Newton (奈端) | 24 Histories

Overview

The translated histories identify Newton as an astronomer, mathematician, scholar, and scientist. This record brings together 6 passages from 1 chapter across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Newton	奈端	Naiduan
Personal name	Newton	奈端	Naiduan

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Uncertain

Roles

Astronomer
Mathematician
Scholar
Scientist

Life and dates

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 雍正癸卯 · Western Year: AD 1723
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:050:s0003, qingshigao:050:s0008

Origins and identity

Label: Western / 西人
Explicit · qingshigao:050:s0008

Career and standing

Label: scientist / 西人
Explicit · qingshigao:050:s0008

Events and relationships

Kind: scientific · Role: observer · Action: measured-lunar-motion
Explicit · qingshigao:050:s0049, qingshigao:050:s0067, qingshigao:050:s0073, qingshigao:050:s0082
Kind: scientific · Role: investigator · Action: measured-node-angle-limits · Other Person Id: Cassini (噶西尼)
Explicit · qingshigao:050:s0121
Kind: scientific · Role: observer · Action: revised-tropical-year · Other Person Id: Tycho (第谷) · Statement: Judged Tycho's reduction excessive; fixed 365.242344201415 days
Explicit · qingshigao:050:s0008

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 50Volume 50 Treatises 25: Calendar 6 · 6 passages

Open chapter

至奈端等屢加測驗，謂第谷所減太過，定為三百六十五日二四二三三四四二０一四一五，比第谷所定多萬分之一有奇。 Newton and his successors, after repeated observation, judged Tycho's reduction excessive and fixed the year at 365.242344201415 days — slightly more than one part in ten thousand above Tycho's value.

自西人刻白爾創橢圓之法，奈端等累測月離，得日當月天中距時最大遲疾差為四度五十七分五十七秒，兩心差為四三三一九０。 Since Kepler introduced elliptical theory, Newton and his successors measured lunar motion repeatedly: when the Sun is at the Moon's mean distance, the maximum equation is 4°57′57″ and the eccentricity 433,190.

西人刻白爾以來，奈端等屢加測驗，得日在最卑後太陰平行常遲，最高平行、正交平行常速。 Since Kepler, Newton and his successors found that after solar perigee the Moon's mean motion is consistently slow, while mean apogee and mean node motions are fast.

西人奈端以來，屢加精測，得太陽在月天高卑前後太陰平行常遲，至高卑後四十五度而止。 Since Newton, precision measurements show that when the Sun is near the Moon's apogee or perigee, mean motion is consistently slow until 45° past that point.

西人奈端以來，定白極在正交均輪周行日距正交之倍度，因定太陽在黃白兩交後，則太陰平行又稍遲； Since Newton, the lunar pole is set to revolve on the node epicycle at twice the Sun's elongation from the node; when the Sun is past either node, mean motion is slightly slow;

西人奈端、噶西尼以來，測得日在兩交時，交角最大為五度一十七分二十秒； Newton and Cassini measured the maximum node angle at 5°17′20″ when the Sun is at the nodes;