Volume 441 Biographies 228: Pan Zuyin, Li Wentian, Sun Yijing, Xia Tongshan, Zhang Jiaxiang, Zhang Yinglin, Zhang Renfu, Zhang Hengjia

列傳二百二十八

Biographies, No. 228

潘祖廕李文田孫詒經夏同善張家驤

Pan Zuyin, Li Wentian, Sun Yijing, Xia Tongshan, and Zhang Jiaxiang

張英麟張仁黼張亨嘉

Zhang Yinglin, Zhang Renfu, and Zhang Hengjia

潘祖廕，字伯寅，江蘇吳縣人，大學士世恩孫。咸豐二年一甲三名進士，授編修。遷侍讀，入直南書房，充日講起居注官。累遷侍讀學士，除大理寺少卿。左宗棠被劾，召對簿，罪不測，祖廕上疏營救，且密薦其能，獄解，乃起獨領一軍。十一年，詔求直言，祖廕念車駕還都，首斥奸佞，綱紀一新，為上勤聖學、求人才、整軍務、裕倉儲四事。並請免賦以蘇民困，汰釐以紓民力，嚴軍律以拯民生，廣中額以收民心。纚纚數千言，稱旨。遷光祿寺卿。與修治平寶鑑，書成，被賞賚。先後糾彈官吏不職狀，書凡數上，文若欽差勝保、直隸總督文煜、陝西巡撫英棨、布政使毛震壽、甘肅布政使恩麟、道員田在田諸人；武若提督孔廣順、總兵閻丕敘、副將張維義諸人。繇是直聲震朝端。

Pan Zuyin, courtesy name Boyin, was a native of Wuxian in Jiangsu and the grandson of Grand Secretary Shi'en. In Xianfeng 2 he placed third among the top-tier jinshi graduates and was appointed a Hanlin Compiler. He was promoted to Reader-in-Waiting, joined the Southern Study, and served as Lecturer and Diarist of Imperial Activity. After successive promotions to Reader-in-Waiting with academic rank, he was appointed Vice President of the Court of Judicial Review. When Zuo Zongtang was impeached and summoned for a hearing with his punishment uncertain, Zuyin memorialized in his defense and secretly recommended his abilities; the case was resolved, and Zuo was then able to take sole command of an army. In the eleventh year an edict called for frank criticism; mindful that the court was returning to the capital, Zuyin urged first rooting out corrupt ministers so that discipline might be restored, and he presented four priorities for the emperor: diligent pursuit of learning, recruitment of talent, reform of military affairs, and replenishment of the granaries. He also asked to remit taxes to ease the people's hardship, to cut surtaxes to lighten their burden, to enforce military discipline to protect civilian life, and to increase metropolitan examination quotas to win popular support. His memorial ran to several thousand eloquent words and pleased the throne. He was promoted to Vice President of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. He helped compile the Zhiping Baojian, and when the work was finished he received imperial rewards. He repeatedly impeached officials for neglect of duty; his memorials went up many times, naming among civil officials the imperial commissioner Senggebao, the Zhili governor Wen Yu, the Shaanxi governor Ying Qi, the provincial administers Mao Zhenshou and En Lin of Gansu, the circuit intendant Tian Zaitian, and others; and among military officers the regional commanders Kong Guangshun and Yan Pixu, the vice regional commander Zhang Weiyi, and others. From this his reputation for integrity resounded at court.

同治三年，授左副都御史。坐會議何桂清罪未列銜，絓吏議。明年，恭親王奕訢獲譴，下群臣議。祖廕念重臣進退，關係安危，疏請持平用中，酌予轉圜，袪世人惑。補工部侍郎。七年，調戶部，充經筵講官。坐失部印，褫職留任。典順天鄉試，再坐中式舉人徐景春文理荒謬，鐫二級。十三年，特旨賞編修，仍入直。錄輸餉功，釋處分。

In Tongzhi 3 he was appointed Left Vice Censor-in-Chief. He was censured for failing to affix his name to the deliberation on He Guiqing's case. The following year, when Prince Gong Yixin was reprimanded, the matter was referred to the ministers for deliberation. Zuyin, mindful that the rise or fall of a senior minister touched the realm's safety, memorialized asking that the case be handled with balanced moderation and that room be given for reconciliation, so as to dispel public alarm. He was appointed Vice President of the Ministry of Works. In the seventh year he was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue and appointed a lecturer at the imperial classics colloquium. He was punished for losing a ministry seal and was stripped of rank but kept in his post. As chief examiner for the Shuntian provincial examination he was again demoted two grades because the successful candidate Xu Jingchun's examination essay was absurdly poor. In the thirteenth year a special edict restored his Compiler rank and returned him to palace service. His service in transporting provisions was recorded as merit, and his punishment was lifted.

光緒改元，授大理寺卿，補禮部右侍郎。數遷工部尚書，加太子少保。五年，主事吳可讀以死請為穆宗立嗣，祖廕被命集議，與徐桐等請申不建儲，彝訓疏存毓慶宮。明年，偕惇親王奕脤等辦中俄交涉。約既成，籌善後，條列練兵、簡器、開礦、備餉四事進。命入直軍機，父憂歸。服闋，起權兵部尚書，調補工部，兼管順天府尹事。大婚禮成，晉太子太保。十六年，卒，贈太子太傅，諡文勤。寶坻士紳感其救災勤勞，籥建專祠，報可。

When Guangxu ascended the throne he was appointed President of the Court of Judicial Review and Vice President of the Ministry of Rites on the right. He was repeatedly promoted to Minister of Works and granted the title Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the fifth year the clerk Wu Kedu offered his life in a petition to name an heir for Emperor Muzong; Zuyin was ordered to convene deliberation and, with Xu Tong and others, urged adherence to the rule against establishing an heir and preservation of the precedents of the Yuyu Palace. The following year he joined Prince Dun Yizun and others in managing Sino-Russian negotiations. After the treaty was concluded he planned for the aftermath and submitted a program of four items: training troops, selecting arms, opening mines, and stockpiling provisions. He was ordered into the Grand Council, then retired on his father's death. When mourning ended he was recalled to serve as acting Minister of War, transferred to the Ministry of Works, and concurrently managed affairs as Shuntian metropolitan magistrate. After the grand wedding ceremonies were completed he was promoted to Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the sixteenth year he died; he was posthumously made Senior Tutor of the Heir Apparent and given the posthumous name Wenqin (Diligent in Culture). The gentry of Baodi, grateful for his tireless work in disaster relief, petitioned to erect a private shrine in his honor; the request was approved.

祖廕嗜學，通經史，好收藏，儲金石甚富。先後數掌文衡，典會試二、鄉試三，所得多真士。時與翁同龢並稱翁潘雲。

Zuyin was devoted to scholarship, versed in the classics and history, and an avid collector; his holdings of bronzes and stone inscriptions were exceptionally rich. He several times held the literary examinations, presiding over two metropolitan and three provincial rounds; most of those he selected were genuine scholars. At the time he and Weng Tonghe were jointly styled the Weng-Pan clouds.

李文田，字芍農，廣東順德人。咸豐九年一甲三名進士，授編修。入直南書房，充日講起居注官。同治五年，大考，晉中允。九年，督江西學政。累遷侍讀學士。秩滿，其母年已七十有七矣，將乞終養，會聞朝廷議修園籞，遂入都覆命。既至，謁軍機大臣寶鋆，告以東南事可危，李光昭姦猥無行，責其不能匡救。寶鋆曰：「居南齋亦可言，奚必責樞府？」文田日：「正為是來耳！」疏上，不報。逾歲，上停止園工封事，略言：「巴夏禮等焚毀圓明園，其人尚存。昔既焚之而不懼，安能禁其後之不復為？常人之家偶被盜劫，猶必固其門牆，慎其管鑰，未聞有揮金誇富於盜前者。今彗星見，天象譴告，而猶忍而出此，此必內府諸臣及左右憸人導皇上以朘削窮民之舉。使朘削而果無他患，則唐至元、明將至今存，大清何以有天下乎？皇上亦思圓明園之所以興乎？其時高宗西北拓地數千里，東西諸國讋憚天威，府庫充盈，物力豐盛，園工取之內帑而民不知，故皆樂園之成。今皆反是，聖明在上，此不待思而決者矣。」疏入，上為動容。俄乞假歸。光緒八年，遭母憂。服竟，起故官，入直如故。數遷至禮部侍郎，充經筵講官，領閣事。二十年，疏請起用恭親王奕訢及前布政使遊智開，依行。明年，卒，卹如製，諡文誠。

Li Wentian, courtesy name Shaonong, was a native of Shunde in Guangdong. In Xianfeng 9 he placed third among the top-tier jinshi graduates and was appointed a Hanlin Compiler. He joined the Southern Study and served as Lecturer and Diarist of Imperial Activity. In Tongzhi 5, in the triennial palace examination, he was promoted to Middle Sub-expositor. In the ninth year he was appointed Educational Commissioner of Jiangxi. He was successively promoted to Reader-in-Waiting with academic rank. When his term expired his mother was already seventy-seven; he was about to request leave to care for her in her final years, but on hearing that the court was debating repairs to the imperial park, he went to the capital to report his return. On arrival he called on Grand Councillor Baojun and warned that affairs in the southeast were gravely imperiled and that Li Guangzhao was licentious and unprincipled, reproaching him for failing to set matters right. Baojun said, "One may speak from the Southern Study—why must you hold the Grand Council responsible? Wentian replied, "That is precisely why I have come! His memorial was submitted; there was no reply. A year later, in a memorial halting park construction, he wrote in brief: "Parkes and his fellows burned the Old Summer Palace, and they are still alive. If you burned it once yet did not fear them, how can you prevent them from doing it again? When an ordinary household is robbed, it still strengthens its doors and walls and guards its keys; one has never heard of flaunting gold and wealth before the robbers. Now a comet has appeared—a heavenly warning—and yet you still propose this; this must be inner-palace ministers and sycophants at the emperor's side leading His Majesty to policies that drain and impoverish the people. If draining the people truly brought no other calamity, then from Tang through Yuan and Ming the dynasties would still stand—how then did the Great Qing win the realm? Does Your Majesty also consider why the Old Summer Palace was built in the first place? At that time the Qianlong Emperor extended the northwest frontier by thousands of li; states east and west feared Heaven's majesty; the treasuries were full and resources abundant; park works were paid from the inner purse without the people knowing, so all rejoiced in the park's completion. Today all is the reverse; with sagely clarity above, this needs no deliberation to decide. When the memorial was received, the emperor was deeply moved. Soon afterward he requested leave to return home. In Guangxu 8 he mourned his mother's death. When mourning ended he resumed his former post and returned to palace service as before. He was successively promoted to Vice President of the Ministry of Rites, appointed a lecturer at the classics colloquium, and placed in charge of Secretariat affairs. In the twentieth year he memorialized to recall Prince Gong Yixin and the former provincial administer You Zhikai; both requests were granted. The following year he died; condolence gifts followed regulations, and he was given the posthumous name Wencheng (Sincere in Culture).

文田學識淹通，述作有體，尤諳究西北輿地。屢典試事，類能識拔績學，士皆稱之。

Wentian's learning was broad and penetrating, his writings well structured, and he was especially expert in the geography of the northwest. He repeatedly presided over examinations and generally recognized men of solid learning; scholars all praised him.

孫詒經，字子授，浙江錢塘人。咸豐十年進士，選庶吉士。聞杭州城陷，乞假歸，奉親闢居定海。參寧紹台道張景渠軍，平浙東有功，還授檢討。以倭仁薦，入直南書房。同治四年，擢司業。上言：「弭災在卹刑，治獄先平法。本律盜案不分首從，聖祖、世宗加以區別。自頃盜風充斥，概用重典，行十餘年，案不減少。則知弭盜之術，不在用法之嚴。請敕刑部改成例，复祖制。」議行。會上將侍太后幸惇親王府，既，與夏同善諫罷。未幾，復將詣恭親王府祀神，詒經再上疏，言：「聖學方新，宸修宜懋。經帷屢曠，則神誌難專；法駕時勤，則見聞易惑。一日行幸，一日已荒念典之功；今日行禮，異日或啟遊觀之漸。」士論歸之。遭父憂去，服除，仍原官，入直如故。十年，遷侍講。五月朔，日食。詒經以天道感應，本諸人事，於是有遇災修省之請。十三年夏，彗星見，越數日，太白經天，人心惶駭。詒經復有廣開言路及罷圓明園工程之請。遷侍讀學士。德宗纘業，大考一等，擢詹事。召對，命直抒所見，連上澄吏治、慎海防機宜甚悉。

Sun Yijing, courtesy name Zishou, was a native of Qiantang in Zhejiang. In Xianfeng 10 he passed the jinshi examination and was selected a Hanlin Bachelor. On hearing that Hangzhou had fallen he requested leave to return home, took his parents, and moved to Dinghai. He joined the forces of Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit Intendant Zhang Jingqu, helped pacify eastern Zhejiang, and on his return was appointed Reviser. On Woren's recommendation he joined the Southern Study. In Tongzhi 4 he was promoted to Vice Director of Education. He submitted: "To quell disasters one must temper punishment; to govern prisons one must first make the law even. The basic code for robbery cases did not distinguish principals from accessories; the Kangxi and Yongzheng emperors added such distinctions. Recently banditry has spread everywhere; severe punishments have been applied across the board for more than ten years, yet cases have not decreased. This shows that the way to quell banditry does not lie in harsh application of the law. He asked the Ministry of Punishments to revise the precedents and restore the ancestral system. The proposal was adopted after deliberation. When the emperor was about to accompany the Empress Dowager on a visit to Prince Dun's mansion, he and Xia Tongshan admonished him and the visit was canceled. Before long the emperor was again to go to Prince Gong's mansion to offer sacrifices; Yijing memorialized again, saying: "Sacred learning has just been renewed; imperial self-cultivation should be redoubled. If the classics lectern is repeatedly left idle, concentration of mind becomes difficult; if the imperial carriage is frequently abroad, what is seen and heard easily misleads. One day's excursion is one day's neglect of the work of recalling the canon; today's ceremony may tomorrow open the gradual slide toward sightseeing and pleasure. Scholar-official opinion rallied to him. He left office on his father's death; when mourning ended he resumed his former post and returned to palace service as before. In the tenth year he was promoted to Lecturer. On the first day of the fifth month there was a solar eclipse. Yijing held that heavenly signs respond to human affairs; therefore he submitted a request that the court meet calamity with self-examination. In the summer of the thirteenth year a comet appeared; days later Venus crossed the sky at midday, and the people were panic-stricken. Yijing again memorialized to broaden channels for frank counsel and to halt work on the Old Summer Palace. He was promoted to Reader-in-Waiting with academic rank. When Emperor Dezong succeeded to the throne, in the triennial examination he ranked first class and was promoted to Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. Summoned for audience, he was ordered to speak his mind plainly; he successively submitted detailed memorials on clarifying official discipline and prudent maritime defense.

光緒六年，俄釁啟，東西海陸邊防亟。詒經言：「能戰然後能和，兵力專顧海口，北塘覆轍可鑑。」請調勁旅守東路，並津、永舉辦民團。再遷刑部侍郎，明年，調戶部。會左宗棠請修畿輔水利，乃疏薦張之洞、張佩綸資治理，並以山東河患，河員專治河堤，不講修導，建議購泰西機船及時修濬。十一年，入直毓慶宮。山東河工領部銀百萬，詒經廉得書吏史恩濤苛索狀，嚴責繳還，將懲治，章未上，而御史王賡榮等輒劾以輕縱。上令明白回奏，覆奏入，卒陷吏議，並罷直。有勸引退者，詒經曰：「吾被恩遇久，遑敢佚吾身邪？」於是專治部事，佐度支凡十年。時議設銀行，造鐵路，慮利權外溢，龂龂持異議。

In Guangxu 6 the Russian crisis erupted, and defenses on eastern and western sea and land frontiers grew urgent. Yijing said: "Only when one can fight can one negotiate peace; military strength must focus on guarding the river mouth—the Beitang debacle is a lesson close at hand. He asked to transfer crack troops to guard the eastern route and to organize militia at Tianjin and Yongping. He was again promoted to Vice President of the Ministry of Punishments; the following year he was transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. When Zuo Zongtang requested repairs to the capital region's waterworks, he memorialized recommending Zhang Zhidong and Zhang Peilun for their governing ability; citing Shandong's river disasters, he noted that river officials only repaired dikes without dredging and proposed purchasing Western steam dredgers for timely dredging. In the eleventh year he entered service in the Yuyu Palace. For Shandong river works he received a million taels of ministry silver; Yijing investigated and found that the clerk Shi Entao had extorted funds, strictly ordered repayment, and was about to punish him—but before his memorial went up, Censor Wang Gengrong and others impeached him for undue leniency. The emperor ordered a clear reply; when his reply memorial was received, he was ultimately censured and dismissed from palace service. When some urged him to withdraw, Yijing said, "I have long received imperial favor—how dare I indulge myself? Thereupon he devoted himself to ministry affairs and assisted the revenue bureau for ten years. When the court debated establishing banks and building railways, fearing that economic leverage would flow abroad, he stubbornly opposed the proposals.

詒經持躬清正，思以儒術救時敝。不阿權要，為同列所忌，卒不得行其志。先後數司文柄，深惡末學骫骳積習，擯之惟恐不遑，所得多知名士。生平論學不分漢、宋，謂經學即理學。又曰：「學所以厲行也，博學而薄行，學奚足尚？」一時為學者所宗。十六年，卒，優詔賜卹，諡文愨。

Yijing conducted himself with integrity and sought to remedy the age's ills through Confucian learning. He would not flatter the powerful and was resented by colleagues; in the end he could not carry out his aims. He several times held the literary examinations, deeply detesting the corrupt habits of shallow learning and excluding such candidates as swiftly as he could; most of those he selected were renowned scholars. Throughout his life he did not divide learning into Han and Song schools, holding that classical learning is Neo-Confucian learning. He also said, "Learning is meant to strengthen conduct; wide learning with slight practice—what is learning worth? For a time he was revered by scholars. In the sixteenth year he died; an excellent edict granted condolence gifts, and he was given the posthumous name Wenque (Sincere and Diligent).

夏同善，字子鬆，浙江仁和人。咸豐六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。累遷右庶子，充日講起居注官。十年，粵寇陷江南，諸軍無所統，請屬之曾國籓；又以北塘之役，僧格林沁軍退頓通州，桂良再就議款，同善建言敵情叵測，宜專任僧格林沁備戰守：敕並依行。父憂歸，服闋，起故官。同治六年，遷少詹事。其時傳言車駕將幸惇親王府，召集梨園，同善聞之，與孫詒經合疏諫止。略言：「皇上沖齡，敬天未至南郊，遊幸先臨府第，未安者一。聖學端資養正，耳目玩好偶有所娛，恐疏而不密，未安者二。近頃軍事未寧，遊觀之事傳播四方，曷以慰臣民望？未安者三。英、俄人士雜處京畿，稍示以懈，何能帖伏？未安者四。夫孝以禮為歸，禮以時為大，非時不舉，古有明箴。乞罷止以彰聖德。」出督江蘇學政，遭繼母喪去職。起詹事。十年，遷兵部右侍郎。秋，患霪雨，奉其狀以上，乞申虔禱，實行敦節儉、廣賑濟、開言路、清庶獄諸政，語至剴切。十三年，偕尚書廣壽詣四川按事，奏請撤永川等兵差局、綿竹等伕馬局。

Xia Tongshan, courtesy name Zisong, was a native of Renhe in Zhejiang. In Xianfeng 6 he passed the jinshi examination, was selected a Hanlin Bachelor, and was appointed Compiler. He was successively promoted to Right Sub-mentor of the Heir Apparent and served as Lecturer and Diarist of Imperial Activity. In the tenth year the Taiping rebels overran Jiangnan; the armies had no unified command, and he asked that they be placed under Zeng Guofan; After the Beitang affair, when Sengge Rinchen's army withdrew to Tongzhou and Gui Liang again negotiated terms, Tongshan memorialized that the enemy's intentions were unpredictable and that Sengge Rinchen alone should be charged with defense preparations; both recommendations were adopted. He retired on his father's death; when mourning ended he resumed his former post. In Tongzhi 6 he was promoted to Junior Mentor of the Heir Apparent. At that time rumor spread that the emperor would visit Prince Dun's mansion and summon opera troupes; on hearing this, Tongshan joined Sun Yijing in a joint memorial urging that the visit be canceled. They wrote in brief: "The emperor is still young; he has not yet worshiped Heaven at the southern suburb, yet an excursion would first visit a princely mansion—this is the first cause for unease. Sacred learning depends on upright nurture; if the eyes and ears find occasional diversions in pleasures, they may grow lax and inattentive—this is the second cause for unease. Military affairs are not yet settled; if sightseeing spreads in all directions, how can the hopes of officials and people be comforted? This is the third cause for unease. British and Russian nationals mingle in the capital region; if we show the slightest slackness, how can they be kept submissive? This is the fourth cause for unease. Filial piety finds its fulfillment in ritual, and ritual's greatest principle is timeliness; what is untimely should not be performed—antiquity offers clear admonitions on this. We beg that the visit be canceled to manifest sacred virtue. He was appointed Educational Commissioner of Jiangsu; on his stepmother's death he left office. He was recalled as Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. In the tenth year he was promoted to Vice President of the Ministry of War on the right. In autumn, amid incessant rain, he submitted a report on conditions, begging sincere prayer and earnest implementation of thrift, broad relief, opening channels for frank counsel, and clearing common prisons—his words were most earnest. In the thirteenth year he went with Minister Guangshou to Sichuan to investigate affairs and memorialized to abolish the Yongchuan military courier bureaus and the Mianzhu corvée-horse bureaus, among others.

光緒元年，命直毓慶宮授讀，固辭不獲，益屏家事勿問，退唯默坐觀書，思所以為獻納地。先後累言盜案刑例宜復舊制，分首從；畿輔旱，請鑿井灌田甦之；晉、豫飢，請移海防關稅經費卹之。四年，復命視學江蘇，陛辭日，力陳捐納有礙民生，無裨國用，稱旨。明年，被命巡視山東黃河，條上治下游三事：曰濬海口，曰直河灣，曰通支河，請移機器局經費治之。其秋，閱緣江砲台，又歷陳三不可恃，請合數省力助守江口，已築者毋廢，未築者毋增，上然其言。嘗割俸濬江陰城河，植松五萬餘於君山，民德之。六年，卒，德宗聞之遽泣，其忠誠荷主知如此。遺疏入，賜卹如例，諡文敬。子庚复，主事；敦复，御史。

In Guangxu 1 he was ordered to serve in the Yuyu Palace as tutor; though he firmly declined he could not refuse; he increasingly set household affairs aside, and in private hours would only sit in silence reading books, thinking how he might find occasion to offer counsel. He repeatedly memorialized that robbery cases should restore the old statutes distinguishing principals from accessories; when the capital region suffered drought, he asked to dig wells to irrigate fields and revive agriculture; when Shanxi and Henan suffered famine, he asked to shift coastal-defense customs funds for relief. In the fourth year he was again ordered to inspect education in Jiangsu; on the day of his audience to take leave he forcefully argued that the sale of offices harmed the people's livelihood and did not benefit state revenue; the emperor was pleased. The following year he was ordered to inspect the Yellow River in Shandong and listed three measures for the lower reaches: dredging the sea mouth, straightening the river bend, and opening branch channels; he asked to shift machine-bureau funds to carry them out. That autumn, inspecting the Yangzi coastal batteries, he again argued that they could not be relied on and asked several provinces to combine efforts to help guard the river mouth; what was already built should not be abandoned, what was not yet built should not be added—the emperor approved his reasoning. He once contributed from his salary to dredge the Jiangyin city moat and planted more than fifty thousand pines on Jun Hill; the people were grateful. In the sixth year he died; when Emperor Dezong heard of it he wept at once—such was the regard his loyalty had won from his sovereign. His final memorial was received; condolence gifts were granted as regulations provided, and he was given the posthumous name Wenjing (Reverent in Culture). His son Gengfu became a Clerk; Dunfu became a Censor.

張家驤，字子騰，浙江鄞縣人。同治元年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。督山東學政，調山西。遭父憂解職，服除，起故官。遷侍講，入直南書房。光緒元年，轉侍讀，充日講起居注官。五年，命直毓慶宮，遷侍講學士。明年，劉銘傳奉召入都，疏請籌造清江浦鐵路，下李鴻章等議。家驤念典學方新，講求上理，萬一言利之臣隨聲附和，一言僨事，關係匪輕，乃力陳三弊阻止之。疏入，仍令鴻章覈覆，鴻章力主銘傳策。然自是御史洪良品陳五害，侍講張楷陳九不利，並隨家驤而上諫書矣，事竟寢。數遷內閣學士，充經筵講官。九年，授工部右侍郎，調吏部。

Zhang Jiaxiang, courtesy name Ziteng, was a native of Yin County in Zhejiang. In Tongzhi 1 he passed the jinshi examination, was selected a Hanlin Bachelor, and was appointed Compiler. He served as Educational Commissioner of Shandong and was transferred to Shanxi. On his father's death he left office; when mourning ended he resumed his former post. He was promoted to Lecturer and joined the Southern Study. In Guangxu 1 he was transferred to Reader-in-Waiting and served as Lecturer and Diarist of Imperial Activity. In the fifth year he was ordered to the Yuyu Palace and promoted to Lecturer with academic rank. The following year Liu Mingchuan was summoned to the capital and memorialized to plan construction of the Qingjiangpu railway; the matter was referred to Li Hongzhang and others for deliberation. Jiaxiang, mindful that canonical learning had just been renewed and the pursuit of higher principle was paramount, feared that if profit-seeking ministers echoed one another a single misstep would have grave consequences; he forcefully set forth three harms to block the project. When the memorial was received, Li Hongzhang was still ordered to verify and reply; Hongzhang strongly upheld Mingchuan's plan. Yet thereafter Censor Hong Liangpin set forth five harms and Lecturer Zhang Kai nine disadvantages, and together with Jiaxiang they submitted admonitory memorials; the matter was ultimately shelved. He was successively promoted to Grand Secretary with academic rank and appointed a lecturer at the classics colloquium. In the ninth year he was appointed Vice President of the Ministry of Works on the right and transferred to the Ministry of Personnel.

家驤純謹好學，一謝時趨。蒞官端慎。授帝讀，朝夕納誨，頗能盡心所職。十年，卒，上悼惜，賜祭葬如製，諡文莊。

Jiaxiang was pure, cautious, and devoted to learning; he wholly rejected fashionable trends. In office he was upright and careful. As tutor to the emperor, morning and evening he offered instruction and fairly fulfilled his duties. In the tenth year he died; the emperor mourned him and granted sacrificial burial as regulations provided; he was given the posthumous name Wenzhuang (Solemn in Culture).

張英麟，字振卿，山東歷城人。同治四年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。十三年，命偕檢討王慶祺在弘德殿行走。英麟甫入直，即乞假歸省。未幾，穆宗崩，慶祺以有罪褫職。眾皆稱其志節。歷典福建、雲南鄉試，累遷祭酒，充經筵講官。光緒十七年，以詹事授奉天府丞，兼學政。奉省士民樸素，隨軺所至，力加獎勸，學風興起。晉內閣學士，簡順天學政，擢吏部侍郎。二十六年，通州試竣回京，兩宮西狩，官吏遷避，英麟獨守學政關防待交替。明年，召赴行在，應詔上疏，請力崇節儉。乘輿回鑾，議變法，英麟言祖宗法制，可整飭不可遽更張。二十九年，充會試副總裁，借闈河南，改試策論、經義。英麟嚴衡校，多取績學。會改官制，英麟以侍郎遷副都統，漢員授旗官自此始。旋晉都統。三十四年，授都御史。時議行憲政，許士民上書，英麟必詳審為代達。御史江春霖直劾親貴，斥回原衙門，英麟率全台合疏留之。

Zhang Yinglin, courtesy name Zhenqing, was a native of Licheng in Shandong. In Tongzhi 4 he passed the jinshi examination, was selected a Hanlin Bachelor, and was appointed Compiler. In the thirteenth year he was ordered to serve with Reviser Wang Qingqi in attendance at the Hongde Hall. Yinglin had just entered service when he requested leave to return home to visit his parents. Before long Emperor Muzong died; Qingqi was stripped of office for misconduct. All praised his integrity of purpose. He successively presided over the Fujian and Yunnan provincial examinations, was promoted to Chancellor of the National University, and served as a lecturer at the classics colloquium. In Guangxu 17, as Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent he was appointed Vice Director of the Fengtian Prefecture and concurrently Educational Commissioner. The gentry and people of Fengtian were plain and simple; wherever his inspection tour went he vigorously encouraged them, and scholarly custom flourished. He was promoted to Grand Secretary with academic rank, appointed Educational Commissioner of Shuntian, and elevated to Vice President of the Ministry of Personnel. In the twenty-sixth year, when the Tongzhou examinations were finished and he returned to the capital, the two palaces fled west; officials fled or hid; Yinglin alone guarded the educational commissioner's seal awaiting his successor. The following year he was summoned to the temporary court and, responding to an edict, memorialized urging that thrift be vigorously upheld. When the imperial carriage returned, reform was debated; Yinglin argued that ancestral institutions could be rectified but must not be rashly overturned. In the twenty-ninth year he served as Associate Chief Examiner for the metropolitan examination, using the Henan examination grounds and changing the test to policy essays and classical exposition. Yinglin examined strictly and selected many men of solid learning. When the official system was reformed, Yinglin moved from Vice President to Vice Commandant; from this began the appointment of Han officials to Banner posts. Soon he was promoted to Commandant. In the thirty-fourth year he was appointed Censor-in-Chief. When constitutional government was debated and gentry and commoners were permitted to submit memorials, Yinglin always examined them carefully and conveyed them on their behalf. When Censor Jiang Chunlin directly impeached imperial kin and was sent back to his original post, Yinglin led the entire Censorate in a joint memorial to retain him.

宣統改元，攝政監國，复舉輪講之典。英麟撰資治通鑑講章以進，皆發明精義，比附近情，冀以誠意相感動，章上，但循故事留覽而已。三年，武昌變起，內閣改制，飭都察院及凡有言責者皆停奏事，英麟嘆息以為奇變。遜位詔下，遂乞罷歸。德宗永遠奉安，猶奔赴崇陵謁送。重宴瓊林，加太子太保。乙丑冬，卒，年八十有八。

When Xuantong began his reign the regent supervised the state and again instituted the rotating lecture rite. Yinglin composed lecture chapters on the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government and submitted them, all elucidating refined meanings and drawing parallels close to human affairs, hoping to move others through sincerity; when the chapters were received, they were only retained for review according to routine. In the third year the Wuchang uprising erupted; the Grand Secretariat was reorganized and the Censorate and all who bore duty to speak were ordered to cease submitting memorials; Yinglin sighed, taking this as an extraordinary transformation. When the abdication edict was issued he requested to resign and return home. When Emperor Dezong was permanently laid to rest, he still hurried to the Chong Mausoleum to pay his respects at the farewell. At the repeat Qionglin banquet he was made Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the winter of the yichou year he died, aged eighty-eight.

張仁黼，字劭予，河南固始人。光緒二年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，入直上書房。出督湖北學政，以硃子小學、近思錄訓士。累遷洗馬，充日講起居注官，補侍講。二十年，日本釁起，樞臣被劾。乃與李文田等請起用恭親王奕訢，稱旨。遷鴻臚寺卿，典試四川。除奉天府府丞，父憂，未之官。

Zhang Renfu, courtesy name Shaoyu, was a native of Gushi in Henan. In Guangxu 2 he passed the jinshi examination, was selected a Hanlin Bachelor, was appointed Compiler, and joined the Upper Study. He served as Educational Commissioner of Hubei and instructed scholars with Zhu Xi's Elementary Learning and the Reflections on Things at Hand. He was successively promoted to Keeper of the Stud, served as Lecturer and Diarist of Imperial Activity, and was appointed Lecturer. In the twentieth year the Japanese crisis erupted and Grand Council ministers were impeached. He then joined Li Wentian and others in asking to recall Prince Gong Yixin; the request pleased the throne. He was transferred to President of the Court of State Ceremonial and presided over the Sichuan examination. He was appointed Vice Director of the Fengtian Prefecture; on his father's death he did not take up the post.

二十六年，拳亂作，奉命在籍治團練。服闋，赴行在。時財匱，議加丁口稅。仁黼謂：「今日國勢極危，而人心未去者，良由世祖除明季三餉；聖祖詔丁口以五十年為率，嗣後滋生永不加賦：深仁厚澤，民不能忘。今議加丁稅，違祖制，拂民情，必不可。」事遂寢。還京，擢順天府府尹。再遷兵部侍郎，典試江西，歷學部、法部。

In the twenty-sixth year the Boxer uprising erupted; he was ordered to organize militia training in his home district. When mourning ended he went to the temporary court. At the time the treasury was depleted and the court debated adding a poll tax. Renfu said, "Today the state's situation is extremely perilous, yet the people's hearts have not departed—this is truly because the Shunzhi Emperor abolished the Ming dynasty's three levies; the Kangxi Emperor decreed that poll registers be fixed at the fiftieth year and that thereafter new births would never be taxed—such deep benevolence the people cannot forget. To add a poll tax now would violate ancestral institutions and go against popular feeling—it absolutely cannot be done. The proposal was shelved. On returning to the capital he was promoted to Metropolitan Magistrate of Shuntian. He was again transferred to Vice President of the Ministry of War, presided over the Jiangxi examination, and served in the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Justice.

三十三年，補大理院正卿，奏請敕部院大臣會訂法律，略言：「法律主要在乎組織立法機關，而所以成之者有三，曰：定法律宗旨，辨法律性質，編法律成典。中國數千年來，禮陶樂淑，人人皆知尊君親上。此乃國粹所在，必宜保存，用各國之法以補其不足。尤須造就法律人才，治法治人，相因為用，然後可收實效。」又言：「立法之要，規模不可不閎，推行必宜有漸。否則未當於人心而貿然以試，誠恐外國屬人主義勢力日益擴張，而吾國屬地主義處理愈形棼糾。有司奉行不善，反使外人得以藉口，為患甚大。」疏入，多議行。俄授吏部侍郎，充經筵講官。三十四年，丁母憂。未幾，卒。

In the thirty-third year he was appointed President of the Court of Judicial Review and memorialized asking that ministers of the ministries and courts jointly revise the laws, writing in brief: "The main point of law lies in organizing a legislative body; to accomplish this there are three things: defining the purpose of law, distinguishing the nature of law, and compiling law into a code. For thousands of years in China, ritual has molded character and music has refined conduct; everyone knows to honor the ruler and revere superiors. This is the national essence and must be preserved, using foreign laws to supplement what is lacking. Especially one must train legal talent; governing law and governing people must reinforce each other—only then can real results be obtained. He also said, "The key to legislation is that the scope must be broad, yet implementation must proceed gradually. Otherwise, if it does not accord with popular feeling yet is rashly tried, I truly fear that foreign personal jurisdiction will daily expand while our territorial jurisdiction grows ever more tangled. If local officials carry it out poorly, foreigners will instead have a pretext—this would be a grave harm. When the memorial was received, most of its proposals were adopted. Soon he was appointed Vice President of the Ministry of Personnel and served as a lecturer at the classics colloquium. In the thirty-fourth year he mourned his mother's death. Before long he died.

仁黼內行修，不自標異。嘗被命治河，卻例饋節省金，同官懼，謂將興大獄。仁黼忽索取金，眾始安，然頗怪其失操。已而河南巡撫上言紳士助學校金，不受獎敘，數與之同。朝士益服其清不絕物雲。

Renfu's private conduct was cultivated; he did not set himself apart. He was once ordered to manage river works and refused the customary gift of surplus funds; colleagues were afraid a major prosecution would follow. Renfu suddenly demanded the funds; his colleagues were reassured, yet many wondered at his lapse in integrity. Before long the Henan governor reported that gentry had contributed school funds; Renfu had not accepted reward or promotion, and the amount matched the funds he had taken. Court officials increasingly admired his integrity, which did not cut him off from practical affairs.

張亨嘉，字燮鈞，福建侯官人。光緒九年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。十四年，視學湖南，念儒官為士模範，不激濁揚清，曷以勵風教？疏薦文行交修者數人，士習為一變。二十三年，入直南書房。越二年，除司業，頻轉太常寺少卿。一歲五遷，殊數也。

Zhang Hengjia, courtesy name Xiejun, was a native of Houguan in Fujian. In Guangxu 9 he passed the jinshi examination, was selected a Hanlin Bachelor, and was appointed Compiler. In the fourteenth year he inspected education in Hunan, reflecting that Confucian officials are models for scholars—if one does not stir the muddy and lift the clear, how can custom and teaching be encouraged? He memorialized recommending several men of cultivated literary conduct, and scholarly custom was transformed. In the twenty-third year he joined the Southern Study. Two years later he was appointed Vice Director of Education and was frequently transferred to Vice President of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Five promotions in one year was an extraordinary distinction.

二十六年夏，親貴大臣信拳民有神術能攘外，飾詞入告，上疑之，命亨嘉察視。亨嘉知其不可恃，條上弭釁機宜甚悉，疏甫入而亂作。西狩還，獨先賜用，徙大理寺卿。明年，出督浙江學政，頗採西國政教命題試士，多得通材。尚書張百熙、榮慶既為學務大臣，別置大學總監督，亨嘉遂被命任校事，仍不離內廷職。大學中更寇亂，肄業生不盈百，乃闢學舍，廣集高材生。類別學科，禮聘儒宿及東西邦學人專門教授。書籍儀器，粲然具備。兼攝進士館監督，進士習法政自此始。歷光祿寺卿、左副都御史、兵部侍郎。逾歲，疏辭校職，轉禮部侍郎，充經筵講官。

In the summer of the twenty-sixth year, imperial kin and senior ministers believed the Boxers had divine arts that could repel foreigners; they embellished their reports; the emperor was doubtful and ordered Hengjia to investigate. Hengjia knew they could not be relied on and listed measures to quell the crisis in great detail; his memorial had just been received when disorder erupted. After the flight west and return, he alone was first recalled to service and was transferred to President of the Court of Judicial Review. The following year he served as Educational Commissioner of Zhejiang; he often set examination topics from Western politics and education and selected many broadly capable men. After Ministers Zhang Baixi and Rongqing became Ministers of Education, a separate post of University Superintendent was created; Hengjia was then ordered to manage university affairs while retaining his inner-court duties. The university had again suffered from turmoil; enrolled students numbered fewer than a hundred; he opened dormitories and broadly gathered talented students. He classified disciplines and ceremonially engaged veteran Confucians and scholars from East and West for specialized instruction. Books and instruments were abundantly provided. He concurrently served as Superintendent of the Jinshi Hall; jinshi study of law and administration began from this point. He served as Vice President of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, Left Vice Censor-in-Chief, and Vice President of the Ministry of War. After a year he memorialized to resign his university post, was transferred to Vice President of the Ministry of Rites, and served as a lecturer at the classics colloquium.

亨嘉為人敦實，嗜古精鑑賞。事母孝，母黃氏，壽百歲，同列奏庥瑞。中興後命婦享高耄者，與詹事袁葆恆祖母郭氏二人而已。上聞之嘆異，加恩賜予。三十四年，遭喪去，終服，仍入直。宣統二年，卒，賜祭葬，諡文厚。

Hengjia was solid and sincere in character, fond of antiquity and skilled in connoisseurship. He was filial to his mother; his mother, née Huang, lived to a hundred; colleagues memorialized this as a blessing and auspicious sign. After the restoration, only two titled ladies enjoyed such extreme longevity—Hengjia's mother and the grandmother Guo of Grand Mentor Yuan Baoheng. When the emperor heard of it he marveled and granted additional favors. In the thirty-fourth year he left on bereavement; when mourning ended he again entered palace service. In Xuantong 2 he died; sacrificial burial was granted, and he was given the posthumous name Wenhou (Generous in Culture).

論曰：同、光典學內直諸臣，每兼授讀，體制較隆；而文學侍從，亦多選績學，時備顧問，稱榮幸焉。祖廕好賢勤事，文田學識淹雅，同以通博稱。詒經重實學，同善崇聖德，家驤盡心誨納，英麟早勵風節，並無愧師儒。仁黼、亨嘉尤惓惓於明法修學，後先相望，其風采皆隱然可見焉。

The appraisal says: During the Tongzhi and Guangxu reigns, the scholars in inner palace service who presided over classical learning often concurrently served as imperial tutors—the institution was comparatively elevated; and among the literary attendants, many men of solid learning were selected, at times serving as advisers—a distinction regarded as an honor. Zuyin loved worthies and was diligent in affairs; Wentian's learning was broad and elegant; both were famed for comprehensive erudition. Yijing valued practical learning; Tongshan revered sacred virtue; Jiaxiang devoted himself to instruction and counsel; Yinglin early cultivated integrity of conduct—all were worthy teachers of scholars. Renfu and Hengjia were especially earnest in clarifying law and cultivating learning; succeeding one another in office, their bearing can still be dimly discerned.

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