Volume 301 Biographies 88: Ne Qin, Fu Heng, Fu Ling An, Fu Long An, Fu Long An, Feng Shenjilun, Fu Chang An

列傳八十八

Biography 88

訥親傅恆子福靈安福隆安福隆安子丰紳濟倫福長安

Neqin; Fu Heng; [their sons] Fu Ling'an and Fu Long'an; Fu Long'an's son Feng Shenjilun; Fu Chang'an

訥親，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，額亦都曾孫。父尹德，附見其父遏必隆傳，訥親其次子。雍正五年，襲公爵，授散秩大臣。十年，授鑾儀使。十一年十二月，命在辦理軍機處行走。十三年，世宗疾大漸，訥親預顧命。高宗即位，莊親王允祿、果親王允禮、鄂爾泰、張廷玉輔政，號「總理王大臣」。授訥親鑲白旗滿洲都統、領侍衛內大臣，協辦總理事務。十二月，敕獎訥親勤慎，因推孝昭仁皇后外家恩，進一等公。乾隆元年，遷鑲黃旗滿洲都統。二年，遷兵部尚書。十一月，莊親王等請罷總理事務，訥親授軍機大臣。敘勞，加拖沙喇哈番世職。三年二月，領戶部三庫。九月，命協辦戶部。直隸總督李衛劾總河硃藻詐欺貪虐，命訥親與尚書孫嘉淦勘讞，藻坐流。訥親因與嘉淦條上永定河南北岸建築閘壩諸事。十二月，遷吏部尚書。四年五月，加太子太保。

Neqin, of the Niohuru clan, was a Manchu bannerman of the Bordered Yellow Banner and a great-grandson of Ebilun. His father Yinde is discussed in the biography of Ebilun; Neqin was Yinde's second son. In 1727 he inherited the ducal title and was appointed a minister without portfolio. In 1732 he was made director of the imperial equipage. In late 1733 he was ordered to serve on the Grand Council. In 1735, as the Yongzheng Emperor lay gravely ill, Neqin was named to the regency council. When the Qianlong Emperor took the throne, Prince Zhuang Yunlu, Prince Guo Yunli, Ortai, and Zhang Tingyu formed the regency styled the 'Chief Ministers in General Affairs.' Neqin was made banner general of the Bordered White Banner Manchus and grand minister of the imperial bodyguard, assisting in general affairs. That December an edict praised Neqin's diligence; in recognition of the empress dowager's kin, he was raised to duke of the first rank. In 1736 he was transferred to banner general of the Bordered Yellow Banner Manchus. In 1737 he was appointed minister of war. In the eleventh month, after the Prince of Zhuang and others asked to abolish the general ministerial board, Neqin was made a grand councillor. For his services he received the hereditary rank of tušan gūsan hafan. In February 1738 he assumed charge of the three treasuries of the Ministry of Revenue. In September he was ordered to assist at the Ministry of Revenue. When Zhili governor Li Wei accused river director Zhu Zao of fraud and corruption, Neqin and Minister Sun Jia'en were sent to investigate; Zhu was sentenced to exile. Neqin and Jia'en also submitted a detailed memorial on sluices and dams along both banks of the Yongding River. In December he was transferred to minister of personnel. In May 1739 he received the honorary title Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

訥親貴戚勳舊，少侍禁近，受世宗知，以為可大用。迨高宗，恩眷尤厚。訥親勤敏當上意，尤以廉介自敕，人不敢干以私。其居第巨獒縛扉側，絕無車馬跡。然以早貴，意氣驕溢，治事務刻深。左都御史劉統勳疏論訥親領事過多，任事過銳。上諭曰：「訥親為尚書，模棱推諉，固所不可，但治事未當，亦所不免，朕時時戒毋自滿。今見此奏，益當自勉。」語詳統勳傳。

A noble by birth and a minister of long standing merit, Neqin had served near the throne from youth and won Yongzheng's trust as a man fit for high office. Under Qianlong his favor was especially deep. Diligent and attentive to the emperor's wishes, he above all held himself to strict integrity, and no one dared solicit him privately. At his house a huge mastiff was tied beside the gate, and no carriage or horse ever came to call. Yet having risen early to high rank, he grew proud and overbearing, and in office he was relentlessly harsh. Censor-in-chief Liu Tongxun memorialized that Neqin held too many posts and was too sharp in his handling of affairs. The emperor replied: 'As minister, Neqin must not be evasive or shirking—but it is also inevitable that he sometimes mishandles affairs; I constantly warn him against self-satisfaction. Now that I see this memorial, he should strive all the more to improve.' The full exchange is recorded in Liu Tongxun's biography.

九年正月，命訥親閱河南、江南、山東諸省營伍，並勘海塘、河工。時直隸天津、河間二府方以災治賑，令順道先往察覈。疏請展賑一月，從之。訥親使事既蕆，分疏上陳，其勘諸省營伍，言：「遍閱三省督撫、河漕、提鎮為標者十七，優絀互見。惟河南南陽、江南蘇松水師二鎮最劣。請下部覈賞罰。」其勘江、浙海塘，言：「舊日浙江潮自蜀山中小亹出入，近海寧為北大亹，近蕭山為南大亹，漲沙寬闊，為杭州、紹興二府保障。迨中小亹漸湮，潮趨蜀山北，震盪為患。若濬中小亹故道，減大亹潮力，上下塘工悉可安堵；即中小亹未可遽复，則當擇險要多為坦坡，木石戧壩，俾撇水積淤資以御潮。至諸處柴塘，停沙阻水，無煩議改石工。入江南境，地平而潮緩，華亭舊塘堅緻，寶山新塘尺度參差，工作又不中程。金山、奉賢、南匯、上海皆土塘，距海稍遠，所司守護如法，當無他虞。」其勘洪澤湖，請濬鹽河俾通江，疏串場河俾達海，並停天然二壩、高堰下游二堤。其勘南旺湖，請以湖中涸地貸貧民耕稼。別疏言：「各直省政事，督撫下司道，司道下州縣，州縣官惟以簿書錢穀為事，戶口貧富、土地肥瘠、物產豐嗇、民情向背、風俗美惡、以及山川原隰、橋樑道路，皆漫置不省。官但有條教，民惟責納賦，浮文常多，實意殊少。請敕各直省督撫，令州縣官遍歷境內，何事當興舉，何事當整飭，行之有無治效，以實報長官，長官即是為殿最，以實達朝廷。似亦崇實效、去虛文、飭吏治、厚民生之一端也。」皆下部議行。

In the first month of 1744 Neqin was ordered to inspect troops in Henan, Jiangnan, and Shandong and to survey sea walls and river works. Tianjin and Hejian in Zhili were then under famine relief, and he was told to go first by the way to inspect. He memorialized to extend relief by one month, and the request was granted. When his tour was finished, Neqin submitted separate memorials; on the troops of the three provinces he wrote: 'Having reviewed the standards set by the governors-general, governors, grain commissioners, and regional commanders—seventeen in all—merit and demerit were mixed. Only the Nanyang garrison in Henan and the Suzhou-Songjiang naval command in Jiangnan ranked worst. He asked that the ministries verify rewards and punishments.' On the Jiangsu and Zhejiang sea walls he wrote: 'Formerly the Zhejiang tide passed through the Small Waist at Shushan; near Haining lay the Great Northern Waist and near Xiaoshan the Great Southern Waist, and the broad buildup of sand protected Hangzhou and Shaoxing. After the Small Waist gradually silted shut, the tide shifted north of Shushan and surged destructively. If the old channel of the Small Waist were dredged to weaken the Great Waists, upper and lower embankments could all be secured; even if the Small Waist could not soon be restored, dangerous points should be faced with earthen slopes and timber-and-stone wing-dams so diverted water might deposit silt against the tide. As for wattled embankments elsewhere, they hold sand and obstruct water—there is no need to convert them to stone. In Jiangnan, where the land is flat and the tide slow, Huating's old dike was solid, but Baoshan's new dike varied in size and the workmanship fell short. Jinshan, Fengxian, Nanhui, and Shanghai all have earthen dikes somewhat inland; if maintained properly, they should give no further trouble.' On Hongze Lake he asked to dredge the Salt River to the Yangtze, clear the Chuan-chang Canal to the sea, and halt the two Tianran dams and the two dikes below Gaoyan. On Nanwang Lake he proposed leasing dried lake bed to poor peasants for farming. In another memorial he said: 'In every province administration runs from governor-general and governor to circuit intendant and then to prefecture and county; magistrates busy themselves only with ledgers, cash, and grain. Household wealth and poverty, soil quality, local products, popular sentiment, customs, terrain, bridges, and roads—all are ignored. Officials issue regulations; the people owe only taxes; paperwork abounds while real concern is slight. He asked that governors-general and governors order magistrates to tour their districts, report what should be promoted or rectified and with what effect, so superiors could grade them honestly for the court. This, he said, would be one way to prize results over empty forms, tighten administration, and benefit the people. All proposals were sent to the ministries for deliberation and action.

十年三月，協辦大學士。五月，授保和殿大學士，仍兼吏部尚書。十二年四月，命如山西會巡撫愛必達讞萬全民張世祿、安邑民張遠等挾眾抗官狀，論如律。愛必達及總兵羅俊、蒲州知府硃發等皆坐譴黜。十三年正月，命如浙江會大學士高斌覆勘巡撫常安貪婪狀，未至，高斌鞫得常安實受賕，訥親與共奏，論如律。三月，復命如山東會巡撫阿里袞治賑。

In the third month of 1745 he was appointed associate grand secretary. In the fifth month he became grand secretary of the Hall of Preserving Harmony while retaining the Ministry of Personnel. In the fourth month of 1747 he was sent to Shanxi to join Governor Ai Bida in trying Zhang Shilu of Wanmin, Zhang Yuan of Anyi, and others who had led mobs against officials; all were sentenced by law. Ai Bida, Commander Luo Jun, Pu prefect Zhu Fa, and others were all reprimanded and removed. In the first month of 1748 he was ordered to Zhejiang to join Grand Secretary Gao Bin in reinvestigating Governor Chang An; before he arrived, Gao Bin had proved Chang An's bribes, and Neqin joined the memorial; sentence followed the law. In the third month he was again sent to Shandong to join Governor Aligun in famine relief.

時大金川土司莎羅奔攻革布什咱土司犯邊，上命川陝總督張廣泗討之。大金川地絕險，阻山為石壘，名曰碉，師進攻弗克。四月，召訥親還京師，授經略大臣，率禁旅出視師。六月，訥親至軍，下令期三日克噶拉依，噶拉依者，莎羅奔結寨地也。師循色爾力石梁而下，攻碉未即克，署總兵任舉勇敢善戰，為諸軍先，沒於陣。訥親為氣奪，乃議督諸軍築碉，與敵共險，為持久。疏入，上重失任舉，又以築碉非計，手詔戒訥親，因時度勢，以為進止。訥親與廣泗合疏言：「天時地利皆賊得其長，我兵無機可乘。冬春間當減兵駐守，明歲加調精銳三萬，於四月進剿，足以成功，至遲亦不逾秋令。」訥親又別疏言：「來歲增兵，計需費數百萬。若俟二三年後有機可乘，亦未可定。」疏入，上諭曰：「卿等身在戎行，目擊情狀，不能確有成算，游移兩可。朕於數千里外，何從遙度？我師至四萬，彼止三千餘，何以彼應我則有餘，我攻彼則不足？卿等當審定應攻應罷，毋為兩歧語。」上知訥親不足辦敵，諭軍機大臣議召訥親還；又念大金川非大敵，重臣視師，無功而還，傷國體，為四夷姍笑。密以諭訥親，冀激奮克敵。居數月，師雖有小胜，卒未得尺寸地。訥親惟請還京面對，乃召訥親及廣泗詣京師，以岳鍾琪攝經略，傅爾丹攝川陝總督，復遣尚書班第同治軍事。尋奪訥親官，令自具鞍馬，從討噶爾丹贖罪，逮廣泗。

The Jinchuan chieftain Slob Dpon had attacked the Gbashi-za chief and raided the border; the emperor ordered Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general Zhang Guangsi to punish him. Jinchuan country was utterly rugged; the people blocked the mountains with stone fortresses called diao, and the army could not break them. In the fourth month Neqin was recalled to the capital, made commander-in-chief, and sent at the head of the Gendarmerie to oversee the campaign. In the sixth month Neqin reached the front and ordered Gala-i—Slob Dpon's stronghold—taken within three days. The army marched down the Serli Stone Beam to assault the diao without immediate success; acting brigadier Ren Ju, brave in battle, led the van and fell. Neqin lost heart and proposed that all forces build diao of their own, sharing the terrain with the enemy for a war of attrition. When the memorial arrived, the emperor mourned Ren Ju deeply and held that building diao was folly; he personally drafted an edict telling Neqin to weigh time and circumstance in advancing or holding back. Neqin and Guangsi jointly wrote: 'Season and terrain favor the enemy; our troops find no opening. Between winter and spring we should reduce the army to garrison duty; next year add thirty thousand picked men and advance in the fourth month—success is assured, or at latest by autumn.' Neqin also wrote separately: 'Reinforcements next year will cost several million. If we wait two or three years for an opening, that too cannot be foretold.' When the memorials arrived, the emperor said: 'You are in the field and see the situation yet cannot fix a plan, wavering between two courses. I am thousands of li away—how can I judge from afar? Our force is forty thousand; they have barely three thousand—why do they have enough to meet us while we lack enough to attack? Decide whether to attack or withdraw; do not speak with a forked tongue.' The emperor knew Neqin could not handle the enemy and told the grand councillors to consider recalling him; yet he also thought that Jinchuan was no great enemy, and that a senior minister returning without victory would wound the state's dignity and invite ridicule from the four quarters. He secretly told Neqin as much, hoping to stir him to defeat the enemy. After several months the army won small fights but gained not a foot of ground. Neqin could only ask to return to the capital for audience; Neqin and Guangsi were summoned; Yue Zhongqi became acting commander-in-chief, Fu Erdan acting Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general, and Minister Ban Di was again sent to manage affairs jointly. Soon Neqin was stripped of rank and ordered to furnish his own horse and follow the campaign against the Eleuths to redeem his guilt; Guangsi was arrested.

九月，命大學士傅恆代為經略，別遣侍衛富成逮訥親，責置對，並令富成錄訥親舉止言語以聞。上前後手詔罪訥親恆數千百言，略謂：「訥親受命總戎，乖張畏縮。疏言軍夜攻碉，自帳中望見火光，知未嘗臨敵。又言督軍攻阿利山，既回營，我軍數十人各鳥獸散。知偶臨敵，又先士卒退。富成疏訥親語'金川事大難，不可輕舉，此言不敢入奏'。訥親受恩久，何事不可言？如固不能克，當實陳請罷兵。乃事敗欲以不可輕舉歸過朝廷，狡詐出意外。又值續調兵過，輒言'此皆我罪，令如許滿洲兵受苦'。滿洲兵聞調，鼓舞振躍，志切同仇。訥親以為受苦，實嫉他人成功，搖眾心，不顧國事。孤恩藐法，罪不可逭。」

In the ninth month Grand Secretary Fu Heng was made commander-in-chief in his place; guard Fu Cheng was sent separately to arrest Neqin, question him, and report his words and conduct. The emperor's successive personal edicts condemning Neqin ran to thousands of words, saying in sum: 'Neqin took command as commander-in-chief yet was perverse, fearful, and shrinking. He wrote that during night attacks on diao he watched the fire from his tent and had never faced the enemy. He also said that supervising the assault on Ali Mountain, he returned to camp while several dozen of our men scattered like birds and beasts. Knowing he faced the enemy only by chance, he again fell back ahead of his men. Fu Cheng reported Neqin's words: 'The Jinchuan affair is very hard and cannot be lightly undertaken—I dare not put this in a memorial.' Neqin had received favor so long—what could he not say? If he truly could not win, he should have honestly memorialized to withdraw. When affairs failed he wished to blame the court for 'not lightly undertaking'—cunning beyond expectation. Again when reinforcements arrived he would say, 'This is all my fault, making so many Manchu soldiers suffer.' Manchu soldiers hearing of transfer leaped for joy, eager to fight as one. Neqin called this suffering—in truth he envied others' success, shook the army's heart, and disregarded the state's business. Ungrateful and contemptuous of law—his crime could not be pardoned.' End of the imperial edict.

十月，諭「訥親先世以軍功封二等公，為孝昭仁皇后戚屬，供職勤慎，進一等公。獲罪，應仍以二等公俾其兄策楞襲爵」。訥親恃上恩，尚冀入見上自解，上复迭降手詔，謂：「軍旅事重，平日治事詳慎，操守潔清，舉不足言。」又謂：「訥親小心謹密，而方寸一壞，天奪其魄，雖欲倖免而不能。」十二月，廣泗既誅，上封遏必隆遺刀授侍衛鄂實，監訥親還軍，誅以警眾。十四年正月，上命傅恆班師，复諭鄂實即途中行法。是月戊寅，鄂實監訥親行至班攔山，聞後命，遂誅訥親。

In the tenth month an edict said: 'Neqin's forebears were enfeoffed duke of the second rank for military merit; as kin of Empress Xiaozhaoren he served diligently and was raised to duke of the first rank. Having incurred guilt, the title should still revert to duke of the second rank for his elder brother Celeng to inherit.' Neqin relied on imperial favor and still hoped to explain himself at audience; the emperor again sent personal edicts: 'Military affairs weigh heavily; ordinary diligence and clean integrity count for nothing. Also: Neqin was cautious in small things, but once his mind turned corrupt heaven took his wits—even wishing to escape, he could not. In the twelfth month, after Guangsi was executed, the emperor sealed Ebilun's heirloom sword and gave it to guard E Shi to escort Neqin back to the army and execute him as a warning. In the first month of 1749 the emperor ordered Fu Heng to withdraw the army and told E Shi to carry out the sentence on the road. On the wuyin day of that month, E Shi escorting Neqin reached Banlan Mountain; hearing the later order, he executed Neqin.

傅恆，字春和，富察氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，孝賢純皇后弟也。父李榮保，附見其父米思翰傳。傅恆自侍衛洊擢戶部侍郎。乾隆十年六月，命在軍機處行走。十二年，擢戶部尚書。十三年三月，孝賢純皇后從上南巡，還至德州崩，傅恆扈行，典喪儀。四月，敕獎其勤恪，加太子太保。時訥親視師金川，解尚書阿克敦協辦大學士以授傅恆，並兼領吏部。訥親既無功，九月，命傅恆暫管川陝總督，經略軍務。尋授保和殿大學士，發京師及諸行省滿、漢兵三萬五千，以部庫及諸行省銀四百萬供軍儲，又出內帑十萬備犒賞。十一月，師行，上詣堂子告察，遣皇子及大學士來保等送至良鄉。傅恆既行，上日降手詔褒勉。傅恆道陝西，言驛政不修誤軍興，上命協辦大學士尚書尹繼善攝陝西總督，主饋運。入四川境，馬不給，上又命尹繼善往來川、陝督察。旋以傅恆師行甚速，紀律嚴明，命議敘，部議加太子太傅，特命加太保。固辭，不允，發京師及山西、湖北馬七千佐軍。傅恆發成都，經天赦山，雪後道險，步行七十里至驛。上聞，賜雙眼孔雀翎，复固辭。

Fu Heng, whose style was Chunhe, of the Fuca clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner and younger brother of Empress Xiaoxianchun. His father Li Rongbao is discussed in the biography of Misanhan. Fu Heng rose from the guards to vice-minister of the Ministry of Revenue. In June 1745 he was ordered to serve on the Grand Council. In 1747 he was made minister of revenue. In March 1748 Empress Xiaoxianchun died at Dezhou on the southern tour; Fu Heng had accompanied the emperor and directed the mourning rites. In April an edict praised his diligence and made him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. While Neqin commanded in Jinchuan, Minister Aikedun was replaced as associate grand secretary by Fu Heng, who also took charge of the Ministry of Personnel. After Neqin's failure, in the ninth month Fu Heng was ordered to act as Sichuan-Shaanxi governor-general and take command of the campaign. He was soon made grand secretary of the Hall of Preserving Harmony; 35,000 Manchu and Han troops marched out with four million taels for supplies and 100,000 taels from the privy purse for rewards. In November the army marched; the emperor sacrificed at the Tangzi and sent princes and Grand Secretary Lai Bao to escort Fu Heng to Liangxiang. After Fu Heng left, the emperor sent him personal edicts of praise each day. Passing through Shaanxi, Fu Heng reported that bad courier service was hindering the army; Yin Jishan was ordered to act as Shaanxi governor-general and handle supply. In Sichuan horses were scarce; Yin Jishan was again ordered to supervise between Sichuan and Shaanxi. When Fu Heng's march proved swift and discipline strict, the ministry proposed Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent; the emperor instead made him Grand Preceptor. He declined firmly but was overruled; 7,000 horses from the capital, Shanxi, and Hubei were sent to the army. Leaving Chengdu he crossed Tianshe Mountain; after snow the road was treacherous and he walked seventy li to the next station. On hearing this the emperor gave him a double-eyed peacock feather, which Fu Heng again declined.

初，小金川土舍良爾吉間其兄澤旺於莎羅奔，奪其印，即烝於嫂阿扣。莎羅奔之犯邊也，良爾吉實從之，後詐降為賊諜。張廣泗入奸民王秋言，使領蠻兵，我師舉動，賊輒知之。傅恆途中疏請誅良爾吉等，將至軍，使副將馬良柱招良爾吉來迎，至邦噶山，正其罪，並阿扣、王秋悉誅之。事聞，上褒傅恆明斷，命拜前賜雙眼孔雀翎，毋更固辭。

Earlier, Lesser Jinchuan chieftain Liang Erji had betrayed his brother Zewang to Slob Dpon, seized his seal, and taken his sister-in-law A Kou. When Slob Dpon invaded, Liang Erji had aided him; later he pretended to surrender and spied for the enemy. Zhang Guangsi trusted the traitor Wang Qiu, who led tribal troops, so the enemy always knew our movements. En route Fu Heng asked to execute Liang Erji; near the front he had Ma Liangzhu summon Liang Erji to Bangga Mountain, tried him, and executed him with A Kou and Wang Qiu. The emperor praised Fu Heng's decisiveness and told him to accept the peacock feather he had earlier refused.

十月，至卡撒，以屯軍地狹隘，與賊相望，且雜處番民巿肆中，乃相度移舊壘前，令總兵冶大雄監營壘。十四年正月，上疏言：「臣至軍，察用兵始末：當紀山進討之始，馬良柱轉戰而前，逾沃日收小金川直抵丹噶，其鋒甚銳。彼時張廣泗若速進師，賊備未嚴，殄滅尚易；乃坐失事機，宋宗璋宿留於雜穀，許應虎敗衄於的郊，賊得盡據險要，增碉備禦。訥親初至，督戰甚急，任舉敗沒，銳挫氣索，軍無鬥志，一以軍事委張廣泗。廣泗又為奸人所愚，專主攻碉。先後殺傷數千人，匿不以聞。臣惟攻碉最為下策，槍砲不能洞堅壁，於賊無所傷。賊不過數人，自暗擊明，槍不虛發。是我惟攻石，而賊實攻人。賊於碉外為濠，兵不能越，賊伏其中，自下擊上。其碉銳立，高於浮屠，建作甚捷，數日可成，旋缺旋補。且眾心甚固，碉盡碎而不去，砲方過而復起。客主勞佚，形勢迥殊，攻一碉難於克一城。即臣所駐卡撒，左右山巔三百餘碉，計日以攻，非數年不能盡。且得一碉輒傷數十百人，得不償失。兵法，攻堅則瑕者堅，攻瑕則堅者瑕。惟使賊失所恃，我兵乃可用其所長。擬俟諸軍大集，分道而進。別選銳師，旁探間道，裹糧直入，逾碉勿攻，繞出其後。番眾不多，外備既密，內守必虛。我兵既自捷徑深入，守者各懷內顧，人無固志，均可不攻自潰。卡撒為進噶拉依正道，嶺高溝窄，臣當親任其難。黨壩隘險，亦幾同卡撒，酌益新軍。兩道並進，直搗巢穴，取其渠魁。期四月間奏捷。」上以金川非大敵，勞師兩載，誅大臣，失良將，內不懌。及是聞其地險難下，益不欲竟其事，遂以孝聖憲皇后諭命班師，而傅恆方督總兵哈攀龍、哈尚德等攻下數碉。上以金川水土惡，賜傅恆人蓡三斤，並及諸將有差，屢詔召傅恆還。又以孝聖憲皇后諭封一等忠勇公，賜寶石頂、四團龍補服。傅恆奏言：「金川事一誤，今復輕率蕆事，賊焰愈張。眾土司皆罹其毒，邊宇將無寧日。審度形勢，賊碉非盡當道，其巢皆老弱，我兵且戰且前，自昔嶺中峰直抵噶拉依，破竹建瓴，功在垂成，棄之可惜。且臣受詔出師，若不掃穴擒渠，何顏返命？」並力辭封賞，上不允，手詔謂：「匈奴未滅，無以家為，乃驃姚武人銳往之概。大學士抒誠贊化，豈與兜鍪閫帥爭一日之績？」反复累數千言，复賜詩喻指。

In the tenth month he reached Kasa; the camp was cramped and mixed with tribal markets, so he moved the lines forward under Ye Daxiong's supervision. In the first month of 1749 he wrote: 'At the army I reviewed the campaign: when Ji Shan first attacked, Ma Liangzhu fought through Wo Ri, took Lesser Jinchuan, and reached Danga with great momentum. Had Zhang Guangsi advanced quickly then, the enemy was unprepared and could have been destroyed easily; instead he lost the moment; Song Zongzhang stalled at Zagu, Xu Yinghu was beaten at Dijiao, and the enemy held the passes and strengthened their diao. When Neqin arrived he pressed battle hard; Ren Ju fell, morale collapsed, and he handed everything to Zhang Guangsi. Guangsi was fooled by traitors and attacked only diao. Thousands were killed or wounded, which he hid from reports. Assaulting diao is the worst plan: guns cannot breach solid walls or harm the enemy. A few men in the dark shoot at many in the light, and every shot tells. We strike stone while the enemy strike men. They dig moats we cannot cross and fire downward from within. The diao rise like pagodas, built in days and patched as fast as they crumble. The people stand firm: when diao are smashed they do not flee, and when cannon pass they rebuild. Guest fights host on unequal terms; one diao is harder than a city. At Kasa alone more than three hundred diao crown the hills; to take them day by day would take years. Each diao costs dozens or hundreds of lives—the gain is not worth the price. In war, strike the hard point and the soft hardens; strike the soft and the hard weakens. Only by depriving the enemy of what they rely on can our troops use their strengths. When the armies gather I plan to advance on separate routes. Picked troops will find by-paths, carry rations, pass the diao without fighting, and strike from behind. The tribes are few; thick outer defense means thin inner defense. Once we penetrate by a swift route, defenders will look homeward and collapse without a fight. Kasa is the main road to Gala-i; I shall take that hard road myself. Dangba is almost as narrow as Kasa; I shall reinforce that route too. Both columns will drive at the nest and seize the chiefs. I expect victory by the fourth month.' The emperor thought Jinchuan no great foe, yet two years of war had cost ministers' lives and good generals, and he was displeased. Learning how hard the country was, he wished to end the war on the empress dowager's order, though Fu Heng was still taking diao under Ha Panlong and Ha Shangde. He sent Fu Heng ginseng and rewards for the generals and repeatedly recalled him, citing Jinchuan's foul climate. On the empress dowager's order he was made Duke of Loyal Valor of the first rank, with jeweled finial and four-dragon patch. Fu Heng wrote: 'Jinchuan was mishandled once; to end it lightly now will only embolden the rebels. Every tribal chief suffers them; the frontier will never be quiet. Not every diao blocks the road; their nests are weak; advancing from Xiling Peak to Gala-i would be irresistible, and to stop now would be wasteful. Having been ordered to campaign, how can I return without destroying the nest and capturing the leaders?' He also refused honors; the emperor refused to accept and wrote: 'Until the Xiongnu are destroyed there is no home—that was Huo Qubing's spirit. How should a grand secretary who aids the state vie with field commanders for a day's glory?' He wrote thousands of words in personal edicts and sent a poem to make his meaning plain.

時傅恆及提督岳鍾琪決策深入，莎羅奔遣頭人乞降，傅恆令自縛詣軍門。莎羅奔复介綽斯甲等詣岳鍾琪乞貸死，鍾琪親入勒烏圍，挈莎羅奔及其子郎卡詣軍門。語詳鍾琪傳。傅恆遂受莎羅奔父子降，莎羅奔等焚香作樂，誓六事：無犯鄰比諸番，反其侵地，供役視諸土司，執獻諸酋抗我師者，還所掠內地民馬，納軍械槍砲，乃承製赦其罪。莎羅奔獻佛像一、白金萬，傅恆卻其金，莎羅奔請以金為傅恆建祠。翌日，傅恆率師還。上優詔嘉獎，命用揚古利故事，賜豹尾槍二桿、親軍二名。三月，師至京師，命皇長子及裕親王等郊迎。上御殿受賀，行飲至禮。傅恆疏辭四團龍補服，上命服以入朝，復命用額亦都、佟國維故事，建宗祠，祀曾祖哈什屯以下，並追予李榮保諡，賜第東安門內，以詩落其成。

Fu Heng and Yue Zhongqi chose to push deep; Slob Dpon sent headmen to sue for peace, and Fu Heng ordered him bound to camp. Slob Dpon also sent Chuosi Jia to Yue Zhongqi; Zhongqi entered Lewuwei and brought Slob Dpon and his son Lang Ka to camp. The full account is in Yue Zhongqi's biography. Fu Heng accepted their surrender on six oaths: no harm to neighbors, return of lands, labor like other chiefs, surrender of resisting chiefs, return of plunder, and delivery of arms—then pardoned them. Slob Dpon offered a Buddha image and ten thousand taels of silver; Fu Heng refused the silver, and Slob Dpon asked to build him a shrine with it. The next day Fu Heng withdrew the army. The emperor praised him and, following Yangguli's precedent, gave two leopard-tail spears and two personal guards. In the third month the army reached Beijing; the heir apparent and the Prince of Yu welcomed it outside the walls. The emperor received congratulations in court and held the victory feast. Fu Heng declined the four-dragon patch but was ordered to wear it; a ancestral hall was built after the precedents of Ebilun and Tong Guowei, Li Rongbao was given a posthumous title, and a mansion was granted inside the East Gate.

十九年，準噶爾內亂，諸部台吉多內附。上將用兵，諮廷臣，惟傅恆贊其議。二十年，師克伊犁，俘達瓦齊以歸，諭再封一等公，傅恆固辭，至泣下，乃允之。尋圖功臣像紫光閣，上親制贊，仍以為冠，舉蕭何不戰居首功為比。二十一年四月，將軍策楞追捕阿睦爾撒納未獲，上命傅恆出視師，赴額林哈畢爾噶，集蒙古諸台吉飭軍事。傅恆行日，策楞疏至，已率兵深入，復召傅恆還。

In 1754 the Dzungars fell into civil strife and many tribal taiji submitted. When the emperor planned war he consulted the court; only Fu Heng approved. In 1755 Ili was taken and Dawachi captured; the emperor offered him the first-rank dukedom again, but Fu Heng wept and declined until allowed. Portraits were painted in the Hall of Purple Splendor; the emperor wrote the praises and still ranked Fu Heng first, comparing him to Xiao He. In 1756 General Celeng failed to catch Amursana; Fu Heng was sent to Irkhabirga to assemble the Mongol taiji. The day Fu Heng set out, Celeng reported he had already advanced deep; Fu Heng was recalled.

三十三年，將軍明瑞徵緬甸敗績，二月，授傅恆經略，出督師。時阿里袞以副將軍主軍事，上並授阿桂副將軍、舒赫德參贊大臣，命舒赫德先赴雲南，與阿里袞籌畫進軍。三十四年二月，傅恆師行，發京師及滿、蒙兵一萬三千六百人從征，上御太和殿賜敕，賚御用甲胄。四月，至騰越，傅恆決策，師循戛鳩江而進，大兵出江西，取道猛拱、猛養，直搗木梳，水師沿江順流下，水陸相應。偏師出江東取猛密，夾擊老官屯。往歲以避瘴，九月後進兵，緬甸得為備。傅恆互議先數十日出不意，攻其未備，水師當具舟。上初命阿里袞造舟濟師，阿里袞等言崖險澗窄不宜舟，傍江亦無造舟所。上又命三泰、傅顯往視，言與阿里袞等同。及傅恆至軍，諮土司頭人，知蠻暮有山曰翁古多木，旁有地曰野牛壩，野人所居，涼爽無瘴。即地伐木造舟，野人樂受值，執役甚謹。傅恆即使傅顯佐蒞事。舟成，督滿、漢兵並從行奴僕，更番轉搬。又得茂隆廠附近砲工，令範銅為砲。狀聞，輒降旨嘉獎，為賦造舟行焉。

In 1768, after Mingrui's defeat in Burma, Fu Heng was made commander-in-chief in the second month. Aligun led as deputy commander; Agui and Shuhede were appointed to assist, and Shuhede went first to Yunnan with Aligun to plan. In February 1769 Fu Heng marched with 13,600 Manchu and Mongol troops; the emperor bestowed command and armor in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. At Tengyue he decided to advance along the Jiugu: the main column west through Menggong and Mengyang toward Mushu, the fleet downstream in concert. A flank column east of the river would take Mengmi and pinch Laoguantun. Formerly troops waited until after the ninth month to avoid miasma, letting Burma prepare. Fu Heng urged advancing weeks early by surprise; the fleet must have boats. The emperor had ordered boats built; Aligun said the cliffs and streams forbade it and there was no shipyard. Santai and Fuxian were sent to inspect and agreed with Aligun. At the front Fu Heng learned from headmen of Wengguduomu near Manmu and the cool, miasma-free Yeniuba. There they cut timber for boats; tribesmen gladly worked for pay. Fu Heng put Fuxian in charge. When the boats were done, troops and servants relayed them in turns. Gunsmiths from Maolong were set to cast bronze guns. Each report brought imperial praise and a poem on boat-building.

傅恆初議自將九千三百人渡戛鳩而西，師未集，七月，將四千人發騰越。上以經略自將師寡，促諸軍速集如初議。八月，傅恆自南蚌趨戛鳩。奏至，上方行圍木蘭，入圍獲狍，畀福隆安以賜傅恆。傅恆道南底壩至允帽，臨戛鳩江，時猛拱大頭人脫猛烏猛、頭人賀丙等，詣傅恆請降。師至，脫猛烏猛將夾江諸夷寨頭人來迎，與賀丙具舟。傅恆命分兵徐濟，夾江為寨猛拱后土司渾覺亦請降，獻馴象四。上賚三眼孔雀翎，傅恆疏辭。師復進，取猛養，破寨四，誅頭人拉匿拉賽。設台站，令瑚爾起以七百人駐守。遂至南董幹，攻南準寨，獲頭人木波猛等三十五人。進次暮臘，再進次新街。

Fu Heng first planned to lead 9,300 men across the Jiugu; in July, before the army gathered, he sent 4,000 from Tengyue. The emperor thought the commander-in-chief had too few men and urged the armies to gather as planned. In the eighth month Fu Heng rushed from Nanbang to the Jiugu. When the memorial arrived the emperor was at the Mulan hunt and sent a roe deer by Fulong'an as gift to Fu Heng. At the Jiugu, Tuomengwumeng of Menggong and He Bing came to surrender. Tuomengwumeng brought riverside headmen to welcome the army, and he and He Bing supplied boats. Fu Heng ferried troops in detachments and set riverside camps; Queen Hunjue of Menggong surrendered with four elephants. The emperor gave a three-eyed peacock feather; Fu Heng declined. The army took Mengyang, stormed four stockades, and executed headman Lanilasai. Relay stations were set up and Hu Erqi garrisoned with 700 men. They reached Nandonggan, took the Nanzhun stockade, and captured thirty-five headmen including Mubomeng. They advanced to Mula, then pushed on to Xinjie.

傅恆自渡戛鳩江，未嘗與緬甸兵戰，刈禾為糧，行二千里不血刃，而士馬觸暑雨多疾病。會阿桂將萬餘人自虎踞關出野牛壩，造舟畢成，徵廣東、福建水師亦至，乃合軍並進。哈國興將水師，阿桂、阿里袞將陸師，阿桂出江東，阿里袞出江西。緬兵壘金沙江兩岸，又以舟師扼江口。阿桂先與緬兵遇，麾步兵發銃矢，又以騎兵陷陣，緬兵潰。哈國興督舟師乘風蹴敵，緬兵舟相擊，死者數千。阿里袞亦破西岸緬兵，傅恆以所獲纛進。上復為賦詩，阿里袞感瘴而病，改將水師，旋卒。十一月，傅恆復進攻老官屯，老官屯在金沙江東，東猛密，西猛墅，北猛拱、猛養，南緬都阿瓦，為水陸通衢。緬兵伐木立寨甚固，哈國興督諸軍力攻，未即克。師破東南木寨，緬兵夜自水寨出，傅恆令海蘭察御之，又令伊勒圖督舟師掩擊，复獲船纛。緬兵潛至江岸築壘，又自林箐中出，海蘭察擊之，屢有斬馘。

After crossing the Jiugu Fu Heng fought no Burmese troops; he lived off the harvest and marched two thousand li unblooded, but heat and rain brought widespread sickness. Agui brought more than ten thousand men from Huju Pass to Yeniuba; when the boats were ready and Guangdong and Fujian fleets arrived, the armies joined and advanced. Ha Guoxing led the fleet; Agui and Aligun the land forces—Agui east of the river, Aligun west. The Burmese fortified both banks of the Jinsha and blocked the mouth with boats. Agui met the Burmese first, poured musket and arrow fire into them, sent cavalry to break their line, and routed them. Ha Guoxing drove the fleet downwind into the enemy; thousands died as boats collided. Aligun broke the west-bank Burmese as well, and Fu Heng sent up the captured banners. The emperor wrote another poem; Aligun took miasma fever, switched to the fleet, and soon died. In the eleventh month Fu Heng attacked Laoguantun on the Jinsha, the junction of Mengmi, Mengshu, Menggong, Mengyang, and the road to Ava. The Burmese built a timber stockade; Ha Guoxing assaulted it hard but could not take it quickly. Our troops took the southeast timber camp; the Burmese sallied by night from the water camp; Hailancha repelled them and Yiletui's fleet seized more boats and banners. The Burmese built riverside forts and struck from the woods; Hailancha beat them back again and again.

師久攻堅，士卒染瘴多物故，水陸軍三萬一千，至是僅存一萬三千。傅恆以入告，上命罷兵，召傅恆還京。傅恆俄亦病，阿桂以聞。上令即馳驛還，而以軍事付阿桂。會緬甸酋懵駁遣頭人諾爾塔齎蒲葉書乞罷兵，傅恆奏入，上許其行成。傅恆附疏言：「用兵之始，眾以為難。臣執意請行，負委任，請從重治罪。」上手詔謂：「用兵非得已，如以為非是，朕當首任其過。皇祖時，吳三桂請撤籓，諮於群臣，議撤者惟米思翰、明珠數人。及三桂反，眾請誅議撤諸臣，皇祖深闢其非。朕仰紹祖訓，傅恆此事，可援以相比。傅恆收猛拱，當賜三眼孔雀翎，疏辭，俟功成拜賜。今既未克賊巢，當繳進賜翎，以稱其請罪之意。」懵駁遣頭人詣軍獻方物。十月，傅恆還駐虎踞關，上命傅恆會雲貴總督彰寶議減雲南總兵、知府員缺，釐正州縣舊制。三十四年二月，班師。三月，上幸天津，傅恆朝行在。既而緬甸酋謝罪表久不至，上謂傅恆方病，不忍治其罪。七月，卒，上親臨其第酹酒，命喪葬視宗室鎮國公，諡文忠。又命入祀前所建宗祠。其後上复幸天津，念傅恆於此復命，又經傅恆墓賜奠，皆紀以詩。及賦懷舊詩，許為「社稷臣」。嘉慶元年，以福康安平苗功，贈貝子。福康安卒，推恩贈郡王銜，旋並命配享太廟。

After long assaults, miasma killed many; of 31,000 land and water troops only 13,000 remained. Fu Heng reported the losses; the emperor ended the campaign and recalled him. Fu Heng soon fell ill; Agui informed the court. The emperor ordered him home by relay post and left the army to Agui. The Burmese chief Meng Bo sent Nuoerta with a palm-leaf plea for peace; Fu Heng reported it and the emperor agreed to truce. Fu Heng added: 'When war began everyone called it hard. I insisted on going and failed my charge; punish me severely.' The emperor wrote: 'War is never chosen lightly; if it was wrong, I should bear the blame. Under the Kangxi Emperor, when Wu Sangui asked to give up his fief, only Misanhan, Mingzhu, and a few others favored withdrawal. When Sangui rebelled, many wanted those ministers killed; the grandfather firmly refused. I follow that teaching; Fu Heng's case is like it. For recovering Menggong he should have the three-eyed peacock feather; he declined until victory. Since the nest was not taken, he should return the feather to match his plea for guilt. Meng Bo sent headmen with tribute to the army. In the tenth month Fu Heng garrisoned Huju Pass and met Governor Zhang Bao to reform Yunnan's military and civil posts. In the second month of 1769 the army withdrew. In the third month the emperor went to Tianjin and Fu Heng attended him on the journey. When Burma's apology lagged, the emperor spared Fu Heng because he was ill. In the seventh month he died; the emperor poured libation at his house, gave him a prince's funeral, and posthumous title Wenzong. He was also enshrined in the hall built for his family. Later visits to Tianjin and offerings at Fu Heng's tomb were all remembered in the emperor's poems. In a poem of remembrance he called Fu Heng a pillar of the state. In 1796 Fukang'an's pacification of the Miao won Fu Heng a posthumous beile rank. After Fukang'an's death the family was raised to princely rank and granted shared sacrifice in the Ancestral Temple.

傅恆直軍機處二十三年，日侍左右，以勤慎得上眷。故事，軍機處諸臣不同入見，乾隆初，惟訥親承旨。迨傅恆自陳不能多識，乞諸大臣同入見。上晚膳後有所諮訪，又召傅恆獨對，時謂之「晚面」。又軍機處諸大臣既承旨，退自屬草，至傅恆始命章京具稿以進。上倚傅恆為重臣，然偶有小節疏失，即加以戒約。傅恆益謙下，治事不敢自擅。敬禮士大夫，翼後進使盡其才。行軍與士卒同甘苦。卒時未五十，上尤惜之。

For twenty-three years Fu Heng served on the Grand Council at the emperor's side and won favor by diligence. By precedent councillors did not all attend together; early in Qianlong only Neqin took edicts. Fu Heng said he could not remember enough and asked that all ministers attend together. After supper the emperor still summoned Fu Heng alone for consultation—the 'evening audience.' Formerly councillors drafted their own memorials after audience; Fu Heng had secretaries draft them first. The emperor relied on Fu Heng but admonished even small slips. Fu Heng grew more humble and would not decide affairs alone. He honored scholars and helped younger men use their talents. On campaign he shared the soldiers' hardships. He was not yet fifty when he died, and the emperor mourned him deeply.

子福靈安、福隆安、福康安、福長安。福康安自有傳。

His sons were Fuling'an, Fulong'an, Fukang'an, and Fuchang'an. Fukang'an has a separate biography.

福靈安，多羅額駙，授侍衛。準噶爾之役，從將軍兆惠戰於葉爾羌，有功，予雲騎尉世職。三十二年，授正白旗滿洲副都統。署雲南永北鎮總兵。卒。

Fuling'an, a prince consort, was made a guard. In the Dzungar war he fought with Zhaohui at Yarkand, earned merit, and received the hereditary rank yunqiwei. In 1767 he became vice banner general of the Bordered White Banner Manchus. He served as acting regional commander at Yongbei in Yunnan. He passed away.

福隆安，尚高宗女和嘉公主，授和碩額駙、御前侍衛。三十三年，擢兵部尚書、軍機處行走，移工部尚書。三十五年，襲一等忠勇公。三十六年，用兵金川，總兵宋元俊劾四川總督桂林，命福隆安往讞。福隆安直桂林，抵元俊罪。四十一年，复授兵部尚書，仍領工部。金川平，畫像紫光閣。四十九年，卒，諡勤恪。

Fulong'an married Princess Hejia and became prince consort and personal guard. In 1768 he became minister of war and grand councillor, then minister of works. In 1770 he inherited the first-rank dukedom of Loyal Valor. In 1771 Brigadier Song Yuanjun impeached Governor Guilin; Fulong'an was sent to try the case. Fulong'an cleared Guilin and convicted Yuanjun. In 1776 he was again minister of war while retaining works. When Jinchuan was pacified his portrait joined the Hall of Purple Splendor. In 1784 he died with posthumous title Qinke.

子丰紳濟倫，初以公主子，命視和碩額駙品秩，授鑲藍旗漢軍副都統、奉宸苑卿。四十九年，襲爵。累遷兵部尚書，領鑾儀衛。嘉慶間，再坐事，官終盛京兵部侍郎。十二年，卒。子富勒渾翁珠，襲爵。

His son Feng Shenjilun, as the princess's son, held princely rank and became vice banner general of the Bordered Blue Banner Han Army and parks director. In 1784 he inherited the title. He rose to minister of war and directed the imperial equipage. Under Jiaqing he was punished twice and ended as Mukden vice president of war. In 1807 he passed away. His son Fulehunwengzhu inherited the title.

福長安，自藍翎侍衛累遷至正紅旗滿洲副都統、武備院卿，領內務府。乾隆四十五年，命在軍機處學習行走。累遷戶部尚書。五十三年，台灣平。五十七年，廓爾喀平。諸功臣畫像紫光閣，福長安皆與焉。嘉慶三年，俘王三槐，福長安以直軍機處得侯。四年，高宗崩，大學士和珅得罪，仁宗以福長安阿附，逮下獄，奪爵，籍其家。諸大臣議用朋黨律坐立斬，上命改監候，而賜和珅死，使監福長安詣和珅死所跪視。旋遣往裕陵充供茶拜唐阿，就遷員外郎。六年，以請還京，奪職，發盛京披甲。旋自驍騎校屢遷：再為圍場總管，一為馬蘭鎮總兵，再署古北口提督。屢坐事譴謫。二十一年，授正黃旗滿洲副都統。二十二年，卒。

Fuchang'an rose from blue-feathered guard to vice banner general of the Bordered Red Banner, armory director, and household head. In 1780 he was ordered to study on the Grand Council. He rose to minister of revenue. In 1788 Taiwan was pacified. In 1792 Gurkha was pacified. His portrait too was painted in the Hall of Purple Splendor. In 1798, when Wang Sanhuai was captured, service on the Grand Council won him a marquisate. In 1799, after Qianlong's death, Heshen fell; Jiaqing arrested Fuchang'an for siding with Heshen, stripped his rank, and seized his property. Ministers proposed decapitation under the faction law; the emperor commuted it to imprisonment, executed Heshen, and made Fuchang'an watch. He was sent to serve at the Yuling mausoleum, then made a department secretary. In 1801, for asking to return to Beijing, he was stripped and sent to Mukden as a common soldier. From brave-rider secretary he rose twice to hunting-park director, once to Malan commander, twice acting Gubeikou commander. He was repeatedly punished and demoted. In 1816 he became vice banner general of the Bordered Yellow Banner Manchus. In 1817 he passed away.

論曰：高宗初政，寬大而清明，舉國熙熙，樂見太平。是時鄂爾泰、張廷玉負夾輔之重，然居中用事為天子喉舌，厥惟訥親，繼之者傅恆也。高宗手詔謂當鄂爾泰在朝，培養陶成，得一訥親；訥親在朝，培養陶成，得一傅恆。又謂訥親受恩第一，次則傅恆。訥親視師失上指，坐誅，終不沒其勤廉；傅恆再以受降還師，德心孚契，自以其謹慎，非徒藉貴戚功閥重也。

The commentator writes: In Qianlong's early reign government was lenient and clear, and the realm rejoiced in peace. Ortai and Zhang Tingyu assisted the throne, but the emperor's voice in council was first Neqin, then Fu Heng. The emperor wrote that while Ortai served he nurtured talent until he produced Neqin; while Neqin served he nurtured talent until he produced Fu Heng. He also said Neqin received the most favor, then Fu Heng. Neqin failed in command and was executed, yet his diligence and integrity were not forgotten; Fu Heng twice returned victorious after accepting surrender; the emperor trusted his caution, not merely his birth and rank.

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