1
馮子材，字翠亭，廣東欽州人。 初從向榮討粵寇，補千總。 平博白，賜號色爾固楞巴圖魯。 改隸張國樑麾下，從克鎮江、丹陽，嘗一日夷寇壘七十餘。 國樑拊其背曰：「子勇，餘愧弗如！」 積勳至副將。 國樑歿，代領其眾。 取溧水，擢總兵。
Feng Zicai, courtesy name Cuiting, came from Qinzhou in Guangdong. He first served under Xiang Rong against the Cantonese rebels and received appointment as a company commander. After the pacification of Bobai, he was awarded the Manchu heroic title Se'erguleng Batulu. Reassigned to Zhang Guoliang's command, he helped take Zhenjiang and Danyang and once in a single day leveled more than seventy rebel forts. Zhang Guoliang slapped his back and said, "Son, you are valiant—I cannot match you!" By accumulated merit he advanced to vice commander. After Guoliang died, he succeeded to command of his troops. He took Lishui and was promoted to regional commander.
2
同治初，將三千人守鎮江。 時江北諸將多自置卡榷釐稅，子材曰：「此何與武人事？」 請曾國籓遣官司之。 所部可二萬，餉恆詘，無怨言。 蒞鎮六載，待士有紀綱，士亦樂為所用。 寇攻百餘次，卒堅不可拔。 事寧，擢廣西提督，賞黃馬褂，予世職。 赴粵平羅肅，移師討黔苗，克全茗、感墟。 九年，出鎮南關，攻克安邊、河陽，凱旋，再予世職。 光緒改元，赴貴州提督任。 七年，還廣西。 明年，稱疾歸。
Early in the Tongzhi era he garrisoned Zhenjiang with three thousand men. Many Yangtze-north commanders then ran private toll stations and levies. Feng said, "What business is that of soldiers?" He asked Zeng Guofan to send civil officials to take charge of them. His force numbered some twenty thousand; rations were chronically short, yet no one grumbled. For six years at the post he kept strict order among his men, and they were glad to follow him. Rebels assaulted the place over a hundred times, yet it held and could not be stormed. After peace returned he was made military governor of Guangxi, given a yellow riding jacket, and granted a hereditary rank. He went to Guangdong to suppress Luo Su, then marched against the Guizhou Miao and took Quanming and Ganxu. In the ninth year he advanced from Zhennan Pass, took Anbian and Heyang, returned victorious, and received a second hereditary grant. At the start of the Guangxu reign he assumed the Guizhou governorship. In the seventh year he returned to Guangxi. The following year he retired on grounds of illness.
3
越二年，法越事作，張樹聲蘄其治團練，遣使往趣駕。 比至，子材方短衣赤足、攜童叱犢歸，啟來意，卻之。 已，聞樹聲賢，詣廣州。 適張之洞至，禮事之，請總前敵師幹衛粵、桂。 逾歲，朝命佐廣西邊外軍事。 其時蘇元春為督辦，子材以其新進出己右，恆悒悒。 聞諒山警，亟赴鎮南關，而法軍已焚關退。 龍州危棘，子材以關前隘跨東西兩嶺，備險奧，乃令築長牆，萃所部扼守，遣王孝祺勤軍軍其後為犄角。 敵聲某日攻關，子材逆料其先期至，乃決先發製敵。 潘鼎新止之，群議亦不欲戰。 子材力爭，親率勤軍襲文淵，於是三至關外矣。 宵薄敵壘，斬虜多。
Two years on, as the Franco-Vietnamese crisis broke out, Zhang Shusheng asked him to organize militia and sent a messenger to summon him. When the messenger arrived, Feng was coming home barefoot in a short coat, driving cattle with a boy; hearing the errand, he refused. Later, learning that Shusheng was a man of merit, he went to Guangzhou. Zhang Zhidong had just arrived, honored him, and asked him to take overall charge of the forward staff defending Guangdong and Guangxi. A year later the court ordered him to assist in Guangxi border warfare. Su Yuanchun then held the superintendency; Feng, resenting that the newcomer outranked him, was often ill at ease. On news of danger at Lang Son he rushed to Zhennan Pass, only to find the French had burned the pass and pulled back. With Longzhou threatened, Feng saw the pass before the gate spanning two ridges with formidable ground; he had a long wall built, massed his troops to hold it, and posted Wang Xiaoqi's Qin Army in the rear as a reserve wing. The enemy said they would assault the pass on a set day; Feng expected them early and decided to strike first. Pan Dingxin restrained him, and the council likewise opposed battle. Feng insisted, led the Qin Army himself to raid Van Tien, and for the third time stood outside the pass. By night they closed on the enemy camps and killed many.
4
法悉眾分三路入，子材語將士曰：「法軍再入關，何顏見粵民？ 必死拒之！」 士氣皆奮。 法軍攻長牆亟，次黑兵，次教匪，砲聲震山谷，槍彈積陣前厚寸許。 與諸軍痛擊，敵稍卻。 越日復湧至，子材居中，元春為承，孝祺將右，陳嘉、蔣宗漢將左。 子材指麾諸將使屹立，遇退後者刃之。 自開壁持矛大呼，率二子相榮、相華躍出搏戰。 諸軍以子材年七十，奮身陷陣，皆感奮，殊死鬥。 關外游勇客民亦助戰，斬法將數十人，追至關外二十里而還。 越二日，克文淵，被賞賚。 連复諒城、長慶，擒斬三畫、五畫兵總各一，乘勝規拉木，悉返侵地。
The French brought their full strength in three columns; Feng told his troops, "If the French enter the pass again, what face have we to show the people of Guangdong? We must die holding them!" Every man's spirit rose. The French hammered the long wall; African troops followed, then Catholic auxiliaries; guns shook the hills and spent balls heaped a finger deep before the line. With the allied forces they struck hard and the enemy gave ground. Next day they surged forward again; Feng held the center, Yuanchun the reserve, Xiaoqi the right, Chen Jia and Jiang Zonghan the left. Feng ordered the generals to hold their ground and killed any who retreated. He opened the breastwork, spear raised, shouting, and led his sons Xiangrong and Xianghua leaping out to fight hand to hand. Seeing Feng at seventy charge into the fray, every unit was stirred to fight to the death. Irregulars and settlers outside the pass joined in; dozens of French officers were cut down, and the pursuit ran twenty li beyond the pass before they turned back. Two days on they took Van Tien and received imperial rewards. They retook Lang Son and Changqing, killed one three-stripe and one five-stripe company commander each, pressed toward Lam, and recovered all occupied ground.
5
越民苦法虐久，聞馮軍至，皆來迎，爭相犒問，子材招慰安集之，定剿盪北圻策。 越人爭立團，樹馮軍幟，願供糧運作鄉導。 北寧、河內、海陽、太原競響，子材亦毅然自任。 於是率全軍攻郎甲，分兵襲北寧，而罷戰詔下，子材憤，請戰，不報，乃挈軍還。 去之日，越人啼泣遮道，子材亦揮涕不能已。 入關至龍州，軍民拜迎者三十里。 命督辦欽、廉防務，會辦廣西軍務，晉太子少保，改三等輕車都尉。
The Vietnamese, long abused by the French, came out to welcome Feng's army with gifts; he reassured them and laid plans to sweep northern Tonkin. They formed militia bands under Feng's banners and offered grain and guides. Bac Ninh, Hanoi, Hai Duong, and Thai Nguyen rose in turn, and Feng boldly accepted the task. He then attacked Lang Giá with the main force and sent a column against Bac Ninh; but the ceasefire arrived. Enraged, he asked to fight on, got no answer, and withdrew. As he left, Vietnamese wept and blocked the road; Feng too wept and could not compose himself. Back inside the pass at Longzhou, troops and people welcomed him for thirty li. He was appointed to superintend Qin and Lian defenses and assist Guangxi military affairs, promoted to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and given third-class Commandant of Light Chariots.
6
十三年，討平瓊州黎匪，降敕褒嘉。 調雲南提督，稱疾暫留。 二十年，加尚書銜。 值中日失和，命募舊部至江南待調發。 和議成，還防。 二十二年，赴本官。 二十六年，入省籌防，會拳亂作，請募勁旅入衛，上嘉其忠勇，止之。 逾歲，調貴州。 二十八年，病免。 明年，廣西土寇蜂起，岑春煊請其出治團防。 方募練成軍，率二子以進，而遘疾困篤。 未幾，卒，年八十六，諡勇毅，予建祠。
In the thirteenth year he suppressed the Qiongzhou Li bandits and received an imperial commendation. Transferred to Yunnan governor, he pleaded illness and stayed on temporarily. In the twentieth year he received ministerial rank. When war with Japan broke out, he was told to raise his old units to the lower Yangtze for assignment. After peace he returned to his post. In the twenty-second year he took up his regular appointment. In the twenty-sixth year he came in to plan defense; when the Boxers rose he asked to bring picked troops to guard the capital—the throne praised his loyalty but forbade it. A year later he was transferred to Guizhou. In the twenty-eighth year illness ended his service. Next year Guangxi bandits swarmed; Cen Chunxuan asked him to organize local defense again. He had just drilled a force and was marching with his two sons when a severe illness seized him. Soon after he died, aged eighty-six, posthumous name Yongyi, with permission to build a memorial temple.
7
子材軀幹不逾中人，而硃顏鶴髮，健捷雖少壯弗如。 生平不解作欺人語，發餉躬自監視，偶稍短，即罪司軍糈者。 治軍四十餘年，寒素如故。 言及國樑，輒涔涔淚下，人皆稱為良將雲。
Feng was no taller than average, yet ruddy-faced and white-haired, and swifter than men half his age. He never lied; he watched pay issues himself and punished the ration officer for the slightest shortfall. After forty years of command he lived as plainly as ever. Speaking of Guoliang always brought tears; all agreed he was a true general.
8
王孝祺，本名得勝，安徽合肥人。 初入淮軍，以敢戰名。 從李鴻章規三吳，積勳至守備。 又從張樹聲克常、昭諸城，釋平湖圍，歷遷副將。 論克宜、荊、溧、嘉、常功，擢總兵，賜號壯勇巴圖魯。 從援浙，連下湖州、長興。 是時，樹聲弟樹珊攻湖北德安陣亡，坐失主將，貶秩。 戰敗東捻，復故官。 西捻平，晉提督，更勇號為博奇。 旋赴山西防河，大搜馬賊。 值晉飢，斥家財以濟，民德之，賊所竄匿，輒先诇以告。 事寧，賜頭品秩。 光緒六年，聲督督兩廣，奏自隨。 歷署潮州、碣石總兵。 九年，徙右江鎮，主欽、廉防務。
Wang Xiaoqi, born Desheng, came from Hefei in Anhui. He joined the Huai Army early and won fame for bold fighting. Serving Li Hongzhang in recovering the lower Yangtze, he rose by merit to garrison commander. Under Zhang Shusheng he took Chang and Zhao cities, raised the siege of Pinghu, and advanced to vice commander. For capturing Yi, Jing, Li, Jia, and Chang he became regional commander and received the title Zhuangyong Batulu. Sent to aid Zhejiang, he took Huzhou and Changxing in turn. Then Shusheng's brother Shushan fell attacking De'an in Hubei; Wang was demoted for the loss of the chief commander. Beating the eastern Nian restored his rank. After the western Nian were crushed he became military governor and his heroic title became Boqi. He then went to Shanxi to guard the Yellow River and hunted mounted bandits on a large scale. During Shanxi famine he spent his own wealth on relief; grateful people tipped him off wherever bandits hid. After peace he received the first-rank cap button. In Guangxu year six, when Shusheng became governor-general of the two Guangs, he brought Xiaoqi with him. He acted as regional commander at Chaozhou and Jieshi in turn. In the ninth year he was posted to Youjiang and took Qin-Lian defense.
9
明年，潘鼎新來乞師，領勤軍赴龍州，而鼎新已遁，乃從子材詣鎮南關截潰勇。 宵襲文淵，入街心，馬踣，亟易騎，率死士繞山後，攀崖上，破二壘。 俄而法軍分路入，直攻關前隘，復自後路仰擊，敵稍卻。 李秉衡集諸將舉前敵主帥，孝祺曰：「今無論湘、粵、淮軍，宜並受馮公節度。」 秉衡稱善。 右路者西嶺也，其部將潘瀛袒臂裸體，衝入敵陣，故傷亡獨多。 至日暮，孝祺擊敗之，奪三壘而還。 攻諒城，瀛執幟先登，並力克之，城复。 取太原，予世職。 明年，授北海鎮總兵。 二十年，賞雙眼花翎。 逾歲，謝病歸。 越四年卒，卹如製。
Next year Pan Dingxin begged for troops; he led the Qin Army to Longzhou, found Pan had fled, and joined Feng at Zhennan Pass to rally the routed. By night he raided Van Tien to the town center; when his horse fell he remounted, led picked men over the hills, scaled the cliffs, and took two forts. The French then came in columns straight at the pass while he hit them from the rear up the slope and drove them back. Li Bingheng asked the generals to name a front commander; Xiaoqi said, "Hunan, Guangdong, or Huai—everyone should answer to General Feng." Bingheng agreed. The right was the western ridge; his officer Pan Ying charged bare-chested into the enemy, so losses there were heaviest. By dusk Xiaoqi had beaten them and retook three forts. At Lang Son, Ying took the colors and scaled the wall first; together they retook the city. He took Thai Nguyen and received a hereditary rank. Next year he was made regional commander of Beihai. In the twentieth year he received double peacock feathers. A year later he retired ill. Four years on he died; mourning honors followed statute.
10
陳嘉，字慶餘，籍廣西荔浦。 從蘇元春徵黔苗，累勳至副將，賜號訥思欽巴圖魯。 平六硐，擢總兵，調赴湖南守寶慶。 鼎新撫廣東，嘉引兵從。 抵思恩，值土寇嘯亂，計擒其魁莫思弼，誅之。
Chen Jia, courtesy name Qingyu, was registered at Lipu in Guangxi. Under Su Yuanchun against the Guizhou Miao he rose to vice commander and received the title Nesiqin Batulu. After the six caves were pacified he became regional commander and was sent to guard Baoqing in Hunan. When Pan Dingxin governed Guangdong, Chen brought his troops to follow. Reaching Si'en amid bandit unrest, he seized their chief Mo Sibbi and executed him.
11
法越之役，率鎮南軍出關扼谷松。 敵至，砲甚猛，退頓堅老，已而戰船頭、陸岸，皆捷。 法軍據紙作社，師設伏誘之，嘉出挑戰，敵悉眾迎拒，戰方酣，元春隱兵起，斬法將四人、兵二百八十餘。 捷入，賞黃馬褂，授貴州安義鎮總兵。 未幾，法軍大舉寇堅老，鏖戰數晝夜，被重創僕地，左右掖之去，既覺，麾刀叱退，仍奮擊敗之。 逾歲，法軍薄長牆。 左路即東嶺，嘉爭其三壘，宗漢繼之，七上七下，嘉被創者四，氣不少沮。 孝祺自西來援，合擊之，遂奪還。 以次復文淵、諒山，進規谷松，力疾赴前敵，詔嘉之，賜頭品秩，予世職。 創發，卒於軍，年未五十，諡勇烈。
In the Sino-French War he led the Zhennan army out to block Gusong. The enemy came with heavy fire; he fell back to Jianlao, then won at ship-head and on the shore. At Paper-Making Society the French were lured into an ambush: Chen challenged, they met with full force, and as fighting peaked Su's hidden troops cut down four French officers and over 280 men. Victory brought a yellow riding jacket and appointment as Anyi regional commander in Guizhou. The French then stormed Jianlao; after days of battle he fell badly wounded, was carried off, woke, drove his men back with his sword, and still beat the enemy. A year on the French pressed the long wall. On the eastern ridge Jia fought seven assaults for three forts, Jiang followed, and Chen took four wounds without faltering. Wang came from the west; together they retook the forts. They retook Van Tien and Lang Son and moved on Gusong; Chen dragged himself to the front, won praise, the first-rank button, and a hereditary rank. His wounds reopened; he died in camp before fifty, posthumous name Yonglie.
12
蔣宗漢，籍雲南鶴麗。 同治初，回寇入境，方居憂，其酋馬金寶逼令受先鋒印，佯以終制辭。 潛歸里，至江乾，無舟可濟，追騎將及，仰天祝曰：「苟得留身報國，當建此橋！」 果得浮槎以免。 既貴，成金龍橋，亙數百丈，行旅至今賴之。 初隸楊玉科麾下，每戰輒為先鋒。 從攻豬供箐，其下有吳家屯，為寇儲糧地，備奧阻。 宗漢間道得大溜口，率死士百，縋幽鑿險，忍飢抵壁下，置藥桶，設伏線，潛出約師，火發，大敗之，繇是知名。 又從玉科迭下各郡邑，積勳至副將，賜號著勇巴圖魯。 戰小圍埂，勒馬挺矛，當者輒靡。 岑毓英見而歎曰：「真虎將也！」 大理平，擢提督，賞黃馬褂。 攻錫臘、順寧，皆先據要險，設伏敗敵。 人皆謂其善謀雲。 事寧，更勇號圖桑阿。 克雲州，署騰越鎮總兵。 攻克烏索，授順雲協副將。
Jiang Zonghan was registered at Heli in Yunnan. Early in Tongzhi, while in mourning, Hui chief Ma Jinbao forced a vanguard seal on him; he feigned refusal on mourning grounds. Fleeing home he reached the river with no boat and pursuers near; he prayed, "If I live to serve the state, I will build this bridge!" A raft appeared and he escaped. Once eminent he built Jinlong Bridge, hundreds of zhang long, still used by travelers. He first served Yang Yuke and always led the van. Below Zhugongqing lay Wujiatun, the rebels' grain depot, strongly held. He found a ravine path, led a hundred men down cliffs, laid powder and fuse lines, coordinated with the main force, and won a crushing victory that made his name. Under Yuke he took city after city, rose to vice commander, and received Zhuoyong Batulu. At Xiaoweigeng he charged with levelled spear and swept all before him. Cen Yuying watched and exclaimed, "A true tiger general!" After Dali fell he became military governor and received a yellow riding jacket. At Xila and Shunning he seized key ground and ambushed the enemy. All agreed he was a master of stratagem. After peace his heroic title became Tusang'a. He took Yunzhou and acted as Tengyue regional commander. He took Wusuo and became Shunyun assistant regional commander.
13
光緒改元，英繙譯官馬嘉理入滇邊，抵戶宋河遇害，坐疏防，鐫秩付鞫。 明年，复騰越，起副將。 五年，靖遠平，復故官。 法越之役，率廣武軍出關，功與嘉埒。 和議成，賜頭品秩，除貴州遵義鎮總兵。 二十年，賞雙眼花翎。 二十六年，署提督，調雲南。 越二年，還貴州，予實授。 明年，卒，予建祠。
At Guangxu's start British interpreter Margary was killed on the Yunnan border; Jiang was demoted and tried for lax defense. Next year, with Tengyue recovered, he was restored as vice commander. In the fifth year, after Jingyuan was pacified, he regained his rank. In the Sino-French War he led the Guangwu army out; his deeds matched Chen Jia's. After peace he received the first-rank button and became Zunyi regional commander in Guizhou. In the twentieth year he received double peacock feathers. In the twenty-sixth year he acted as governor and moved to Yunnan. Two years on he returned to Guizhou with full appointment. Next year he died; a memorial temple was authorized.
14
蘇元春，字子熙，廣西永安人。 父德保，以廩生治鄉團，禦寇被害，州人建祠祀之。 元春誓復仇，從湘軍。 同治初，隨席寶田援贛、皖、粵，累功至參將，假歸。 六年，領中軍徵黔苗，破荊竹園，賜號健勇巴圖魯。 連克要隘，更號銳勇。 八年，統右路軍，值思州苗犯鎮遠，复擊卻之，進復清江，擢總兵。 黃飄之役，黃潤昌戰死，元春馳救，亦敗退，幹吏議。 克施秉，復故官。 九年，攻施洞，拔九股河，又改法什尚阿勇號。 薄台拱，苗遁走，晉提督。 明年，复丹江、凱里，軍威益振，賞黃馬褂。 以次下黃飄、白堡，驛道始通。 逾歲，循清水而南，所至輒靡，惟烏鴉坡猶負固。 復自東南破張秀眉砦。 殘苗將北走，黔軍遏之河干。 元春麾軍馳之，截寇為二，斬數千級，降三萬餘人，苗砦悉平。 元春留頓其地，撫降眾。 論功，予雲騎尉。 全黔底定，賜頭品秩。 光緒初，平六硐及江華瑤，被賞賚。
Su Yuanchun, courtesy name Zixi, came from Yong'an in Guangxi. His father Debao, a licentiate who led local militia, died fighting bandits; the district built him a temple. Yuanchun vowed revenge and entered the Hunan Army. Early in Tongzhi he campaigned in Jiangxi, Anhui, and Guangdong under Xi Baotian, rose to regimental commander, and went home on leave. In the sixth year he led the center column against Guizhou Miao, took Jingzhuyuan, and received Jianyong Batulu. He took pass after pass and his title became Ruiyong. In the eighth year he commanded the right wing, repelled Sinan Miao at Zhenyuan, recovered Qingjiang, and became regional commander. At Huangpiao Huang Runchang fell; Su rushed to help but was beaten back and faced censure. He took Shibing and regained his rank. In the ninth year he attacked Shidong, took Jiugu River, and received the title Fashishang'a. Pressing Taigong he drove the Miao off and became military governor. Next year he retook Danjiang and Kaili, his fame grew, and he received a yellow riding jacket. He then took Huangpiao and Baibao and reopened the courier route. A year later he marched south along the Qingshui; all yielded except Wuya Po. From the southeast he stormed Zhang Xiumei's fort. Remnant Miao fled north but Guizhou troops barred the river. Su raced up, split the enemy, killed thousands, accepted thirty thousand surrenders, and pacified every Miao fort. He stayed to settle the surrendered. For merit he received Cloud Cavalry Captain. When Guizhou was fully pacified he received the first-rank button. Early in Guangxu he pacified the six caves and Jianghua Yao and was rewarded.
15
十年，和議中變，法人大舉攻桂軍。 潘鼎新薦其才，詔署提督。 遂率毅新軍駐谷松，取陸岸，鏖戰五晝夜。 上嘉其勇，命佐鼎新軍，再予騎都尉。 規紙作社，敵緣江築壘，夜將半，師設伏誘之，其左樹木幽深，元春隱兵其中，敵至，於是夾擊，大破虜。 既而法人犯谷松，師連戰失利。 敵毀鎮南關，元春出隴窯御之，不克，退幕府。 當是時，自南寧至桂林，居民大震。 鼎新罷免，遂命主廣西軍事。 十一年，法人寇西路，元春趨艽封截之，乃引去。 俄攻關前隘，失三壘，元春亟馳救。 詰朝，助子材扼中路，大捷，語具子材傳。 長驅文淵，元春踵至，诇知敵據驅驢墟，乘其未整列逐之，敵奪門走，進扼觀音橋，而停戰詔下，諸軍分頓關內，元春駐憑祥，居中調度。 和議成，授提督，晉三等輕車都尉，又改額爾德蒙額勇號。
In the tenth year peace collapsed and the French struck the Guangxi army hard. Pan Dingxin praised him and the court named him acting military governor. He led the Yixin army to Gusong, took the shore, and fought five days and nights. The throne praised his valor, attached him to Pan's command, and again granted Cavalry Commandant. At Paper-Making Society the French built river forts; near midnight an ambush lured them—Su hid in the woods left of the line and crushed them in a pincer. Then the French hit Gusong and the army lost battle after battle. They burned Zhennan Pass; Su met them at Longyao, failed, and fell back to headquarters. From Nanning to Guilin the people were terrified. Pan was removed and Su took chief command in Guangxi. In the eleventh year the French raided the west; Su rushed to Qiongfeng and they withdrew. They then took three forts at the pass; Su raced to save it. At dawn he held the center with Feng and won greatly—as told in Feng's biography. He pressed to Van Tien, caught the French at Qulüxu before they formed, drove them out, held Guanyin Bridge—then ceasefire came; armies withdrew and Su directed from Pingxiang. After peace he became governor, third-class Commandant of Light Chariots, with title E'erdemeng'e Yong.
16
還龍州，其南曰連城，號天險，建行台其上，暇輒取健兒練校之，授以兵法。 西四十里即關，崇山相崟，一道中達。 元春相形勝，築砲台百三十所，囑統將馬盛治鎮之。 鑿險徑，闢市場，民、僮懽忭。 復自關外達龍州，創建鐵路百餘裡，增兵勇，設製造局，屹然為西南重鎮。 加太子少保，晉二等輕車都尉。 二十五年，入覲，命赴廣州灣劃界。
Back at Longzhou he built headquarters on natural fortress Liancheng and drilled picked men in tactics. Forty li west lay the pass, mountains towering on either side with one road through. He built 130 gun platforms and left Ma Shengzhi to command them. He cut cliff paths and opened markets; Han and Zhuang were delighted. He linked the pass to Longzhou with over a hundred li of road, added troops and an arsenal, and made a southwest stronghold. He was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and second-class Commandant of Light Chariots. In the twenty-fifth year he was summoned to court and sent to delimit Guangzhou Bay.
17
前後鎮邊凡十九年，閱時久，師律漸弛，兵與盜合而為一，蔓滋廣。 朝命岑春煊督兩粵治之，御史周樹模劾元春演餉縱寇，敕春煊按覆。 春煊謂不斬元春無以嚴戎備，詔奪職逮訊。 初，湘軍舊制，軍餉月資衣食外，餘存主將所備緩急，歲餘乃給之，名曰「存餉」。 元春蒞邊，凡所設施，不足，移十二萬濟之。 刑部擬以斬監候，獄急，元春請以應領公款十六萬備抵償。 於是部再疏其狀，謂其父死難，例得減，詔戍新疆。
He guarded the border nineteen years; discipline slackened until troops and bandits became one scourge. Cen Chunxuan was sent to govern the two Guangs; censor Zhou Shumo accused Su of padding pay and tolerating bandits; the throne ordered inquiry. Cen said Su must die to restore discipline; an edict stripped him and ordered arrest. Under Hunan Army custom, after monthly rations the surplus stayed with the commander for emergencies and was paid at year-end as "stored pay." On the frontier his projects ran short and he drew 120,000 taels from stored pay. The Ministry proposed execution after autumn assizes; Su offered 160,000 taels of owed pay to make good the loss. The ministry cited his father's death in service and the throne commuted him to exile in Xinjiang.
18
元春軀幹雄碩，不治生產，然輕財好士，能得人死力。 嘗與法人接，獨持大體。 金龍峒者，安平土州地，為中、越要隘，法將據之，與爭不決。 而游勇萬人恆出沒為法患，法莫能製。 其總督入關來求助，元春悉召至資遣之，金龍七隘卒歸隸。 法商李約德為寇所掠，總署慮啟釁，以屬元春。 元春簡騶從詣山下，寇聞，送之出。 時元春已積逋二十萬，或勸其請諸朝，元春歎曰：「吾任邊事，致外人蹈絕險，尚敢欺朝廷要重利乎？」 卒不可。 法感其義，贈寶星。 既入獄，年已六十矣，無子，幕士董左右之。 法總統聞其狀，急電公使端貴等謀緩頰。 喜，具以告，元春曰：「法，吾仇也。 死則死耳，藉仇以乞生，是重辱也！ 君為我謝之。」 居戍四年，御史李灼華疏其冤，事下張人駿，廉得實，請釋歸，而已卒於迪化。 貧無斂，新疆布政使王樹棻為治其喪。 宣統改元，复官，子承賜，戍所生。
Su was big-framed and careless of wealth, yet generous to warriors and able to command absolute loyalty. In dealing with the French he alone upheld proper statecraft. Jinlongdong in Anping was a Sino-Vietnamese choke point held by the French in unresolved dispute. Ten thousand irregulars harried the French beyond their control. The French governor came for help; Su gathered the irregulars, paid them off, and recovered the seven Jinlong passes. French merchant Li Yuede was robbed; the Foreign Office feared trouble and referred it to Su. Su went to the hills with a small escort; the bandits heard and released the captive. He owed 200,000 taels; some urged a court petition, but he said, "I let foreigners risk their lives on my border—how dare I cheat the throne for profit?" He refused. The French honored his integrity with a decoration. In prison at sixty, childless, staff officer Dong stayed by him. The French president telegraphed Minister Duan Gui to plead for mercy. Dong rejoiced and told him; Su said, "The French are my enemies. Death is death—begging life through an enemy doubles the shame! Please thank them for me." After four years in exile, censor Li Zhuohua pleaded his innocence; Zhang Renjun verified the facts and sought release—but he had already died at Dihua. Too poor for burial, Xinjiang treasurer Wang Shufen arranged his funeral. At Xuantong his rank was restored; son Chengcisi was ennobled, born in exile.
19
馬盛治，字仲平，籍廣西永安。 以孝著。 初隨席寶田徵黔苗，積功至游擊，賜號壯勇巴圖魯。 苗疆平，更勇號哈豐阿，遷副將。 從克六硐，擢總兵。 越事急，遂率師出關。 時宣光、太原、牧馬潰勇索餉譁變，盛治輕騎往撫，汰弱留強，軍紀以肅。 逾歲，法人悉銳至，腹背受敵。 盛治具餱糧，間道繞敵前，與元春諸軍夾擊之，遂復南關。 克文淵、諒山、長慶，頻有功，賞黃馬褂。 光緒十二年，除柳慶鎮總兵，仍統邊軍佐元春，築砲台，設廛市，賞雙眼花翎。 二十一年，會辦中越界務。 連破西林、鬱林諸匪，晉提督。 二十八年，移署左江鎮。 南寧各屬故盜藪，至即麾軍搜剿，寇聞風遁。 遂檄所屬練團築卡，堅壁清野，寇大困。 其酋黃和順等猶負嵎，官軍攻隴賴，遇伏，槍彈雨坌，盛治被重創，眾掖之出，旋卒。
Ma Shengzhi, courtesy name Zhongping, was registered at Yong'an in Guangxi. He was known for filial devotion. He first campaigned under Xi Baotian against Guizhou Miao, rose to mobile corps commander, and received Zhuangyong Batulu. After the Miao frontier was pacified his title became Hafeng'a and he became vice commander. He helped take the six caves and was promoted to regional commander. When the Vietnamese crisis sharpened he marched out beyond the pass. Routed troops at Xuanguang, Thai Nguyen, and Muma mutinied for pay; Ma went lightly to pacify them, kept the strong, and restored discipline. A year on the French came in full strength and he was caught front and rear. Ma supplied rations, outflanked the enemy, pincered with Su's forces, and retook the southern pass. He took Van Tien, Lang Son, and Changqing, won repeated honors, and received a yellow riding jacket. In Guangxu year twelve he became Liuqing regional commander, still aided Su on the frontier, built forts and markets, and received double peacock feathers. In the twenty-first year he assisted in the Sino-Vietnamese boundary. He broke Xilin and Yulin bandits in turn and became military governor. In the twenty-eighth year he acted as Zuojiang commander. Nanning districts were longtime bandit nests; he swept them and bandits fled at his name. He ordered militia checkpoints and cleared the countryside, strangling the bandits. Chief Huang Heshun still held out; at Longlai an ambush gravely wounded Ma; his men carried him out and he soon died.
20
盛治居邊十七年，元春倚如左右手。 元春尚寬，而盛治濟以嚴，邊境賴以寧謐。 卒，年五十八，諡武烈，予思恩、南寧建祠。
Ma served the frontier seventeen years; Su relied on him as on his own hands. Su was lenient; Ma added severity, and the border stayed quiet. He died at fifty-eight, posthumous name Wulie, with temples at Si'en and Nanning.
21
王德榜，字朗青，湖南江華人。 咸豐初，粵寇擾境，與兄吉昌毀家起鄉兵，戰數利。 五年，援江西，攻奉新，吉昌戰死，德榜領其眾，誓復仇。 七年，論克瑞州功，敘經歷、州同。 明年，從將軍福興援浙，复衢、處各城，擢知州。 又明年，從援安徽，克婺源，遷直隸州知州，援例加道員。 其夏，殲賊浮梁景德鎮。 十年，平廣信，寇遁入浙。 徙防玉山，歸左宗棠節度。 十一年，李世賢、李秀成先後來犯，並擊卻之，賜號銳勇巴圖魯。
Wang Debang, courtesy name Langqing, came from Jianghua in Hunan. Early in Xianfeng, Cantonese rebels raided the border; he and his brother Jichang spent their fortune raising militia and won repeatedly. In the fifth year he aided Jiangxi at Fengxin; Jichang fell and Debang took his men, vowing revenge. In the seventh year, for taking Ruizhou, he received clerk and sub-prefect ranks. Next year under General Fuxing he aided Zhejiang, retook Qu and Chu, and became prefect. The following year he aided Anhui, took Wuyuan, became Zhili prefect, and received intendant rank by precedent. That summer he destroyed bandits at Fuliang and Jingdezhen. In the tenth year he pacified Guangxin and drove bandits into Zhejiang. He moved to Yushan under Zuo Zongtang. In the eleventh year Li Shixian and Li Xiucheng attacked in turn; he repulsed both and received Ruiyong Batulu.
22
同治改元，所部譁變，又不禀宗棠命，私越境駐廣豐，褫職留軍。 尋還浙。 世賢犯遂安，出常山、華埠截之。 會宗棠耀兵龍遊，令扼全旺。 世賢遣驍賊分道馳救，德榜自右路夾擊，皆愕走。 城寇猶未下，逾歲，偪城南，築三壘，寇夜遁，复官。 移師浮梁，連下崇光、陽溪諸渡。 三年，釋廣信圍。 其秋，復東鄉，長驅江山、玉山、廣豐、鉛山，所至皆下，擢按察使。
At Tongzhi his troops mutinied; he crossed into Guangfeng without orders, was stripped of office but kept with the army. Soon he returned to Zhejiang. When Shixian attacked Suian he intercepted by Changshan and Huabu. Zongtang massed at Longyou and ordered Debang to hold Quanwang. Shixian sent crack troops to relieve the city; Debang hit the right wing and routed them. The city still held; a year on he pressed the south, built three forts, the enemy fled by night, and his rank was restored. He moved to Fuliang and took Chongguang, Yangxi, and other crossings. In the third year he raised the siege of Guangxin. That autumn he recovered Dongxiang and swept Jiangshan, Yushan, Guangfeng, and Qianshan, becoming surveillance commissioner.
23
是時，世賢合汪海洋出入江、廣邊，連陷龍巖、南靖、漳州。 德榜將二千五百人馳援，合劉典軍為西路軍，攻莒溪，克之。 四年春，授福建按察使。 復古田，攻南陽，師少卻。 俄而海洋率黃、白號悍黨可二萬列田壟，典先入，德榜為承，奮擊之，寇返西岸。 德榜追至下車，海洋下馬痛哭，其黨挾之走。 黃、白號衣者，海洋所蓄死士，號無敵，至是喪失過半矣。 四月，邀擊世賢於安溪，進攻烏頭門，复漳城，馳大埔，郭揚維率四千人降，乘勝克南靖。 易勇號曰達衝阿，遷布政使。 十月，援嘉應，頓塔子墺，與諸軍環偪之。 追寇，寇返奔。 時宗棠軍大埔，麾下止八百人，勢岌岌，亟召德榜扼三河壩。 地當潮州要衝，皆山道絕澗。 德榜至，察地勢，度寇必不往，且主帥軍孤懸，寇直犯必不支，乃請當中路，卒與典軍出寇前遏之。 十二月，复嘉應，誅海洋。 捷入，賞黃馬褂。 六年，遭父憂歸。
Then Shixian and Wang Haiyang raided the Jiang-Guang border and took Longyan, Nanjing, and Zhangzhou. Debang rushed two thousand five hundred men to join Liu Dian's western column, took Juxi. In spring of the fourth year he became Fujian surveillance commissioner. He retook Gutian and attacked Nanyang but fell back when outnumbered. Haiyang brought twenty thousand Yellow- and White-Banner diehards; Liu Dian led in, Debang supported, and drove them to the west bank. Debang pursued to Xiache; Haiyang wept, dismounted, and his men dragged him away. His Yellow- and White-Banner household troops, called invincible, lost more than half that day. In the fourth month he blocked Shixian at Anxi, retook Zhangzhou, raced to Dapu where Guo Yangwei surrendered four thousand men, and took Nanjing. His title became Dachong'a and he became administration commissioner. In the tenth month he aided Jiaying, camped at Tazi'ao, and surrounded the enemy with allied forces. Pursuing the bandits, they turned and ran. Zongtang at Dapu had only eight hundred men in peril and urgently summoned Debang to Sanheba. It guarded Chaozhou's vital pass amid mountains and ravines. Debang saw the enemy would not come that way, feared for Zongtang's isolated force, took the center, and with Liu Dian blocked the bandits ahead. In the twelfth month Jiaying fell and Haiyang was executed. Victory brought a yellow riding jacket. In the sixth year he went home for his father's mourning.
24
十年八月，宗棠徵河州回，德榜詣軍所綜營務。 時黑山壘林立，勢張甚。 德榜率二千人自狄道渡洮，以石鼓墩左拂黑山，右扼邊家灣，形便控駕，乃築二壘其上，與諸軍痛擊，寇壘悉平。 進駐迤南三甲集，率騎越山南下，大破之。 剿東鄉，抵陰窪泉，遇伏，下馬督戰，寇潰。 迭克要害，寇併入謝家坪。 十一年，傅先宗戰歿新路坡，德榜接統其軍，申明紀律，誅將弁先潰者六人，士氣復新。 羌地曠，夙患狼，往往百十成群，夜入幕帳噬人。 德榜令將士習獵搜捕，狼患減。 甘南既平，撫降回十餘萬。 濬狄道河渠，獲沃壤百餘萬畝。 降敕褒嘉，賜頭品秩。 光緒元年，母憂，解職。 六年，再赴新疆，以舊部駐張家口。 七年，入京，教練火器、健銳諸營，兼興畿輔水利。
In the tenth year, eighth month, Zongtang campaigned against Hezhou Hui; Debang managed headquarters affairs. Heishan forts stood thick and strong. He led two thousand from Didao across the Tao, flanked Heishan from Shigudun, held Bianjiawan, built two forts, and cleared every bandit stockade. He garrisoned Yinan Sanjiaji, led cavalry over the mountains south, and won greatly. In Dongxiang at Yinwaquan he met an ambush, fought on foot, and routed the enemy. He took key points in turn until the bandits massed at Xiejiaoping. In the eleventh year Fu Xianzong fell at Xinlupo; Debang took his army, executed six fleeing officers, and restored morale. Qiang country is wide; wolves often ran in packs of dozens and entered tents at night. He had troops hunt them and the wolf plague eased. When southern Gansu was pacified he settled over a hundred thousand surrendered Hui. He dredged Didao canals and opened more than a million mu of fertile land. Imperial praise brought the first-rank cap button. In Guangxu year one his mother's mourning ended his service. In the sixth year he returned to Xinjiang with old troops at Zhangjiakou. In the seventh year he entered Beijing, trained firearms and Jianrui camps, and promoted capital-region waterworks.
25
十年，越南事亟，率師赴難。 抵龍州，募新軍八營，號定邊軍，單騎詣諒山，謁徐延旭陳方略。 令提督張春發分兵駐朝陽山、半隴山左右，何秀清等駐驅驢墟，通運道，而自領兵赴鎮南關。 北寧陷，權廣西提督。 戰豐谷，敗，蘇元春不往援，德榜銜之； 以故元春敗於谷松，亦不往救。 德榜自負湘中宿將，與督師不洽。 潘鼎新責其戰不力，劾罷之，以所部屬元春。 九月，復被命赴那陽，進偪船頭，戰數捷。
In the tenth year the Vietnamese crisis called him to the front. At Longzhou he raised eight Dingbian battalions, rode alone to Lang Son, and laid strategy before Xu Yanxu. He posted Zhang Chunfa on Chaoyang and Banlong hills, He Xiuqing at Qulüxu to open supply, and went to Zhennan Pass himself. When Bac Ninh fell he acted as Guangxi military governor. Defeated at Fenggu without Su Yuanchun's aid, Debang resented him. Therefore when Su was beaten at Gusong, Wang did not help either. Proud as a Hunan veteran, Debang clashed with the commander. Pan Dingxin blamed his fighting, had him dismissed, and gave his troops to Su. In the ninth month he was sent to Nayang, pressed Chuantou, and won repeatedly.
26
明年，軍油隘，法軍犯長牆，出師夾擊，據文淵對山，鏖戰數日，殺傷略相當。 越日，陳嘉爭東嶺三壘，德榜擊其背，克之。 是日晨，出甫谷，敵援至，衝截為二，部將蕭得龍及春發戰最勇，殲法軍百餘人，獲糧械無算。 敵被截，大潰。 已，復合諸軍攻諒城，法軍扼驅驢墟，地故有德榜舊壘，堅且緻。 平明，德榜殲其六畫兵總一，諸軍繼之，城复。 谷松敵勢仍悍，又殲其三畫兵總一，於是法人大潰，悉返侵地。 復故官，被賞賚。 尋移疾去。 十五年，授貴州布政使。 十九年，卒，卹如製。
Next year at You'ai the French hit the long wall; he pincered, held the hill opposite Van Tien, and fought for days with even losses. Next day Chen Jia fought for the eastern ridge forts; Debang hit the rear and took them. That morning leaving Fugu, reinforcements cut them in two; Xiao Delong and Chunfa fought hardest, killing over a hundred French and seizing vast stores. The cut-off enemy collapsed. The allies attacked Lang Son; the French held Qulüxu at Debang's old strong fort. At dawn Debang killed a six-stripe commander; the allies followed and retook the city. At Gusong he killed a three-stripe commander; the French then collapsed and all occupied land was recovered. He regained his rank and received rewards. Soon he retired ill. In the fifteenth year he became Guizhou administration commissioner. In the nineteenth year he died; mourning honors followed statute.
27
張春發，字蘭陔，江西新喻人。 初隸劉松山麾下，充探騎，頻有功。 累遷至副將，賜號傑勇巴圖魯。 從征陝回，規寧靈，戰常陷堅，擢總兵。 金積堡寇決渠淹我師，春發開溝築堤，引流反灌，破壘二百餘，更勇號曰哲爾精阿。 复巴燕戎格及河州，晉提督。 光緒二年，從劉錦棠取迪化，連克瑪納斯、達坂、托克遜，賞黃馬褂。 進復西四城，予世職。 五年，安集延布魯特入寇，春發度幕趨博斯塘特勒克，搗其巢，逐北至俄境。
Zhang Chunfa, courtesy name Lanhai, came from Xinyu in Jiangxi. He first served Liu Songshan as scout and won frequent merit. He rose to vice commander and received Jieyong Batulu. Against Shaanxi Hui he targeted Ning and Ling, often broke the hard points, and became regional commander. At Jinchengbao rebels flooded the army; Zhang counter-flooded, broke two hundred forts, and received the title Zhe'erjing'a. He retook Bayan Rongge and Hezhou and became military governor. In Guangxu year two he followed Liu Jintang to take Dihua, Manas, Daban, and Toksun, and received a yellow riding jacket. He recovered the four western cities and received a hereditary rank. In the fifth year Andijan Buruts invaded; Zhang crossed the desert, smashed their base, and pursued to the Russian border.
28
法越肇釁，從德榜奪東嶺。 法援大集，彈入右額，貫左頰，裹創力戰，大捷。 除廣西右江鎮總兵，署廣東陸路提督，賞雙眼花翎。 二十一年，平永安、長樂匪，予實授。 二十六年，調湖北，逾歲，徙雲南。 魏光燾劾其營務廢弛，論戍。 三十二年，張之洞白其誣，复官，綜兩江營務。 宣統三年，病免，旋卒。
When the Sino-French War began he followed Wang Debang in taking the eastern ridge. French reinforcements massed; a ball through right brow and left cheek—he bound up, fought on, and won greatly. He became Youjiang regional commander, acted as Guangdong land-route governor, and received double peacock feathers. In the twenty-first year he pacified Yong'an and Changle bandits and received full appointment. In the twenty-sixth year he went to Hubei; a year later to Yunnan. Wei Guangtao accused him of slack camp management and he was sentenced to exile. In the thirty-second year Zhang Zhidong cleared the false charge, restored him, and gave him two-Jiang military affairs. In Xuantong year three illness ended his service and he soon died.
29
春發治軍嚴，嘗云兵佚則驕惰，以故朝夕躬訓練，暇輒使濬河流，平道路。 然木訥寡文，疏酬應，同官先施者恆不答禮，且往往氣凌其上，卒以此叢忌。
Chunfa ran a strict camp: idle troops grow soft, so he drilled them daily and set them to dredging rivers and leveling roads. Dull and awkward in society, he often snubbed colleagues and overbore superiors, and so earned many enemies.
30
蕭得龍，籍湖南藍山。 咸豐初，從援贛、浙，積勳至提督。 調赴閩，克南陽、漳州。 攻嘉應，寇遁，追扼北溪，大敗之，賜號博奇巴圖魯。 光緒初，移師甘肅，克東鄉太子寺。 越事危棘，與法人戰南關，殺傷略相當，奪東嶺三壘。 功最，賞黃馬褂。 事寧，署莊浪協副將。 創發，卒於官，予優恤。
Xiao Delong was registered at Lanshan in Hunan. Early in Xianfeng he aided Jiangxi and Zhejiang and rose to military governor. Sent to Fujian he took Nanyang and Zhangzhou. At Jiaying he routed the enemy at Beixi and received Boqi Batulu. Early in Guangxu he went to Gansu and took Dongxiang Taizi Temple. In the Vietnamese crisis he fought at the southern pass with even losses and took three eastern-ridge forts. His merit ranked first and he received a yellow riding jacket. After peace he acted as Zhuanglang assistant regional commander. His wounds reopened; he died in office with generous mourning honors.
31
馬維騏，字介堂，雲南阿迷人。 少從岑毓英軍徵回寇，積功至都司，捕盜尤有名。 越南事亟，又從毓英出關，以偏裨當一路。 法越之戰，滇軍多有功，而以維騏及覃修綱、吳永安為著。 師攻宣光，垂克，法援大集，圍劉永福軍，維騏銳身馳救，鏖戰二晝夜，擊卻之。 從攻臨洮，功最，遷副將，賜號博多歡巴圖魯。
Ma Weiqi, courtesy name Jietang, was an Aimi native of Yunnan. Young he served Cen Yuying against Hui rebels, rose to battalion commander, and was famed for catching bandits. When Vietnam grew urgent he again followed Yuying beyond the pass on an independent column. In the Sino-French War the Yunnan army shone, especially Ma Weiqi, Tan Xiugang, and Wu Yongan. At Xuanguang, as the city was nearly taken, French reinforcements surrounded Liu Yongfu; Ma rushed with picked troops, fought two days and nights, and drove them off. At Linzhou his merit ranked first; he became vice commander and received Bodohuan Batulu.
32
光緒十三年，襲攻倮黑，間道濟瀾滄江。 賊驚潰，斬其酋張登發，闢地千里，晉總兵。 頻年越匪亂，騷擾各州邑，設方略治之，邊境以安。 二十四年，除廣東潮州鎮。 越四年，擢四川提督。 仁壽、彭山土寇起，焚教堂，殺教民，勢洶洶。 岑春煊諗其嫺武略，軍事一以屬之，用兵數月，以次戡定。 三十一年，打箭爐關外泰凝寺喇嘛謀叛，率師討平之。 會巴塘蠢動，殺駐藏大臣鳳全，川邊大震。 維騏剿撫兼施，克要害，擒渠率，賜頭品秩、黃馬褂。 趙爾巽督川，改編巡防軍，奏充翼長，訓練士卒，創設將弁學堂，軍民綏戢。 宣統二年，卒，卹如製。
In Guangxu year thirteen he raided Luohai, crossing the Lancang by a hidden path. The bandits broke; he killed chief Zhang Dengfa, opened a thousand li of ground, and became regional commander. For years Vietnamese bandits had raided the districts; his strategy pacified the border. In the twenty-fourth year he became Chaozhou commander in Guangdong. Four years on he became Sichuan military governor. Renshou and Pengshan bandits burned churches and killed converts in a violent rising. Cen Chunxuan gave him full military charge; within months he suppressed the rising. In the thirty-first year Taining Temple lamas beyond Dajianlu rebelled; he crushed them. Then Batang rose, killed Resident Minister Feng Quan in Tibet, and shook the Sichuan frontier. Ma combined force and conciliation, took key points, captured chiefs, and received the first-rank button and yellow jacket. Under Zhao Erxun he reorganized patrol forces, trained troops, founded an officers' school, and pacified army and people. In Xuantong year two he died; mourning honors followed statute.
33
覃修綱，籍廣西西林。 隸毓英麾下，與維騏齊名。 徵回有功，累遷至參將，賜號勤勇巴圖魯。 從克雲州，晉副將，更勇號曰隆武。 宣光之役，修綱獨扼夏和、清波，分兵取嘉喻關，复招越民九千，分頓要隘，綴法軍。 緬旺前接山西、興化，後達十州、三猛，為敵所據，出不意襲克之。 次年，永福戰失利，軍潰退，修綱仍堅持不動。 戰臨洮，斬其二將，夜半時，率死士短兵搏擊，法人大敗。 乘勝复各郡縣，北圻諸省皆響應。 修綱出奇兵直搗越南中部，而奉命罷戍。
Tan Xiugang was registered at Xilin in Guangxi. Under Yuying he was as famed as Ma Weiqi. Against the Hui he rose to regimental commander and received Qinyong Batulu. He helped take Yunzhou, became vice commander, and his title became Longwu. At Xuanguang Tan held Xiahe and Qingbo, took Jiayu Pass, recruited nine thousand Vietnamese to critical posts, and pinned the French. Mianwang linked Shanxi and Xinghua to the rear ten prefectures; he surprised and took it. Next year Yongfu was beaten and the army routed, yet Tan held his ground. At Linzhou he killed two French generals; at midnight picked men routed them in close fight. He recovered prefecture after prefecture and all northern Tonkin answered. Tan sent raiders into central Vietnam, but ceasefire orders arrived.
34
事寧，賞黃馬褂，署川北鎮總兵，仍留滇。 歷權普洱、開化諸鎮，坐事免。 光緒二十五年，起甘肅西寧鎮，留滇如故。 三十一年，卒，予建祠，並毓英祠附祀。
After peace he received a yellow jacket, acted as Chuanbei commander, and stayed in Yunnan. He acted at Pu'er and Kaihua in turn and was dismissed for an offense. In Guangxu year twenty-five he was restored at Xining but stayed in Yunnan. In the thirty-first year he died; a temple was granted with worship at Yuying's shrine.
35
修綱性忠勇，官開化久，有惠政，士民感頌，因寄籍文山雲。
Loyal and brave, Tan long governed Kaihua with kindness; the people praised him and he registered at Wenshan.
36
吳永安，籍雲南廣西州。 毓英部將中稱驍果。 以徵回功，累遷至副將，賜號尚勇巴圖魯。 從克澂江，擢總兵。 平館驛，晉提督，更勇號曰額特和，賞黃馬褂。 毓英撫福建，奏署台灣鎮，未之官，憂歸。 起治雲南邊防。 法人浮小舟渡沱江，永安乘其半濟，擊敗之。 趨宣光，留三營扼守，而自間道還興化合岑軍。 既而諸軍攻宣光，與修綱分扼要隘，取嘉喻關，攻臨洮，戰益利，予優敘。 和議成，署昭通鎮。 討平武定夷匪，補鶴麗鎮。 光緒十九年，卒，附祀毓英祠。
Wu Yongan was registered at Guangxi prefecture in Yunnan. Among Yuying's generals he was called the boldest. Against the Hui he rose to vice commander and received Shangyong Batulu. He helped take Chengjiang and became regional commander. He pacified Guanyi, became military governor, title Etehe, and received a yellow jacket. Yuying named him acting Taiwan commander in Fujian; mourning kept him from taking post. He was recalled to manage Yunnan border defense. French boats crossed the Tuojiang; Wu struck them half over and won. He rushed to Xuanguang, left three battalions, and by a hidden path rejoined Cen at Xinghua. Then at Xuanguang he and Tan held passes, took Jiayu, attacked Linzhou with growing success, and received special honors. After peace he acted as Zhaotong commander. He suppressed Wuding Yi bandits and was posted to Heli. In Guangxu year nineteen he died with worship at Yuying's shrine.
37
孫開華，字賡堂，湖南慈利人。 少從軍，從鮑超援江西，戰九江小池口，傷右臂。 援湖北，再被創。 池驛之役，夾擊敗敵，積勳至守備。 同治初，轉戰皖、贛間，遷副將。 克句容、金壇，賜號擢勇巴圖魯。 以次攻金溪、南豐、新城、寧都、瑞金，並下之，晉總兵。 廣東，嘉應亂，敗賊黃沙嶂，降者十餘萬，擢提督。 五年，除漳州鎮總兵，仍北行追捻入楚。 其秋，赴本官。 總督文煜累疏薦其才。 十三年，總督李宗羲治江防，設霆慶、霆匯諸營。 廈門與台、澎對峙，勢險要，開華以超舊將，被命治廈門海防。 募勇成捷勝軍，赴台北、蘇澳營辦開山，詔署陸路提督。
Sun Kaihua, courtesy name Gengtang, came from Cili in Hunan. Young he joined the army, followed Bao Chao in Jiangxi at Jiujiang and Xiaochikou, and wounded his right arm. Aiding Hubei he was wounded again. At Chiyi he pincered and beat the enemy and rose to garrison commander. Early in Tongzhi he fought in Anhui and Jiangxi and became vice commander. He took Jurong and Jintan and received Zhuoyong Batulu. He took Jinxi, Nanfeng, Xincheng, Ningdu, and Ruijin in turn and became regional commander. In Guangdong he beat Jiaying rebels at Huangshazhang; over a hundred thousand surrendered and he became governor. In the fifth year he became Zhangzhou commander and still pursued the Nian north into Hubei. That autumn he took up his regular post. Governor-General Wen Yu repeatedly praised his talent. In the thirteenth year Li Zongyi organized Yangtze defense with Tingqing and Tinghui battalions. Xiamen faced Taiwan and Penghu; as Bao Chao's old officer Sun was ordered to defend Xiamen's coast. He raised the Jiesheng Army, opened lands at Taipei and Suao, and acted as land-route governor.
38
十年，法人來犯，時劉銘傳主軍事。 銘傳故淮軍宿將，知開華幹略，檄守滬尾。 初，法艦八艘至，開華度其必登岸，令諸將分伏砲台後，露宿以待。 部署甫定，而敵彈雨坌，煙焰翳天，偪台而前。 開華見勢猛，分路截擊，自夜至午，卻而復前者數四。 台既毀，短兵接戰。 開華銳身入，手刃執旗卒，奪其旗以歸。 諸軍士見之，氣益奮，斬馘二千餘級，法人遁走。 歐洲諸國以失國旗為至辱。 捷入，予世職，拜幫辦軍務之命。 和議成，還本官，旋予實授。 十九年，卒，諡壯武。 子道仁，亦官福建提督。 同時守滬尾者，硃煥明為最著。
In the tenth year the French attacked; Liu Mingchuan commanded. Liu, an old Huai general, knew Sun's skill and ordered him to hold Huwei. Eight French ships came; Sun expected a landing, hid men behind the batteries, and waited overnight. As his dispositions settled, shells rained, smoke filled the sky, and the enemy pressed the fort. Seeing fierce pressure, Sun counterattacked by separate routes from night to noon four times. The fort fell and they fought hand to hand. Sun charged in, killed the standard-bearer, and seized the flag. The troops were stirred to cut over two thousand heads and drive the French off. European nations regard losing a national flag as ultimate disgrace. Victory brought a hereditary rank and appointment to assist military affairs. After peace he returned to his post and soon received full appointment. In the nineteenth year he died, posthumous name Zhuangwu. His son Daoren also became Fujian military governor. Among Huwei's defenders Zhu Huanming was most noted.
39
煥明，籍安徽合肥。 初從銘軍徵粵寇，積功至游擊。 平東捻，遷副將。 西捻犯畿疆，躡之滄州、德平，戰數利，晉總兵。 光緒元年，台灣生番騷動，從唐定奎往討，連破竹坑山、內外獅頭，擢提督。 法越之役，法軍分道犯滬尾。 煥明當北路，被重創，戰益力，開華直入擊退之。 旋移師台北，平番社，軍嘉義鹿港。 土寇數千薄城，煥明率三百人與戰，殞於陣。 事聞，附祀定奎祠。
Zhu Huanming was registered at Hefei in Anhui. He first followed the Ming Army against Cantonese rebels and rose to mobile corps commander. When the eastern Nian were pacified he became vice commander. When western Nian raided the capital region he pursued them to Cangzhou and Dezhou and became regional commander. In Guangxu year one he followed Tang Dingkui against Taiwan aborigines, took Zhukeng and Shitou, and became military governor. In the Sino-French War French columns attacked Huwei. Huanming held the north, was badly wounded, fought harder; Sun charged in and drove the French back. He moved to Taipei, pacified aboriginal villages, and garrisoned Lugang in Jiayi. Thousands of bandits pressed the city; Zhu led three hundred men and fell in battle. The court granted him joint worship at Tang Dingkui's shrine.
40
蘇得勝，亦籍合肥。 從銘軍討捻，積功至游擊。 戰常陷堅，賜號勵勇巴圖魯，屢遷提督。 法艦寇台灣，從銘傳守台北。 戰基隆，大捷，記名海疆總兵，更勇號曰西林。 滬尾告警，銘軍回援，於是基隆再失。 逮滬尾既复，得勝還駐六堵。 規基隆，全軍會月眉山，曹志忠將左，劉朝祐將右，得勝居中。 敵至左路，擊卻之。 逾歲，法益兵攻志忠營，得勝領數百人往援，戰失利，提督梁善明陣亡，右師亦潰，月眉復不守。 而得勝已先營六堵，築城十餘裡，諸軍獲安。 相持月餘，和議成，始開港。 旋補建寧鎮，仍留防滬尾。 數剿生番，感瘴成疾。 光緒十六年，卒於軍。 妻徐氏，絕食殉焉。 卹如製，妻獲旌。
Su Desheng was also registered at Hefei. He followed the Ming Army against the Nian and rose to mobile corps commander. He often broke the hard points, received Liyong Batulu, and rose repeatedly to military governor. When French ships raided Taiwan he defended Taipei under Liu Mingchuan. At Keelung he won greatly, was named coastal regional commander, and his title became Xilin. When Huwei was threatened the Ming Army returned to aid and Keelung fell again. After Huwei was saved Su returned to garrison Liudu. To retake Keelung the army assembled at Yuemeishan: Cao Zhizhong left, Liu Chaoyou right, Su center. The enemy hit the left and was repulsed. A year on the French reinforced, Su aided Cao with hundreds, Liang Shanming fell, the right broke, and Yuemei was lost again. Su had already fortified Liudu with a ten-li wall and kept the armies safe. After a month of stalemate peace came and the port opened. Soon he was posted to Jianning but stayed to defend Huwei. Repeated aboriginal campaigns brought malaria. In Guangxu year sixteen he died in camp. His wife Lady Xu starved herself in martyrdom. Mourning followed statute and his wife was honored.
41
章高元，亦合肥人。 初入淮軍，累至副將。 銘傳檄為騎旅先鋒，轉戰魯、皖。 安丘之役，以功擢總兵，賜號奇車巴圖魯。 徵台灣，晉提督。 法越事作，署澎湖鎮總兵，銘傳檄援滬尾。 滬尾、基隆既复，論功，更勇號年昌阿，除登萊青鎮。 中日失和，詔赴前敵，駐蓋平。 日軍來攻，戰挫遂退。 德軍艦襲膠澳，被幽，旋脫歸，稱疾罷。 拳亂作，起署天津鎮，徙重慶，以病免。 卒，年七十一。
Zhang Gaoyuan was also from Hefei. He joined the Huai Army and rose to vice commander. Liu Mingchuan made him cavalry vanguard in Shandong and Anhui. At Anqiu he became regional commander and received Qiche Batulu. In the Taiwan campaign he became military governor. When the Sino-French crisis broke out he acted at Penghu and was sent to aid Huwei. After Huwei and Keelung were recovered his title became Nianchang'a and he took Denglaiqing command. When war with Japan broke out he was sent to the front at Gaiping. The Japanese attacked; beaten, he withdrew. When Germany seized Jiaozhou he was held, escaped, and resigned ill. When the Boxers rose he acted at Tianjin, moved to Chongqing, and retired ill. He died aged seventy-one.
42
歐陽利見，字賡堂，湖南祁陽人。 咸豐初，入長沙水師，轉戰贛、皖間，積功至游擊。 同治改元，偽護王陳坤書據太平，以兵艦銜尾西上，環泊花洋上駟渡，期水陸並進。 利見領一軍為前鋒，兼程赴難。 坤書陽令陸路悍黨擊我師船，而陰結筏自下游竊渡。 利見诇知之，率所部長驅，乘風浪沖其筏為二。 寇大困，倚河築壘，矢堅守。 我師水陸分道進，利見駛入花山，擊其背。 遲明，戰良久，寇陣不少動，援軍至，始退。 利見進次馬音街，會水師將李朝斌偪花津而陣，步騎助之，寇潰。 翼日，复戰，陸師將周萬倬遇伏被創，利見銳身馳救，苦戰竟日，焚象山寇舍。 而寇艎聚泊小丹陽，歸護新市鎮。 利見進石臼湖轟擊之，獲其船十二艘，遷參將。
Ouyang Lijian, courtesy name Gengtang, came from Qiyang in Hunan. Early in Xianfeng he joined the Changsha navy, fought in Jiangxi and Anhui, and rose to mobile corps commander. At Tongzhi's start false Protector King Chen Kunshu held Taiping; his fleet anchored at Huayang Shangsidu for a joint land-sea attack. Lijian led a vanguard column day and night to the rescue. Kunshu feigned a land attack on our ships while secretly rafting downstream. Lijian learned this, raced up, and in wind and waves smashed the rafts in two. Trapped, they built river stockades and held with arrows. Land and water columns advanced; Lijian sailed into Huashan and hit their rear. At dawn the line held until reinforcements came and the enemy withdrew. Lijian advanced to Mayin; Li Chaobin pressed Huajin with land support and the bandits broke. Next day Zhou Wanzhuo was ambushed; Lijian rushed to save him, fought all day, and burned Xiangshan lodges. Bandit ships gathered at Xiaodanyang and sheltered Xinshi. He bombarded them at Shijiu Lake, took twelve boats, and became regimental commander.
43
二年，攻巢縣，偪城東門而軍，適彭毓橘軍至，燔其筏，毀浮橋。 寇入城，利見先登克之，遂與霆軍复含山。 四日連下三城，功最，賜號強勇巴圖魯，調補狼山鎮游擊。 克嘉定，遷副將。 下太倉、崑山、新陽，晉總兵。 是時花涇港寇壘林立，與吳江、震澤寇相犄角。 利見率師破之，毀其船二十艘，城寇援絕乞降。 於是蘇、浙路梗，蘇寇無固志。 李鴻章督師合圍，利見引兵從，迭克要害，寇宵遁。 城复，晉提督。 三年，攻嘉興，利見率謝世彩等與陸師夾擊，麾眾先登，自城上發巨砲轟之。 城寇駴亂，城遂拔。 以次下長興。 坤書據常州，鴻章舉兵西，使利見造浮橋渡壕，四面環攻，坤書就擒。 中吳大定，除淮揚鎮總兵。
In the second year he pressed Chaoxian's east gate; Peng Yujue arrived, burned rafts, and destroyed the bridge. The bandits entered the city; Lijian scaled first, took it, and with the Ting Army recovered Hanshan. In four days he took three cities, received Qiangyong Batulu, and filled the Langshan mobile corps post. He took Jiading and became vice commander. He took Taicang, Kunshan, and Xinyang and became regional commander. Bandit forts at Huajing Harbor supported Wujiang and Zhenze rebels. Lijian broke them, destroyed twenty boats, and cut-off city bandits surrendered. Jiangsu and Zhejiang routes were cut and Suzhou rebels lost heart. Li Hongzhang encircled; Lijian followed, took key points, and the bandits fled by night. The city fell and he became military governor. In the third year at Jiaxing he led Xie Shicai in a joint assault, climbed first, and fired great guns from the wall. The garrison panicked and the city fell. He then took Changxing. Kunshu held Changzhou; Hongzhang attacked from four sides after Lijian bridged the moat, and Kunshu was captured. Central Wu was settled and he became Huaiyang regional commander.
44
四年，捻至曲阜，東南走滕、嶧，渡運，東北走蘭山，南走郯，趨贛榆、青口，圖南下。 朝廷憂裡下河，詔備淮揚防。 於是利見率砲艦四十艘泊清江，兼治糈台。 七年，黃河暴漲，利見乘流至德州，運防乃固。 捻雖屢挫，然渡運之謀未已，盤旋河東上下。 利見復下駛援應，與諸軍環擊，捻益不支。 事寧，賞黃馬褂，更勇號曰奇車伯。 光緒六年，調福山鎮。 明年，擢浙江提督。
In the fourth year the Nian reached Qufu, crossed the canal, and rushed south toward Ganyu and Qingkou. The court feared for Lixiahe and ordered Huaiyang defenses. Lijian anchored forty gunboats at Qingjiang and managed the grain depot. In the seventh year floodwaters let him reach Dezhou and secure transport defense. Though beaten often, the Nian still tried to cross the canal up and down its course. Lijian sailed down again, joined the encirclement, and the Nian weakened further. After peace he received a yellow jacket and the title Qichebo. In Guangxu year six he was posted to Fushan. Next year he became Zhejiang military governor.
45
十年，法艦寇福建，浙江戒嚴。 鎮海為浙東門戶，利見以三千五百人頓金雞山防南岸，提督楊岐珍以二千五百人頓招寶山防北岸，總兵錢玉興以三千五百人為游擊師。 威遠、靖遠、鎮遠三砲台，守備吳杰領之，而元凱、超武二兵艦泊海口備策應。 諸將皆受利見節度。 利見實以兵備道薛福成為謀主，乃量形勢，設防禦，蒐軍實，清間諜，杜鄉導，申紀律，勵客將，布利器，部署甫定，而敵氛已偪。 法人狃馬江之役，頗輕浙防。 利見督台艦兵縱砲擊之，法主將坐船被傷，數以魚雷突入，皆被擊退。 法艦並力猛進，又沉其一。 敵計窮，相持月餘，終不得逞。 事後知主將孤拔於是役殞焉。 上嘉其功，賜頭品秩。
In the tenth year French ships raided Fujian and Zhejiang stood alert. At gateway Zhenhai, Lijian held the south bank with 3,500 men, Yang Qizhen the north with 2,500, Qian Yuxing 3,500 as mobile reserve. Batteries Weiyuan, Jingyuan, and Zhenyuan were under Wu Jie; Yuankai and Chaowu gunboats waited in the harbor. All generals answered to Lijian. He took Xue Fucheng as strategist, surveyed terrain, gathered stores, cleared spies, enforced discipline, deployed weapons—and as dispositions settled the enemy arrived. Emboldened by Mawei, the French underestimated Zhejiang's defense. Lijian's shore guns hit the French flagship; torpedo attacks were repulsed. The French pressed together and lost another ship. Enemy plans failed; after a month they could not break through. Later it was learned that Admiral Courbet died in this fight. The throne praised him and granted the first-rank button.
46
十五年，病免。 二十一年，劉坤一被命援奉天，奏調利見赴軍。 力疾北行，卒於道，年七十一。
In the fifteenth year illness ended his service. In the twenty-first year Liu Kunyi was sent to aid Fengtian and called Lijian to the army. He forced himself north ill and died on the road at seventy-one.
47
論曰：法越之役，克鎮南，复諒山，實為中西戰爭第一大捷。 摧強敵，揚國光，子材等之功也。 開華等復滬尾，利見等守鎮海，與維騏等偕劉永福之拔宣光，並傳榮譽。 當時挾戰勝之威，保台复越，亦尚有可為。 獨怪當事者為台灣難保之說以自餒其氣，致使關外雖利，而越南終非我有。 罷戰詔下，軍民解體，至今聞者猶有恨焉。
The commentator says: Taking Zhennan and recovering Lang Son was the greatest Sino-Western victory of the age. Crushing a strong foe and raising national prestige were Feng Zicai and his comrades' achievement. Sun recovered Huwei, Ouyang held Zhenhai, Ma and Liu Yongfu took Xuanguang—all won glory. Then, riding victory's prestige, securing Taiwan and recovering Vietnam were still possible. Yet leaders preached that Taiwan was lost and discouraged the nation, so border victories could not keep Vietnam. When ceasefire came the army dissolved; resentment lingers to this day.