Zhang Zhaodong (張兆棟)

Overview

The translated histories identify Zhang Zhaodong as an administrator, judge, and official. This record brings together 11 passages from 1 chapter across 1 history, with names, dates, relationships, offices, and events preserved as source-backed claims.

Names

Type	English	Chinese	Pinyin
Personal	Zhang Zhaodong	張兆棟	Zhang Zhaodong
Courtesy	Youshan	友山	Youshan

Identity

Historicity: Historical
Identification: Named
Sex: Male

Sex: male
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0153

Roles

Administrator
Judge
Official

Life and dates

Death

Place: Fujian / 閩 · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十三年 · Regnal Year: 13 · Western Year: AD 1887
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0175

Attested activity

Source Date: Text: 宣統元年 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 1909
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0176
Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0169, qingshigao:458:s0170, qingshigao:458:s0171, qingshigao:458:s0172, qingshigao:458:s0173, qingshigao:458:s0174
Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1872
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0165, qingshigao:458:s0166
Source Date: Text: 光緒十三年 · Regnal Year: 13 · Western Year: AD 1887
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0175
Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年 · Regnal Year: 25 · Western Year: AD 1845
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0154
Source Date: Text: 光緒四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1878
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0167, qingshigao:458:s0168
Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1854
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0160, qingshigao:458:s0161
Source Date: Text: 同治九年 · Regnal Year: 9 · Western Year: AD 1870
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0163, qingshigao:458:s0164
Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年至咸豐四年之間 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1845 · End: AD 1854
Explicit event contextual date · qingshigao:458:s0155, qingshigao:458:s0156, qingshigao:458:s0157, qingshigao:458:s0158, qingshigao:458:s0159

Family

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Child of Mother of Zhang Zhaodong (張兆棟之母)
Kinship Term: mother / 母 · Parentage: biological · Subject Role: son · Object Role: mother · Line: maternal

Career and standing

Office: Acting Governor-General / 兼總督 · Action: appointed-concurrently · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0174
Office: Acting Governor-General / 兼攝總督事 · Action: appointed-concurrently · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1872
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0166
Office: Principal Clerk in the Ministry of Punishments / 刑部主事 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年 · Regnal Year: 25 · Western Year: AD 1845
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0154
Office: Prefect of Fengxiang / 陝西鳳翔府知府 · Action: appointed · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年至咸豐四年之間 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1845 · End: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0155
Office: Sichuan Provincial Judge / 四川按察使 · Action: exceptionally-promoted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年至咸豐四年之間 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1845 · End: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0159
Office: Guangdong Provincial Treasurer / 廣東布政使 · Action: promoted-after-transfer · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0160
Office: Director-General of Grain Transport / 漕運總督 · Action: promoted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治九年 · Regnal Year: 9 · Western Year: AD 1870
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0163
Office: Director / 郎中 · Action: promoted · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年後 · Western Year: AD 1845
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0154
Office: Governor of Fujian / 福建巡撫 · Action: recalled-after-mourning · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1878
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0168
Status: office-rank · Action: posthumously-restored · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 宣統元年 · Regnal Year: 1 · Western Year: AD 1909
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0176
Status: filial-mourning-for-mother · Action: returned-home · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1878
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0167
Action: stripped-of-office · Reason: loss of Mawei · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0174

Places and affiliations

Polity: Qing · Relation: served
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0153
Place: Weixian, Shandong / 山東濰縣
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0153
Place: Anhui and Jiangsu / 安徽、江蘇 · Relation: served-in · Assessment: performed duties well
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0162
Place: Guangdong / 廣東 · Relation: transferred-to · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1872
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0165

Learning and skills

Credential: Presented Scholar (jinshi) / 進士 · Action: earned · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年 · Regnal Year: 25 · Western Year: AD 1845
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0154

Works and attributed material

Kind: impeachment · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884 · Subject: accused He Jing of plotting to flee · Other Person Id: He Jing (何璟)
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0172
Kind: impeachment · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1872 · Subject: impeached Yinghan for relaxing the gambling ban · Other Person Id: Yinghan (英翰)
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0166
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治十一年 · Regnal Year: 11 · Western Year: AD 1872 · Subject: requested prohibition of the examination-surname lottery
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0166
Kind: memorial · Role: author · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 同治九年 · Regnal Year: 9 · Western Year: AD 1870 · Subject: river management to preserve grain transport
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0164

Events and relationships

Kind: administrative · Role: administrator · Action: maintained provisions for Zuo Zongtang's army at Jiaying · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 咸豐四年 · Regnal Year: 4 · Western Year: AD 1854 · Other Person Id: Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠)
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0161
Kind: military · Role: defender · Action: raised militia and defended Fengxiang through a sixteen-month siege · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 道光二十五年至咸豐四年之間 · Western Interval: Start: AD 1845 · End: AD 1854
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0155, qingshigao:458:s0156, qingshigao:458:s0157, qingshigao:458:s0158
Kind: administrative · Role: official · Action: went in disguise and hid among civilians during the crisis, then resumed duties · Date Context: Source Date: Text: 光緒十年 · Regnal Year: 10 · Western Year: AD 1884
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0173
Relation: intimidated-by · Person Id: Zhang Peilun (張佩綸)
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0170

Assessments and attributes

Assessment: cowed by Zhang Peilun, timid, irresolute, and fled in crisis · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0179
Assessment: recklessly risked frontier affairs but escaped execution · Provenance: Mode: historian-judgment
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0180, qingshigao:458:s0181, qingshigao:458:s0182
Item: ten thousand taels / 萬金 · Relation: troops-rewarded-by-edict
Explicit · qingshigao:458:s0171

References in the histories

Open any source group to read the Chinese and English passage in context.

Draft History of Qing, Chapter 458Volume 458 Biographies 245: Xu Yanxu, Tang Jiong, He Jing, Zhang Zhaodong · 11 passages

Open chapter

張兆棟，字友山，山東濰縣人。 Zhang Zhaodong, whose courtesy name was Youshan, came from Weixian in Shandong.

無何，城被圍，寇且掘長壕圖久困，兆棟晨夕登陴慰勞守者。 Before long the city was besieged. The rebels dug a long trench to starve it out. Zhaodong mounted the walls morning and evening to encourage the defenders.

寇轟潰西南城，蟻附上，兆棟躬冒矢石，戰甚力，寇不得逞。 The rebels breached the southwest wall and swarmed up like ants. Zhaodong fought in the thick of the arrows and stones, and the rebels could not break through.

左宗棠治軍嘉應，餽運阻絕，兆棟殫心籌畫，給食不乏。 When Zuo Zongtang commanded the army at Jiaying, supply lines were cut. Zhaodong threw himself into planning, and the troops never went hungry.

時運河久廢不緝，兆棟慮海警阻漕，為上治河濟運狀，稱旨。 The Grand Canal had long gone without dredging. Fearing that naval threats would block grain transport, Zhaodong submitted a memorial on river management to keep supplies moving, and the emperor approved it.

粵俗嗜博，闈姓害尤烈，疏請禁止，報可，而總督英翰曲徇商人請，弛其禁，兆棟劾之，落職，遂兼攝總督事，禁益嚴，終其任，粵吏無敢言闈姓者。 Guangdong was addicted to gambling, and the examination-surname lottery was especially ruinous. He memorialized for a ban and won approval, but Governor Yinghan bent to the merchants and relaxed it. Zhaodong impeached him, Yinghan was dismissed, and Zhaodong took over as acting governor. The ban was enforced more strictly than ever, and for the rest of his term no Guangdong official dared mention the lottery again.

張佩綸銜命會辦閩防軍務，兆棟畏其焰，曲意事之，日謁如衙參。 Zhang Peilun was commissioned to manage Fujian coastal defense. Zhaodong feared his power, deferred to him obsequiously, and called on him daily as if reporting to a superior.

佩綸虛飾胜狀，詔發萬金犒兆棟軍。 Peilun falsified reports of victory, and the court issued ten thousand taels to reward Zhaodong's troops.

兆棟且疏劾大員謀遁，意指何璟也，朝旨令據實以聞。 Zhaodong also memorialized that a senior official was plotting to flee—meaning He Jing—and the court ordered that the facts be reported truthfully.

璟罷，兆棟兼總督，朝廷論馬尾失守罪，褫職。 When Jing was dismissed, Zhaodong took over as acting governor. The court judged him guilty for the loss of Mawei and stripped him of office.

何璟、兆棟懾張佩綸之氣勢，怯懦而無所主，事急皆遁。 He Jing and Zhaodong were cowed by Zhang Peilun's authority—timid, irresolute, and quick to flee when crisis struck.