed reforms, arguing that courier stations wasted money and that China should adopt Western-style postal service.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 142Volume 142 Treatises 117: Penal Law 1 · 1 passage

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二十八年，直隸總督袁世凱、兩江總督劉坤一、湖廣總督張之洞，會保刑部左侍郎沈家本、出使美國大臣伍廷芳修訂法律，兼取中西。 In the twenty-eighth year, Viceroy Yuan Shikai of Zhili, Viceroy Liu Kunyi of Liangjiang, and Viceroy Zhang Zhidong of Huguang jointly recommended Left Vice Minister of Punishments Shen Jiaben and Minister to the United States Wu Tingfang to revise the laws, combining Chinese and Western approaches.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 143Volume 143 Treatises 118: Penal Law 2 · 1 passage

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三十年，劉坤一、張之洞會奏變法第二摺內，有恤刑獄九條。 In 1904 Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong's joint reform memorial included nine articles on leniency in criminal justice.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 150Volume 150 Treatises 125: Transportation 2, Lun Chuan · 2 passages

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疏下江督劉坤一，言宣懷於購旗昌輪船時，聲言有商款百餘萬，實無所有，有意欺謾，冀獲酬金，請奪宣懷職。 The memorial was sent to Governor-General Liu Kunyi of Jiangsu, who charged that Sheng had claimed more than a million taels in merchant funds when buying the Russell fleet when none existed—a deliberate deception aimed at securing a commission—and asked that Sheng be dismissed.

江督劉坤一亦言小輪行駛內河，流弊滋多，礙民生，妨國課，病地方，請嚴禁之。 Governor-General Liu Kunyi of Jiangsu likewise argued that small steamers on inner rivers would multiply abuses, harm livelihoods, reduce tax revenue, and injure local interests, and asked that they be strictly forbidden.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 152Volume 152 Treatises 127: Transportation 4, You Zheng · 2 passages

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十九年，北洋大臣李鴻章、南洋大臣劉坤一以各國增設各地信局，妨推廣之路，請速籌善策。 In the nineteenth year, Li Hongzhang and Liu Kunyi reported that foreign powers were opening letter offices everywhere, blocking China's expansion, and asked for prompt planning of an effective response.

十九年五月，李鴻章、劉坤一稱江海關道聶緝槼稟稱，上海英、美工部局現議增設各口信局，異日中國再議推廣，必更維艱。 In the fifth month of the nineteenth year, Li Hongzhang and Liu Kunyi relayed Nie Jigui's report that the British and American municipal councils in Shanghai were now planning to add letter offices at the various ports—making any later Chinese expansion far harder.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 437Volume 437 Biographies 224: Rong Lu, Wang Wenshao, Zhang Zhidong, Qu Hongji · 5 passages

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二十一年，中東事棘，代劉坤一督兩江，至則巡閱江防，購新出後膛砲，改築西式砲台，設專將專兵領之。 In the twenty-first year, when the Sino-Japanese crisis erupted, he replaced Liu Kunyi as governor-general of the two Jiangs; on arrival he inspected river defenses, bought new breech-loading guns, rebuilt Western-style forts, and assigned dedicated commanders and troops.

二十六年，京師拳亂，時坤一督兩江，鴻章督兩廣，袁世凱撫山東，要請之洞，同與外國領事定保護東南之約。 In the twenty-sixth year, when the Boxer uprising convulsed Beijing, Kunyi governed the two Jiangs, Li Hongzhang the two Guang, and Yuan Shikai Shandong; they urgently asked Zhidong to join foreign consuls in the agreement to protect the southeast.

以兵事粗定，乃與坤一合上變法三疏。 Once military affairs had settled somewhat, he and Liu Kunyi jointly submitted three reform memorials.

日本增兵遼東，鴻禨以敵情叵測，請敕劉坤一、王文韶簡練勁旅，不可專任淮軍。 When Japan reinforced its troops in Liaodong, Hongji, finding the enemy's intentions unpredictable, urged that Liu Kunyi and Wang Wenshao train crack forces and that the court not rely solely on the Huai army.

適坤一奏劾山西將賀星明侵餉，革職，鴻禨言：「刑賞治天下之大柄，軍紀廢弛已久，宜嚴懲以儆其餘。」 Just then Liu Kunyi impeached Shanxi General He Xingming for embezzling pay and had him dismissed; Hongji argued: "Reward and punishment are the great levers of government; military discipline has long been lax, and stern punishment is needed to warn others."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 449Volume 449 Biographies 236: Xi Liang, Zhou Fu, Lu Yuanding, Zhang Cengyang, Yang Shixiang, Feng Xu · 2 passages

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兩江總督劉坤一疏薦元鼎才任方面，二十一年，授惠潮嘉道，調江蘇糧道，遷按察使。 Governor-General Liu Kunyi recommended Lu Yuanding for higher office; in 1895 he was appointed intendant of the Huizhou-Chaozhou-Jiaying Circuit, then grain intendant of Jiangsu, and promoted to judicial commissioner.

總督劉坤一以心存利濟、政切先勞疏保，兩攝鳳潁六泗道。 Governor-General Liu Kunyi recommended him for devoted public service and twice had him act as intendant of the Fengying-Liusi Circuit.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 450Volume 450 Biographies 237: Li Henian, Wen Bin, Ren Daorong, Xu Zhenyi, Wu Dacheng · 1 passage

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兩江總督劉坤一以文彬遺愛在民，請建專祠清江浦，允之。 Governor-General Liu Kunyi of the Two Jiangs, citing the affection the people still bore for Wen Bin, requested a dedicated shrine at Qingjiangpu, and the court approved.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 461Volume 461 Biographies 248: Song Qing, Lv Benyuan, Xu Bangdao, Ma Yukun, Yi Ke Tang A, Rong He, Zhang Shun · 2 passages

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慶凡五攻城弗能拔，朝廷思倚湘軍，命慶與吳大澂佐劉坤一軍。 Qing assaulted the city five times without success; the court turned to the Xiang Army and ordered Qing and Wu Dacheng to serve under Liu Kunyi.

湘軍將陳湜至，又請劉坤一令合攻，亦未果。 When the Xiang Army general Chen Shi arrived he again asked Liu Kunyi for a combined assault — again without result.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 472Volume 472 Biographies 259: Lu Runxiang, Shi Xu, Yi Ketan, Liang Dingfen, Xu Fang, Lao Naixuan, Shen Cengzhi · 1 passage

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拳亂啟釁，曾植與盛宣懷等密商保護長江之策，力疾走江、鄂，決大計於劉坤一、張之洞，而以李鴻章主其成，所謂「畫保東南約」也。 When the Boxer troubles began, Cengzhi joined Sheng Xuanhuai and others in secretly planning to protect the Yangzi; despite illness he hurried to Jiangsu and Hubei, settled the great decision with Liu Kunyi and Zhang Zhidong, and had Li Hongzhang bring it to completion—the so-called "Southeast Mutual Protection Pact."

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 473Volume 473 Biographies 260: Zhang Xun, Kang Youwei · 1 passage

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有為聞之，首發其謀，清議爭阻，外人亦起責言，兩江總督劉坤一言「君臣之分已定，中外之口難防」，始罷廢立。 When Kang heard of it he was the first to expose the plot. Qing faction memorialists disputed and blocked it, foreigners also protested, and Liangjiang governor-general Liu Kunyi said, "The bond between sovereign and minister is already settled; opinion at home and abroad cannot be silenced." Only then was the plan to depose him abandoned.