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列傳一百四十一
Biographies 141
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萬承風周系英錢樾秦瀛李宗瀚韓鼎晉朱方增
Wan Chengfeng, Zhou Xiying, Qian Yue, Qin Ying, Li Zonghan, Han Dingjin, and Zhu Fangzeng
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萬承風，字和圃，江西義寧人。 乾隆四十六年進士，選庶吉士，授檢討。 直上書房，侍宣宗讀。 六十年，典試雲南。 時仁宗在潛邸，賜詩寵行。 累遷翰林院侍讀。 嘉慶三年，大考，降檢討。 四年，督廣東學政。 瓊州海寇猝發，承風以聞，命總督吉慶按治，總兵西密揚阿等以恇怯置吏議。 累遷侍講學士，任滿還京，直上書房，擢詹事。 督山東學政，整厲士習，扶持善類。 洊擢禮部侍郎，命還京。
Wan Chengfeng, whose style was Hepu, came from Yining in Jiangxi. He received his jinshi degree in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was made a reviser. He was posted to the Upper Study, where he tutored the future Emperor Xuanzong. In the sixtieth year of Qianlong he presided over the provincial examination in Yunnan. The future Emperor Renzong, still heir apparent, honored his departure with an imperial poem. He rose through successive posts to reader-in-waiting in the Hanlin Academy. At the triennial evaluation in the third year of Jiaqing he was demoted back to reviser. The following year he was made education commissioner of Guangdong. When pirates suddenly struck Qiongzhou, Chengfeng reported the crisis; the court ordered Governor-General Ji Qing to investigate, and Regional Commander Ximiyang'a and others were brought up for discipline on charges of cowardice. He rose to expositor of the Hanlin Academy, and when his term ended he returned to the capital, resumed service in the Upper Study, and was appointed grand tutor of the heir apparent. As education commissioner of Shandong he tightened scholarly standards and championed men of integrity. He was promoted in due course to vice minister of rites and recalled to the capital.
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十二年，督學江蘇。 以清江浦、荷花塘河工取勢太直，屢築屢圮，奏請復舊，詔如議行。 調兵部。 十四年，上五旬萬壽，陳請解任還京祝嘏，詔嚴斥，左遷內閣學士。 調安徽學政。 定遠士子與鳳陽胥役有隙，至試期輒修怨，當事者庇胥役，士益憤，承風疏請下巡撫嚴治胥役，置諸法。 擢兵部侍郎，還京，仍直上書房，充經筵講官。 十七年，引疾歸，尋卒，入祀鄉賢祠。 宣宗即位，追念舊學，贈禮部尚書銜，諡文恪。 道光十二年，晉贈太傅，子方楙等加恩有差。
In the twelfth year he was appointed education commissioner of Jiangsu. Finding that the Qingjiangpu and Hehuatang works ran too straight and had been rebuilt only to collapse again, he memorialized to restore the former course; the throne approved and ordered it carried out. He was transferred to the Ministry of War. In the fourteenth year, when the emperor celebrated his fiftieth birthday, Chengfeng asked to leave his post and return to the capital to offer congratulations; the throne rebuked him sharply and demoted him to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He was reassigned as education commissioner of Anhui. Scholars in Dingyuan were at odds with clerical runners from Fengyang, and each examination season revived their quarrel while local officials shielded the runners, deepening the scholars' anger. Chengfeng memorialized the governor to punish the runners severely and bring them to justice. Promoted to vice minister of war, he returned to the capital, resumed service in the Upper Study, and became a lecturer at the Classics Colloquium. In the seventeenth year he retired citing illness, died soon after, and was enshrined in his district's temple of local worthies. When Emperor Xuanzong took the throne he remembered their years as tutor and pupil and posthumously granted him minister of rites with the posthumous title Wenge. In the twelfth year of Daoguang he was further posthumously honored as grand tutor, and his sons Fangmao and others received differentiated imperial favors.
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周系英，字孟才，湖南湘潭人。 乾隆五十八年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，累遷侍講。 嘉慶十年，督四川學政。 十四年，入直南書房，擢太常寺卿。 尋改直上書房，授三阿哥讀。 上諭：「不但授讀講習詩文，當教阿哥為人居心以忠厚為本。」 系英請加授資治通鑑，以知古今治亂興衰之故，悉民間疾苦，上韙之。 轉光祿寺卿，督山西學政。 任滿回京，仍直上書房。 十九年，擢兵部右侍郎，母憂去，服闋，補吏部侍郎。
Zhou Xiying, whose style was Mengcai, came from Xiangtan in Hunan. He received his jinshi degree in the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong, entered the Hanlin Academy, was made a compiler, and rose to expositor. In the tenth year of Jiaqing he became education commissioner of Sichuan. In the fourteenth year he entered regular duty in the Southern Study and was promoted to director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. He was soon transferred to the Upper Study to tutor the Third Imperial Son. The emperor instructed him: "You must teach the prince more than poetry and prose — you must ground his character in sincerity and loyalty." Xiying asked to add the Comprehensive Mirror so the prince would understand how dynasties rise and fall and know the people's hardships; the emperor approved. He became director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and education commissioner of Shanxi. When his term ended he returned to the capital and resumed service in the Upper Study. In the nineteenth year he was made vice minister of war on the right; he left office to mourn his mother, and after the mourning period was appointed vice minister of personnel.
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二十四年，湘潭民與江西客民閧，相殺傷，巡撫吳邦慶亦籍江西，陳奏偏袒。 系英詢齎奏人，得事始末，於召對時面陳，乃調邦慶福建，詔以獄事畀總督察治。 系英素以樸直被眷遇，邦慶初與善，約地方事有見聞必告，至是手書言其曲直； 系英子汝楨亦致書在籍給事中石承藻詢獄事：書並為邦慶得，先後以兩書上聞。 上怒系英庇鄉人，部議革職，猶命以編修用。 繼以汝楨致書事，褫職回籍。
In the twenty-fourth year locals in Xiangtan clashed with migrant settlers from Jiangxi, leaving casualties; Governor Wu Bangqing, himself a Jiangxi native, memorialized in a way that favored his fellow provincials. Xiying questioned the memorial bearer and learned the full story; at an imperial audience he laid it out in person, and Bangqing was transferred to Fujian while the case was assigned to the governor-general for investigation. Xiying had long been favored for his plain integrity; Bangqing had been friendly with him and had agreed to keep him informed of local affairs, and now wrote in his own hand about the rights and wrongs of the case; Xiying's son Ruzhen also wrote the retired supervising secretary Shi Chengzao to inquire about the case; Bangqing obtained both letters and reported them to the throne in succession. The emperor was angry that Xiying had shielded his fellow townspeople; the ministry recommended dismissal, yet he was still allowed to serve as a compiler. When Ruzhen's letter came to light, he was stripped of office and sent home.
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道光初，以四品京堂召用，歷翰林院侍讀學士、內閣學士。 二年，遷工部侍郎，督江西學政，尋調江蘇，許密摺言地方利病，人才臧否。 會瀕江大水，學政駐江陰，系英目擊災狀，貽書督撫，留官吏素得民者治賑務，假庫帑三萬兩購米平糶，民感之。 四年，調戶部左侍郎，卒於任。
Early in the Daoguang reign he was recalled as a fourth-rank capital official and rose through reader of the Hanlin Academy to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. In the second year he became vice minister of works and education commissioner of Jiangxi, soon transferred to Jiangsu with permission to submit secret memorials on local conditions and the merit of officials. When catastrophic floods struck the river districts he was stationed at Jiangyin; witnessing the disaster, he wrote the governor-general and governor to retain trusted officials for relief work, borrowed thirty thousand taels from the treasury to buy grain and sell it at fair price, and won the people's gratitude. In the fourth year he was made vice minister of revenue on the left and died in office.
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錢樾，字黼棠，浙江嘉善人。 乾隆三十七年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 典陝西鄉試，督四川學政。 直上書房。 兩典江西鄉試，督廣西學政，累擢少詹事。 嘉慶四年，還京，仍入直。 驟遷內閣學士、禮部侍郎，督江蘇學政。 時吳縣令甄輔廷治諸生糾控罪過當，學政平恕曲徇所請，斥革生員二十五人。 上聞之，解平恕任，以樾代，至則先复諸生名，僅坐首事者三人，士民稱慶。 方其赴任，途中見行船有大書「內廷南府」者，因上疏劾姦吏詭託，上累聖明，詔飭關津禁絕，嚴罪所司。
Qian Yue, whose style was Futang, came from Jiashan in Zhejiang. He received his jinshi degree in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was made a compiler. He presided over the Shaanxi provincial examination and served as education commissioner of Sichuan. He served in the Upper Study. He twice presided over the Jiangxi provincial examination, served as education commissioner of Guangxi, and rose to junior grand tutor of the heir apparent. In the fourth year of Jiaqing he returned to the capital and resumed regular palace duty. He was rapidly promoted to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat and vice minister of rites, and made education commissioner of Jiangsu. The magistrate of Wu county, Zhen Futing, had punished student complaints too harshly; Education Commissioner Pingshu indulged his requests and expelled twenty-five licentiates. When the emperor learned of this he removed Pingshu and sent Yue in his place; on arrival Yue first restored the students' standing and punished only three ringleaders, to the joy of scholars and townspeople alike. On his way to his post he saw boats boldly marked "Inner Court Southern Residence"; he memorialized against corrupt clerks whose fraud reflected on the throne, and an edict closed the passes and severely punished those responsible.
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時南河邵壩決口，瓜、儀私梟充斥，為閭閻害，命樾密訪以聞。 疏陳：「黃河自豫東界至桃、宿以上，水緩沙停，致河高堤淺，所在防潰。 請於霜降後鳩工疏正河，並增築堤防，先務所急。 又以私梟為患，皆由官鹽價貴，民利食私，若稍平鹽價，則私梟自絕。」 疏入，俱報可。 尋調吏部，任滿回京，調戶部，兼管錢法堂事務。 奏請申禁改漕折色，以清弊端。 復調吏部，九年，坐失察書吏舞弊，以告病治中趙曰濂虛選運同，降內閣學士，樾上疏置辯，議革職，加恩賜編修。 十年，擢鴻臚寺少卿，督山東學政。 累遷大理寺少卿、內閣學士。 母憂歸，服闋，引疾不出。 二十年，卒。
The Shao dam on the Southern Canal had burst, smugglers infested Guazhou and Yizhen and preyed on the people, and Yue was ordered to investigate in secret and report. In his memorial he wrote: "From eastern Henan upstream to Taoyuan and Suzhou, the Yellow River runs slow and drops its silt, raising the riverbed and shallowing the dikes, so breaches are feared everywhere. He asked that after Frost's Descent workers be mobilized to dredge the channel and strengthen the dikes, beginning with the most urgent stretches. He also argued that smuggling thrived because official salt was overpriced and the people preferred contraband; moderate the price, he said, and smuggling would die out on its own." The throne approved every proposal in the memorial. He was soon transferred to the Ministry of Personnel, and when his term ended he returned to the capital, moved to the Ministry of Revenue, and concurrently managed the Bureau of Currency. He memorialized to enforce the ban on converting grain-transport quotas to cash payments, so as to curb corruption. He returned to the Ministry of Personnel; in the ninth year he was demoted to grand secretary for failing to detect clerical fraud in which Zhao Yuelian of the Bureau of Transmission had falsely appointed a transport intendant while claiming illness. Yue memorialized in his defense; though dismissal was recommended, the throne showed mercy and allowed him to serve as a compiler. In the tenth year he was made vice director of the Court of Imperial Ceremonial and education commissioner of Shandong. He rose in succession to vice director of the Court of Judicial Review and grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He went home to mourn his mother, and after the mourning period pleaded illness and declined further office. He died in the twentieth year.
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秦瀛，字凌滄，江蘇無錫人，諭德松齡玄孫也。 乾隆四十一年，以舉人召試山東行在，授內閣中書，充軍機章京，洊遷郎中。 五十八年，出為浙江溫處道，有惠政。 嘉慶五年，擢按察使。 寧、紹、台三府水災，有司匿不報，瀛力言於巡撫，乃得賑。 調湖南，衡州歲歉，有司匿不報，方議派濟陝西兵米，瀛复力言於巡撫，留米平糶。 七年，以病歸。 逾兩年，起授廣東按察使，督郡縣治盜，擒著盜梁修平、吳叚喜置諸法。 撫瓊州黎匪，嚴禁賭博白鴿票。
Qin Ying, whose style was Lingcang, came from Wuxi in Jiangsu and was a great-great-grandson of the tutor Songling. In the forty-first year of Qianlong he was summoned for examination at the Shandong traveling palace as a provincial graduate, appointed secretary of the Grand Secretariat, served on the Grand Council staff, and rose to director. In the fifty-eighth year he was posted as intendant of Wenzhou and Chuzhou in Zhejiang, where his benevolent rule won praise. In the fifth year of Jiaqing he was promoted to provincial judicial commissioner. When Ningbo, Shaoxing, and Taizhou were flooded, officials concealed the disaster; Ying pressed the governor until relief was granted. Transferred to Hunan, he found Hengzhou suffering famine that officials again concealed while grain was earmarked for Shaanxi troops; Ying again pressed the governor, and the grain was kept for fair-price sale to the people. In the seventh year he retired citing illness. After two years he was recalled as judicial commissioner of Guangdong, supervised county efforts against banditry, and captured the notorious robbers Liang Xiuping and Wu Duanxi, who were punished by law. He pacified the Li rebels in Qiongzhou and strictly banned gambling and white-pigeon lottery tickets.
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十年，遷浙江布政使，入覲，乞內用，授光祿寺卿，轉太常寺卿。 疏陳廣東治盜事宜，略曰：「海盜始在高、廉，近則闌入廣州。 大股如鄭一、烏石二、總兵寶、朱濆等，聲勢甚張。 內地順德、香山、新會三縣，連有肆劫，以馬觀、李英芳為之魁，與海盜勾結，捕急則遁入海中。 統將出海，藉詞遷延，不能盡力。 黜提督孫全謀，而魏大斌即為之續。 臣愚以為剿捕之法：一曰討軍實。 水師廢弛，則帑餉虛糜。 洋商、鹽商捐輸寬裕，經手之員尚有侵漁，遣委之將仍復驕惰，非立法痛懲，徒資耗費。 一曰樹聲威。 盜善偵探，非先聲讋人，盜已輕我。 兵行之日，督撫宜舉觴歡飲； 有功而歸，開轅行賞，不用命者，殺無赦。 一曰戒虛飾。 擒盜豈能皆真，一念邀功，讞多失實，偶有平反，不復深咎。 嗣後總期弋獲真盜，毋縱毋枉。 至守御之法，尤宜急講。 砲台防守口岸，口岸多而汛兵少，盜船乘間直入； 巡船复少，不能禦盜，且為盜資。 保甲僅屬虛名，縱役訛索，反成厲政。 欲行保甲團練，先須百姓服從。 臣以為嚴防守必先澄清吏治，澄吏治必先固民心。 一曰清獄訟。 粵民好訟，大小案件，諭旨嚴飭，尚多沉擱。 殆由案之初起，遲延不辦，土棍訟師，從而把持，遂至供情屢易，莫可窮究。 惟有督飭州縣，有一案即清一案，務洗慵惰偏私之習。 一曰抑冗濫。 六計尚廉，近海州縣有緝捕解犯之責，尤宜撙節，庶不虧倉庫而累閭閻。 一令到任，幕友長隨，多人坐食，勢不能復為廉吏。 雜職武弁，惟利是圖，稍授以權，即挾製文吏。 雜職差委過多，亦滋擾累。 一日懲蠹役。 胥役熟習地方情形，串同官親家屬，肆為民害。 廣東胥役，每有暗通盜匪，收受陋規，此尤不可不嚴行懲創也。 三者既舉而吏治澄，吏治澄而民心固，於以舉行保甲團練，無不可使之民，即無不可行之法矣。」 疏上，詔下疆吏採行。 遷順天府尹。
In the tenth year he became provincial treasurer of Zhejiang; at court he asked for a capital post and was made director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, then director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. In a memorial on banditry in Guangdong he wrote in summary: "Pirates first plagued Gaozhou and Lianzhou; lately they have pushed into Guangzhou itself. Major bands led by Zheng Yi, Wushi Er, Zongbing Bao, Zhu Fen, and others had grown formidable. Inland in Shunde, Xiangshan, and Xinhui, raids led by Ma Guan and Li Yingfang recurred; they colluded with pirates and fled to sea whenever pursuit intensified. Commanding generals put to sea but made excuses to delay and never pressed the fight. Regional Commander Sun Quanmou was dismissed, only for Wei Dabin to succeed him at once. In my humble view, suppression requires three measures: first, verify the true state of the forces. When the navy is neglected, treasury funds are squandered to no purpose. Foreign and salt merchants gave generously, yet officials in charge still skimmed funds while dispatched generals remained arrogant and idle; without stern laws and punishments, the money is simply wasted. Second, establish authority. Bandits scout well; unless we overawe them from the outset, they already hold us in contempt. On the day troops march, the governor and provincial commander should raise cups and feast the men; when they return victorious, open the yamen gate and reward them; those who disobey orders shall be executed without mercy. Third, guard against empty display. Not every man seized as a bandit is a real culprit; eager for merit, officials often convict the wrong men, and when cases are reversed, no one is held seriously accountable. Henceforth the aim must be to catch real bandits — neither letting the guilty go nor wronging the innocent. Methods of defense deserve urgent attention above all. Forts guard the ports, but ports are many and garrison troops few, so pirate craft slip through the gaps; patrol boats are too few to repel pirates and even end up supplying them. The baojia system exists only on paper; runners extort under its name until it becomes an oppressive burden. To make baojia and militia training work, the people must first be won to obey. In my view, strict defense must begin with clean government, and clean government must begin with winning the people's trust. First, clear the courts of litigation. Guangdong people are litigious; despite repeated imperial orders to expedite cases, many large and small suits still languish. This is largely because cases are delayed from the outset, local bullies and professional litigators take control, testimony keeps shifting, and the truth can no longer be found. Only by pressing prefectures and counties to clear each case as it arises can the habits of laziness and favoritism be rooted out. Second, curb redundant staffing. The Six Assessments prize integrity; coastal counties charged with arresting and escorting criminals must practice economy so the treasury is not drained and the people are not burdened. Once a magistrate takes office, with secretaries and attendants living off his salary in numbers, he can hardly remain honest. Minor civil and military officers seek only profit; give them the slightest authority and they bully civil officials. Too many minor appointments only multiply harassment and burdens. Third, punish corrupt runners. Runners know local conditions well and collude with officials' kin and household staff to prey on the people. Guangdong runners often collude secretly with bandits and take illicit fees; this above all must be sternly punished. Once these three measures are in place, government is clean; once government is clean the people's trust is won, and baojia and militia training can succeed — no people who cannot be rallied, no policy that cannot be enforced." When the memorial reached the throne, an edict ordered frontier officials to adopt its recommendations. He was made governor of Shuntian prefecture.
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十二年，擢刑部侍郎。 以宗室敏學獄會擬輕縱，議褫職，詔原之，左遷光祿寺卿。 歷左副都御史、倉場侍郎。 詔整頓倉場，慮瀛齒衰，以二品頂戴調左副都御史。 尋授兵部侍郎，復調刑部。 瀛治獄平慎，在浙辨定海難民十二人非盜。 及海盜誣攀族人，已入告，卒更正省釋。 在部治運丁盜米，訐者謂以藥置米中立溢，試之不驗，仁宗親試明其枉，尤為時稱。 十五年，以病解任。 道光元年，卒。
In the twelfth year he was promoted to vice minister of justice. Because the joint recommendation in the Minxue case involving an imperial clansman was too lenient, dismissal was proposed; the throne pardoned him but demoted him to director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. He served as vice censor-in-chief on the left and then as vice minister of the granary yards. When the throne ordered the granary yards reorganized, fearing Ying's age he was transferred to vice censor-in-chief on the left with second-rank insignia. He was soon made vice minister of war and then returned to the Ministry of Justice. Ying judged cases with fairness and care; in Zhejiang he cleared twelve Dinghai refugees wrongly accused as bandits. When pirates falsely implicated his clansmen and charges were already filed, he corrected the record and secured their release. In the ministry he tried transport laborers accused of stealing grain; accusers claimed medicine had been placed in the grain to make it overflow, but tests failed; Emperor Renzong personally tested the claim and proved it false, winning particular praise. In the fifteenth year he resigned citing illness. He died in the first year of Daoguang.
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瀛工文章，與姚鼐相推重，體亦相近雲。
Ying excelled at prose and held Yao Nai in mutual esteem; their styles were much alike.
14
李宗瀚，字春湖，江西臨川人。 乾隆五十八年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 嘉慶三年，大考二等，擢左贊善。 累遷侍講學士，充日講起居注官。 五年，典福建鄉試，母憂歸，服闋，補原官，轉侍讀學士。 九年，督湖南學政，歷太僕寺卿、宗人府丞、左副都御史。 二十年，丁本生母憂，服闋，在籍奏請終生祖母養，允之。 道光三年，遭祖母喪。 先是禮臣建議，為父後者為生祖母終三年喪，宗瀚幸奉功令，既而部議仍改期服，宗瀚本生父秉禮已老，而有子四人，以出繼不得終養。 五年，入都，召見，詢家世官資甚悉。 宗瀚具陳終養始末，宣宗為之嗟嘆，遂補原官。 八年，擢工部侍郎，典浙江鄉試，留學政。 十一年，丁本生父憂，哀毀，扶病奔喪，卒於衢州，以衰服殮，年六十三。
Li Zonghan, whose style was Chunhu, came from Linchuan in Jiangxi. He received his jinshi degree in the fifty-eighth year of Qianlong, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was made a compiler. At the triennial evaluation in the third year of Jiaqing he ranked second class and was made left tutor of the heir apparent. He rose to expositor of the Hanlin Academy and served as recorder of the emperor's daily lectures and activities. In the fifth year he presided over the Fujian provincial examination; he mourned his mother, and after the mourning period resumed office and became reader of the Hanlin Academy. In the ninth year he became education commissioner of Hunan and rose through director of the Court of the Imperial Stud, vice director of the Imperial Clan Court, to vice censor-in-chief on the left. In the twentieth year he mourned his birth mother; after mourning he memorialized from home to spend his life caring for his paternal grandmother, and the request was granted. In the third year of Daoguang his grandmother died. The Ministry of Rites had earlier ruled that an adopted heir should observe three years' mourning for his birth grandmother, and Zonghan had followed that ruling; but the ministry later reverted to one year. His birth father Bingli was elderly with four sons, and because Zonghan had been given in adoption he could not complete his care. In the fifth year he came to the capital, was received in audience, and questioned in detail about his family and career. Zonghan recounted the whole story of his care for his grandmother; Emperor Xuanzong sighed and restored him to his former post. In the eighth year he was made vice minister of works, presided over the Zhejiang provincial examination, and stayed on as education commissioner. In the eleventh year his birth father died; grief shattered his health, and though ill he hurried to the funeral but died at Quzhou, aged sixty-three, and was buried in mourning dress.
15
宗瀚孝謹恬退，中歲以養親居林下十年，書法尤為世重。
Zonghan was filial, cautious, and retiring; in midlife he spent ten years in retirement caring for his parents, and his calligraphy was especially prized.
16
韓鼎晉，字樹屏，四川長壽人。 乾隆六十年進士，選庶吉士，授檢討。 嘉慶九年，改御史。 疏言天主教流傳之害，請申禁以絕根株，從之。 以母老請終養，十六年，服闋，補原官。 疏陳四川積弊六事，曰：禁科派以安閭閻，除啯匪以防積漸，查卡房以全民命，禁拐騙以警貪頑，嚴攤捐以養廉潔，覈戎政以歸實效。 又言京師賭風大熾，多屬王公大臣輿夫設局，倚勢骫法，帝命指實，下詔嚴治。 逾日，獲賭案三，大學士、步軍統領祿康輿夫為之魁。 親貴近臣，莫不悚息。
Han Dingjin, whose style was Shuping, came from Changshou in Sichuan. He received his jinshi degree in the sixtieth year of Qianlong, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was made a reviser. In the ninth year of Jiaqing he was made a censor. He memorialized on the harm of Catholicism's spread and asked that the ban be enforced to uproot it; the throne agreed. His mother being elderly, he asked to care for her for life; in the sixteenth year, after mourning, he resumed his former post. He memorialized six chronic abuses in Sichuan: ban irregular levies to protect the people; eliminate local ruffians before trouble grows; inspect checkpoint houses to save lives; forbid kidnapping and fraud to warn the corrupt; strictly limit surcharges to nurture honest government; and audit military administration for real results. He also reported that gambling in the capital flourished, often run by carriage servants of princes and ministers who bent the law by their influence; the emperor ordered specifics and issued an edict for stern punishment. The next day three gambling rings were broken, with the carriage servants of Grand Secretary and Metropolitan Infantry Commander Lu Kang as ringleaders. Imperial kin and court favorites were all struck with fear.
17
巡視山東漕務，轉工科給事中、光祿寺少卿，督陝甘學政。 疏言：「榆、綏諸州縣倉貯空虛，宜設法籌補，其地資蒙古糧食接濟。 今腹裡邊外俱荒，當分別安置撫卹。」 又言：「南山善後事宜，宜行堅壁清野之法。 山內流民雜處，最為奸藪，當嚴行保甲，使姦宄無所匿。 軍中擄脅難民子女，請嚴禁。 南山附近及豫東並經兵燹，宜慎選牧令，以蘇民氣。 川北荒歉，與陝、甘毗連，鹽梟啯匪多出其中，請先事豫防。」 並下疆吏如所請行。 歷鴻臚寺卿、通政司副使、太常寺卿、左副都御史。
He inspected Shandong grain transport, became supervising secretary of the Ministry of Works and vice director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, and served as education commissioner of Shaanxi and Gansu. In his memorial he wrote: "Granaries in Yulin, Suide, and neighboring counties stand empty and must be replenished; those regions depend on Mongol grain for relief. Now both the interior and the frontier suffer famine and must be relieved by separate measures of settlement and aid." He also wrote: "For postwar recovery in the Southern Mountains, fortified villages and cleared countryside should be enforced. Displaced people crowd the mountains and form the greatest nest of villains; baojia must be strictly enforced so evildoers have nowhere to hide. He asked that the army be strictly forbidden to seize refugee women and children by force. Areas near the Southern Mountains and eastern Henan have all been ravaged by war; magistrates must be carefully chosen to revive the people's morale. Northern Sichuan suffers famine and borders Shaanxi and Gansu, whence most salt smugglers and local ruffians come; he asked for preventive measures in advance." All were ordered carried out by frontier officials as he had requested. He rose through director of the Court of Imperial Ceremonial, vice commissioner of the Office of Transmission, director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, to vice censor-in-chief on the left.
18
二十四年，命察視近畿水災，督黃村賑務。 督福建學政，疏言：「閩中吏治久窳，請不限資格，用廉幹吏補汀、漳、泉三郡望緊要缺，久其任以專責成。 漳、泉營伍通盜，請責提鎮立予重典，勿稍袒庇。」 道光六年，遷倉場侍郎，以病罷。 起補工部侍郎，京察，原品休致。 卒於家，祀鄉賢祠。
In the twenty-fourth year he was ordered to inspect floods in the capital region and supervise relief at Huangcun. As education commissioner of Fujian he wrote: "Government in Fujian has long been corrupt; disregard seniority and appoint honest, capable men to the key posts in Tingzhou, Zhangzhou, and Quanzhou, with long tenure to fix responsibility. The garrisons of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou collude with bandits; he asked that the provincial and regional commanders be held to impose severe punishment without favor." In the sixth year of Daoguang he became vice minister of the granary yards and retired citing illness. He was recalled as vice minister of works; at the capital evaluation he retired at his original rank. He died at home and was enshrined in the local worthies' temple.
19
朱方增，字虹舫，浙江海鹽人。 嘉慶六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 典雲南鄉試，遷國子監司業。 十八年，教匪之變，方增劾直隸總督溫承惠貽誤地方，黜之。
Zhu Fangzeng, whose style was Hongfang, came from Haiyan in Zhejiang. He received his jinshi degree in the sixth year of Jiaqing, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was made a compiler. He presided over the Yunnan provincial examination and became vice director of studies in the Imperial Academy. In the eighteenth year, during the sectarian rebellion, Fangzeng impeached Zhili Governor-General Wen Chenghui for mishandling the crisis and secured his dismissal.
20
應詔陳言，論用人理財，略曰：「近今大臣中，罕有以進賢為務者。 蓋薦舉之事，易於徇私，黨援交結，不得不防，而大臣亦遂引嫌自避。 夫大臣避徇私之名，而忘以人事君之責，所謂因噎廢食，非公忠體國者所宜有也。 至於任用之方，則無過於考言詢事。 皇上博訪週諮，徐為印證。 於召對時，各就所長，諭使面陳，果能洞悉原委，又當試之以事，以觀其能踐與否。 如或敷奏並無條理，則其人固不足用，而大臣之識見優絀，心地公私，亦可見矣。 抑臣思臣工居職，苟非闒茸齷齪者流，孰不思自效？ 況蒙皇上訓飭至再至三，而猶故習相仍，驟難振拔者，良有數端：條例過繁，文案蒨屑，雖有強敏之吏，而精神疲於具文，其實關於政治民生，轉致不能詳覈。 一也。 差務絡繹，公私賠累，身家之卹不遑，民物之懷漸恝。 二也。 訐告之風，至今益甚。 嘗有以田土、鬥毆細故而叩閽京控者，有司畏其挾制，不得不姑息委蛇。 雖有急公自好者，其尋常蒨屑之事，豈皆一一可達聖聰？ 甚至匿名揭帖，無主名之可指。 蠹吏猾胥，奸民惡僕，求謀不遂，懲治過嚴，皆可造作飛語，訐及陰私。 足使任事之心，不寒而栗，委曲隱忍。 姦宄橫行，大都由此。 三也。 今皇上欲整飭因循積習，臣愚以為必先除此三者之弊，庶廓然無所疑畏，而得專精實政矣。 經國之方，理財尤要。 古者以三十年之通制國用，斟酌盈虛，量入為出，用能經常不匱。 今戶部歲入歲出，年一匯奏。 惟中外未合為一，條緒繁賾，極難釐剔。 且凡撥解即謂之出，並未實計所用。 新舊牽溷，凌雜益甚，而出納諸款，又因有無定之款，盈朒參差。 以故一歲之中，所出幾何，覈之所入，贏餘若干，不能得其實數。 請旨敕下戶部，歲入歲出，宜合中外為一。 核計贏餘總數，仍取前一二歲所贏餘，確實比較，然後審其輕重緩急，舉一切例內例外諸用款，有可裁省停緩者，酌加撙節。 庶合於古人通年制用之法，而度支充裕矣。」
In response to an imperial command for his views, he discussed appointments and finances, writing in summary: "Among senior ministers today, few make recommending talent their duty. Recommendations easily invite favoritism and factional ties must be guarded against, so ministers avoid the duty out of scruple. When ministers shun the charge of favoritism and forget their duty to serve the throne through good appointments, they are throwing away the meal for fear of choking — not the conduct of men who serve the state with public loyalty. As for how to appoint men, nothing surpasses judging their words and inquiring into their deeds. Your Majesty should inquire widely and consult broadly, then verify over time. At imperial audiences each candidate should speak to his strengths in person; if he truly understands his subject, test him with tasks to see whether he can deliver. If his presentation lacks coherence, the man is unfit for office, and the recommending minister's judgment and whether his motives are public or private become clear as well. Yet I reflect that officials in office, unless they are incompetent and base, who does not wish to serve effectively? Moreover, though Your Majesty has admonished again and again, old habits persist and sudden reform is hard — for several reasons: regulations are too numerous and paperwork too trivial; even capable officials exhaust themselves on documents, and matters that truly concern governance and the people's welfare cannot be thoroughly examined. This is the first. Commissioned duties come in endless succession, public and private expenses pile up, officials have no leisure for their families, and concern for the people gradually fades. This is the second. The culture of accusation has grown worse than ever. Men have petitioned at the palace gate and brought capital suits over trifling land disputes or brawls; local officials fear their leverage and indulge them with evasions. Even men eager to serve the public — can every trivial matter reach the emperor's ear? There are even anonymous placards with no name to identify. Corrupt clerks, crafty runners, wicked commoners, and vicious servants whose schemes fail or who are punished too harshly can all fabricate rumors and accuse men's private affairs. This is enough to make officials who take on real duties shiver with fear and submit in silent forbearance. The rampant spread of villainy stems mostly from this. This is the third. Now Your Majesty wishes to rectify entrenched habits of routine indulgence; in my humble view these three abuses must be removed first, so officials may act without fear and devote themselves to real governance. In governing the state, managing finances is especially important. In antiquity a thirty-year budget governed state expenditure, weighing surplus and deficit and measuring spending by revenue, so supplies never ran short. Today the Ministry of Revenue reports annual income and expenditure once a year in summary. But central and local accounts are not unified, the threads are tangled beyond easy sorting. Moreover, every allocation is counted as expenditure without calculating what was actually spent. Old and new accounts are mixed and confusion grows worse; receipts and disbursements further vary because uncertain items throw surplus and deficit out of balance. Therefore within a single year how much was spent, checked against income, and what surplus remained — the true figures cannot be known. He asked that the Ministry of Revenue be ordered to unify central and local annual income and expenditure. Calculate the total surplus, compare it reliably with the surpluses of the previous one or two years, then weigh what is urgent and what may wait, and cut or defer every regular and exceptional expenditure where economy is possible. Thus the state may follow the ancient method of planning expenditure over the full cycle, and finances will be ample."
21
二十年，入直懋勤殿，編纂石渠寶笈、秘殿珠林。 尋督廣西學政，累遷翰林院侍讀學士。 道光四年，大考第一，擢內閣學士。 典山東鄉試。 七年，督江蘇學政。 十年，卒。
In the twentieth year he entered regular duty in the Hall of Imperial Study and compiled the Shiqu Baoji and the Midian Zhulin imperial catalogues. He was soon made education commissioner of Guangxi and rose to reader of the Hanlin Academy. In the fourth year of Daoguang he ranked first at the triennial evaluation and was made grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He presided over the Shandong provincial examination. In the seventh year he became education commissioner of Jiangsu. He died in the tenth year.
22
方增熟諳朝章典故，輯國史名臣事蹟，為從政觀法錄，行於世。
Fangzeng was deeply versed in court regulations and precedent; he compiled the deeds of eminent ministers from the dynastic histories into the Congzheng Guanfa Lu, which circulated widely.
23
論曰：萬承風、周系英、錢樾以侍從之臣，軺車所至，建白卓然。 秦瀛之治績，李宗瀚之孝行，非僅以文藻稱。 韓鼎晉、朱方增侃侃獻納，言有體要，皆風采著於朝列矣。
The commentator writes: As attendant ministers, Wan Chengfeng, Zhou Xiying, and Qian Yue made outstanding proposals wherever their inspection tours took them. Qin Ying's record in office and Li Zonghan's filial devotion were honored for more than literary talent alone. Han Dingjin and Zhu Fangzeng spoke frankly and to the point in their memorials, and all of them stood out for their bearing at court.