1
柏葰，原名松葰，字靜濤，巴魯特氏，蒙古正藍旗人。 道光六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 累遷內閣學士，兼正紅旗漢軍副都統。 十八年，出為盛京工部侍郎，調刑部，兼管奉天府尹。 二十年，召授刑部侍郎，調吏部，又調戶部。 二十三年，充諭祭朝鮮正使，例有餽贐，奏卻之。 二十五年，充總管內務府大臣。 二十六年，典江南鄉試。 疏言：「徵漕大戶短欠，取償小戶，劣紳挾制官吏，大戶包攬小戶，畸輕畸重，旗丁需索，加增津貼諸弊，請嚴禁。」 如議行。 尋偕倉場侍郎陳孚恩盤查山東籓庫，劾布政使王篤濫用幕友及地方官縱盜，巡撫崇恩以下議譴有差。 二十八年，擢左都御史。 三十年，遷兵部尚書，授內大臣。 尋調吏部，管理三庫，兼翰林院掌院學士。 咸豐三年，命偕侍郎善燾赴盛京按協領塔芬布輕聽謠言，調兵護宅，幾至激變，得實，論遣戍。 將軍奕興坐袒護，革任。 尋以前在鑲白旗蒙古都統任揀選承襲有誤，罷內務府大臣，降授左副都御史。 未幾，出為馬蘭鎮總兵。 五年，擢熱河都統，搜捕山匪。 疏言：「熱河將惰兵疲，州縣不諳吏治。 行使大錢，民皆罷市。 礦匪佔踞山場，委員侵蝕商款。」 詔嚴切查辦。 召授戶部尚書，兼正黃旗漢軍都統。 六年，命在軍機大臣上行走，兼翰林院掌院學士。 尋以戶部尚書協辦大學士。 八年，典順天鄉試，拜文淵閣大學士。
Baizhan, originally named Songzhan, with the style Jingtao, was of the Balute clan and a Mongol of the Plain Blue Banner. In 1826 he passed the jinshi examination, was chosen as a Hanlin bachelor, and appointed a compiler. He rose in succession to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat, while also serving as vice commander of the Chinese Plain Red Banner. In 1838 he was posted as vice minister of works at Mukden, transferred to punishments, and concurrently served as Fengtian prefect. In 1840 he was recalled and made vice minister of punishments, then moved to personnel and later to revenue. In 1843 he served as chief envoy to Korea to announce sacrifices; customary gifts were offered, but he memorialized the court to refuse them. In 1845 he was appointed grand minister superintendent of the Imperial Household Department. In 1846 he presided over the Jiangnan provincial civil examination. He submitted a memorial stating that when grain-transport levies were collected, wealthy households' shortfalls were shifted onto poorer ones; disreputable gentry coerced officials; wealthy contractors bundled small taxpayers into uneven burdens; and banner troops extorted extra transit fees—all of which he asked be strictly prohibited. The court approved his proposal and put it into effect. He soon joined Granary Vice Minister Chen Fu'en in auditing Shandong's provincial treasury, impeaching Administration Commissioner Wang Du for misusing private secretaries and local officials for tolerating bandits; Governor Chong'en and others were censured in varying degrees. In 1848 he was promoted to left censor-in-chief. In 1850 he became minister of war and was appointed an inner minister. He was soon moved to personnel, put in charge of the three treasuries, and also made chancellor of the Hanlin Academy. In 1853 he and Vice Minister Shan Xi were sent to Mukden to investigate Assistant Commander Tafenbu, who had credulously acted on rumors, called out troops to guard his home, and nearly sparked a mutiny; the case proved true and he was sentenced to exile. General Yixing was stripped of his post for covering up the affair. Shortly afterward, an earlier mistake in approving succession claims while he was Mongol commander of the Bordered White Banner cost him the Imperial Household post; he was demoted to vice censor-in-chief of the left. Before long he was posted as regional commander at Malan. In 1855 he was made commander-in-chief at Rehe and led operations against mountain bandits. He memorialized that at Rehe the generals had grown slack and the troops exhausted, while local officials were unskilled in governance. The circulation of large-denomination coins had driven the people to close their markets in protest. Mining bandits held the hills, and government commissioners were embezzling merchants' funds. The throne ordered a rigorous investigation. He was recalled to serve as minister of revenue and concurrently as commander of the Chinese Plain Yellow Banner. In 1856 he was appointed to the Grand Council while retaining the Hanlin chancellorship. He was soon made associate grand secretary while serving as minister of revenue. In 1858 he oversaw the Shuntian provincial examination and was appointed grand secretary of the Hall of Literary Depth.
2
柏葰素持正，自登樞府，與載垣、端華、肅順等不協。 會御史孟傳金疏劾本科士論未孚，命覆勘試卷，應議者五十卷，文宗震怒，褫柏葰等職，命載垣等會鞫，得柏葰聽信家人靳祥言，取中羅鴻繹情事，靳祥斃於獄。 九年，讞上，上猶有矜全之意，為肅順等所持。 乃召見王大臣等諭曰：「科場為掄才大典，交通舞弊，定例綦嚴。 自來典試諸臣，從無敢以身試法者。 不意柏葰以一品大員，辜恩藐法，至於如是！ 柏葰身任大臣，且系科甲進士出身，豈不知科場定例？ 竟以家人幹請，輒即撤換試卷。 若使靳祥尚在，加以夾訊，何難盡情吐露？ 既有成憲可循，即不為已甚，就所供各節，情雖可原，法難寬宥，言念及此，不禁垂淚！」 柏葰遂伏法。
Baizhan had long been known for integrity; once he joined the Grand Council he fell out with Zaiyuan, Duanhua, Sushun, and their faction. When Censor Meng Chuanjin charged that the examination essays had failed to satisfy scholarly opinion, the papers were re-examined and fifty were found suspect. Emperor Wenzong was furious, stripped Baizhan and others of rank, and ordered Zaiyuan's group to investigate. They established that Baizhan had heeded his retainer Jin Xiang and passed Luo Hongyi; Jin Xiang died in custody. In 1859 the verdict went up; the emperor still wished to spare him, but Sushun and his allies would not yield. He then summoned the princes and senior ministers and said: "The civil examinations are the great institution for choosing talent; bribery and cheating are forbidden by the sternest precedent. Presiding examiners have never before dared to defy the law themselves. I never imagined that Baizhan, a minister of the first rank, would repay imperial favor with such brazen lawlessness! Baizhan holds high office and is himself a jinshi graduate—how could he not know the examination regulations? Yet at a retainer's request he simply had examination papers swapped. If Jin Xiang were still alive and put to torture, how hard would it have been to extract the whole truth? Established law must be followed; even without excess severity, the facts as confessed, though humanly excusable, cannot be forgiven in law—at the thought of this I cannot keep from weeping! Baizhan was then executed.
3
十一年，穆宗即位，肅順等既敗，御史任兆堅疏請昭雪，下禮、刑兩部詳議，議上，詔曰：「柏葰聽受囑託，罪無可辭。 惟載垣、端華、肅順等因律無僅關囑託明文，比賄買關節之例，擬以斬決。 由載垣等平日與柏葰挾有私仇，欲因擅作威福，竟以牽連蒙混之詞，致罹重闢。 皇考聖諭有'不禁垂淚'之語，仰見不為已甚之心。 今兩宮皇太后政令維新，事事務從寬大平允。 柏葰不能謂無罪，該御史措詞失當。 念柏葰受恩兩朝，內廷行走多年，平日勤慎，雖已置重典，當推皇考法外之仁。」 於是錄其子候選員外郎鍾濂賜四品卿銜，以六部郎中遇缺即選。 鍾濂後官盛京兵部侍郎。
In 1861, after Emperor Muzong came to the throne and Sushun's faction had been overthrown, Censor Ren Zhaojian asked that Baizhan's name be cleared. The Ministries of Rites and Punishments deliberated and reported back; the edict read: "Baizhan accepted improper entreaties, and his guilt cannot be denied. But Zaiyuan, Duanhua, and Sushun, finding no statute that covered entreaties alone, applied the precedent for buying examination favor and proposed execution— because they bore private grudges against Baizhan and, abusing their power, used vague charges of implication to bring him to the heaviest penalty. Our late father's edict spoke of being unable to keep from weeping, showing he had not wished to go to extremes. Now that the two empress dowagers are renewing government, all affairs are to be handled with leniency and fairness. Baizhan cannot be called innocent; the censor's language was inappropriate. Yet remembering that Baizhan had served two reigns in the inner court with diligence, though he had already suffered the extreme penalty, our late father's mercy beyond the letter of the law should be extended to his family. His son Zhong Lian, a candidate vice director, was then granted a fourth-rank Qing title and appointed to a department directorship in one of the Six Ministries as vacancies opened. Zhong Lian later rose to vice minister of war at Mukden.
4
麟魁，字梅谷，索綽羅氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。 道光六年二甲一名進士，選庶吉士，散館改刑部主事，遷中允。 歷庶子、侍講學士、詹事、通政使、左副都御史。 十七年，出為盛京刑部侍郎。 十八年，召授刑部侍郎，兼鑲紅旗漢軍副都統。 二十年，署倉場侍郎。 命偕侍郎吳其濬赴湖北按事，劾總督週天爵酷刑，罷之，其濬留署總督。 麟魁復往江西鞫鬧漕京控之獄，及江蘇邳州知州賈輝山被劾濫用非刑等事，並治如律。 調戶部，又調吏部，充總管內務府大臣。 二十二年，出署山東巡撫。 英兵犯江南，疏陳登州突出黃、渤，三面環海，敵兵船砲堅利，計難與爭，請移兵扼陸路險要。 尋偕侍郎王植赴湖南鞫獄，並勘湖南、江蘇、山東水災，奏請蠲緩，如所請行。 二十三年，擢禮部尚書，管理太常寺、鴻臚寺。 河決中牟，命偕尚書廖鴻荃往督工，東西兩壩成而屢蟄，褫職，予七品頂戴，仍留工，以料缺水增請緩，复褫頂戴。 召還，予三等侍衛，充葉爾羌參贊大臣，調烏里雅蘇台參贊大臣。
Lin Kui, styled Meigu, was of the Suochiluo clan and a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner. In 1826 he took first place in the second class of the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy, and after leaving the academy served in the Ministry of Punishments before becoming a sub-reader. He rose through the posts of sub-preceptor, lecturing academician, junior tutor, transmission commissioner, and vice censor-in-chief of the left. In 1837 he was posted as vice minister of punishments at Mukden. In 1838 he was recalled as vice minister of punishments and concurrently made vice commander of the Chinese Bordered Red Banner. In 1840 he served as acting granary vice minister. He and Vice Minister Wu Qijun were sent to Hubei to investigate; they impeached Governor Zhou Tianjue for cruel punishments and secured his dismissal, while Wu Qijun stayed on as acting governor. Lin Kui then went to Jiangxi to try grain-transport riots appealed to Beijing, and the case of Peizhou Prefect Jia Huishan in Jiangsu, charged with abusive punishments; all offenders were punished as the law required. He was moved to revenue and then personnel, and served as grand minister superintendent of the Imperial Household Department. In 1842 he was sent to act as governor of Shandong. When British forces threatened Jiangnan, he argued that Dengzhou stood between the Yellow and Bohai seas with sea on three sides; enemy ships and artillery were too strong to challenge at sea, and troops should be shifted to hold the land approaches. He soon joined Vice Minister Wang Zhi in Hunan to try cases and inspect floods in Hunan, Jiangsu, and Shandong; his requests for tax relief were approved. In 1843 he became minister of rites and oversaw the Courts of Imperial Sacrifices and Imperial Entertainments. After the Yellow River burst at Zhongmou, he and Minister Liao Hongquan were sent to supervise repairs; both eastern and western dikes were finished but repeatedly failed; he was dismissed, given a seventh-rank button, and kept on the project; when he asked to slow work for lack of materials and high water, even that button was taken away. Recalled to the capital, he was made a third-rank bodyguard, posted as assistant grand minister at Yarkand, then transferred to Uliastai.
5
二十七年，召授禮部侍郎，調刑部。 二十八年，复授禮部尚書，兼翰林院掌院學士。 以前在山東收受陋規，降三級調用，予副都統銜，充烏什辦事大臣。 咸豐元年，疏陳時事，略曰：「廣西逆匪，勞師糜餉。 其始不過星星之火，當時牧令苟安畏事，諱盜不言； 久之蒂固蔓延，養成巨患。 請飭封疆大吏嚴查地方，如有教匪、土匪聚眾以及搶劫，隨時查拏，視緝捕之勤惰以為勸懲。 近開捐例，實朝廷萬不得已之舉，各省清查，屢經申令。 宜飭部臣按時詳覈徵解多寡，實行賞罰章程，俾生愧奮。 否則名託清查，事仍敷衍，國儲不裕，官紀益荒，甚非朝廷澄清吏治之意。」 奏入，下所司議行。 授察哈爾副都統，召為戶部侍郎。
In 1847 he was recalled as vice minister of rites and moved to punishments. In 1848 he was again made minister of rites and Hanlin chancellor. For having accepted improper fees while in Shandong, he was demoted three ranks, given a vice commander's title, and sent as minister resident at Ush. In 1851 he memorialized on current affairs, writing in part: "The Guangxi rebels are exhausting troops and treasury. At first it was only scattered sparks; local magistrates, seeking ease and fearing trouble, concealed banditry and kept silent; in time the roots deepened and spread until a great calamity had been nurtured. Frontier governors should be ordered to inspect their regions strictly, seize sect rebels, bandits, and robbers as they appear, and reward or punish officials according to their diligence in pursuit. The recent sale of offices was a measure the court resorted to only in dire necessity; repeated orders have called for provincial audits. Ministry officials should be required to verify collections and remittances on schedule and enforce real rewards and punishments, so that officials feel shame and exert themselves. Otherwise audits will remain nominal, the treasury strained, and official discipline lax—far from the court's aim of restoring good government. The memorial was referred to the relevant offices for action. He was made vice commander of Chahar and recalled as vice minister of revenue.
6
二年，命在軍機大臣上行走，擢工部尚書。 三年，調禮部，充總管內務府大臣，罷直軍機，調刑部。 八年，復調禮部，補內大臣。 十年，因謝恩摺失檢，降授刑部侍郎。 是年秋，車駕幸熱河，命署右翼總兵，充巡防大臣。 英法兵入京師，麟魁部勒僚屬，戒都人守望相助，令家人閉戶厝薪，曰：「事急即燔！」 自宿於巡防廨中，相持數月。 和議成，赴行在，籥請回鑾，為載垣、端華、肅順等所阻。 十一年，遷左都御史，兼正白旗蒙古都統，尋授兵部尚書。 同治元年，協辦大學士。 時方奉命偕尚書沈兆霖赴甘肅按事，至蘭州，數日遽卒，詔依大學士例賜血卩，賜其子恩壽舉人，諡文端。 恩壽，同治十三年進士，官至陝西巡撫。
In 1852 he joined the Grand Council and was promoted to minister of works. In 1853 he moved to rites, became grand minister of the Imperial Household, left regular Grand Council duty, and was transferred to punishments. In 1858 he returned to rites and was made an inner minister. In 1860 a lost memorial of thanks cost him his rank; he was demoted to vice minister of punishments. That autumn, when the court fled to Rehe, he was made acting commander of the right wing and patrol defense minister. When Anglo-French troops entered Beijing, Lin Kui rallied his staff, urged the city's people to stand watch together, and told his family to bar the doors and stack firewood, saying: "If the worst comes, burn everything at once! He himself stayed in the patrol office and held his post for months. After peace was made he went to the temporary court and urged the emperor's return, but Zaiyuan, Duanhua, and Sushun blocked him. In 1861 he became left censor-in-chief and Mongol commander of the Plain White Banner, and soon minister of war. In 1862 he was made associate grand secretary. He had just been ordered with Minister Shen Zhaolin to investigate affairs in Gansu; he reached Lanzhou and died suddenly within days. He was granted posthumous compensation as a grand secretary, his son Enshou was given the rank of provincial graduate, and he received the posthumous title Wenduan. Enshou passed the jinshi examination in 1874 and eventually became governor of Shaanxi.
7
瑞常，字芝生，石爾德特氏，蒙古鑲紅旗人，杭州駐防。 道光十二年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 大考二等，六遷至少詹事。 二十四年，連擢光祿寺卿、內閣學士。 二十五年，遷兵部侍郎，兼鑲紅旗漢軍副都統。 二十九年，充冊封朝鮮正使。 調吏部，歷兼左、右翼總兵。 咸豐元年，典江南鄉試，就勘徐州豐北河決，疏陳災情、賑務、漕務，請飭地方官嚴防匪徒蠢擾，報聞。 定郡王載銓管步軍統領，越次題升主事，瑞常力爭不得。 尋解左翼總兵職。 七年，擢左都御史。 八年，遷理籓院尚書，兼正藍旗漢軍都統，署步軍統領，調刑部尚書。 十年，寶源局監督張仁政因侵蝕畏罪自盡，命瑞常偕尚書沈兆霖按之，得前任監督奎麟、瑞琇贓私狀，並論大辟，追贓後遣戍。 文宗幸熱河，留京辦事，督防巡防。 十一年，調工部，又調戶部。
Rui Chang, styled Zhisheng, was of the Shierdete clan, a Mongol of the Bordered Red Banner garrisoned at Hangzhou. In 1832 he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was appointed a compiler. Placed second class in the palace examination, he was promoted six times to junior tutor of the heir apparent. In 1844 he was promoted in quick succession to director of the Court of Imperial Banquets and grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. In 1845 he became vice minister of war and concurrently vice commander of the Chinese Bordered Red Banner. In 1849 he served as chief envoy to Korea for an investiture mission. He was moved to personnel and served in turn as regional commander of the left and right wings. In 1851 he presided over the Jiangnan provincial examination and, while inspecting the Yellow River breach north of Feng county in Xuzhou, memorialized on the disaster, relief, and grain transport, urging local officials to guard against bandit unrest; the court took note. Prince Ding Zaiquan, who oversaw the metropolitan gendarmerie, proposed an out-of-turn promotion for a secretary; Rui Chang protested vigorously but failed. He was soon relieved of his post as regional commander of the left wing. In 1857 he was promoted to left censor-in-chief. In 1858 he became minister of the Court of Colonial Affairs, commander of the Chinese Plain Blue Banner, acting metropolitan gendarmerie commander, and minister of punishments. In 1860 Zhang Renzheng, superintendent of the Baoyuan Bureau, killed himself after embezzling funds. Rui Chang and Minister Shen Zhaolin investigated and found that former superintendents Kuilin and Ruixiu had also embezzled; all were sentenced to death, and after restitution the survivors were exiled. When Emperor Wenzong fled to Rehe, Rui Chang stayed in Beijing to manage affairs and oversee patrol defense. In 1861 he was moved to works and then to revenue.
8
同治元年，以吏部尚書協辦大學士。 皇太后命南書房、上書房翰林纂輯史事以昭法戒，書成，賜名治平寶鑑，遴擇大臣輪班進講，瑞常與焉。 四年，充總管內務府大臣。 時陝西巡撫劉蓉驟起膺疆寄，為編修蔡壽祺所劾，蓉自陳辯，疏中引及胡林翼密薦之詞，又倚任布政使林壽圖，為人所忌。 言官遂劾壽圖湎酒廢事，舉劾不公，並訐蓉漏洩之罪，於是命瑞常偕尚書羅惇衍往按之，疏白其無罪，惟坐壽圖演戲及蓉陳奏失當，並予薄譴。 定陵奉安禮成，題神主，加太子少保。 歷工部、刑部尚書，兼翰林院掌院學士，管理戶部三庫。 六年，赴天津驗收漕糧，復命盤查北新倉，得虧米六萬餘石狀，論所司罪如律。 十年，拜文淵閣大學士，管理刑部。
In 1862, while minister of personnel, he was made associate grand secretary. The empress dowager ordered Hanlin scholars of the Southern and Upper Studios to compile historical lessons for moral instruction; when the work was finished it was named The Precious Mirror for Ordering Peace, and senior ministers were chosen to lecture from it in rotation—Rui Chang among them. In 1865 he was appointed grand minister superintendent of the Imperial Household Department. At the time Shaanxi Governor Liu Rong, who had risen swiftly to frontier command, was impeached by Compiler Cai Shouqi. Liu defended himself by citing Hu Linyi's secret recommendation and his reliance on Administration Commissioner Lin Shoutu—both of which made him enemies. Censors then charged Shoutu with drunken neglect and unfair personnel decisions, and accused Liu Rong of leaking secrets. Rui Chang and Minister Luo Dunyan were sent to investigate and cleared them of serious guilt, finding only that Shoutu had attended plays and Liu's memorial was improper; both received mild censure. After the burial rites at Dingling were completed, he inscribed the spirit tablet and was made junior guardian of the heir apparent. He served as minister of works and punishments, Hanlin chancellor, and manager of the three revenue treasuries. In 1867 he went to Tianjin to inspect grain transport receipts and audited the Beixin Granary, finding a shortfall of more than sixty thousand piculs; responsible officials were punished as the law required. In 1871 he was appointed grand secretary of the Hall of Literary Depth and put in charge of punishments.
9
瑞常歷事三朝，端謹無過，累司文柄，時稱耆碩。 十一年，卒，贈太保，祀賢良祠，諡文端。 子文暉，官至盛京禮部侍郎。
Rui Chang served three reigns with upright diligence, repeatedly held charge of literary affairs, and was regarded as a venerable elder statesman. In 1872 he died and was posthumously made grand tutor, enshrined in the Temple of Worthies, with the posthumous title Wenduan. His son Wenhui eventually became vice minister of rites at Mukden.
10
全慶，字小汀，葉赫納喇氏，滿洲正白旗人，尚書那清安子。 道光九年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，累遷侍講。 大考二等，擢侍讀學士。 歷少詹事、詹事、大理寺卿。 以誤班鐫級。 二十一年，予頭等侍衛，充古城領隊大臣，調喀喇沙爾辦事大臣。 召還，未行，會回疆興墾，伊犁將軍布彥泰疏留全慶偕林則徐往勘。 二十五年，至葉爾羌，疏言：「和爾罕地膏腴，哈拉木札什水渠可資灌溉。 又巴爾楚克為回疆扼要之地，道光十二年已奏開墾屯田，未種者尚多，應先侭安插民戶，俾成重鎮。」 詔如所請行。 先是，全慶疏陳喀喇沙爾環城荒地，及庫爾勒、北山根，可墾田萬餘畝，命辦事大臣常清籌辦。 至是復偕則徐詳勘，疏言：「庫爾勒應於此大渠南岸接開中渠，引入新墾之地，分開支渠二。 其北山根展寬開都河龍口，別開大渠，與舊渠並行； 再分支渠四，別開退水渠一。」 又疏言：「伊拉里克在吐魯番托克遜軍台西，地平土潤，土人謂之'板土戈壁'。 其西為'沙石戈壁'，有大小阿拉渾兩水，彙為一河。 此次引水自西而東，鑿成大渠，復多開支渠以資灌溉。 伊拉里克西南沿山為蒙古出入之路，墾地在滿卡南附近，東西兩面，以'人壽年豐'四字分號，各設正副戶長一，鄉約四，擇誠實農民充之，承領耕種。 又吐魯番為南北樞紐，應安置內地民戶，戶領地五十畝，農田以水利為首務。 此次開渠，自龍口至黑山頭，地勢高低，碎石夾沙，渠身易淤，酌定經久修治章程。」 並如所請行。 自是回疆南路凡墾田六十餘萬畝。
Quan Qing, styled Xiaoting, was of the Yehe Nara clan, a Manchu of the Plain White Banner, and son of Minister Na Qing'an. In 1829 he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy, was appointed a compiler, and rose to lecturing reader. Placed second class in the palace examination, he was made a reading academician. He served as junior tutor, tutor, and president of the Court of Judicial Review. He was demoted for an attendance error at court. In 1841 he was made a first-rank bodyguard, posted as commanding minister at Gucheng, then transferred to Karashahr as minister resident. He was recalled but had not yet left when reclamation began in the Muslim frontier; Ili General Buyantai asked that Quan Qing stay to survey the land with Lin Zexu. In 1845, reaching Yarkand, he reported that the land at He'erhan was fertile and could be irrigated by the Khalamuzhashi canal. Balchuk was also a strategic point on the frontier; reclamation had been approved in 1832, but much land remained unplanted—civilian settlers should be placed there first to make it a stronghold. The court approved his proposals. Earlier Quan Qing had reported that wasteland around Karashahr, Korla, and the northern foothills could yield more than ten thousand mu of farmland; Minister Resident Chang Qing was ordered to organize reclamation. He then surveyed again with Lin Zexu and proposed that at Korla a middle canal be opened south of the main canal to bring water to newly reclaimed land, with two branch canals. At the northern foothills the mouth of the Kaidu River should be widened and a new main canal opened parallel to the old one; then four more branch canals and one drainage canal. He also reported that Yilirike lay west of the Toksun courier station in Turfan, on level ground with moist soil that locals called the "packed-soil gobi. To the west lay the "sand-and-stone gobi," where the Great and Little Alahun streams joined into one river. Water would be led from west to east through a main canal, with many branch canals for irrigation. Southwest of Yilirike lay the Mongol pass route; reclaimed land near Manka South was divided east and west into sections named for the phrase "long life, abundant years," each with chief and deputy household heads and four village elders chosen from honest farmers to oversee cultivation. Turfan, as the hinge between north and south, should receive inland settlers at fifty mu per household; for farming, irrigation came first. The new canal from the intake to Heishantou crossed uneven ground strewn with gravel and sand and would silt easily; he proposed permanent maintenance regulations." All proposals were approved. From then on more than six hundred thousand mu were reclaimed along the southern Muslim frontier.
11
回京，擢內閣學士，兼正紅旗漢軍副都統。 歷刑部、吏部、戶部、倉場侍郎。 咸豐四年，擢工部尚書，兼正紅旗漢軍都統。 七年，調兵部。 九年，命赴天津驗收漕糧。 時英兵犯大沽，僧格林沁擊卻之。 全慶疏陳兵事，略謂：「敵軍戰敗之後，不進不退，心實叵測。 竊恐別有舉動，未必從此就撫而去。 我之精銳，盡萃大沽，旁無應援，後無擁護。 雙港之旅，已調前敵； 津門之備，但資土練； 北塘一帶，又頗空虛。 應請速簡重臣，發勁旅，嚴近畿海口之備，為僧格林沁之援，令廣東義勇搗香港以牽其援兵，登州水師合旅順以截其歸路，然後國威可振，撫局可成。」 疏入，被嘉納。 調吏部尚書。
Back in the capital he was made grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat and vice commander of the Chinese Plain Red Banner. He served as vice minister of punishments, personnel, revenue, and granary affairs in turn. In 1854 he became minister of works and commander of the Chinese Plain Red Banner. In 1857 he was transferred to war. In 1859 he was sent to Tianjin to inspect grain transport receipts. When British forces attacked Dagu, Sengge Rinchen drove them back. Quan Qing memorialized on military affairs, writing that after their defeat the enemy neither advanced nor retreated, making their intentions hard to read. He feared they might have other plans and would not simply accept terms and leave. Our best troops were massed at Dagu with no flank support and no reserves behind them. Troops from Shuanggang had already been moved to the front; The defenses at Tianjin relied only on local militia; And the Beitang sector was largely undefended. He urged that a senior minister be sent with strong reinforcements to fortify the capital's ports and support Sengge Rinchen; that Guangdong volunteers strike Hong Kong to tie down enemy reinforcements; and that the Dengzhou fleet join Lüshun to cut their retreat—only then could prestige be restored and peace secured. The memorial was well received. He was made minister of personnel.
12
十年，授內大臣，兼翰林院掌院學士。 十一年，充總管內務府大臣。 同治元年，追論大學士柏葰科場之獄原讞未允，全慶坐附和定讞，鐫四級，降授大理寺卿。 歷內閣學士、工部侍郎、左都御史。 五年，授禮部尚書，調刑部。 十一年，協辦大學士，兼翰林院掌院學士。 十二年，典順天鄉試，以中式舉人徐景春試卷疵謬，鐫二級去職。
In 1860 he was made an inner minister and Hanlin chancellor. In 1861 he became grand minister superintendent of the Imperial Household Department. In 1862, when Baizhan's examination scandal was reviewed and the original verdict found unjust, Quan Qing was punished for concurring in it, stripped of four ranks, and demoted to president of the Court of Judicial Review. He later served as grand secretary, vice minister of works, and left censor-in-chief. In 1866 he became minister of rites and was moved to punishments. In 1872 he was made associate grand secretary and Hanlin chancellor. In 1873 he presided over the Shuntian provincial examination; when graduate Xu Jingchun's paper was found defective, Quan Qing was demoted two ranks and dismissed.
13
全慶易攵歷清要，累掌文衡，更閱四朝，雖屢黜，尋即錄用。 光緒元年，授內閣學士。 复歷禮部侍郎、左都御史、刑部尚書、協辦大學士。 五年，鄉舉重逢，加太子少保。 六年，拜體仁閣大學士。 七年，致仕，食全俸。 八年，卒，晉贈太子太保，祀賢良祠，諡文恪。
Quan Qing passed through the most prestigious posts, repeatedly oversaw civil examinations, and served four reigns; though often dismissed, he was soon reappointed. In 1875 he was again made grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. He again served as vice minister of rites, left censor-in-chief, minister of punishments, and associate grand secretary. In 1879, on the jubilee of his provincial examination, he was made junior guardian of the heir apparent. In 1880 he was appointed grand secretary of the Hall of Embodied Benevolence. In 1881 he retired on full pension. In 1882 he died and was posthumously made grand guardian of the heir apparent, enshrined in the Temple of Worthies, with the posthumous title Wenke.
14
論曰：自道光以來，科場請託，習為故常，寒門才士，為之抑遏。 柏葰立朝正直，且所不免，其罹大辟也，出於肅順等之構陷。 然自此司文衡者懍懍畏法，科場清肅，曆三十年，至光緒中始漸弛，弊竇复滋，終未至如前此之甚者，實文宗用重典之效，足以挽回風氣也。 麟魁、瑞常、全慶皆起家文學，洊陟綸扉，其建白猶有可紀焉。
The historian comments: Since the Daoguang reign, examination favoritism had become routine, shutting out talented men from humble backgrounds. Baizhan had been upright in office and was not without fault, yet his execution arose from framing by Sushun and his allies. Yet afterward those who controlled the examinations feared the law, and the field stayed clean for thirty years; abuses returned only gradually under Guangxu and never reached earlier extremes—truly the effect of Emperor Wenzong's severe example, enough to restore public morals. Lin Kui, Rui Chang, and Quan Qing all rose from literary careers to the highest councils, and their memorials still deserve remembrance.