Volume 419 Biographies 206: Liu Zhangyou, Liu Yuezhao, Cen Yuyingdi, Yu Bao

列傳二百六

Biographies 206.

劉長佑劉岳昭岑毓英弟毓寶

Liu Zhangyou, Liu Yuezhao, Cen Yuying, and Yu Bao.

劉長佑，字印渠，湖南新寧人。道光二十九年拔貢。與同縣江忠源友。咸豐二年，忠源率鄉勇赴廣西助剿，長佑從。粵匪自桂林走湖南，忠源破之於蓑衣渡，長佑有贊畫功，獎敘教諭。又從破瀏陽徵義堂會匪，擢知縣。三年，平衡山土匪，擢同知直隸州。忠源援湖北，遇賊崇、通間，長佑自長沙馳援，戰於通城，大破之，自是獨領一軍。忠源守南昌，長佑偕羅澤南赴援，解吉安圍，分兵克泰和，擢知府。忠源殉廬州，長佑偕忠源弟忠濬率千人馳援弗及，大憤，誓滅賊。

Liu Zhangyou, styled Yin Qu, was a native of Xinning in Hunan. In the twenty-ninth year of the Daoguang reign, he was selected as a tribute graduate from the imperial academy. He was on friendly terms with Jiang Zhongyuan, a fellow townsman. In the second year of the Xianfeng reign, Jiang Zhongyuan led local militia to Guangxi to help suppress the rebels, and Liu Zhangyou went with him. When the Cantonese rebels retreated from Guilin into Hunan, Jiang Zhongyuan routed them at Suoyi Crossing; Liu Zhangyou was credited with strategic planning and was rewarded with appointment as an Instructor. He again took part in the defeat of the Zhengyitang bandits in Liuyang and was promoted to county magistrate. In the third year of the Xianfeng reign, he pacified the bandits at Pingshan and was promoted to Sub-Prefect of Zhili Prefecture. When Jiang Zhongyuan went to relieve Hubei and clashed with the rebels between Chongyang and Tongcheng, Liu Zhangyou raced from Changsha to his aid, fought at Tongcheng, and won a crushing victory; from that point he commanded an army of his own. While Jiang Zhongyuan held Nanchang, Liu Zhangyou marched with Luo Zena to relieve him, broke the siege of Ji'an, detached troops to capture Taihe, and was promoted to prefect. After Jiang Zhongyuan fell at Luzhou, Liu Zhangyou and Jiang Zhongyuan's younger brother Zhongjun led a thousand men in a desperate rush to save him but arrived too late; burning with rage, he swore to destroy the rebels utterly.

五年，江忠淑剿東安賊不利，駱秉章以長佑兼統其眾，所部始盛。克東安，追破之新寧。六年，复郴州，擢道員。江西賊方熾，秉章奏以長佑率蕭啟江等諸軍赴援，克萍鄉，加按察使銜。遣啟江复萬載，進圍袁州，屢擊敗援賊。十一月，降賊李能通為內應，克袁州。七年二月，進屯太平墟。賊由吉安大舉來襲，列陣二十餘裡，以驍騎衝突，將士多死亡，全軍敗潰。長佑下馬引佩刀欲自裁，營務處劉坤一擁之上馬，退保分宜。近縣士民爭運糧械濟之，潰卒皆來歸，軍勢復振。

In the fifth year, Jiang Zhongshu's campaign against the bandits at Dong'an went badly; Luo Bingzhang put Liu Zhangyou in joint command of his troops as well, and from then on his forces grew strong. He took Dong'an and pursued the rebels to Xinning, where he routed them. In the sixth year, he recovered Chenzhou and was promoted to circuit intendant. With the rebellion in Jiangxi then at its height, Luo Bingzhang memorialized the throne to send Liu Zhangyou at the head of Xiao Qijiang's forces and other units to the rescue; he captured Pingxiang and was granted the rank of surveillance commissioner. He dispatched Xiao Qijiang to recover Wanzai, then advanced to besiege Yuanzhou and repeatedly repulsed rebel relief columns. In the eleventh month, the surrendered rebel Li Nengtong turned informer from within, and Yuanzhou fell. In the second month of the seventh year, he advanced and encamped at Taiping Market. The rebels marched out of Ji'an in overwhelming strength; their battle line stretched more than twenty li, and their crack cavalry smashed through the ranks; many officers and men were killed, and the entire army collapsed. Liu Zhangyou dismounted, drew the sword at his belt, and was on the point of taking his own life when Liu Kunyi of the headquarters staff pulled him back onto his horse; they fell back to hold Fenyi. Gentry and commoners in the neighboring counties rushed forward with grain and arms; the scattered troops rallied to him, and his army recovered its fighting strength.

進規臨江，八月，石達開自撫州率二十萬眾來援，總兵普承堯戰峽江不利，賊薄太平墟。長佑乘其營壘未定，約蕭啟江、田興恕合戰，江忠義、李明惠先陷陣，盧秀峰繞其後，縱擊，大破之，遂圍郡城。捷聞，詔嘉其奮勇，賜號齊普圖巴圖魯。十二月，克臨江，殲賊酋張發紀，加布政使銜。八年，長佑病歸，以劉坤一代統其眾，蕭啟江自為一軍，合克新淦、崇仁，進克撫州。是年夏，長佑復至軍，屯建昌，迭敗賊於新城、金谿，敗入福建界。江西邊境肅清，記名遇江西道員缺簡放。

He then moved against Linjiang; in the eighth month, Shi Dakai marched from Fuzhou with two hundred thousand men to relieve the rebels; Regional Commander Pu Chengyao was defeated at Xiajiang, and the enemy pressed upon Taiping Market. Before the enemy camps were fully established, Liu Zhangyou coordinated a joint attack with Xiao Qijiang and Tian Xingshu; Jiang Zhongyi and Li Minghui led the charge into the enemy line, Lu Xiufeng swung around to their rear, and a devastating blow was delivered; the prefectural city was then put under siege. When word of the victory reached the court, an edict commended his valor and conferred upon him the title Qipitu Batulu. In the twelfth month, Linjiang was taken and the rebel chieftain Zhang Faji was killed; Liu Zhangyou was granted the rank of provincial administration commissioner. In the eighth year, Liu Zhangyou fell ill and went home; Liu Kunyi was put in command of his troops, while Xiao Qijiang led a separate force; together they took Xingan and Chongren and went on to capture Fuzhou. That summer Liu Zhangyou returned to the field, encamped at Jianchang, repeatedly defeated the rebels at Xincheng and Jinxi, and drove them across the border into Fujian. Once the Jiangxi frontier had been cleared, he was entered on the register for appointment and, when a Jiangxi circuit intendant post fell vacant, was selected and appointed.

九年，回軍湖南剿郴、桂賊，解永州圍，記名以按察使題奏。石達開圍寶慶，長佑與李續宜分扼東西兩路，賊敗走，長佑追破之九鞏橋、白楊埔、大臨橋、蘆洪司，遂竄廣西，陷興安、靈州，直撲桂林。長佑倍道赴援，賊不虞其驟至，走慶遠，追擊之，所向皆捷，授廣西按察使，踰月，擢布政使。攻柳州，拔之。

In the ninth year, he brought his army back to Hunan to suppress the rebels in Chenzhou and Guilin Prefecture, relieved the siege of Yongzhou, and was recommended for appointment as surveillance commissioner. When Shi Dakai besieged Baoqing, Liu Zhangyou and Li Xuyi blocked the eastern and western approaches respectively; the rebels were routed and fled; Liu Zhangyou pursued and crushed them at Jiugong Bridge, Baiyangpu, Dalin Bridge, and Luhongsi; they then broke into Guangxi, seized Xing'an and Lingzhou, and marched straight on Guilin. Liu Zhangyou forced his march to relieve the city; the rebels, not expecting so sudden an arrival, fled to Qingyuan; he pursued and struck them, winning victory after victory; he was appointed surveillance commissioner of Guangxi and, within a month, was promoted to provincial administration commissioner. He attacked Liuzhou and took it.

十年，擢廣西巡撫。四月，克慶遠，破達開於思恩，又破之興安，乃遁竄。時廣西土匪猶蔓延，大者踞郡縣，小者千百為群，倏兵倏賊。長佑蒞任，整飭吏治，興練水師，匪氛漸戢。商貨流通，稅釐增倍。軍事餉事差能自固，不盡仰資鄰省。十一年，遣劉坤一剿柳州土匪，斬其渠伍聲揚，餘黨就撫。調水陸軍剿潯州艇匪，克府城，斬其渠陳開。貴州匪首黃金義投誠复叛，擒斬之。同治元年，長佑親赴潯州督防，分軍進剿，迭克要隘。尋擢兩廣總督，以所部楚軍付劉坤一接統，留剿廣西諸匪。

In the tenth year, he was promoted to governor of Guangxi. In the fourth month, Qingyuan was taken; Shi Dakai was defeated at Si'en and routed again at Xing'an, after which he fled. At that time banditry still raged across Guangxi; the larger bands held prefectures and counties, while smaller groups of hundreds or thousands shifted at will between soldiering and brigandage. On taking office, Liu Zhangyou tightened local administration and built up a riverine force; the scourge of banditry gradually abated. Trade flowed freely again, and tax receipts doubled. Military operations and supplies were largely self-sustaining and no longer depended entirely on neighboring provinces. In the eleventh year, he sent Liu Kunyi to suppress the bandits in Liuzhou, had their leader Wu Shengyang executed, and the remaining followers accepted pacification. He deployed combined land and river forces against the boat bandits at Xunzhou, took the prefectural city, and executed their leader Chen Kai. Huang Jinyi, a bandit chieftain from Guizhou, surrendered and then rebelled again; he was captured and put to death. In the first year of the Tongzhi reign, Liu Zhangyou went in person to Xunzhou to direct the defenses, sent columns forward in pursuit, and captured one strategic pass after another. Soon afterward he was promoted to governor-general of the Two Guangs; he transferred command of his Hunan army to Liu Kunyi and remained behind to suppress the remaining bandits in Guangxi.

未幾，調直隸總督。時降捻張錫珠、宋景詩先後叛，畿輔騷動。二年春，長佑航海至天津，即赴衡水督師。三月，破賊束鹿，殲張錫珠。命督辦直隸、山東、河南三省交界剿匪事宜。宋景詩踞劉貫寨、甘官屯，合山東軍攻之，以遲延降級留任。九月，破賊張秋鎮，殲賊目楊殿一，景詩逸走，乃罷軍。

Before long, he was transferred to governor-general of Zhili. At that time the surrendered Nian rebels Zhang Xizhu and Song Jingshi rose in succession, throwing the capital region into turmoil. In the spring of the second year, Liu Zhangyou sailed to Tianjin and at once proceeded to Hengshui to take command in the field. In the third month, he defeated the rebels at Shulu and killed Zhang Xizhu. He was ordered to take charge of suppressing banditry in the borderlands where Zhili, Shandong, and Henan adjoined one another. Song Jingshi held Liuguanzhai and Ganguantun; Liu Zhangyou combined with the Shandong forces to attack him, but because of delays in the campaign was demoted one rank while kept in his post. In the ninth month they routed the rebels at Zhangqiu, killed the bandit leader Yang Dianyi, and Song Jingshi fled the field; the campaign was then brought to a close.

四年，僧格林沁戰歿曹州，捻匪益熾，畿南戒嚴，長佑遣兵自開州至張秋扼河防。奉天馬賊入喜峰口，坐疏防議處。八月，捻匪竄山東濮、範南岸，長佑馳赴大名，擊走之。疏請直隸分練六軍，議定營製，加練二軍，下部議行。

In the fourth year Sengge Rinchen fell at Caozhou, the Nian rebellion flared anew, and martial law was declared south of the capital. Liu Zhangyou dispatched troops from Kaizhou to Zhangqiu to hold the river line. When Fengtian mounted bandits broke through Xifeng Pass, he was censured and disciplined for negligent defense. In the eighth month the Nian raiders slipped onto the southern banks of the Pu and Fan in Shandong. Liu Zhangyou raced to Daming and drove them off. He submitted a memorial asking that Zhili be divided into six separately trained armies, with camp organization formally set and two additional armies added to the training scheme; the proposal was referred to the ministry for approval and implementation.

六年，滄州梟匪張六等劫慶雲、鹽山、寧津、南皮四縣鹽場，山東教匪應之，保定、天津、河間三府屬皆騷動。長佑檄前籓司唐訓方屯齊河，臬司張樹聲屯張秋，防捻。自率兵剿捕鹽梟，賊乘虛北走，過滹沱河，眾增至千餘，竄擾涿州、固安、永清、霸州，逼近京師，詔褫長佑職，以大學士官文代之。命下數日而梟匪平，予三品頂戴，率所部回籍。尋東捻平，詔念前勞，晉二品頂戴。

In the sixth year the Cangzhou salt lord Zhang Liu and his men raided the salt works of Qingyun, Yanshan, Ningjin, and Nanpi; Shandong sectarian rebels rose in support, and the districts of Baoding, Tianjin, and Hejian were thrown into turmoil. Liu Zhangyou directed the former provincial treasurer Tang Xunfang to hold Qihe and the provincial judge Zhang Shusheng to hold Zhangqiu against the Nian. Leading the pursuit himself, he moved against the salt smugglers—but the rebels slipped north through the gap, crossed the Hutuo, swelled to more than a thousand men, and ravaged Zhuozhou, Gu'an, Yongqing, and Bazhou until they were almost at the capital's gates. An imperial edict removed Liu Zhangyou from office and appointed Grand Secretary Guanwen in his place. Only days after the edict was issued the salt lords were subdued. He was granted a third-rank insignia and sent home at the head of his troops. When the Eastern Nian were finally crushed, the throne recalled his earlier service and raised him to second-rank insignia.

十年，起授廣東巡撫，尋調廣西。初，奸民出關劫掠越南，官兵不能制。悍酋吳終伏誅，而蘇國漢復起。九年，廣西提督馮子材進軍龍州，國漢旋乞撫於兩廣總督瑞麟，仍招納亡命，匪首鄧建新、曾亞日，分路肆擾。至是總兵劉玉成擒亞日於上林社，誅之。復會廣東軍攻克舊街，乘勝抵海寧，匪多散亡，國漢奔東興，亦就擒。長佑奏言：「論越南大局，則宜直搗河陽，一勞永逸。然河陽距關二千餘裡，窮兵勞費，討捕為難。今擬芟盪海陽、太原，即回師列戍，以固籓籬。庶可分助越之眾，協剿黔苗；抽出關之兵，先清土莽。」十月，副將陳得貴、游擊李揚才克越南從化府，遂會劉玉成克通化、白通，破瓊山、北山匪巢。十一年正月，复敗匪於三星山，擒其酋何三等，餘黨悉平。長佑檄劉玉成暫屯鎮撫，諮越南國王遣兵換防，久之不至；又以營弁滋事，暴兵非計，七月，乃撤入關內，搜捕沿邊伏匪。

In the tenth year he was restored to office as Governor of Guangdong, then shortly transferred to Guangxi. At first, outlaws from within the frontier slipped across the border to raid Vietnam, and the regular troops proved unable to stop them. The brutal chieftain Wu Zhong was at last put to death, yet Su Guohan rose in his place. In the ninth year Guangxi Military Governor Feng Zicai marched on Longzhou. Guohan soon sued for peace with Governor-General Ruilin of the Two Guangs, but continued to gather desperadoes; the bandit leaders Deng Jianxin and Zeng Yari split their forces and pillaged at will. By then Major General Liu Yucheng had seized Yari at Shanglinshe and put him to death. He then joined Guangdong troops to take Jiujie, pressed the advantage to Haing, and broke the rebels so thoroughly that most scattered and fled. Guohan fled toward Dongxing and was captured there as well. Liu Zhangyou memorialized the throne: "If we mean to settle Vietnam's larger troubles, we should strike straight at Heyang and be done with it once and for all. But Heyang lies more than two thousand li beyond the border. To drive the army that far would drain men and money, and the rebels would be hard to run down. Our present plan is to scour Haiyang and Taiyuan, then pull back and station troops along the line to shore up the frontier buffer. In that way we can spare part of our strength to aid the Vietnamese while joining the campaign against the Miao in Guizhou; and redeploy border troops to sweep the hill country clean first." In the tenth month Deputy General Chen Degui and Colonel Li Yangcai took Vietnam's Cong Hoa Prefecture, then joined Liu Yucheng to seize Tong Hoa and Bach Thong and destroy the rebel strongholds in the Khuong Son and Bac Son ranges. In the first month of the eleventh year they routed the rebels again at Sanxing Mountain, captured the chieftain He San and his lieutenants, and wiped out the last of the band. Liu Zhangyou kept Liu Yucheng in place to hold and pacify the region and asked the Vietnamese king to send troops to relieve them—but the relief never came. Officers were also stirring up trouble, and leaving troops abroad by main force was no solution. In the seventh month he pulled back inside the pass and hunted down hidden rebels along the frontier.

時匪酋黃崇英猶踞越南河陽，結白苗攻保樂，擾我鎮安邊。十二年春，長佑檄關內外軍擊走之，密奏：「越南貧弱，版章日蹙，法國蠶食於濱海，黎裔虎視於橫山，桶岡則白苗跳梁，峒奔則黃酋雄踞。近聞其國君臣輸款法人，黃崇英受職黎裔，雖係道聽之言，亦係意中之事。臣竊謂黎裔為患，越南受之；法國為患，不僅越南受之。今欲拯敝扶衰，必須大舉深入。若合兩粵之力，寬以數年之期，步步設防，節節進剿，庶交夷可期復振，而他族不至生心。否則惟有慎固邊防，嚴杜勾結而已。」是時防越諸軍尚八千人，長佑檄劉玉成引軍北還，以六營屯關外諸隘，四營屯歸順、龍卅，令覃遠璡八營分駐關內。

Meanwhile the bandit chief Huang Chongying still held Heyang in Vietnam, joined the White Miao in an assault on Bao Le, and raided our Zhen'an frontier. In the spring of the twelfth year Liu Zhangyou sent troops on both sides of the pass to drive them off and submitted a confidential memorial: "Vietnam grows ever poorer and weaker, its domain shrinking day by day. France gnaws at the coast. The Li faction watches from Hengshan like tigers at prey. At Tonggang the White Miao run riot; at Dongben Huang's chieftain sits enthroned in defiance. I have lately heard that the Vietnamese court is treating with the French and that Huang Chongying has taken office under the Li faction. It may be nothing but camp gossip—but it is exactly the sort of thing one would expect. Your servant believes that if the Li faction becomes a threat, Vietnam alone will suffer it; but if France becomes a threat, Vietnam will not be the only one to suffer. If we mean to rescue a realm already near collapse, we must commit ourselves to a major advance deep into their country. With the Two Guangs united, given several years, defenses set at each stage and offensives pressed from one strongpoint to the next, the neighboring kingdom might yet be restored—and other powers might think twice before moving against us. Otherwise our only course is to tighten the frontier and cut off every channel of collusion." At that time eight thousand men still guarded the Vietnamese frontier. Liu Zhangyou recalled Liu Yucheng to the north, left six battalions at the outer passes, four at Guishun and Longzhou, and posted Tan Yuanjin's eight battalions at stations inside the border.

十月，法人攻陷河內，黃崇英等乘機襲太原，潛與之通。山西奸民響應，北寧戒嚴。越南乞援，乃令劉玉成統十營進太原為左軍，道員趙沃統十營分部鎮安為右軍。法人尋與越南議和，黃崇英為越將劉永福所敗，潛伏河陽，遣黨陳亞水攻保樂。十三年十月，長佑閱兵南寧，令趙沃、劉玉成進軍。光緒元年二月，趙沃右軍由龍闌渡河克同文，白苗棄巢遁，沃撫之為助，遂攻底定、襄安，皆克之。劉玉成左軍敗賊白通，陣斬鄧志雄。崇英聞師至，嗾周建新拒左軍，陳亞水守猛法，自當右軍，憑險拒守。五月，沃軍克淰台，直薄河陽，崇英敗走。右軍复敗陸之平援眾，進攻猛法。陳亞水惶懼，乞為內應，河陽、安邊同日降。崇英遁走，捕獲誅之。劉玉成左軍亦克通化、白通，斬周建新，合攻者岩，克之。陸之平遁，宣光、金沙江上下肅清。凱撤入關。

In the tenth month the French took Hanoi. Huang Chongying and his men seized the moment to strike at Taiyuan, secretly treating with the invaders. Local ruffians in Son Tay rose in support, and Bac Ninh was put under martial alert. Vietnam appealed for help. Liu Yucheng was placed at the head of ten battalions marching on Taiyuan as the Left Army; Circuit Intendant Zhao Wo took ten battalions posted around Zhen'an as the Right Army. The French soon negotiated peace with Vietnam. Huang Chongying, beaten by the Vietnamese general Liu Yongfu, went to ground at Heyang and sent his lieutenant Chen Yashui against Bao Le. In the tenth month of the thirteenth year Liu Zhangyou inspected the troops at Nanning and ordered Zhao Wo and Liu Yucheng forward. In the second month of the first year of Guangxu, Zhao Wo's Right Army forded the river at Longlan and took Dong Van. The White Miao abandoned their camps and fled; Zhao Wo won them over as allies, then carried Dinh Dinh and Tuong An in succession. Liu Yucheng's Left Army broke the rebels at Bach Thong and killed Deng Zhixiong on the field. When Chongying learned the imperial columns were closing in, he set Zhou Jianxin to stop the Left Army, put Chen Yashui in charge of Mong Phap, and took the Right Army on himself, fighting from the high ground. In the fifth month Zhao Wo's force took Dam Thai and bore straight down on Heyang. Chongying broke and ran. The Right Army then routed Lu Zhiping's relief column and pushed on against Mong Phap. Terrified, Chen Yashui offered to open the gates from within. Heyang and An Bien fell the same day. Chongying fled, was run down, captured, and executed. Liu Yucheng's Left Army likewise took Tong Hoa and Bach Thong, cut off Zhou Jianxin's head, and joined the assault on Gia Nham until it too fell. Lu Zhiping escaped. Xuanguang and the length of the Golden Sand River were swept clean. Victorious, he marched back through the pass.

擢雲貴總督，二年，抵任。先是，滇邊野番殺英人馬加理，為交涉鉅案，及議定，允於雲南設埠通商。詔下其議，長佑疏言：「雲南山川深阻，種人獷悍成性，剽掠行旅。本地紳練，恃眾橫行，挾制官長。上下猜忌，法令不行。萬一防護不及，致有同於前案，或更甚於前案，其有害於雲南一隅猶小，其有撓於中夏全局甚大。且洋人知前案難辦，有免其既往之議；知後患難防，有保其將來之議。臣恐滇省官民，於已往者不以為倖免，而以為得計；將來者不引為前鑑，或敢於效尤。洋人通商，意在圖利，亦斷無不思遠害之理。應俟三五年內外官民稍稍安定，遣員商辦。」長佑以滇事漸定，屢疏引病乞罷，優詔慰留。

He was elevated to Governor-General of Yunnan and Guizhou, and took up the post in the second year. Earlier, wild tribes on the Yunnan border had killed the British agent Augustus Margary in the Margary Affair; after negotiations the court agreed to open a treaty port in Yunnan. The decision was promulgated by edict. Liu Zhangyou memorialized: "Yunnan's mountains are steep and its rivers forbidding; the native peoples are fierce by habit and prey on travelers. The local gentry militia swagger about in numbers and hold their superiors hostage to their will. Officials and people distrust one another, and the law cannot be enforced. If protection falls short and another Margary Affair—or worse—should follow, the damage to one corner of Yunnan would be small compared with the blow to the empire as a whole. The foreigners, knowing the earlier case could not easily be pursued, proposed to let bygones be bygones; knowing future trouble would be hard to prevent, proposed guarantees for the time to come. I fear the officials and people of Yunnan will not regard the pardon of past offenses as a lucky escape, but as a winning scheme; and that rather than learn from it, they may dare to repeat the offense. Foreign traders seek profit—but they surely also wish to keep trouble at a distance. We should wait three to five years until officials and people on both sides have settled down somewhat, then send a commissioner to negotiate trade." As Yunnan affairs gradually quieted, Liu Zhangyou repeatedly begged leave on grounds of illness; the throne answered with gracious edicts urging him to stay.

四年，騰越徼外土目耿榮高等攻陷耿馬，長佑遣將討之，榮高降；又剿平臨安、開化、廣南土匪。初，騰越蘇關先之亂，其黨劉寶玉逃之野山。野山在滇、緬之交，其夷自為君長，不隸羈屬。劉寶玉糾野貫十三種及盞達夷伏羅坤山，時出劫掠。會緬甸遣官詣騰越，持圖說約由野山通道列戍。長佑檄熊昭鏡赴騰越，召諸土司、野貫申禁約，誘誅寶玉於千崖，諸野夷皆解散。

In the fourth year the native chieftain Geng Ronggao and others beyond the Tengyue frontier stormed Gengma; Liu Zhangyou sent a general against them and Ronggao surrendered. He also wiped out the bandits of Lin'an, Kaihua, and Guangnan. During an earlier revolt by Su Guanxian at Tengyue, his follower Liu Baoyu had fled into the Wild Mountains. The Wild Mountains lay where Yunnan met Burma; the tribes there acknowledged their own chiefs and owed allegiance to no outside power. Liu Baoyu rallied the thirteen Ye Guan tribes and the Zhanda Yi, lurked on Luokun Mountain, and sallied forth to raid whenever opportunity offered. About then Burma sent an envoy to Tengyue with maps proposing to garrison a route through the Wild Mountains. Liu Zhangyou ordered Xiong Zhaojing to Tengyue, summoned the native chiefs and Ye Guan to renew the ban, lured Liu Baoyu out and had him killed at Qianya, and the wild tribes all scattered.

七年，法兵窺越南東京，詔滇、粵備邊。長佑疏言：「法人自據嘉定以來，越南四境皆有商埠、教堂，脅其君臣，漁其財力。取越與否，非有甚異。其所以處心積慮，乃在通商雲南。與其既失越境，為守邊之計，不若乘其始動，為弭釁之謀。滇、粵三省，與越接壤，東西幾二千里，要害與共，勞費殊甚。若自三江口以至海陽，東西僅數百里，以中國兵力為之禦敵，兵聚而力省。以視防守滇、粵邊境，勞逸懸殊。請以廣西兵二萬為中路，廣東、雲南各以萬人相犄角。廣東之兵自欽、連而入，雲南之兵出洮江而東。別以輪船守廣東順化港口，斷其首尾，法人必無自全之理。」又力言劉永福可禦敵，請密諭越王給其兵食。疏入，詔下廷議。

In the seventh year French troops began probing Tonkin; the court ordered Yunnan and Guangdong to ready the border defenses. Liu Zhangyou memorialized: "Since the French seized Gia Dinh, trading ports and churches have sprung up across Vietnam; they intimidate the court and bleed the country dry. Whether they seize Vietnam outright or not makes little real difference. What they have been scheming toward all along is trade access to Yunnan. Better to strike while they are only beginning to move than to wait until Vietnam is lost and resign ourselves to defending a long frontier. Yunnan, Guangdong, and Guangxi all border Vietnam along nearly two thousand li from east to west; the key points are shared, and the cost of defense would be enormous. From Sanjiangkou to Haiyang the front is only a few hundred li across; there China's forces could mass together and meet the enemy at far less cost. Compared with holding the long Yunnan and Guangdong border, the difference in effort would be vast. He proposed twenty thousand Guangxi troops for the center, with ten thousand each from Guangdong and Yunnan in supporting wings. Guangdong's column would advance from Qinzhou and Lianzhou; Yunnan's would march east from the Red River. At the same time, steamships from Guangdong could block the port of Hue and cut the enemy's line in two; the French would have no way to save themselves. He also insisted that Liu Yongfu could hold the enemy and asked that the Vietnamese king be secretly instructed to supply his troops. The memorial was received and referred to the full court for debate.

八年，法兵陷東京，越匪紛起，廣西援兵至太原，長佑檄道員沈壽榕率軍出關，與為聲援。長佑屢以病乞罷，慰留未許。八月，入覲，予假兩月，九年，乃許開缺回籍。尋坐雲南報銷失察，降三級。十三年，卒於家。詔念前功，嘉其端謹老成，開復處分，仍依總督例議卹，諡武慎。廣西、雲南、湖南並立專祠。

In the eighth year the French took Tonkin; rebellion flared across Vietnam; Guangxi relief forces reached Thái Nguyên; Liu Zhangyou ordered Circuit Intendant Shen Shourong to lead troops across the border in support. Liu Zhangyou repeatedly asked to resign on grounds of illness, but the court kept him in place despite its reassuring edicts. In the eighth month he had audience with the emperor and was granted two months' leave; in the ninth year he was at last allowed to surrender his post and return home. Soon after he was demoted three ranks for lax oversight of Yunnan's expense accounts. In the thirteenth year he died at home. An edict praised his past service and steady character, restored his ranks, granted mourning honors befitting a governor-general, and gave him the posthumous name Wuzhen, "Martial and Cautious." Memorial shrines were erected to him in Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hunan.

劉岳昭，字藎臣，湖南湘鄉人。以文童投效湘軍。咸豐六年，從蕭啟江援江西，轉戰積功，累擢以知縣用。啟江器其才，使領果後營。七年，破賊高安鶯哥嶺，連拔彭家村賊巢。進攻臨江，擊敗援賊於太平墟。尋克臨江府城，擢同知。八年，從剿撫州賊，大捷於何家村、香溪諸處。崇仁賊踞白陂墟，又破之。由上頓渡進偪撫州，賊開東門逸，復其城，擢知府，賜花翎。九年，援南康，克新城墟，進搗池江。前軍潰，岳昭殿後，斃賊甚眾，克南安，援信豐，解其圍，加道員銜。石達開由江西擁眾犯湖南，岳昭移軍茶陵備之，而賊已趨寶慶，奉檄馳援。至柳家橋，遏東路，賊六萬餘撲營，岳昭偕副將餘星元、楊恆升等鏖戰三日，斃賊數千，援軍大集，賊解圍而遁。是役岳昭戰最力，名始顯。

Liu Yuezhao, styled Jinchen, was a native of Xiangxiang in Hunan. He entered the Hunan Army as a student volunteer. In the sixth year of the Xianfeng reign he marched with Xiao Qijiang to relieve Jiangxi, won distinction in repeated campaigns, and rose through the ranks toward appointment as county magistrate. Xiao Qijiang, impressed by his ability, put him in command of the Guohou Battalion. In the seventh year he routed the rebels at Yingge Ridge near Gao'an and stormed one bandit stronghold after another at Pengjiacun. He pressed the attack on Linjiang and routed the rebel relief force at Taipingxu. He soon took the prefectural city of Linjiang and was promoted to sub-prefect. In the eighth year he took part in the campaign against the rebels at Fuzhou and won major victories at Hejiacun, Xiangxi, and elsewhere. When the Chongren rebels held Baipixu, he broke them again. Advancing from Shangdundu he closed on Fuzhou; the rebels slipped out the east gate and fled; he recovered the city, was promoted to prefect, and was awarded the peacock feather. In the ninth year he relieved Nankang, took Xinchengxu, and pushed on against Chijiang. When the vanguard collapsed, Liu Yuezhao held the rear and killed a great many rebels; he took Nan'an, marched to relieve Xinfeng, broke the siege there, and was granted the rank of circuit intendant. When Shi Dakai marched from Jiangxi into Hunan at the head of a large force, Liu Yuezhao shifted his troops to Chaling to block him; but the rebels had already turned toward Baoqing, so he received urgent orders and raced to the rescue. At Liujia Bridge he blocked the eastern approach; more than sixty thousand rebels assaulted his camp. Liu Yuezhao, together with Deputy Generals Yu Xingyuan and Yang Hengsheng and others, fought pitched battles for three days and killed several thousand enemy soldiers. Once relief columns had massed in strength, the rebels broke off the siege and withdrew. In this engagement Liu Yuezhao had fought with exceptional vigor, and his reputation began to rise.

十年，屯江華，賊酋陳金剛踞廣西賀縣，阻山為固，岳昭招降其黨。進拔蓮塘縣，破河東街賊屯，合蔣益澧軍克縣城，以道員記名，加按察使銜。是年冬，連破竄匪於道州、宜章，湘境肅清，賜號鼓勇巴圖魯。

In the tenth year he encamped at Jianghua. The rebel chieftain Chen Jingang held Hexian in Guangxi, fortified in the mountains; Liu Yuezhao persuaded many of his followers to defect. He advanced to take Liantang County, smashed the rebel stronghold at Hedong Street, and together with Jiang Yili's forces captured the county seat; he was placed on the register for appointment as circuit intendant and granted the rank of surveillance commissioner. That winter he routed fleeing rebels in succession at Daozhou and Yizhang, clearing the Hunan frontier, and was granted the title Guyong Batulu.

十一年，駱秉章赴四川督師，疏請岳昭率所部從行。中途聞粵匪陳玉成犯湖北，陷隨州，秉章令岳昭回軍赴援，會諸軍克之，以按察使記名。石達開由龍山犯宣恩，窺伺施南，岳昭迎擊走之。而黔匪陷來鳳，同治元年春，岳昭進軍克其城，分軍截剿，迭捷於散毛河、白蘭壩兩河口，抵黑洞，斬馘尤多。石達開竄四川，圍涪州，岳昭會知府唐蜅、副將唐有耕破之仰天窩。渡江重慶截擊，解涪州圍。賊敗踞長寧，攻克之，复追敗之先市寨、得用壩、丁子場。賊尋踞敘州雙龍場，約降賊郭集益內應，破其營，殪賊近二萬。貴州巡撫張亮基疏薦其才，請擢用，二年，授雲南按察使；三年，遷布政使；皆未之任，留四川治軍。

In the eleventh year Luo Bingzhang went to Sichuan to take command of the campaign and memorialized the throne asking that Liu Yuezhao bring his own troops with him. En route he learned that the Cantonese rebel Chen Yucheng had invaded Hubei and taken Suizhou; Luo Bingzhang ordered Liu Yuezhao to turn back and reinforce the province. Joining with the other armies, he recovered the city and was placed on the register for appointment as surveillance commissioner. Shi Dakai marched from Longshan against Xuan'en, threatening to strike toward Shinan; Liu Yuezhao met him in battle and drove him off. Meanwhile Guizhou rebels had taken Laifeng. In the spring of the first year of Tongzhi, Liu Yuezhao advanced and recovered the city; he sent detachments to cut off and hunt down the enemy, winning successive victories at Sanmao River, Bailan Dam, and Lianghekou, and reaching Heidong, where the toll of enemy dead was especially heavy. Shi Dakai fled into Sichuan and besieged Fuzhou; Liu Yuezhao, together with Prefect Tang Fu and Deputy General Tang Yougeng, defeated him at Yangtiangwo. He crossed the river to Chongqing to intercept the enemy and broke the siege of Fuzhou. The defeated rebels fell back on Changning; he took the city, then pursued and routed them again at Xianshizhai, Deyongba, and Dingzichang. The rebels soon occupied Shuanglong Market in Xuzhou; Liu Yuezhao secured the cooperation of the surrendered rebel Guo Jiyi from within, smashed their camp, and killed nearly twenty thousand of the enemy. Guizhou Governor Zhang Liangji memorialized the throne, commending his ability and asking that he be promoted; in the second year he was appointed Surveillance Commissioner of Yunnan; In the third year he was transferred to provincial administration commissioner; He never took up any of these appointments, remaining in Sichuan to command the army.

駱秉章奏遣援黔，九月，克仁懷，連敗馬氾灘踞匪。四年，克正安，追賊至清溪河，斬其渠。五年，擢雲南巡撫，進規綏陽。天台山最為城北險隘，列陣綴其前，從山後攻入，平其壘，投誠者三百餘寨。綏陽城賊吳元彪乞降，黔西北路始通。由溫水進剿，平菉竹山老巢，收降鐵匠坪、九倉壩及被脅岩洞二十餘處。六年，破沙窩踞賊，解大定圍。拔大屯朵壩賊壘，會滇軍平豬拱箐苗，又拔平遠牛場坉苗巢。黔西肅清。

Luo Bingzhang memorialized for him to be sent to reinforce Guizhou; in the ninth month he took Renhuai and in succession defeated rebels holding Maofantan. In the fourth year he captured Zheng'an, pursued the rebels to Qingxi River, and killed their leader. In the fifth year he was elevated to Governor of Yunnan and moved against Suiyang. Tiantai Mountain was the most formidable barrier north of the city; he deployed his forces to pin the enemy in front, then attacked from the mountain's rear, overran their fortifications, and more than three hundred stockades came over in submission. Wu Yuanbiao, the rebel holding Suiyang city, petitioned to surrender, and the northwest route through Guizhou was at last clear. Advancing from Wenshui, he suppressed the old stronghold at Luzhu Mountain and accepted the surrender of Tiejiangping, Jiucangba, and more than twenty cave hideouts whose occupants had been forced into rebellion. In the sixth year he broke the rebels holding Shawo and relieved the siege of Dading. He overran the rebel fortifications at Datunduoba, joined Yunnan forces in pacifying the Miao at Zhugongqing, and also took the Miao stronghold at Pingyuan Niuchangtun. Western Guizhou was cleared of rebels.

七年，疏陳雲南軍事，命赴本任。尋擢雲貴總督，駐軍曲靖。進攻尋甸，破七星橋木城，扼文筆山、法鼓山要衝，剷平附近村莊賊壘。收復果馬，疊捷於塘子、張徐灣諸處。援賊大至，圍攻果馬，各營皆陷，革職留任。八年，解馬龍圍，進逼尋甸，賊首馬天順、李芳園乞撫，遂復其城。

In the seventh year he memorialized on the military situation in Yunnan and was ordered to take up his appointed post. He was soon elevated to Governor-General of Yunnan and Guizhou and stationed his army at Qujing. He advanced against Xundian, destroyed the wooden fort at Qixing Bridge, secured the strategic heights of Wenbi Mountain and Fagu Mountain, and swept away rebel fortifications in the surrounding villages. He recovered Guoma and won a series of victories at Tangzi, Zhangxu Bay, and other points. A large rebel relief force arrived, besieged Guoma, and overran every camp; he was stripped of rank but kept in command. In the eighth year he broke the siege of Malong and pressed on toward Xundian; the rebel leaders Ma Tianshun and Li Fangyuan sued for surrender, and the city was recovered.

雲南捻亂已久，各軍惟布政使岑毓英所部最強，而毓英素尚意氣，岳昭開誠專任，調發進止悉聽之。毓英尋擢巡撫，和衷無牽制，軍事日有起色。九年，克麗江，复威遠、姚州，复永北、鶴慶、鎮南、鄧川、浪穹，拔鳳羽白米莊賊巢，平彌勒縣竹園踞匪。十年，平永善蠻匪，拔賓州賊巢，平香爐山槓匪，連克河西之大東溝、小東溝及臨安之五山夷寨。十一年，复貴州興義新城，先後克永平、雲南及趙州、蒙化廳各城。攻大理上下兩關，復大理府城，誅大酋杜文秀，詔復原職。十二年，滇省肅清，賜黃馬褂，疏請陛見。

Yunnan had long been torn by rebellion, and among the various armies Cen Yuying's force—the provincial administration commissioner—was the strongest; as Cen was a man of strong personal pride, Liu Yuezhao put his full trust in him and left all decisions on deployment and maneuver entirely to his judgment. When Cen Yuying was soon promoted to governor, the two worked in harmony without interference, and the military situation steadily improved. In the ninth year he took Lijiang, recovered Weiyuan and Yaozhou, Yongbei, Heqing, Zhennan, Dengchuan, and Langqiong, overran the rebel stronghold at Fengyu Baimizhuang, and pacified the rebels holding Zhuyuan in Mile County. In the tenth year he pacified the tribal rebels in Yongshan, stormed the rebel nest in Binzhou, cleared the brigand gangs on Xianglu Mountain, and in succession took Dadonggou and Xiaodonggou west of the river and the five Yi stockades in the Lin'an hills. In the eleventh year he recovered Xingyi New City in Guizhou and went on to capture Yongping, Yunnan, Zhaozhou, and Menghua Prefecture in turn. He assaulted the upper and lower passes of Dali, recovered the prefectural city, executed the rebel leader Du Wenxiu, and an edict restored Liu Yuezhao to his former rank. In the twelfth year Yunnan was fully pacified; he was granted a yellow riding jacket and memorialized requesting an audience with the emperor.

光緒元年，以入覲遷延，御史李廷簫劾其規避，下部議褫職。九年，卒。署湖南巡撫龐際雲疏陳：「岳昭統兵十餘年，建功之地，黔屬為多；任事之艱，雲南為最；請復原官。」詔允之。

In the first year of Guangxu, because he had long delayed coming to court for an audience, Censor Li Tingshao impeached him for deliberate evasion; the case was referred to the ministry for deliberation, and he was stripped of office. In the ninth year he died. Acting Hunan Governor Pang Jiyun memorialized: "Liu Yuezhao commanded troops for more than ten years; most of his achievements were won in Guizhou; the greatest hardships of his service were borne in Yunnan; I ask that his original rank be restored." The edict granted the request.

岳昭之規尋甸也，杜文秀遣黨萬餘，戰不利。從弟岳晙請岳昭速還曲靖，以固根本。賊果分黨往襲，以有備不得逞。岳晙守馬龍，賊圍之，伺懈出擊，走之。固守數月，練兵得三千人，會攻尋甸，破七星橋要隘，賊蹙乞降，猶懷反側，岳晙率三十人入城，示以坦白，人心始定。次日，毓英兵亦至，服其膽略。岳晙先以積功擢至道員，岳昭至滇後，專任毓英滇軍，其舊部多遣去雲。

When Liu Yuezhao was moving against Xundian, Du Wenxiu sent more than ten thousand men against him, and the battle went badly. His cousin Liu Yuejun urged Liu Yuezhao to return quickly to Qujing and secure their base. The rebels did in fact send a separate force to strike at Qujing, but finding the defenses ready, they could not carry out their plan. Liu Yuejun held Malong; when rebels besieged the city, he waited for a lapse in their vigilance, sallied out to attack, and drove them off. He held his position for months, trained his force to three thousand men, then joined the assault on Xundian and broke the strategic pass at Qixing Bridge; when the rebels, cornered, sued for surrender but still seemed unreliable, Liu Yuejun entered the city with thirty men, showed them complete candor, and the townspeople at last settled down. The next day Cen Yuying's force arrived as well, and he was impressed by Liu Yuejun's boldness and skill. Liu Yuejun had already risen through accumulated merit to the rank of circuit intendant; after Liu Yuezhao reached Yunnan, he put the provincial army entirely under Cen Yuying and sent most of his old officers back to Hunan.

岑毓英，字彥卿，廣西西林人。諸生。治鄉團，擊土匪，以功敘縣丞。咸豐六年，率勇赴雲南迤西助剿回匪。九年，克宜良，權縣事。十年，克路南，署州事，擢同知直隸州。進攻澂江，兼署知府。十一年，克澂江賊壘，破昆陽海口賊，迤西回匪連陷楚雄、廣通、祿豐，省城戒嚴。毓英赴援，同治元年，破賊大樹營。時總督張亮基引疾去，巡撫徐之銘主撫，回酋馬如龍通款，毓英往諭順逆，如龍獻所踞新興等八城，之銘奏以毓英攝布政使。尋以安撫功，加按察使銜，賜花翎。二年，回弁馬榮叛，戕總督潘鐸，毓英率所部粵勇一千，與弟毓寶等守籓署。之銘微服詣毓英，司道皆集，分兵守東、南門，密召馬如龍入援。如龍至，誅亂黨，馬榮跳走南寧，合馬聯昇踞曲靖八屬。詔嘉毓英守城功，擢道員。

Cen Yuying, styled Yanqing, was a native of Xilin in Guangxi. He held the degree of licentiate. He organized local militia, fought bandits, and for his service was appointed acting assistant magistrate. In the sixth year of the Xianfeng reign, he led militia to western Yunnan to help suppress the Hui rebels. In the ninth year he took Yiliang and served as acting county magistrate. In the tenth year he captured Ludian, served as acting prefect, and was promoted to sub-prefect of Zhili Prefecture. He advanced against Chengjiang and concurrently served as acting prefect. In the eleventh year he stormed the rebel fortifications at Chengjiang and defeated the rebels at Kunyang Haikou; meanwhile Hui rebels in western Yunnan overran Chuxiong, Guangtong, and Lufeng in succession, and the provincial capital was placed on high alert. Cen Yuying marched to the relief, and in the first year of the Tongzhi reign he routed the rebels at Dashuying. At that time Governor-General Zhang Liangji withdrew on grounds of illness; Governor Xu Zhiming favored a policy of pacification; the Hui chieftain Ma Rulong entered negotiations; Cen Yuying went to explain the difference between loyalty and rebellion; Ma Rulong surrendered the eight cities he held, including Xinxing; Xu Zhiming memorialized for Cen Yuying to serve as acting provincial administration commissioner. Soon, for his work in pacification, he was given the rank of surveillance commissioner and awarded a peacock feather. In the second year the Hui officer Ma Rong rebelled and murdered Governor-General Pan Duo; Cen Yuying led a thousand Cantonese militiamen under his command, and with his younger brother Yu Bao and others held the provincial administration compound. Xu Zhiming went in disguise to consult Cen Yuying; the provincial and circuit officials all assembled; troops were posted at the eastern and southern gates; and Ma Rulong was secretly summoned to come to the rescue. When Ma Rulong arrived, the mutineers were put to death; Ma Rong fled to Nanning and joined Ma Liansheng in holding the eight districts of Qujing. An edict commended Cen Yuying for defending the city, and he was promoted to circuit intendant.

率師西剿，复富民、安寧、羅次、高明、祿豐、武定、祿勸、廣通、陸涼、南安諸城，及黑、元、永三鹽井，進搗楚雄。會東路有警，之銘檄回省，分兵克霑益、平彝。赴楚雄督攻，克其城。進復大姚、雲南、趙州、賓川、鄧川、浪穹、鶴慶，分道進規大理上下關。三年，克定遠，圍攻鎮南，大破援賊於普棚。馬聯昇复陷霑益，犯馬龍，回軍破之於天生關。進攻曲靖，复馬龍、霑益。進克尋甸，擒馬榮、馬興才，克曲靖，擒馬聯昇，並誅之。尚書趙光疏呈滇紳公啟，言毓英所向有功，特詔嘉勉，下總督勞崇光據實保奏。四年，肅清迤東，加布政使銜，賜號勉勇巴圖魯。

He led his army west in suppression, recovered Fumin, Anning, Luoci, Gaoming, Lufeng, Wuding, Luquan, Guangtong, Liuliang, Nan'an, and other cities, together with the three salt wells of Hei, Yuan, and Yong, and advanced to strike at Chuxiong. When trouble broke out on the eastern front, Xu Zhiming ordered him back to the provincial capital and sent detachments to capture Zhanyi and Pingyi. He went to Chuxiong to direct the assault and took the city. He advanced to recover Dayao, Yunnan, Zhaozhou, Binchuan, Dengchuan, Langqiong, and Heqing, and sent separate columns to move against the upper and lower passes of Dali. In the third year he captured Dingyuan, besieged Zhennan, and routed a large rebel relief force at Pupeng. Ma Liansheng again captured Zhanyi and invaded Malong; Cen Yuying wheeled his army about and defeated him at Tiansheng Pass. He advanced against Qujing and recovered Malong and Zhanyi. He then took Xundian, captured Ma Rong and Ma Xingcai, took Qujing, captured Ma Liansheng, and had them all executed. Minister Zhao Guang submitted a memorial with a joint petition from Yunnan gentry stating that Cen Yuying had won success wherever he fought; a special edict commended him, and Governor-General Lao Chongguang was instructed to recommend him on merit. In the fourth year the eastern region was cleared; he was given the rank of provincial administration commissioner and granted the title Brave and Resolute Batulu.

西路自毓英軍移去，所克諸城多復陷，僅存楚雄未失。毓英駐軍曲靖，護省城運道。五年，命署布政使，勞崇光至是始至滇受事，奏以提督馬如龍專辦西路，令毓英督剿豬拱箐苗。豬拱箐隸貴州威寧州，與海馬姑相犄角，山溪阻深，苗酋陶新春、陶三春分據之。糾聚苗、教諸匪及粵匪石達開餘黨，凡十數万人，迭擾滇之鎮雄、彝良、大關、昭通，黔之大定、黔西、威寧、畢節，且及川疆，三省會剿久無功。毓英上書駱秉章，謂權不一則軍不用命，原率滇軍獨任，期百二十日覆其巢，授迤西道，署布政使如故。

After Cen Yuying's army withdrew from the western front, most of the cities he had recovered were lost again; only Chuxiong still held. Cen Yuying encamped at Qujing and guarded the supply route to the provincial capital. In the fifth year he was appointed acting provincial administration commissioner; Lao Chongguang had only just arrived in Yunnan to take office; he memorialized that Military Governor Ma Rulong should be put in sole charge of the western front and that Cen Yuying should supervise the campaign against the Miao at Zhugongqing. Zhugongqing fell under Weining Prefecture in Guizhou; it stood in mutual support with Haimagu; the mountains and streams were steep and treacherous; and the Miao chieftains Tao Xinchun and Tao San Chun held it between them. They gathered Miao rebels, sectarian rebels, and the remnants of Shi Dakai's Cantonese forces, more than one hundred thousand men in all, and repeatedly raided Zhenxiong, Yiliang, Daguan, and Zhaotong in Yunnan, Dading, Qianxi, Weining, and Bijie in Guizhou, and even reached into Sichuan; joint campaigns by all three provinces had long failed to gain success. Cen Yuying wrote to Luo Bingzhang saying that divided authority meant troops would not obey; he offered to lead the Yunnan army alone and pledged to destroy the rebel base within one hundred twenty days; he was appointed circuit intendant for western Yunnan while continuing as acting provincial administration commissioner.

六年，擢布政使。二月，師抵豬拱箐，令張保和、林守懷領二千人，由大溜口出二龍關後，掩襲吳家屯，自督三千人攻關。賊傾巢出戰，關後砲發，賊回救，毓英揮軍夾擊，三隘皆下，遂奪吳家屯，擒斬數千。賊自海馬姑來援，截擊之，斬其酋，餘賊反奔。令蔡標、劉重慶分軍圍剿海馬姑，克紅岩、尖山，賊援乃斷，遂逼豬拱箐老巢。賊以巨石自山顛墜下，驅牛馬突營，將士多傷亡，毓英督軍搏戰，斬悍酋，賊始卻。於營前掘深坎，賊所發石盡陷坎內，誘降倮人，得賊虛實，選敢死士二千，填壕以進，連破木城二，直搗其巢，縱火焚之，斬馘二萬，擒陶新春及其死黨，磔之，拔山男婦四萬餘人。乘勝合攻海馬姑，伏兵山前後，進毀賊壘三十餘，以噴筒環燒，擒陶三春及悍酋二百餘人，皆斬之，賊悉平。計自進兵至是，僅逾期四日，加頭品頂戴。

In the sixth year he was promoted to provincial administration commissioner. In the second month the army reached Zhugongqing; he ordered Zhang Baohe and Lin Shouhuai to lead two thousand men through Daliekou to emerge behind Erlong Pass and surprise Wujiatun, while he personally directed three thousand men in the assault on the pass. The rebels came out in full force; cannon opened fire from behind the pass; the rebels wheeled back to save it; Cen Yuying launched a pincer attack; all three passes fell; Wujiatun was then captured and several thousand rebels were killed or taken. Rebel reinforcements came from Haimagu; he intercepted and attacked them, beheaded their chieftain, and the rest fled in retreat. He ordered Cai Biao and Liu Chongqing to divide their forces and besiege Haimagu; they captured Hongyan and Jianshan; rebel reinforcements were cut off, and he pressed on toward the main stronghold at Zhugongqing. The rebels rolled huge stones down from the mountain crest and drove cattle and horses in a charge against the camp; many officers and men were killed or wounded; Cen Yuying led the army in close combat, killed a fierce chieftain, and the rebels at last fell back. He dug deep trenches before the camp so that the stones the rebels hurled all fell into them; he induced the Luo people to surrender and learned the rebels' dispositions; he picked two thousand volunteers to fill the ditches and press forward, broke through two wooden forts in succession, struck straight at the stronghold, burned it, killed or captured twenty thousand rebels, seized Tao Xinchun and his diehard followers and had them dismembered, and rescued more than forty thousand men and women from the mountains. Pressing his advantage, he combined forces to attack Haimagu, laid ambushes before and behind the hills, advanced and destroyed more than thirty rebel fortifications, burned them with flame-projectors on every side, captured Tao San Chun and more than two hundred fierce chieftains, had them all executed, and the rebels were completely pacified. From the opening of the campaign to this point, he was only four days past his deadline; he was granted a first-rank court hat button.

馬如龍剿迤西屢失利，勞崇光病歿，杜文秀大舉東犯，連陷二十餘城，省垣告急。是年冬，毓英自豬拱箐凱旋曲靖，先遣弟毓寶助省防。七年春，揚言師出陸涼，而取道宜涼、七甸，連破大小石壩、小板橋、古庭庵、金馬寺賊壘，進屯大樹營。馬如龍來會，人心始定。昆陽匪首楊震鵬夜渡昆明池襲省城，毓寶擊敗之，震鵬負創遁。進攻楊林，毓英鼻受槍傷，回軍省城，連破石虎關賊壘，擒賊渠李洪勳，擢授巡撫。附省賊壘猶繁，與之相持。總督劉岳昭初至滇，由馬龍進剿尋甸，失利，賊勢复熾。

Ma Rulong's campaigns in western Yunnan repeatedly ended in defeat; Lao Chongguang died of illness; Du Wenxiu launched a major eastern offensive and overran more than twenty cities in succession; the provincial capital was in grave danger. That winter Cen Yuying returned in triumph from Zhugongqing to Qujing and first sent his younger brother Yu Bao to help defend the provincial capital. In the spring of the seventh year he announced publicly that his army would march out through Liuliang, but actually took the route through Yiliang and Qidian, successively storming the rebel fortifications at large and small Shiba, Xiaobanqiao, Guting'an, and Jinmasi, and encamped at Dashuying. When Ma Rulong came to join him, morale at last steadied. Yang Zhenpeng, the rebel leader of Kunyang, crossed Kunming Lake by night to strike at the provincial capital; Yu Bao defeated him, and Yang fled wounded. He advanced against Yanglin; Cen Yuying was wounded in the nose by gunfire; he withdrew to the provincial capital, successively stormed the rebel fortifications at Shihuguan, captured the rebel leader Li Hongxun, and was promoted to governor. Rebel fortifications near the provincial capital were still numerous, and he remained locked in stalemate with them. When Governor-General Liu Yuezhao first reached Yunnan, he advanced from Malong to suppress Xundian, suffered a defeat, and rebel strength revived.

毓英疏陳軍事、餉事，略曰：「杜文秀竊踞迤西十有三載，根深蒂固。今擬三路進兵，一出迤南牽賊勢，一出三姚、永北斷賊援，大軍由楚雄、鎮南直搗中堅，使賊面面受敵，不能兼顧。臣選精銳六萬，更番戰守，既無停兵之時，亦免師老之患。兵勇無須外募，以本省兵剿本省賊，既習地利，复熟賊情。現在滇省兵勇鄉團已調集八萬有奇，擬俟附省逆壘肅清，認真裁汰，選定精銳，以資得力。滇省綠營額設馬步兵三萬七千數百名，承平日久，訓練多疏，將不知兵，兵不知戰。倉卒有事，則募勇以代兵；餉需支絀，不能不後兵而先勇。於是兵丁愈困，營務益弛。通省營兵所存不及十一，臣擬即此六萬人中，擇補營額，目前仍令隨徵，事竣再飭歸伍。既有常業，自有恆心，責以成功，收效必速。滇省近年用兵，多藉鄉勇之力，擬按州縣之大小，定徵調之多寡，共編鄉勇四十營，分兩班隨營征討，餉銀仍由各地籌捐。兩年之內，迤西肅清，即可裁撤歸農。滇省兵勇，向於餉銀之外，每名月支米三斗。現擬用兵六萬，每年共需米二十餘萬石，為數甚鉅。歷年皆按成熟田畝酌抽釐穀，約十分取其一二，資助軍食，與川之津貼，黔之義穀，名異實同。今請照舊抽收，並將近年可徵地丁抽糧，全數改徵糧米，如不敷用，再行籌價採買接濟，一俟軍事肅清，分別裁止。滇省綠營官兵俸餉，有閏之年，需銀七十萬兩有奇，無閏需銀六十四萬數千兩。現既易勇為兵，則餉銀較勇糧稍厚。倘因籌餉維艱，每月先給半餉，加以賞需軍火各費，約共需銀八萬兩。鹽課、地丁、釐稅之外，每月所短不過三四萬兩，應由外省協撥，較之向例協餉，有減無增。若發全餉，則每月應由外省撥銀六萬，較常例所增亦屬無幾。現在部臣指撥各省協滇軍餉，如浙江、廣東、江西，距滇較遠，籌撥起解，往返經年，緩難濟急。請飭改作京餉，另由川、楚等省應解京餉，改撥濟滇，兩無窒礙。至於選任鎮將，宜不拘資格，不惜情面，凡有能將三千兵以上，才當一面者，雖其名位尚卑，亦宜委署要職。其謀勇平常，僅止熟習營務，縱系實缺，另予差遣，勿使幸位。」疏入，下部如所議行。

Cen Yuying submitted a detailed memorial on military and fiscal affairs, opening with: "Du Wenxiu has held western Yunnan for thirteen years; his power is deeply entrenched. I now propose a three-pronged advance: one column out of southern Yunnan to tie down the rebels, one out of Sanyao and Yongbei to sever their reinforcements, and the main force through Chuxiong and Zhennan to strike at their core, so that the enemy will be attacked on every side and unable to cover all fronts. I propose to field sixty thousand picked troops in rotating combat and garrison duty, so that fighting never stops and the army never grows stale. There is no need to recruit from outside the province; troops fighting their own province's rebels know the terrain and understand the enemy. More than eighty thousand regular troops, militia, and local levies have now been assembled in Yunnan; once the rebel strongholds near the capital are cleared, I propose a rigorous cutback and the selection of an elite force that can actually fight. Yunnan's Green Standard Army is allotted more than thirty-seven thousand cavalry and infantry; after long years of peace, training has mostly lapsed; officers no longer know war, and soldiers no longer know how to fight. When trouble breaks out suddenly, militia are recruited to replace regular troops; because funds cannot keep pace with demand, militia pay must come before regular army pay. Regular soldiers grow poorer and camp discipline grows laxer. Less than one tenth of the provincial garrison still survives; I propose to fill garrison quotas from these sixty thousand men, keep them on campaign for now, and only return them to their posts when the war is over. Men with steady employment will have steady resolve; given clear expectations of success, results will come quickly. In recent years Yunnan has relied heavily on local militia; I propose to set mobilization quotas by prefecture and county size, organize forty battalions of local militia in two rotating shifts to campaign with the regular forces, and continue to raise their pay through local contributions. Within two years, once western Yunnan is pacified, they can be disbanded and sent back to the fields. Yunnan's soldiers and militia have customarily received three dou of rice per man each month in addition to their silver pay. A force of sixty thousand would require more than two hundred thousand shi of rice each year—a very large figure. For years grain has been levied on ripe fields at about one or two parts in ten to feed the army; it differs in name from Sichuan's subsidies and Guizhou's righteous grain, but amounts to the same thing. I ask that this levy continue as before, and that recent land-tax grain collections be converted entirely into grain rations; if that still falls short, funds can be raised to buy grain; once the war is over, these measures can be ended. Salaries and pay for Yunnan's Green Standard officers and soldiers require more than seven hundred thousand taels of silver in intercalary years and more than six hundred forty thousand in ordinary years. Since militia are now being converted into regular troops, silver pay will be somewhat higher than militia rations. If funds are hard to raise, half pay may be issued each month, together with rewards, ammunition, and other costs—about eighty thousand taels in all. Beyond salt tax, land tax, and transit dues, the monthly shortfall would be no more than thirty or forty thousand taels, which other provinces should supply—less than the usual co-supplied pay. If full pay is issued, other provinces would need to send sixty thousand taels a month—somewhat more than usual, but not greatly so. The ministry has currently assigned co-supplied army pay from provinces such as Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Jiangxi; these are far from Yunnan, and raising and dispatching funds takes a full year—too slow for emergencies. I ask that this be converted to capital stipends, with Sichuan, Huguang, and other provinces redirecting capital stipends to Yunnan instead, so that neither system is blocked. In appointing military governors and generals, rank should not be rigidly observed nor favoritism spared; any man capable of commanding more than three thousand troops and fit to hold a front—even if his rank is still low—should be given an important acting post. Men whose plans and courage are ordinary and who merely know camp routine, even if they hold substantive posts, should be given other assignments and not allowed to keep their positions by luck." The memorial was submitted, and the ministry approved its recommendations.

八年春，賊酋楊榮率眾數万踞楊林長坡，分黨踞小偏橋、十里鋪、羊芳凹、牛街、興福寺，省城大震。毓英督諸軍分剿，奪回小偏橋諸處，复連敗之於蕭家山、鸚鵡山，擒斬逾萬，劃除省東賊壘百餘。西北兩方賊仍負隅拒守，毓英令副將楊玉科、總兵李維述等規迤西，與騰越義兵約期並進。於是副將張保和等克富民、昆陽，總兵馬忠等克呈貢、晉寧、易門、澂江、祿豐，玉科等克武定、祿勸、元謀、羅次、定遠、大姚，維述等克廣通、楚雄、南安及黑瑯、元水諸井。凡悍酋劇匪，擒斬殆盡，省城解嚴，被詔嘉獎。

In the spring of the eighth year the rebel chieftain Yang Rong led tens of thousands of men holding Changpo at Yanglin; separate bands held Xiaopianqiao, Shilipu, Yangfang'ao, Niujie, and Xingfusi; the provincial capital was greatly alarmed. Cen Yuying directed the various armies in separate campaigns, recovered Xiaopianqiao and other points, then successively defeated the rebels at Xiaojiashan and Yingwushan, killing or capturing more than ten thousand, and cleared away more than one hundred rebel fortifications east of the capital. Rebels in the northwest and west still held out stubbornly; Cen Yuying ordered Vice General Yang Yuke, Military Governor Li Weishu, and others to plan the western campaign and arranged a joint advance with the volunteer militia of Tengyue. Vice General Zhang Baohe and others took Fumin and Kunyang; Military Governor Ma Zhong and others took Chenggong, Jinning, Yimen, Chengjiang, and Lufeng; Yang Yuke and others took Wuding, Luquan, Yuanmou, Luoci, Dingyuan, and Dayao; Li Weishu and others took Guangtong, Chuxiong, Nan'an, and the Heilang, Yuanshui, and other salt wells. Fierce chieftains and major rebels were captured and executed to the last; the provincial capital stood down from martial alert, and he received an edict of commendation.

九年，澂江回复叛，踞府城，毓英率軍往剿，圍其郛，十年二月，克之。並拔竹園、江那諸賊巢，迤西軍亦克麗江、劍川、永北、鶴慶、賓川、姚州、鎮南諸城。疏言：「滇省前事之誤，東南未定，遽議西征，屢致喪師失地。今通籌全局，必先掃蕩東南兩迤，然後全軍西上，方無後顧之憂。」

In the ninth year the Hui of Chengjiang rebelled again and held the prefectural city; Cen Yuying led his army against them, besieged the outer wall, and captured it in the second month of the tenth year. He also stormed the rebel nests at Zhuyuan, Jiangna, and other places; the western army also took Lijiang, Jianchuan, Yongbei, Heqing, Binchuan, Yaozhou, Zhennan, and other cities. In a memorial he wrote: "The earlier mistake in Yunnan was to push west before the southeast was secure, which repeatedly cost armies and territory. We must now plan for the whole theater: secure the southeast on both routes first, then move the full army west, and only then will we be free of rearward threats."

十一年，迤東、迤西兩路悉平，西軍亦先後克復永昌、鄧川、浪穹、趙州、雲南、永平、蒙化及上下兩關，而大理賊猶堅守，恃騰越、順寧互為應援。十一月，毓英親往督戰，先斷賊援，直薄城下，掘隧道，陷城垣數十丈，奪東南兩門入。賊守內城，晝夜環攻，守陴賊多死。杜文秀窮蹙服毒，其黨舁之出城詐降，斬首傳示，勒繳軍械，賊黨猶請緩期。毓英令楊玉科率壯士二百入城受降，布重兵城外夾擊之，斬酋目三百餘名，生擒楊榮、蔡廷棟、馬仲山，磔於市。大理肅清，賜黃馬褂，予騎都尉世職。十二年，順寧、雲州、騰越皆下，全滇底定，加太子少保，晉一等輕車都尉世職。

In the eleventh year the eastern and western routes were both pacified; the western army also recovered Yongchang, Dengchuan, Langqiong, Zhaozhou, Yunnan, Yongping, Menghua, and the upper and lower passes in turn; yet the rebels at Dali still held firm, relying on Tengyue and Shunning for mutual support. In the eleventh month Cen Yuying went in person to direct the fighting; he first severed rebel reinforcements, pressed to the foot of the walls, dug tunnels, breached several tens of zhang of wall, and stormed in through the southeastern and eastern gates. The rebels held the inner city; he besieged and assaulted it day and night, and many defenders on the walls were killed. Du Wenxiu, driven to desperation, took poison; his followers carried him out of the city in a false surrender; his head was cut off and displayed; surrender of weapons was demanded; the rebels still asked for more time. Cen Yuying ordered Yang Yuke to lead two hundred picked men into the city to accept surrender; heavy forces outside the walls closed in from both sides; more than three hundred chieftains were beheaded; Yang Rong, Cai Tingdong, and Ma Zhongshan were captured alive and dismembered in the marketplace. Dali was pacified; he was granted a yellow riding jacket and the hereditary rank of Cavalry Commandant. In the twelfth year Shunning, Yunzhou, and Tengyue all fell; all Yunnan was settled; he was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and promoted to first-class Junior Commandant of Chariots and Cavalry with hereditary rank.

十三年，兼署雲貴總督。光緒二年，丁繼母憂。五年，服闋，授貴州巡撫，加兵部尚書銜。七年，調福建督辦台灣防務，開山撫番，濬大甲溪，築台北城。八年，署雲貴總督，九年，實授。

In the thirteenth year he also served concurrently as acting governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou. In the second year of the Guangxu reign he went into mourning for his stepmother. In the fifth year, when his mourning ended, he was appointed governor of Guizhou and given the rank of Minister of War. In the seventh year he was transferred to Fujian to supervise Taiwan's defenses, open the mountains and pacify the aborigines, dredge the Dajia River, and build Taipei city. In the eighth year he served as acting governor-general of Yunnan and Guizhou; in the ninth year he received substantive appointment.

法越兵事起，自請出關赴前敵，屯興化。十年，命節制關外粵、楚各軍。會廣西軍潰於北寧、太原，毓英全師退屯保勝，以未奉命，降二級留任。七月，命進軍決戰，連复越南館司、鎮安、清波、夏和諸縣，屯館司關，規取河內諸省。令丁槐、何秀林攻宣光，以地雷毀其城，擒斬甚眾。十一年，京察，開復降級處分，令覃修綱攻克緬旺、清水、清山。法兵援宣光，掘地營延袤十餘裡扼之。破法兵於臨洮府，奪梅枝關。連克不拔、廣威、永祥，進搗山西、河內，廣西軍亦收復諒山。越南興安、寧平、南定、興化、太原各省聞風響應。會和議成，詔班師。五月，回駐邊關。十二年，會勘邊界，兼署巡撫。十三年，剿順寧倮黑夷匪張登發，平之。十四年，京察，議敘。十五年，皇太后歸政，晉太子太保。尋卒，贈太子太傅，入祀賢良祠，雲南、貴州建專祠，諡襄勤。子春煊，官至四川總督。

When the Sino-French War began, he asked to cross the border to the front and encamped at Xinghua. In the tenth year he was placed in overall command of the Cantonese and Huguang forces beyond the border. After the Guangxi army was routed at Bac Ninh and Thai Nguyen, Cen Yuying pulled his whole force back to Baosheng. Because he had acted without orders, he was demoted two ranks but kept in his post. In the seventh month he was ordered to advance for a decisive battle. He recovered Guanshi, Zhen'an, Qingbo, Xiahe, and other districts in succession, encamped at Guanshi Pass, and prepared to move on Hanoi and the surrounding provinces. He sent Ding Huai and He Xiulin against Xuanguang; mines brought down the walls, and a great many of the enemy were killed or captured. In the eleventh year, at the metropolitan review, his demotion was reversed, and he ordered Tan Xiugang to take Mianwang, Qingshui, and Qingshan. French reinforcements reached Xuanguang and dug entrenchments more than ten li long to hold the line. He routed the French at Linzhou Prefecture and seized Meizhi Pass. He took Bubo, Guangwei, and Yongxiang in succession, pressed toward Son Tay and Hanoi, and the Guangxi army recovered Lang Son as well. The Vietnamese provinces of Xing'an, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh, Xinghua, and Thai Nguyen all rallied at the news. When a peace settlement was reached, the court ordered the armies to withdraw. In the fifth month he returned to hold the frontier passes. In the twelfth year he took part in surveying the border and served concurrently as acting governor. In the thirteenth year he suppressed the Black Luo tribesmen led by Zhang Dengfa in Shunning and brought the region to order. In the fourteenth year, at the metropolitan review, his service was recorded for reward. In the fifteenth year, when the Empress Dowager restored the emperor to power, he was promoted to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. He died soon after. Posthumously he was made Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent, entered the Temple of Eminent Worthies, and was honored with memorial shrines in Yunnan and Guizhou under the posthumous name Xiangqin, "Assiduous and Diligent." His son Chunxuan rose to become governor-general of Sichuan.

弟毓寶，從毓英轉戰雲南，功最著，累擢道員，賜號額圖琿巴圖魯。光緒十年，出關援剿宣光、臨洮，旋克廣威府、不拔縣、梅枝關，賜黃馬褂。十四年，授福建鹽法道，擢雲南按察使，權布政使，護巡撫，兼護總督。二十一年，調貴卅布政使，未行，復調雲南。毓寶勇於戰陣，不諳文法，御史溥松劾其護總督時，任用私人，政刑失當，坐奪職，卒於家。雲貴總督崧蕃疏陳毓寶戰功，詔復原官。

His younger brother Yu Bao followed Cen Yuying through the Yunnan campaigns with outstanding merit, rose through repeated promotions to circuit intendant, and was granted the title Etu Hui Batulu. In the tenth year of Guangxu he crossed the border to fight at Xuanguang and Linzhou, soon took Guangwei Prefecture, Bubo County, and Meizhi Pass, and was awarded the yellow riding jacket. In the fourteenth year he was appointed salt and legal intendant of Fujian, then promoted to surveillance commissioner of Yunnan, and served in succession as acting provincial treasurer, acting governor, and acting governor-general. In the twenty-first year he was ordered to Guizhou as provincial treasurer but never went; he was reassigned to Yunnan instead. Yu Bao was fearless in battle but ignorant of bureaucratic procedure. Censor Pu Song impeached him for favoritism and mishandling civil and criminal affairs while acting as governor-general; he was dismissed and died at home. Governor-General Songshen of Yunnan-Guizhou memorialized Yu Bao's military service, and the throne restored his former rank.

論曰：劉長佑樸誠廉毅，老於軍事，時病其失之慈柔。自言：「於是非邪正，不自欺以欺人。」非飾辭也。滇、粵籌邊，尤有遠見。劉岳昭治滇，能屈己以聽岑毓英。毓英與滇事相終始，跋扈霸才，竟成戡定偉績，信乎識時之傑，能自樹立者已。

The historian remarks: Liu Zhangyou was plainspoken, sincere, incorruptible, and firm, seasoned in military affairs—though contemporaries faulted him for excessive leniency. He once said: "On questions of right and wrong, I do not deceive myself in order to deceive others." That was no mere figure of speech. In securing the Yunnan and Guangdong frontiers he showed exceptional foresight. In governing Yunnan, Liu Yuezhao was willing to set pride aside and follow Cen Yuying's lead. Cen Yuying shaped Yunnan's fate from first to last: domineering yet gifted, he nonetheless brought the province to lasting peace—a man who read the times aright and made his own place in history.

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