Volume 303 Biographies 62: Zhang Wenzhi, Wei Guan, Teng Zongliang, Li Fang, Zhao Xiang, Tang Su, Zhang Shu, Huang Zhen, Hu Shunzhi, Chen Guan, Fan Xiang, Tian Jing

張昷之

Zhang Wenzhi

張昷之，字景山。父秘，自有傳。昷之進士及第，補樂清尉，潤州觀察推官，校勘館閣書籍，遷集賢校理，通判常州，知溫州。蔡齊薦其材可用，擢提點淮南路刑獄。楊崇勳知亳州，恃恩為不法，誣蒙城知縣王申罪，械送獄。昷之廉得冤狀，乃出申，配奸吏若干人。徙廣南東路轉運使。夷人有犯，其酋長得自治而多慘酷，請一以漢法從事。權度支判官，為京西轉運使，加直史館，徙河北。被邊諸州發卒斬西山木，卒逃入契丹者歲數百人，敵既利其所開地，又得亡卒，故不急。昷之戒斬伐毋得深入北地，卒亦不敢逃。

Zhang Wenzhi, whose courtesy name was Jingshan, His father Zhang Mi is treated in a separate biography. After passing the jinshi examination, Wenzhi served successively as assistant magistrate of Yueqing, staff officer to the Runzhou surveillance commissioner, and collator of palace library books; he was then promoted to collator at the Hall of Assembled Worthies, made vice-prefect of Changzhou, and appointed prefect of Wenzhou. Cai Qi recommended him as a man of proven ability, and he was promoted to judicial intendant for the Huainan East circuit. Yang Chongxun, prefect of Bozhou, abused imperial favor to break the law: he framed Mengcheng magistrate Wang Shen on false charges and had him sent to prison in chains. Wenzhi investigated the case, found that Shen had been wronged, released him, and banished several corrupt subordinates. He was then transferred to serve as transport commissioner for the Guangnan East circuit. When tribal offenders were involved, local chieftains were allowed to try them under their own customs, often with excessive cruelty; he petitioned that all such cases be handled solely under Han law. He served as acting judge in the Revenue Section, was appointed transport commissioner for the Jingxi circuit, was given appointment to the Direct Historiography, and was transferred to Hebei. Frontier prefectures sent troops to fell timber in the western hills, and every year several hundred soldiers deserted into Khitan territory. The Khitan benefited from the cleared land and welcomed the runaways, so they made no effort to stop the practice. Wenzhi ordered that logging parties must not penetrate deep into the northern frontier, and thereafter the soldiers no longer dared to desert.

還，為鹽鐵副使，擢天章閣待制、河北都轉運按察使。保州、廣信、安肅軍自五代以來別領兵萬人，號緣邊都巡檢司，亦曰策先鋒，以知州、軍為使，置副二人，分所領卒為三部，使援鄰道。太祖嘗用之有功，詔每出巡別給糧錢以優之。其後州將不復出，內侍為副，數出巡，部卒偏得廩賜，軍中以為不均。通判保州石待舉言於昷之，請合三部兵更出入，季一出即別給錢糧，餘悉罷，仍請以武臣代內侍。時楊懷敏方任邊事，尤不悅巡檢司。雲翼卒惡石待舉，遂殺之以作亂。昷之自魏馳至城下，召諸將部分攻城，使人請懷敏曰：「不即來，當以軍法從事。」既至，又以兵自衛，昷之曰：「諸將方集，獨敢以兵隨，將欲反邪！」叱去衛者。城開，田況潛殺降兵數百人，昷之預知其謀。除戶部副使，既而坐前事奪職，知虢州。

On his return to court he was made vice commissioner of the Salt and Iron Commission, then promoted to Hanlin associate at the Tianzhang Pavilion and appointed chief transport and inspection commissioner for Hebei. Since the Five Dynasties, Baozhou, Guangxin, and Ansu had each maintained a separate force of ten thousand men under the Frontier General Inspection Office, also known as the Vanguard Strategy command. The prefect or garrison commander served as commissioner, with two deputies; the force was divided into three divisions to reinforce neighboring circuits. Taizu had once employed them with success, and an edict provided extra grain and cash whenever they went on patrol as a special reward. Later the prefectural commanders ceased to lead patrols themselves; eunuch deputies went out frequently instead, and only the troops under the patrolling division received extra rations and bonuses, which the rest of the army regarded as unjust. Baozhou vice-prefect Shi Daiju proposed to Wenzhi that the three divisions rotate patrol duty, with only the division on active patrol each season receiving the extra pay and rations, that all other special allowances be abolished, and that military officers replace the eunuch deputies. Yang Huaimin was then in charge of frontier affairs and particularly resented the inspection office. The Yunyijun garrison troops hated Shi Daiju and murdered him in the course of a mutiny. Wenzhi galloped from Wei to the besieged city, summoned the generals to organize the assault, and sent a messenger to Yang Huaimin: "Come at once, or you will answer to military law." When Huaimin arrived, he came surrounded by his own troops. Wenzhi said, "The generals are assembled here—do you dare bring an armed escort? Are you planning a counter-rebellion?" He ordered the escort dismissed. After the city fell, Tian Kuang secretly executed several hundred surrendered troops—a move Wenzhi had anticipated. He was appointed vice minister of the Household Department, but soon lost the post over the earlier affair and was made prefect of Guozhou instead.

王則反貝州，有言昷之在河北捕得妖人李教不殺，使得逸去，今乃為則主謀，事平，無其人。會冀州人段得政詣闕，自言嘗為叔父屯田郎中曇賕免緣坐，且言曇以書屬昷之，乃下御史按劾，雖不得書，猶奪三官，監鄂州稅。知漢陽軍，稍遷刑部郎中，復待制、知湖州，徙揚州。以光祿卿致仕，卒。

When Wang Ze rebelled at Beizhou, some accused Wenzhi of having captured the sorcerer Li Jiao in Hebei but spared him, allowing Li to escape and now mastermind Ze's revolt; after the rebellion was suppressed, no such person could be found. Meanwhile a man from Jizhou named Duan Dezheng petitioned the throne, claiming he had once been implicated when his uncle Duan Tan, a director in the Agriculture Bureau, was pardoned through favoritism, and alleging that Tan had entrusted a letter to Wenzhi. The censorate was ordered to investigate; though no letter was found, Wenzhi was still stripped of three ranks and assigned to supervise tax collection at Ezhou. He served as military prefect of Hanyang, was gradually promoted to director in the Ministry of Punishments, was restored to Hanlin associate and made prefect of Huzhou, then transferred to Yangzhou. He retired with the rank of Director of the Imperial Sacrifices and later died.

昷之喜吏事，所至有聲。退居築家廟，率子弟歲時奉祠。

Wenzhi took pleasure in administrative work and won a strong reputation everywhere he served. In retirement he built a family ancestral hall and led his sons and younger brothers in offering seasonal sacrifices.

魏瓘，字用之。父羽奏補秘書省校書郎、監廣積倉，知開封府倉曹參軍。持法精審，明吏事。上元起彩山，闕前張燈，與宦者護作，宦者挾氣，視瓘年少，輒誅索侵擾。瓘密以聞，詔杖宦者遣之。

Wei Guan, whose courtesy name was Yongzhi, His father Wei Yu entered service through memorial appointment as proofreader in the Secretariat, supervised the Guangji granary, and served as grain-section staff officer in the Kaifeng prefecture office. He applied the law with meticulous care and was thoroughly versed in administrative practice. At the Lantern Festival the Brocade Mountain was erected and lanterns hung before the palace; Guan supervised the work alongside eunuch attendants, who abused their influence, took him for a young man, and repeatedly extorted and harassed him. Guan reported the matter in secret; the emperor ordered the eunuchs flogged and sent away.

瓘門人魏綱上疏詆天書，流海島，瓘亦坐是停官。復監鄧州稅、鄂州茶，以大理寺丞知衡山縣，通判壽州，歷知循、隨、安州，提點廣南西路刑獄。邕州獠戶緣逋負沒婦女為傭者一千餘人，悉奏還其家。就除轉運使。劉鋹時計口以稅，雖舟居皆不免，至是而雷、化、欽、廉、高州猶未除，瓘為除之。減柳州無名役四百人。召權度支判官。尋以罪降知洪州，徙梓州路轉運使，還知蔡州、潭州，為京西轉運使，江淮制置發運使，自主客郎中遷太常少卿，知廣州。築州城環五里，疏東江門，鑿東西澳為水閘，以時啟閉焉。拜右諫議大夫，再任臨江軍判官。

Guan's protégé Wei Gang submitted a memorial denouncing the Heavenly Writings and was exiled to a distant island; Guan was also dismissed from office on that account. He was later reappointed to supervise tax at Dengzhou and tea at Ezhou, served as assistant director of the Court of Judicial Review and magistrate of Hengshan, as vice-prefect of Shouzhou, and successively as prefect of Xun, Sui, and An prefectures before becoming judicial intendant for the Guangnan West circuit. At Yongzhou more than a thousand women from Liao households had been seized as debt bond servants; he memorialized for their release and return to their families. He was promptly appointed transport commissioner on the spot. Under the Southern Han ruler Liu Chang taxes had been levied per capita, with even boat-dwellers liable; by Guan's time Lei, Hua, Qin, Lian, and Gao prefectures still retained the practice, and he abolished it in those regions. He cut four hundred unauthorized corvée laborers at Liuzhou. He was recalled to serve as acting judge in the Revenue Section. Soon afterward he was demoted for an offense to prefect of Hongzhou, then made transport commissioner for the Zizhou circuit; he later served again as prefect of Caizhou and Tanzhou, as Jingxi transport commissioner, as commissioner for Huai-Jiang transport provisioning, rose from director in the Ministry of Receptions to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and was appointed prefect of Guangzhou. He rebuilt the prefectural walls in a circuit of five li, dredged the Dongjiang Gate, and excavated the eastern and western harbors into sluice gates that were opened and closed according to the season. He was appointed Right Remonstrance Grandee and served a second term as staff judge at Linjiangjun.

史沆性險詖，嘗為瓘所劾免。會廣州封送貢餘椰子煎等餉京師，輒邀留之，飛奏指以為珍貨，詔遣內侍發驗無有，沆坐不實廢，瓘亦降知鄂州。未逾年，復為陝西轉運使，徙河北。以給事中知開封府，政事嚴明，吏民憚之。內東門索命婦車，得賂遺掖庭物，付府驗治，獄未上，內降釋罪。諫官吳奎言法當執奏，而瓘不即奏行，請以廢法論，降知越州。

Shi Hang was treacherous and malicious by nature and had once been impeached and dismissed by Guan. When Guangzhou forwarded surplus tribute items such as fried coconut to the capital, Hang intercepted the shipment and urgently memorialized that it contained contraband valuables. The court sent a eunuch to inspect the consignment and found nothing of the kind; Hang was dismissed for a false accusation, and Guan was demoted to prefect of Ezhou. Within a year he was reappointed Shaanxi transport commissioner and then transferred to Hebei. As Supervising Secretary he was appointed prefect of Kaifeng; his administration was rigorous and clear, and both officials and commoners stood in awe of him. When the Inner East Gate office, investigating the empress's carriage, uncovered bribes involving palace women's property, he referred the case to the prefecture for prosecution; before trial could proceed, an edict from within the palace ordered the suspects released. Remonstrance official Wu Kui argued that the law required a formal memorial before any release could take effect, and that Guan had failed to submit one before carrying out the edict; he called for punishment on grounds of nullifying the law, and Guan was demoted to prefect of Yuezhou.

儂智高寇廣東、西，獨廣州城堅守不能下。於是論築城功，遷工部侍郎、集賢院學士，復知廣州，兼廣東經略安撫使，給禁卒五千，聽以便宜從事。屬狄青已破賊，召還，糾察在京刑獄。議者請開六塔河，塞商胡北流，宰相主其說，命瓘按視，還奏以為不可塞。下溪州蠻彭士羲叛，將發兵討除。進龍圖閣直學士、知荊南。瓘以為「五溪之險，師行鳥道，諸將貪功生事，於國家何所利？」因條上三策，以招徠為上，守禦為下，功取為失。不報。後卒如瓘議。徙澶州、滑州。又徙鄧州，不行，請老，以吏部侍郎致仕，卒。

When Nong Zhigao invaded Guangdong and Guangxi, Guangzhou alone held out under siege and could not be taken. In recognition of his merit in fortifying the city, he was promoted to Vice Minister of Works and Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, reappointed prefect of Guangzhou with concurrent duties as frontier commissioner and pacification commissioner for Guangdong, granted five thousand palace troops, and authorized to act at his own discretion. By then Di Qing had already defeated the rebels; Guan was recalled to review capital criminal cases. Some officials proposed opening the Liuta River and blocking the northern channel of the Shanghu; the chief minister supported the plan and ordered Guan to inspect the site. On his return he memorialized that the northern flow could not safely be blocked. Peng Shiyi, a Man chieftain of Xiachixi, rebelled, and the court prepared to send troops against him. He was promoted to academician of the Dragon Diagram Pavilion and appointed prefect of Jingnan. Guan argued, "The Five Streams country is all but impassable—troops can advance only along narrow mountain paths. Generals greedy for glory will manufacture incidents. What possible benefit could this bring the state?" He accordingly submitted three ranked policies: winning tribes through inducement was best, defensive containment was acceptable, and seeking glory through force was a mistake. The court did not reply. Events later vindicated Guan's advice. He was transferred to Chunzhou and Huazhou. He was transferred again to Dengzhou but declined to take up the post, requested retirement, retired with the rank of Vice Minister of Personnel, and died.

瓘所至整辦，與人置對未嘗屈。史沆、王逵以善訟名天下，瓘既廢沆，又嘗奏抵逵罪，專任機數，不稱循吏。弟琰。

Wherever he served, Guan brought affairs to good order; in confrontation he never yielded. Shi Hang and Wang Kui were renowned throughout the empire for their skill in litigation; Guan had already brought about Hang's dismissal and had once memorialized to impeach Kui. He relied on calculation and maneuver rather than gentle governance and was not regarded as a model compassionate official. His younger brother Yan.

弟琰

Younger brother Yan

琰，字子浩，以父恩授秘書省正字，為吏強敏，名齊於瓘。嘗通判陳州，適歲饑，百姓相率強取人粟，坐死者甚眾，琰曰：「此迫於窮餓，豈得已者。」坐其首黥之。歷知壽、潤、滁、安州。壽州盜殺寺童子，有司執僧笞服，琰憫其非罪，命脫械縱去，一府爭以為不可，後數日得真盜。富人犯法當死而死獄中，琰曰：「是嘗欺匿異籍孤弱者財，所以自斃，覬不可窮治爾，其吏受賕而為之謀乎？」後有告者如琰所料。累官司農卿、知福州，徙廣州。以疾告，得知江寧府。晚昏毛，縱私人亂法，日笞扑無罪吏卒。監司劾奏，召判刑部，乃致仕，進衛尉卿，卒。

Yan, whose courtesy name was Zihao, entered service through his father's privilege as proofreader in the Secretariat. As an official he was forceful and sharp-witted, and his reputation matched his brother's. He once served as vice-prefect of Chenzhou during a famine year when people banded together to seize grain by force; many were sentenced to death. Yan said, "They were driven to desperation by hunger—what choice did they have?" He punished only the ringleaders with facial tattooing. He served successively as prefect of Shou, Run, Chu, and An prefectures. At Shouzhou a thief murdered a temple acolyte; officials seized a monk and beat him until he confessed. Yan, convinced of the monk's innocence, ordered his chains removed and set him free over the objections of the entire prefectural staff; several days later the real culprit was apprehended. A wealthy man who deserved execution died in prison instead. Yan said, "This man had long cheated orphans and the weak out of property registered under other households. He killed himself hoping to escape a full investigation—did his clerks take bribes and arrange this for him?" An informer later came forward, just as Yan had suspected. He rose through successive posts to Minister of Agriculture, served as prefect of Fuzhou, and was transferred to Guangzhou. He reported illness and was appointed prefect of Jiangning. In his later years he grew muddled and harsh, allowed favorites to flout the law, and daily flogged innocent clerks and soldiers. Supervisory officials impeached him; he was recalled to adjudicate cases at the Ministry of Punishments, then retired, was promoted to Director of the Imperial Guard, and died.

滕宗諒〈劉越附〉

Teng Zongliang (with appended biography of Liu Yue)

滕宗諒，字子京，河南人。與范仲淹同年舉進士，其後仲淹稱其才，乃以泰州軍事推官召試學士院。改大理寺丞，知當塗、邵武二縣，遷殿中丞，代還。會禁中火，詔劾火所從起，宗諒與秘書丞劉越皆上疏諫。宗諒曰：「伏見掖庭遺燼，延熾宮闥，雖沿人事，實繫天時。詔書亟下，引咎滌瑕，中外莫不感動。然而詔獄未釋，鞫訊尚嚴，恐違上天垂戒之意，累兩宮好生之德。且婦人柔弱，箠楚之下，何求不可，萬一懷冤，足累和氣。祥符中，宮掖火，先帝嘗索其類置之法矣，若防患以刑而止，豈復有今日之虞哉。況變警之來，近在禁掖，誠願修政以禳之，思患以防之。凡逮繫者特從原免，庶災變可銷而福祥來格也。」疏奏，仁宗為罷詔獄。時章獻太后猶臨朝，宗諒言國家以火德王，天下火失其性由政失其本，因請太后還政，而越亦上疏。太后崩，擢嘗言還政者，越已卒，贈右司諫，而除宗諒左正言。

Teng Zongliang, whose courtesy name was Zijing, was a native of Henan. He passed the jinshi examination in the same year as Fan Zhongyan; later Zhongyan praised his ability, and he was summoned from his post as staff officer at Taizhou to take the Hanlin examination. He was appointed assistant director of the Court of Judicial Review and served as magistrate of Dangtu and Shaowu counties before being promoted to Palace Director and recalled to the capital at the end of his term. When fire broke out within the palace precincts, an edict ordered an investigation into its origin; Zongliang and Secretariat assistant director Liu Yue both submitted memorials of remonstrance. Zongliang wrote, "I observe that embers left smoldering in the rear palace spread until the palace halls were ablaze. Though this began as a human accident, it truly reflects Heaven's warning. Your edicts followed swiftly, accepting blame and pledging reform, and court and country alike were deeply moved. Yet the special investigation continues, interrogation remains harsh, and I fear this runs counter to Heaven's warning and tarnishes the compassionate virtue of both palaces. Women are frail by nature; under the lash they will confess to anything. Should innocent persons be wronged, the harm to public harmony would be grave. In the Xiangfu era the palace also caught fire, and the late emperor sought out those responsible and punished them. If punishment alone could prevent such disasters, would we face this danger again today? This warning has come to the very heart of the palace. I earnestly pray that Your Majesty will reform governance to avert calamity and reflect on danger to guard against it. All those detained should be specially pardoned and released, so that calamity may be dispelled and fortune and blessing may descend." When the memorial was submitted, Emperor Renzong abolished the special investigation on that account. The Empress Dowager Zhangxian still held court at the time. Zongliang argued that the Song ruled by the virtue of Fire, that fire throughout the realm had lost its proper nature because government had lost its foundation, and petitioned the empress dowager to return power to the emperor; Liu Yue submitted a similar memorial. After the empress dowager's death, those who had urged the return of power were promoted. Yue had already died and was posthumously given the title Right Secretariat Remonstrance, while Zongliang was appointed Left Rectifier of Writings.

劉越者字子長，大名人。少孤貧，有學行，亦宗諒同年進士。嘗知襄城、固始二縣，有能名。既贈官，又官其一子，賜其家錢十萬。

Liu Yue, whose courtesy name was Zichang, was a native of Daming. Orphaned and poor in youth, he was a man of learning and integrity and had passed the jinshi examination in the same year as Zongliang. He had served as magistrate of Xiangcheng and Gushi counties and earned a reputation for competence. In addition to the posthumous title, one of his sons was given an official appointment and his family was granted one hundred thousand cash.

宗諒後遷左司諫，坐言宮禁事不實，降尚書祠部員外郎、知信州。與范諷雅相善，及諷貶，宗諒降監池州酒。久之，通判江寧府，徙知湖州。元昊反，除刑部員外郎、直集賢院、知涇州。葛懷敏軍敗於定州，諸郡震恐，宗諒顧城中兵少，乃集農民數千戎服乘城，又募勇敢，諜知寇遠近及其形勢，檄報旁郡使為備。會范仲淹自環慶引蕃漢兵來援，時天陰晦十餘日，人情憂沮，宗諒乃大設牛酒迎犒士卒；又籍定州戰沒者於佛寺祭酹之，厚撫其孥，使各得所，於是邊民稍安。

Zongliang was later promoted to Left Secretariat Remonstrance but was demoted for making untrue statements about palace affairs to Outer Gentleman in the Sacrifices Section of the Ministry of Rites and prefect of Xinzhou. He was on friendly terms with Fan Feng; when Feng was demoted, Zongliang was demoted to supervisor of wine production at Chizhou. Some time later he was made vice-prefect of Jiangning Prefecture, then transferred to serve as prefect of Huzhou. When Yuanhao rebelled, he was appointed Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of Punishments with direct appointment at the Hall of Assembled Worthies and made prefect of Jingzhou. After Ge Huaimin's army was defeated at Dingzhou, neighboring prefectures were gripped by fear. Seeing how few soldiers he had in the city, Zongliang mustered several thousand farmers in military dress to defend the walls, recruited brave men, sent scouts to learn how near the enemy was and in what strength, and notified neighboring prefectures by dispatch so they could ready their defenses. Fan Zhongyan then arrived from Huanqing with a combined force of Tangut and Han troops. The sky had been dark and overcast for more than ten days, morale was sinking, and Zongliang laid out a great feast of beef and wine to welcome and reward the soldiers. He also compiled a roll of those killed in battle at Dingzhou and performed memorial rites for them at a Buddhist temple, gave generous support to their families, and saw that they were provided for, so that the people on the frontier gradually regained their peace of mind.

仲淹薦以自代，擢天章閣待制，徙慶州。上言：「朝廷既授范仲淹、韓琦四路馬步軍都總管、經略安撫招討使，而諸路亦帶招討稱號，非所宜。」詔罷之。御史梁堅劾奏宗諒前在涇州費公錢十六萬貫，及遣中使檢視，乃始至部，日以故事犒賚諸部屬羌，又間以饋遺遊士故人。宗諒恐連逮者眾，因焚其籍以滅姓名。仲淹時參知政事，力救之，止降一官，知虢州。御史中丞王拱辰論奏不已，復徙岳州，稍遷蘇州，卒。

Fan Zhongyan recommended him as his own successor; he was promoted to Attendant at the Tianzhang Pavilion and transferred to serve as prefect of Qingzhou. He memorialized the throne: "The court has already made Fan Zhongyan and Han Qi overall commanders of cavalry and infantry and commissioners for pacification, comfort, and punitive campaigns over the four frontier circuits. It is inappropriate for the other circuits to carry the punitive commissioner title as well." An edict ordered the titles abolished. Censor Liang Jian impeached Zongliang for having spent one hundred sixty thousand strings of public funds while at Jingzhou. When an imperial envoy was dispatched to investigate, it turned out he had only just taken up his post, yet he was already spending every day, by established custom, on rewards for the various subordinate Tangut tribes, and intermittently sending gifts to itinerant scholars and old friends. Fearing that many people would be dragged into the case, Zongliang burned the account books to destroy the names. Fan Zhongyan, who was then Vice Grand Councillor, intervened strenuously on his behalf, and the penalty was reduced to a single demotion; he was made prefect of Guozhou. Imperial Censor Wang Gongchen kept up his attacks without letup, and Zongliang was transferred again to Yuezhou, later moved to Suzhou, and there he died.

宗諒尚氣，倜儻自任，好施與，及卒，無餘財。所蒞州喜建學，而湖州最盛，學者傾江、淮間。有諫疏二十餘篇。

Zongliang was proud and high-spirited, unconventional and self-assured, and generous to a fault; when he died he had nothing left. In every prefecture he governed he took pleasure in founding schools; the one at Huzhou was the grandest, and scholars came from all across the Jiang-Huai region. More than twenty of his remonstrance memorials survive.

李防，字智周，大名內黃人。舉進士，為莫州軍事推官。隨曹彬入契丹，授忠武軍節度推官。括磁、相二州逃戶田，增租賦十餘萬。因請均定田稅，又請縣有破逃五十戶者，令、佐降下考，百戶殿三選，二百戶停所居官，能招攜者旌賞之。改秘書省著作佐郎、通判潞州，遷秘書丞。體量二浙民饑，建言逃戶田宜即召人耕種，使人不敢輕去川畝，而官賦常在。又請京師置折中倉，聽人入粟，以江、浙、荊湖物償之。擢開封府推官，請與判官間三五日即府司軍巡院察冤獄。出為陝路轉運副使。先是沿江水遞，歲役民丁甚眾，頗廢農作，防悉以城卒代之。會分川、陝為四路，徙防梓州路轉運使，累遷尚書工部員外郎，為三司戶部判官。

Li Fang, whose courtesy name was Zhizhou, was a native of Neihuang in Daming. After passing the jinshi examination, he served as military staff officer of Mozhou. He accompanied Cao Bin on campaign into Khitan territory and was appointed staff officer to the Zhongwu Army circuit commissioner. He surveyed land held by absconding households in Ci and Xiang prefectures and increased rent and tax receipts by more than one hundred thousand. He then petitioned for a uniform assessment of field taxes and proposed that any county losing fifty households to flight should earn its magistrate and assistant a poor performance rating; at one hundred such households they should be ranked last for three promotion cycles; at two hundred they should be removed from office; and officials who succeeded in bringing people back should be commended and rewarded. He was appointed Collator of the Secretariat and vice-prefect of Luzhou, then promoted to Secretariat Assistant. While assessing famine in the Two Zhe circuits, he proposed that abandoned fields be immediately put under cultivation so that people would not so readily leave their land and tax revenues would remain stable. He also proposed establishing a buffer granary in the capital where grain could be delivered in exchange for goods from the Jiang-Zhe and Jing-Hu regions. Promoted to investigating officer of Kaifeng Prefecture, he asked that he and the administrative judge inspect the military patrol court every few days for wrongful convictions. He was then appointed deputy transport commissioner of the Shaan circuit. Previously the Yangzi river courier service had conscripted large numbers of civilians each year, seriously disrupting agriculture; Fang replaced all of them with garrison soldiers. When Sichuan and Shaan were reorganized into four circuits, Fang was made transport commissioner of the Zizhou circuit, rose through several promotions to Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of Works, and served as judge of the Household Section of the State Finance Commission.

景德初，江南旱，詔與張知白分東、西路安撫。上言：「秦羲嘗增江、淮、兩浙、荊湖榷酤錢，民頗煩擾。江南以歲饑權罷，而淮南、荊湖未被德音。」詔悉罷之，仍詔羲等毋得復增榷酤之利。遂為江南轉運。淮南舊不禁鹽，制置司請禁鹽而官自鬻之，使兵夫輦載江上，且多漂失之患。防請令商人入錢帛京師，或輸芻糧西北邊，而給以鹽，則公私皆利，後采用之。徙知應天府，鑿府西障口為斗門，泄汴水，淤旁田數百畝，民甚利之。又徙興元府，入為三司鹽鐵判官，失舉免官。後起通判河南府，徙知宿、延、亳三州，為利州路轉運使，累遷兵部郎中、糾察刑獄，擢右諫議大夫、知永興軍，進給事中，復知延州，更耀、潞二州，卒。

Early in the Jingde era, when drought struck Jiangnan, he and Zhang Zhibai were ordered to undertake separate pacification missions along the eastern and western routes. He memorialized the throne: "Qin Xi had once raised liquor monopoly taxes in the Jiang, Huai, Two Zhes, and Jing-Hu regions, causing considerable hardship among the people. Jiangnan had temporarily suspended the increases because of that year's famine, but Huainan and Jing-Hu had received no comparable relief." An edict abolished the increases entirely and further forbade Qin Xi and his associates from raising liquor monopoly revenues again. He was then appointed transport commissioner of Jiangnan. Huainan had not previously restricted salt trade, but the administrative commission proposed banning private salt and selling it through government monopoly, using soldiers and laborers to transport it along the river—a scheme plagued by losses from drifting and sinking. Fang proposed letting merchants deliver cash and silk to the capital, or supply fodder and grain to the northwest frontier, in exchange for salt vouchers—a plan that would benefit both state and merchants. The proposal was later adopted. Transferred to Yingtian Prefecture, he cut a sluice gate at Zhangkou west of the city to channel Bian River water onto several hundred mu of neighboring fields, greatly benefiting the local people. He was next transferred to Xingyuan Prefecture, then recalled to serve as Salt and Iron judge of the State Finance Commission, but was dismissed after a faulty personnel recommendation. He was later reinstated as vice-prefect of Henan Prefecture, then served successively as prefect of Su, Yan, and Bo prefectures and as transport commissioner of the Lizhou circuit. After several promotions he became Director of the Ministry of War and inspector of criminal cases, was elevated to Right Remonstrance Grandee and military commissioner of Yongxing, advanced to Supervising Censor, served again as prefect of Yanzhou, held Yao and Lu prefectures in turn, and died.

防好建明利害，所至必有論奏，朝廷頗施行之。其精力過人。防在江南，晏殊以童子謁見，防命賦詩，使還薦之，後至宰相。

Fang had a gift for articulating what would help and what would harm the state; wherever he served he submitted memorials, and the court frequently acted on his proposals. His energy and drive were extraordinary. While Fang was serving in Jiangnan, the child prodigy Yan Shu came to call on him. Fang asked him to compose a poem and, impressed, recommended him on his return; Yan Shu later rose to Grand Councillor.

趙湘，字巨源，華州人。進士甲科，歷彰武、永興、昭武三軍節度推官，遷秘書省著作佐郎、知新繁縣。以吏最，命知商州，徙隴州、興元府，再遷太常博士。上《補政忠言》十篇，召判宗正寺，賜白金二百兩。久之，上書言：「元德李太后母育聖躬，請祔太宗廟室。」後用其說。冊趙德明，假尚書禮部員外郎，為官告副使。

Zhao Xiang, whose courtesy name was Juyuan, was a native of Huazhou. Graduating jinshi in the top class, he served as staff officer to the commissioners of the Zhangwu, Yongxing, and Zhaowu armies in turn, then was promoted to Collator of the Secretariat and appointed magistrate of Xinfan County. Rated highest for administrative performance, he was made prefect of Shangzhou, transferred to Longzhou and Xingyuan Prefecture, and was then promoted to Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. He submitted ten chapters of Faithful Words to Supplement Governance, was summoned to serve as administrative judge of the Court of the Imperial Clan, and was granted two hundred taels of silver. Some time later he submitted a memorial arguing that Empress Dowager Yuande of the Li clan had raised the emperor from infancy and should be enshrined in Emperor Taizong's temple. His proposal was later adopted. At the enfeoffment of Zhao Deming, he served as acting Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites and deputy envoy presenting the patent of office.

擢殿中侍御史，權判三司勾院，上言：「漢章帝以《月令》冬至之後有順陽助生之文，而無鞫獄斷刑之政，遂定令毋以十一月、十二月報囚。今季冬誕聖之月而決大辟不廢。願詔有司，自仲冬留大辟弗決，俟孟春臨軒閱視，情可矜惻者貸之，他論如法。」真宗曰：「此固善矣，然慮繫囚益淹久，吏或因緣為奸爾。」湘又上書請封禪。未幾，命管勾南宮北宅事。東封泰山，為東京留守推官，禮成，遷侍御史。昇州火，命湘往致祠，兼問民疾苦。還言轉運使劉炤弛職不按部，知洪州馬景病不任事，皆罷黜之。

Promoted to Palace Censor with provisional charge of the State Finance Commission audit office, he memorialized: "Emperor Zhang of Han noted that the Monthly Ordinances after the winter solstice speak of compliant yang nurturing life and say nothing about trying cases and passing sentence, and therefore decreed that capital cases not be reported in the eleventh and twelfth months. Yet today, even in the winter month marking the emperor's birth, executions of those condemned to death continue unabated. I ask that the responsible offices be ordered to withhold final judgment on capital cases from mid-winter onward, and that when the emperor reviews them at court in early spring, those whose circumstances warrant mercy be pardoned while all others be sentenced according to law." Emperor Zhenzong replied, "That would indeed be admirable, but I worry that prisoners would languish in custody even longer and that officials might exploit the delay for corrupt purposes." Xiang then submitted another memorial requesting the feng and shan sacrifices. Shortly afterward he was appointed to oversee affairs of the Southern and Northern Palaces. During the eastern feng ceremony at Mount Tai he served as investigating officer for the eastern capital stay-behind administration; after the rites were completed he was promoted to Censor. When fire struck Shengzhou, Xiang was dispatched to perform sacrificial rites and to inquire into the people's hardships. On returning he reported that transport commissioner Liu Zhao had neglected his duties and failed to tour his circuit, and that Ma Jing, prefect of Hongzhou, was too ill to perform his duties; both were removed from office.

糾察刑獄，改尚書刑部員外郎兼侍御史知雜事。湘又言：「舊制文武常參官日趨朝，並赴待漏院俟禁門辟，今則辰漏上始放外朝，故朝者多後時乃入。望敕正衙門主者察晚至，以懲其慢。若風雨寒暑託病不朝者罪之。」時帝親製五箴以自儆，湘因言：「宗室風化所本，宜有以訓厲，願特製銘以賜南北邸。」帝悅，為製宗室座右銘，賜寧王元偓以下並及湘，且諭之曰：「卿宗姓也，故賜卿。」

Appointed inspector of criminal cases, he was made Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of Punishments while concurrently serving as Censor in charge of miscellaneous affairs. Xiang also memorialized: "Under the old system, civil and military officials who attended court daily gathered in the Awaiting-the-Gong courtyard to wait for the palace gate to open. Now the outer court is not opened until the fifth watch, and many officials arrive late. I ask that the gatekeepers of the main court be ordered to note late arrivals and punish such negligence. Officials who feign illness to avoid court on account of weather should likewise be punished." The emperor had recently composed five admonitions for his own guidance. Xiang added: "The imperial clan is the foundation of public morals and ought to be instructed and admonished. I ask that a special inscription be composed and bestowed on the southern and northern clan lodges." The emperor was pleased, composed an inscription for the imperial clan to keep at hand, and bestowed copies on Prince of Ning Yuanwei and the ranks below—and on Xiang as well, telling him, "You share the imperial surname, and so I grant this to you too."

祀汾陰，為考制度副使，請如《周官》置土訓，錄所過州縣山川與俗好惡，日上奏御。兼判宗正寺。歷三司戶部、度支副使。祀太清宮，管勾留司三司事。為鹽鐵副使，再遷工部郎中、直昭文館，出知河南府，徙河中府，為京西轉運使。又徙鳳翔府、延州，遷太常少卿、知襄州。又知應天府，進右諫議大夫，復知河南，為集賢院學士，以疾徙虢州，卒。

At the Fen-yin sacrifice he served as deputy commissioner for examining ritual institutions, proposed establishing territorial instructors as described in the Offices of Zhou, recorded the geography and local customs of each prefecture and county along the route, and submitted daily reports to the throne. He also served concurrently as administrative judge of the Court of the Imperial Clan. He served in turn as deputy commissioner of the Household and Expenditure sections of the State Finance Commission. During the sacrifice at the Grand Pure Palace he oversaw the stay-behind administration of the State Finance Commission. He became deputy commissioner of Salt and Iron, was promoted again to Director of the Ministry of Works with direct appointment at the Hall of Broad Culture, served as prefect of Henan Prefecture, was transferred to Hezhong Prefecture, and was appointed transport commissioner of the Jingxi circuit. He was transferred again to Fengxiang Prefecture and Yanzhou, promoted to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and appointed prefect of Xiangzhou. He served again as prefect of Yingtian Prefecture, was promoted to Right Remonstrance Grandee, returned as prefect of Henan, became Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, was transferred to Guozhou on account of illness, and died there.

唐肅，字叔元，杭州錢塘人。當錢俶時，始七歲，能誦《五經》，名聞其國中。後與孫何、丁謂、曹商遊，學者慕之。舉進士，調郿縣主簿，徙泰州司理參軍。有商人寓逆旅，而同宿者殺人亡去，商人夜聞人聲，往視之，血沾商人衣，為捕吏所執，州趣獄具。肅探知其冤，持之，後數日得殺人者。後守雷有終就辟為觀察推官。遷秘書省著作佐郎，歷知聞喜、福昌縣，通判陝州。召拜監察御史。或薦肅為群牧判官，真宗曰：「朕欲別用肅。」遂提點梓州路刑獄。遷殿中侍御史，入為三司戶部判官，出知舒州。遷侍御史，為福建路轉運使，判三司開拆司。再遷工部郎中、知洪州。尋為江南東路轉運使，擢三司度支副使。奉使契丹，還，遷刑部。為龍圖閣待制、登聞檢院，知審刑院，卒。子詢。

Tang Su, whose courtesy name was Shuyuan, was a native of Qiantang in Hangzhou. Under Qian Chu, while still only seven years old, he could recite the Five Classics, and his reputation spread throughout the kingdom. He later kept company with Sun He, Ding Wei, and Cao Shang, and scholars looked up to the circle. After passing the jinshi examination, he was appointed chief clerk of Mei County and then transferred to serve as judicial administrator of Taizhou. A merchant staying at an inn found that a fellow lodger had killed someone and fled. Hearing voices in the night, the merchant went to investigate; blood splattered his clothes, and the arresting officers took him into custody. The prefecture pressed for a quick conviction. Su investigated and found that the merchant had been wronged; he held firm against the rush to judgment, and within days the real killer was apprehended. Later, when Lei Youzhong became prefect, he recruited Su as staff officer to the surveillance commissioner. Promoted to Collator of the Secretariat, he served as magistrate of Wenxi and Fuchang counties in turn and as vice-prefect of Shaanzhou. He was summoned to the capital and appointed Investigating Censor. When someone recommended Su for judge of the Pasturage Commission, Emperor Zhenzong said, "I have another appointment in mind for Su." Su was accordingly appointed judicial intendant of the Zizhou circuit. Promoted to Palace Censor, he was recalled to serve as judge of the Household Section of the State Finance Commission, then sent out as prefect of Shuzhou. Promoted to Censor, he served as transport commissioner of the Fujian circuit and as judge of the State Finance Commission's Unpacking Office. He was promoted again to Director of the Ministry of Works and appointed prefect of Hongzhou. He soon became transport commissioner of the Jiangnan East circuit and was elevated to deputy commissioner of the Expenditure Section of the State Finance Commission. After serving on an embassy to the Khitan, he returned and was promoted within the Ministry of Punishments. He became Attendant at the Dragon Diagram Pavilion and inspector of the Petition Office, served as director of the Court for Review of Punishments, and died in office. His son was Xun.

子詢

His son, Xun

詢，字彥猷，以父任為將作監主簿。天聖中，詔許天下士獻文章，應詔者百數，有司第其善者，詢數人而已，詔賜進士及第、知長興縣。

Xun, whose courtesy name was Yanyou, entered office by virtue of his father's rank as chief clerk of the Directorate of Imperial Manufactories. During the Tiansheng era, an edict invited scholars throughout the empire to submit writings. Several hundred responded; the responsible offices ranked the best submissions, and only a handful—including Xun—were chosen. An edict granted them jinshi status, and Xun was appointed magistrate of Changxing County.

後以太常博士知歸州，用翰林學士吳育薦為御史，未至，喪母。服除，育方參政事，宰相賈昌朝與詢有親嫌，育數與昌朝言，詢用故事當罷御史，昌朝欲留詢，不得已，以知廬州。凡官外徙者皆放朝辭，而詢獨不用，比入見，中丞張方平乃奏留詢，育爭不能得，詢由是怨育而附昌朝。昌朝雅不善育，詢希其旨上奏曰：「賢良方正、直言極諫、茂才異等科，漢、唐皆不常置。若天見災異，政有闕失，則詔在位薦之，不可與進士同時設科。若因災異，非時舉擢，宜如漢故事，親策當世要務，罷秘閣之試。」育亦奏言：「三代以來，取士之盛，莫如漢、唐。漢詔舉賢良文學直言極諫之士，非有災異而舉。唐制科之盛，固不專於災異也。況災異之出，或彌年所無，則此舉奚設？或頻歲而有，則於事太煩。令禮部進士數年一舉，因以製科隨之，則事與時宜。又從而更張之，使遺材絕望，非所以廣賢路也。」仁宗是育言，詔禮部：「自今制科隨進士貢舉，其著為令。」時育由制科進，帝以為得人，故詢力肆排詆，意在育不在制科也。

Later, while serving as Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and prefect of Guizhou, he was recommended for censor by Hanlin Academician Wu Yu, but before he could take up the post his mother died. After the mourning period, Wu Yu had become Vice Grand Councillor. Grand Councillor Jia Changchao was related to Xun by marriage, and Yu repeatedly argued that precedent required Xun to leave the censorate. Changchao wanted to keep him but, unable to do so, appointed him prefect of Luzhou instead. Officials transferred out of the capital were normally granted a farewell audience, but Xun was denied one. When he came to bid farewell, Imperial Censor Zhang Fangping memorialized to keep him at court; Yu objected but could not prevail, and Xun thereafter resented Yu and aligned himself with Changchao. Changchao had long disliked Wu Yu. Seeking to curry favor, Xun submitted a memorial arguing that the categories of Worthy and Good, Direct Speech and Extreme Remonstrance, and Outstanding Talent and Exceptional Grade had not been regularly established in Han and Tang times. They were summoned only when Heaven sent omens and government had failed, at which point officials in office were ordered to recommend candidates—not held concurrently with the regular jinshi examinations. If such candidates were to be selected in response to omens as an extraordinary measure, the Han precedent should be followed: the emperor should personally examine them on pressing affairs of state, and the Palace Library examination should be abolished. Wu Yu countered with a memorial of his own: "From the Three Dynasties onward, no age matched Han and Tang in the breadth and vigor of recruiting talent. The Han court regularly summoned men of worth, learning, and forthright remonstrance—not only when calamities appeared. The flourishing of Tang special examination categories likewise did not depend solely on omens and disasters. Moreover, calamities and portents may not appear for years on end—so what would be the point of such a policy? If examinations were held every year or two, the burden on the administration would be excessive. Let the Ministry of Rites hold the jinshi examination every few years and attach the special examination to that cycle, and the arrangement would suit the times. To change the system yet again would only leave overlooked talent in despair—it is no way to widen the road by which the worthy enter service." Emperor Renzong accepted Yu's argument and ordered the Ministry of Rites: "Henceforth the special examination shall follow the jinshi selection cycle. Establish this as permanent regulation." Yu had risen through the special examination, and the Emperor regarded him as a worthy appointment. Xun therefore attacked him relentlessly; his target was Yu himself, not the special examination.

育弟婦故駙馬都尉李遵勖妹，有六子而寡。詢又奏育弟婦久寡不使更嫁，欲用此附李氏自進。後詢終以故事罷御史，除尚書工部員外郎、直史館、知湖州，徙江西轉運使。

Yu's sister-in-law was the sister of Li Zunxu, a former imperial son-in-law; she had borne six sons and was now a widow. Xun memorialized again that Yu's sister-in-law had long been kept from remarrying, hoping to use the charge to ingratiate himself with the Li family and advance his own career. Xun was eventually removed from the censorate on grounds of precedent, appointed Vice Director of the Ministry of Works with a concurrent post at the Historiography Institute, made prefect of Huzhou, and then transferred to transport commissioner of Jiangxi.

會詔淮南、江、浙、荊湖六路轉運司移文發運使如所屬，詢爭以為不可，乃移福建路。還，為三司戶部判官，又判磨勘司，出為江東轉運使。上言：「執政純取科名顯者修起居注，非故事。」未幾，起居注闕人，帝特用詢，遂知制誥。以參知政事曾公亮親嫌，出知蘇州，徙杭、青二州，進翰林侍讀學士，累遷右諫議大夫。召還，勾當三班院，判太常寺，進給事中，卒，贈禮部侍郎。有集三十卷。

When an edict directed the transport offices of the six Huainan, Jiang, Zhe, and Jinghu circuits to treat grain transport commissioners as subordinates in official correspondence, Xun protested that this was improper and was reassigned to Fujian Circuit. On his return he served as judicial intendant of the Three Departments' Household Bureau and of the Audit Bureau, then was posted as transport commissioner of Jiangdong. He submitted a memorial: "The chief ministers have been appointing only men with famous examination credentials to compile the Daily Record. That is not established practice." Before long a vacancy opened on the Daily Record staff, and the Emperor personally chose Xun for the post, after which he became a drafter of edicts. Because of a kinship conflict with Associate Administrator Zeng Gongliang, he was sent out as prefect of Suzhou, then transferred to Hang and Qing prefectures, promoted to Hanlin Attendant Reader, and eventually rose to Right Remonstrance Counselor. Recalled to court, he supervised the Three-Rank Bureau and served as judicial intendant of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, was promoted to Supervising Censor, and died; he was posthumously enfeoffed as Vice Minister of Rites. He left a collected works in thirty juan.

詢少刻勵自修，已而不固所守，及知湖州，悅官妓取以為妾。好畜硯，客至輒出而玩之，有《硯錄》三卷。子坰，附王安石為監察御史裏行，自有傳。

In youth Xun was diligent in self-cultivation, but later he abandoned the standards he had upheld; when he became prefect of Huzhou, he took a fancy to a government courtesan and made her his concubine. He loved collecting inkstones and would bring them out whenever guests arrived to admire them together. He wrote Inkstone Records in three juan. His son Jiong aligned himself with Wang Anshi and served as a censor-in-attendance; he has his own biography.

論曰：宋承平日久，吏多以嚴刻為治。昷之辨冤獄，配奸吏；瓘奏還婦女為傭者若干人；琰吏事不下於瓘，脫械縱囚，審知奸弊，何其明且決也。宗諒、劉越以孤生立朝，請太后還政。越年不逮用，聲名與宗諒同矣。防請罷榷酤，興水利，湘廉問疾苦，按不稱職者；肅明於獄訟：皆不多見也。然昷之以殺降而奪官，瓘以能置對而興謗，詢傅會喜進，竊非其據，雖列侍從，君子所不與也。

The commentary says: The Song had long known peace, and officials often governed through harsh severity. Wen Zhi cleared wrongful convictions and banished corrupt clerks; Guan memorialized for the release of several women forced into servitude; Yan was Guan's equal in administrative skill—he would remove shackles and release prisoners, yet still expose corruption and abuse. How clear-eyed and resolute he was! Zongliang and Liu Yue, men of humble origin who had risen at court, petitioned the Empress Dowager to restore the emperor's authority. Yue did not live to see his full potential realized, yet his reputation stood equal to Zongliang's. Fang petitioned to abolish the liquor monopoly and develop irrigation works; as inspector of Xiang he inquired into popular hardship and investigated incompetent officials; Su was clear-minded in criminal cases—all such examples were rare. Yet Wen Zhi was stripped of office for killing surrendered troops; Guan provoked slander through his skill at court debate; Xun curried favor and sought advancement by opportunistic means—the grounds for each were dubious. Though they held posts among the emperor's attendants, gentlemen would not count them as their own.

張述，字紹明，遂州小溪人。舉進士，調咸陽縣主簿，改大理寺丞，遷太常博士。皇祐中，仁宗未有嗣，述上書曰：「生民之命，繫於宗廟社稷，而繼嗣為之本。匹夫有百金之產，猶能定謀託後，事出於素，況有天下者哉。陛下承三聖之業，傳之千萬年，斯為孝矣。宗廟社稷未有託焉，此臣所以夙夜彷徨而為陛下憂也。謂宜慎擇宗親才而賢者，異其禮秩，試以職務，俾內外知聖心有所屬，則天下大幸。」至和元年，復上疏曰：「臣聞『明兩作離，大人以繼明照四方』。離為日，君象也。二明相繼故能久照，東昇西沒，晝夜迭運，數之常也。陛下御天下且三紀矣，是日之正中也，而未聞以繼照為慮，臣竊疑之。歷觀前世或令出宮闈，或謀起閽寺，或奸臣首議，利幼主以專政，假後宮以盜權，安危之機發於頃刻。朝議恬然，曾不為計，此臣拳拳為陛下言也。」述前後七上疏，最後語尤激，仁宗終不以為罪。

Zhang Shu, styled Shaoming, was a native of Xiaoxi in Suizhou. He passed the jinshi examination, was appointed registrar of Xianyang County, transferred to assistant director of the Court of Judicial Review, and promoted to Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. During the Huangyou era, Emperor Renzong still had no heir. Shu submitted a memorial: "The fate of the people rests on the ancestral temples and the altars of soil and grain, and succession is the foundation of both. Even a common man with a modest estate of a hundred in gold can plan ahead and provide for posterity as a matter of course. How much more should one who holds the realm! Your Majesty inherits the legacy of the Three Sage Emperors and should pass it down for ten thousand generations. That would be true filial piety. Yet the ancestral temples and altars of soil and grain have no heir entrusted to them. That is why your subject lies awake night after night in anxiety for Your Majesty. Your subject submits that Your Majesty should carefully choose talented and worthy members of the imperial clan, distinguish them in rank and ceremony, and test them in office, so that court and country alike may know where the sage heart is set. That would be the realm's great good fortune." In the first year of Zhihe he submitted another memorial: "Your subject has read, 'When two suns form the hexagram Li, the great man uses successive illumination to light the four quarters. Li stands for the sun, the symbol of the ruler. Two suns succeeding one another can shine without end, as one rises in the east and sets in the west, day and night alternating in turn. Such is the constant order of things. Your Majesty has ruled the realm for nearly three decades—the sun at its zenith—yet I have heard no concern for who will succeed to the throne. Your subject finds this troubling. Looking back through history, one sees orders issued from the inner palace, plots hatched in the eunuch quarters, and villainous ministers taking the lead—exploiting a child emperor to seize power, or using the empress dowager's authority for private ends. The turn from safety to peril can come in an instant. Yet court deliberation proceeds as if untroubled, with no plan in place. That is what your subject earnestly presses upon Your Majesty." Shu submitted seven memorials in all; the last was especially forceful in tone, yet Emperor Renzong never treated it as an offense.

述慷慨喜論事，歷通判延州，知泗州，皆有政跡。後以尚書職方員外郎為江、浙、荊湖、福建、廣南路提點坑冶鐵錢事，行至萬州，道病卒。

Shu was forthright and loved to discuss public affairs. As supervising prefect of Yanzhou and then prefect of Sizhou, he left a record of achievement in both posts. Later, as Vice Director of the Bureau of Garrison Affairs, he was appointed commissioner for mining, smelting, and iron coin across the Jiang, Zhe, Jinghu, Fujian, and Guangnan circuits. He reached Wanzhou and died of illness on the road.

黃震，字伯起，建州浦城人。進士及第，累遷著作佐郎、通判遂州。嘗給兩川軍士緡錢，詔至西川，而東川獨不及，軍士謀為變。震白主者曰：「朝廷豈忘東川邪？殆詔書稽留爾。」即開州帑給錢如西川，眾乃定，明日詔至。累遷尚書都官員外郎、提點湖北路刑獄，還，判三司磨勘司，擢江淮發運使。

Huang Zhen, styled Boqi, was a native of Pucheng in Jianzhou. He passed the jinshi examination and rose through the ranks to Assistant Archivist and supervising prefect of Suizhou. Once, when string-cash was issued to garrison troops in the Two Chuan region, the edict reached West Chuan but not East Chuan. The soldiers there plotted mutiny. Zhen told the responsible official, "Surely the court has not forgotten East Chuan? The edict has probably just been delayed." He immediately opened the prefectural treasury and distributed cash on the same terms as West Chuan. The troops settled down, and the edict arrived the next day. He rose to Vice Director of the Bureau of Retainers and commissioner for penal affairs in Hubei Circuit, returned to court to serve in the Three Departments Audit Bureau, and was promoted to Huai-Jiang grain transport commissioner.

先是，李溥自三司小吏為發運使十餘年，奸贓狼籍，丁謂黨之，無敢言者。震將行，上書自陳，辭頗憤激，真宗知其意在溥也，諭之曰：「卿當與人和。」震對曰：「廉正公忠，臣職也。負陛下任使者，臣不敢與之和。」既至，發溥奸贓數十事，溥坐廢；而震亦為溥訟，奪一官。罷，畏謂權，不敢自直，及謂貶，乃復官，知饒州，徙廣東轉運使。廣南歲進異花數千本，至都下枯死者十八九，道路苦其煩擾，震奏罷之。震在真宗朝數論事，既卒，詔進其官一等。

Previously, Li Pu had risen from a minor clerk in the Three Departments to grain transport commissioner and held the post for more than ten years. His corruption was notorious, Ding Wei shielded him, and no one dared speak out. Before Zhen departed, he submitted a memorial stating his case in language that was rather heated. Emperor Zhenzong knew his target was Li Pu and admonished him: "You should keep the peace with others." Zhen replied, "Integrity, uprightness, and public loyalty are a minister's duties. As one entrusted by Your Majesty with this mission, I dare not make peace with corruption." Once he arrived, he exposed dozens of Pu's corrupt acts, and Pu was dismissed from office; but Pu also brought suit against Zhen, who was stripped of one rank. After his dismissal he feared Ding Wei's power and dared not clear his name. Once Wei was demoted, Zhen was restored to office, appointed prefect of Raozhou, and then transferred to transport commissioner of Guangdong. Guangnan annually sent several thousand exotic flowers as tribute; eight or nine in ten withered and died by the time they reached the capital, and the roads groaned under the burden. Zhen memorialized to abolish the practice. Zhen had often remonstrated on policy under Emperor Zhenzong. After his death, an edict advanced his rank by one grade.

胡順之

Hu Shunzhi

胡順之，字孝先，原州臨涇人。登進士第，試秘書省校書郎、知休寧縣。民有汪姓者豪橫，縣不能制，歲租賦常不入，適以訟逮捕，不肯出。順之曰：「令不行何以為政。」命積薪環而焚之，豪大駭，少長趨出，叩頭伏辜，推其長械送州，致之法。為青州從事。高麗入貢，中貴人挾以為重，使州官旅拜於郊。順之曰：「青，大鎮也。在唐押新羅、渤海，奈何卑屈如此？」獨不拜。大姓麻士瑤陰結貴侍，匿兵械，服用擬尚方，親黨僕使甚多，州縣被陵蔑，莫敢發其姦。會士瑤殺兄子溫裕，其母訴於州，眾相視曰：「孰敢往捕者？」順之持檄徑去，盡得其黨。有詔鞫問，士瑤論死，其子弟坐流放者百餘人。改著作佐郎、知常熟縣，遷秘書丞，分司南京。

Hu Shunzhi, styled Xiaoxian, was a native of Linjing in Yuanzhou. He passed the jinshi examination, was appointed proofreader in the Secretariat, and served as prefect of Xiuning County. A man surnamed Wang among the people was domineering and lawless. The county could not control him, and he routinely failed to pay rent and taxes. When he was summoned to court on a lawsuit and officers came to arrest him, he refused to come out. Shunzhi said, "If the law cannot be enforced, how can one govern?" He ordered firewood piled around the compound and set alight. The magnate was terrified; young and old rushed out, kowtowed, and submitted to punishment. Shunzhi had the clan head shackled and sent to the prefecture to face the law. He served as an aide in Qingzhou. When Goryeo came to pay tribute, a palace eunuch used the occasion to assert his importance and made prefectural officials bow in formation outside the city. Shunzhi said, "Qing is a major garrison command. In Tang times it kept Silla and Bohai in check. How can we demean ourselves like this?" He alone refused to bow. Ma Shi Yao, a man of a powerful clan, secretly allied with palace favorites, hoarded weapons, and used dress and furnishings fit for the imperial workshops. His kin, clients, and servants were legion, and prefectures and counties suffered his contempt, yet none dared expose his crimes. When Shi Yao killed his elder brother's son Wen Yu, the boy's mother appealed to the prefecture. Everyone looked at one another and asked, "Who would dare go and arrest him?" Shunzhi took his warrant and went straight to the scene, capturing the entire faction. An edict ordered a full inquiry. Shi Yao was sentenced to death, and more than a hundred of his sons and younger kinsmen were exiled. He was transferred to Assistant Archivist and prefect of Changshu County, promoted to Secretary Director, and assigned to serve at the Southern Capital.

仁宗即位，遷太常博士。天聖、明道間，再上宰相書，乞太后還政，宰相匿不以聞。太后崩，順之附疾置自言，求其書，出宰相家。仁宗嘉其忠，特遷尚書屯田員外郎。其後數論朝廷事，仲淹愛其才，然挾術尚權，喜縱橫捭闔。以目失明廢，州里皆憚焉。

When Emperor Renzong acceded, he was promoted to Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. During the Tiansheng and Mingdao eras he twice wrote to the chief counselor begging the Empress Dowager to restore the emperor's authority. The chief counselor suppressed the letters and never reported them. When the Empress Dowager died, Shunzhi, feigning illness at his post, spoke up and demanded his letters back. They were produced from the chief counselor's house. Emperor Renzong praised his loyalty and specially promoted him to Vice Director of the Bureau of Public Lands. Thereafter he often spoke on court affairs. Fan Zhongyan admired his talent, but he relied on stratagem, valued power, and delighted in political maneuver. He was dismissed after losing sight in one eye, yet people throughout the prefecture still feared him.

陳貫，字仲通，其先相州安陽人，後葬其父河陽，因家焉。少倜儻，數上疏言邊事。舉進士，真宗識貫名，擢置高第。為臨安縣主簿，以秘書省著作佐郎為刑部詳覆官，改秘書丞，為審刑院詳議官，歷知衛州、涇州。督察盜賊，禁戢不肖子弟，簿書筦庫，賦租出入，皆自檢核。嘗謂僚屬曰：「視縣官物如己物，容有姦乎？」州人憚其嚴。擢利州路轉運使。歲饑，出職田粟賑饑者，又帥富民令計口占粟，悉發其餘。徙陝西，累遷尚書度支員外郎，入為三司鹽鐵判官。領河北轉運使，請疏徐、鮑、曹、易四水，興屯田。徙河東，歷三司戶部、鹽鐵副使，以刑部郎中直昭文館，知相州。還朝卒。

Chen Guan, styled Zhongtong, came from a family originally of Anyang in Xiangzhou. After burying his father at Heyang, he settled there. In youth he was bold and unconventional, and he repeatedly submitted memorials on frontier affairs. He passed the jinshi examination. Emperor Zhenzong recognized his name and placed him in the highest tier. He served as registrar of Lin'an County, then as Assistant Archivist and reviewing officer of the Ministry of Justice, later as Secretary Director and reviewing officer of the Court for the Review of Punishments, and successively as prefect of Weizhou and Jingzhou. He cracked down on bandits and robbers, restrained unruly sons of good families, and personally audited the ledgers, stores, and all inflow and outflow of tax revenue. He once told his staff, "If one treated the county's property as one's own, could there be corruption?" The people of the prefecture feared his strictness. He was promoted to transport commissioner of Lizhou Circuit. In a year of famine he released grain from official fields to feed the hungry, and also ordered wealthy households to reckon grain by head count and surrender all surplus stores. He was transferred to Shaanxi, rose to Vice Director of the Bureau of Revenue, and entered court service as judicial intendant of the Three Departments' Salt and Iron Bureau. As head of Hebei transport commissioner, he petitioned to dredge the Xu, Bao, Cao, and Yi rivers and establish military colonies. He was transferred to Hedong, served as Vice Commissioner of the Three Departments' Household and Salt and Iron Bureaus, held concurrent posts as Director of the Ministry of Justice and at the Hall for Spreading Culture, and was prefect of Xiangzhou. He returned to court and died there.

貫喜言兵，咸平中，大將楊瓊、王榮喪師而歸，貫上書曰：:「前日不斬傅潛、張昭允，使瓊輩畏死不畏法，請自今合戰而奔者，主校皆斬；大將戰死，裨校無傷而還，與奔軍同。軍衄城圍，別部力足救而不至者，以逗留論。」真宗嘉納之。又嘗上《形勢》、《選將》、《練兵論》三篇，大略言地有六害：

Guan loved to discuss military affairs. In the Xianping era, after the great generals Yang Qiong and Wang Rong returned having lost their armies, Guan submitted a memorial: "Because Fu Qian and Zhang Zhaoyun were not executed earlier, men like Qiong fear death but not the law. I request that henceforth, in a general engagement, any commander who flees be executed; if a commanding general dies in battle but his deputy commanders return unharmed, they should be treated the same as deserters. When an army is routed and a city besieged, any separate unit with strength enough to rescue but failing to arrive should be prosecuted for delay. Emperor Zhenzong praised and adopted the proposal. He also once submitted three treatises—On Strategic Situation, On Selecting Generals, and On Training Troops—in which he broadly argued that terrain has six hazards:

「今北邊既失古北之險，然自威虜城東距海三百里，沮澤磽確，所謂天設地造，非敵所能輕入。由威虜西極狼山不百里，地廣平，利馳突，此必爭之地。凡爭地之利，先居則佚，後起則勞，宜有以待之。昔李漢超守瀛州，契丹不敢視關南尺寸地。今將帥大抵用恩澤進，雖謹重可信，卒與敵遇，方略何從而出邪？故敵勢益張，兵折於外者二十年。方國家收天下材勇以備禁旅，賴廩給賜予而已，恬於休息，久不識戰，可以衛京師，不可以戍邊境。請募土人隸本軍，籍丁民為府兵，使北捍契丹，西捍夏人。敵之情偽，地勢之險易，彼皆素知，可不戰而屈人之兵矣。」

"The northern frontier has already lost the defense of Gubei Pass, yet from Weilü City eastward to the sea stretches three hundred li of marsh, bog, and barren hard ground—terrain heaven and earth themselves have shaped, which the enemy cannot lightly penetrate. West of Weilü to Langshan is less than a hundred li of broad, flat ground ideal for cavalry charges—terrain that both sides must fight to hold. Whoever holds contested ground first rests easy while the latecomer toils; we should be ready and waiting for that fight. When Li Hanchao once held Yingzhou, the Khitan did not dare covet even an inch of territory south of the passes. Today's commanders rise mostly through imperial favor. They may be prudent and trustworthy, but when they suddenly face the enemy, where will strategy come from? That is why the enemy's power has steadily grown and our armies have been broken on the frontier for twenty years. The state now gathers the brave from across the realm for the Imperial Guard, fed on rations and stipends, long at ease and unused to war. They can defend the capital but cannot hold the frontier. I propose recruiting local men into frontier regiments and registering adult males as district militia to hold the north against the Khitan and the west against the Tangut. They already know the enemy's every feint and the lay of the land; they could break the enemy's will without a battle."

後以疾卒。著《兵略》，世頗稱之。子安石。

He later died of illness. He wrote Military Strategy, which his contemporaries widely praised. His son was An Shi.

子安石

Son: An Shi

安石，字子堅，以蔭鎖廳及第。嘉祐中，為夔、峽轉運判官。民蓄蠱毒殺人，捕誅其魁並得良藥圖，由是遇毒者得不死。提點陝西刑獄，攝帥鄜延，能用諜者，敵動靜輒先聞。嘗敕邊民戒嚴，既而數萬騎奄至，無所獲而去，璽書嘉之。歷使京西、河東、淮南、京東，知蘇州、邠州、河中府。戶部副使韓絳鎮太原，議行鹽法，與監司多不合，加安石集賢殿修撰，為河東都轉運使，議始定。謂其僚曰：「興事當有漸，急則擾。」乃出鹽付民而俾之券，使隨所得貿易，鬻畢而歸券，私販為減。進天章閣待制。

An Shi, styled Zijian, passed the palace examination by inherited privilege through the Suo Hall. During the Jiayou era he served as transport intendant for Kuizhou and Xizhou. Locals kept venomous gu creatures to kill people. He captured and executed the ringleaders and obtained charts of effective antidotes, so that thereafter victims of poisoning could be saved. As Shaanxi judicial intendant he also served as acting commander of Fuyan. Skilled at employing spies, he invariably learned of enemy movements before they occurred. Once he ordered the frontier population to stand on alert; soon tens of thousands of enemy horsemen descended without warning, found nothing to plunder, and withdrew. The emperor rewarded him with a personal edict of praise. He served in turn as commissioner for Jingxi, Hedong, Huainan, and Jingdong, and was prefect of Suzhou and Binzhou and governor of Hezhong. When Han Jiang, Vice Commissioner of the Household Bureau, was stationed at Taiyuan and debated implementing the salt law, he clashed with many supervisory officials. An Shi was appointed compiler at the Hall of Assembled Worthies and chief transport commissioner of Hedong, and only then was the policy settled. He told his staff, "New policies should be rolled out gradually; haste only provokes unrest." He issued salt to the people with certificates allowing them to trade freely, requiring the certificates to be returned once the salt was sold. Private trafficking declined as a result. He was promoted to Hanlin Archivist of the Hall of Heavenly Manifestations.

官軍西征時，遣縣令佐督餉，安石謂文吏畏怯，武人邀功，乃但取敢行者。申約束以防眾潰，曰：「事不豫警，俟其犯而誅之，是罔民也。」王中正帥東師而西，報安石持四十日糧，而師駐白草平彌月。安石深念曰：「吾頓兵益久，而秦甲未至，倘不足於食，將以乏軍興罪我。」即擅發民再餉，乃以聞。李舜舉劾其專，詔置獄於潞，安石自麟州會逮，俄而他路饋糧多不繼，神宗察其無罪，赦之。

During the western campaign, county magistrates and assistants were dispatched to supervise supplies. An Shi argued that civil officials were too timid and military men too eager for glory, and chose only men bold enough to get the job done. He issued strict regulations to prevent mass desertion, saying, "If you do not warn people in advance and only punish them after they offend, you are deceiving the people." Wang Zhongzheng led eastern troops westward and told An Shi he had forty days' rations, yet the army remained encamped at Baicao Ping for a full month. An Shi worried aloud, "The longer this army sits idle, the longer we wait for supplies from Qin. If rations run short, I will be blamed for starving the campaign." Without authorization he mobilized the people to deliver a second round of supplies, then reported what he had done. Li Shunju impeached him for acting on his own authority. An edict ordered a prison established at Lu, and An Shi surrendered himself from Linzhou. Soon supplies from other routes mostly failed to keep pace. Emperor Shenzong judged him innocent and pardoned him.

范祥，字晉公，邠州三水人。進士及第，自乾州推官稍遷殿中丞、通判鎮戎軍。元昊圍城急，祥帥將士拒退之。請築劉璠堡、定川砦，從之。歷知慶、汝、華三州，提舉陝西銀銅坑冶鑄錢。祥曉達財利，建議變鹽法，後人不敢易，稍加損益，人輒不便，語在《食貨志》。提點本路刑獄，制置解鹽，累遷度支員外郎，權轉運副使。古渭砦距秦州三百里，道經啞兒峽，邊城數請城之，朝廷以饋餉之艱不許。祥權領州事，驟請修築，未報，輒自興役。蕃部驚擾，青唐族羌攻破廣吳嶺堡，圍啞兒峽砦，官軍戰死者千餘人，坐削一官，知唐州。後復官，提舉陝西緣邊青、白鹽，改制置解鹽使，卒。

Fan Xiang, styled Jingong, was a native of Sanshui in Binzhou. A jinshi graduate, he rose from magistrate of Qianzhou to Director in the Court of Imperial Ceremonial and military supervisor of Zhenrong Army. When Yuan Hao pressed the siege hard, Fan Xiang led his troops in repelling him. He petitioned to build Liu Fan Fort and Dingchuan Stockade, and the court agreed. He served in turn as prefect of Qing, Ru, and Hua, and supervised Shaanxi's silver and copper mines, smelters, and mints. Fan Xiang understood fiscal affairs well. He proposed reforming the salt law, and his successors dared not change it. Even minor adjustments provoked public discontent—the details appear in the Treatise on Food and Money. As judicial intendant of the circuit, he supervised Jie Salt production, rose to Vice Director of the Bureau of Revenue, and served as acting Vice Transport Commissioner. Guwei Stockade lay three hundred li from Qinzhou along a route through Ya'er Gorge. Frontier commanders repeatedly petitioned to fortify it, but the court refused because resupply would be too difficult. While acting prefect, Fan Xiang urgently petitioned to build the fort. Before any reply arrived, he began construction on his own authority. Tribal peoples were thrown into turmoil. Qingtang Qiang raiders stormed Guangwu Ridge Fort and besieged Ya'er Gorge Stockade. More than a thousand government troops died in the fighting. Fan Xiang was demoted one rank and appointed prefect of Tangzhou. He was later restored to rank, supervised green and white salt along the Shaanxi frontier, was appointed Director of Jie Salt, and died in office.

嘉祐中，包拯言：「祥通陝西鹽法，行之十年，歲減榷貨務使緡錢數百萬，其勞可錄。」官其子孫景郊社齋郎。熙寧中，平洮、岷、疊、宕、河州數千里，置郡縣，以古渭為通遠軍。權陝西轉運副使張詵奏：「朝廷復洮、隴故地，自將帥至裨佐悉有功賞。臣見洮、渭父老言，皇祐中，轉運使祥因熟羌數被寇掠，其部族願輸土置城以為守禦，乃即古渭為砦。祥此舉足以消沮邊隙，可謂知攻守之利矣。兵出少挫，身黜謀廢，臣竊悲之。冀推原舊功，少賜褒恤，使天下知祥死猶被恩，且舒祥忠義之氣。」詔贈秘書，錄一子未官者。子育。

During the Jiayou era, Bao Zheng said, "Fan Xiang implemented the Shaanxi salt law. Over ten years it saved the Monopoly Goods Bureau several million strings of cash annually. His service deserves recognition." His son Sun Jing was appointed Ceremonial Attendant of the Suburban Altar. During the Xining era the court pacified Tao, Min, Die, Dang, and He over thousands of li, established administrative districts, and made Guwei into Tongyuan Army. Acting Shaanxi Vice Transport Commissioner Zhang Shen memorialized, "When the court recovered the old Tao and Long territories, every commander down to junior officer received merit rewards. I have heard elders in Tao and Wei say that during the Huangyou era, Transport Commissioner Fan Xiang, learning that settled Qiang tribes had been repeatedly raided and wished to surrender land for a defensive fort, established a stockade at Guwei. This act alone helped check frontier conflict. Fan Xiang truly understood the principles of attack and defense. After one minor defeat his career was ruined and his plan discarded. I find that deeply regrettable. I ask that his original merit be recognized with some posthumous honor, so that all may know Fan Xiang was rewarded even in death, and so that his loyal spirit may rest in peace." The emperor ordered Fan Xiang posthumously appointed Secretary and enrolled one of his sons who had not yet held office. His son was Yu.

子育

Son: Yu

育，字巽之，舉進士，為涇陽令。以養親謁歸，從張載學。有薦之者，召見，授崇文校書、監察御史裏行。神宗喻之曰：「《書》稱『聖讒說殄行』，此朕任御史之意也。」育請用《大學》誠意、正心以治天下國家，因薦載等數人。西夏入環慶，詔育行邊，還言：「寶元、康定間，王師與夏人三大戰而三北，今再舉亦然。豈中國之大，不足以支夏人數郡乎？由不察彼己，妄舉而驟用之爾。昨荔原之役，夏人聲言：『我自修壘，不與漢爭。』三犯之，然後掩殺，雖追奔亦不至境。由是觀之，其情大可見矣。」

Yu, styled Xunzhi, passed the jinshi examination and served as magistrate of Jingyang. He returned home on leave to care for his parents and studied under Zhang Zai. When someone recommended him, he was summoned to court and appointed Compiler at the Hall of Promoting Literature and Acting Censor. Emperor Shenzong told him, "The Documents says, 'The sage cuts off slander and ends wicked conduct.' That is why I have made you a censor." Yu urged governing the realm through the Great Learning's ideals of sincere purpose and rectified mind, and recommended Zhang Zai and several others. When the Tangut invaded Huan and Qing, Yu was ordered to inspect the frontier. On his return he said, "During the Baoyuan and Kangding era the imperial army fought three major battles against the Tangut and lost all three. The same pattern holds today. Is the Middle Kingdom so vast that it cannot stand against a few Tangut prefectures? The problem is that we do not weigh their strength against ours, but rashly launch campaigns and throw untested forces into battle. In the recent battle at Liyuan the Tangut declared, 'We are only repairing our fortifications and do not seek conflict with the Han.' We violated their positions three times before they struck in ambush. Even when pursued they would not cross the border. From this their true intentions are plain."

又使河東，論韓絳築囉兀二砦：「始調外郡稍遠邊城前後三十萬夫，遼州最為窮僻，然猶上戶配夫四百三十四，僦直計三千緡，下者十六人，其直十萬。輦運所經二十二驛，宣撫司不先告期，轉運使臨時督辦，致民皆破產，上下莫敢言。獨遼守李宏能約民力所勝，而饋不失期，顧以訴其實，翻令鞫罪。願貸被劾官吏，其芻糧在道者隨所至受之，使已困之民咸蒙德澤。」神宗皆從之。坐劾李定親喪匿服，罷御史，檢正中書戶房，固辭，乃知韓城縣。

Sent again to Hedong, he criticized Han Jiang's construction of Luowu and two other stockades: "The project initially conscripted three hundred thousand laborers from outer prefectures far from the frontier. Liaozhou was the poorest and most remote, yet even wealthy households were assessed four hundred thirty-four laborers at a hire cost of three thousand strings, while poorer ones owed sixteen men at a cost of one hundred thousand cash. Supplies passed through twenty-two post stations. The Pacification Commission gave no advance notice, and the transport commissioner rushed orders at the last minute. The people were ruined, and no one from top to bottom dared complain. Only Liaozhou Prefect Li Hong managed to keep levies within what the people could bear while meeting supply deadlines. Yet when he reported the truth, he was himself put on trial. I ask that the prosecuted officials be pardoned and that fodder and grain in transit be accepted wherever it arrives, so that an already exhausted populace may feel the emperor's mercy." Emperor Shenzong approved all of these requests. After impeaching Li Ding for failing to observe mourning for a parent, he was removed as censor and offered the post of Rectifier in the Secretariat's Household Section. He declined firmly and was appointed magistrate of Hancheng County.

詔往鄜延議畫地界，育言：「保疆不如持約，持約不如敦信。前日疆埸嘗嚴矣，一旦約敗兵，鬥者跌於前，耕者侵於後，是封溝不足恃也。使人左去而兵革右興，金繒朝委而烽煙夕舉，是持約不足恃也。今我見利而加兵，當講好之後，復自立界，不亦愧乎！」安南行營郭逵、趙卨以兵十萬伐交阯，行及長沙，病死相屬，逵、卨又不輯睦，育疏其不便，不從。久之，知河中府，加直集賢院，徙鳳翔，以直龍圖閣鎮秦州。

Ordered to Fuyan to negotiate border demarcation, Yu argued, "Defending territory is less reliable than honoring treaties, and honoring treaties is less reliable than keeping faith. The frontier was once heavily guarded, yet when a treaty collapsed soldiers fought in front while farmers encroached from behind. Fortified ditches alone cannot be trusted. Envoys depart in the morning while arms are raised by evening; silk tribute is delivered at dawn while beacon fires blaze at dusk. Treaties alone cannot be trusted either. We now seize an advantage and march troops in. After making peace we redraw the border on our own. Is that not shameful?" Guo Kui and Zhao Jie of the Annan expedition led one hundred thousand troops against Jiaozhi. By the time they reached Changsha, deaths from disease were mounting, and the two commanders quarreled. Yu memorialized against the campaign, but his advice was ignored. After some time he was governor of Hezhong, appointed Hanlin Compiler at the Hall of Assembled Worthies, transferred to Fengxiang, and garrisoned Qinzhou as Compiler at the Hall of Dragon Designs.

元祐初，召為太常少卿，改光祿卿、樞密都承旨。劉安世暴其閨門不肅，出知熙州。時又議棄質孤、勝如兩堡，育爭之曰：「熙河以蘭州為要塞，此兩堡者蘭州之蔽也。棄之則蘭州危，蘭州危則熙河有腰膂之憂矣。」又請城李諾平、汝遮川，曰：「此趙充國屯田古榆塞之地也。」不報。入為給事中、戶部侍郎，卒。高宗紹興中，采其抗論棄地及進築之策，贈寶文閣學士。

At the start of the Yuanyou era he was recalled as Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, then promoted to Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments and Chief Secretary of the Bureau of Military Affairs. Liu Anshi exposed scandal in his private life, and he was sent out as prefect of Xizhou. When the court debated abandoning the forts at Zhigu and Sheng Ru, Yu objected, "The Xihe region hinges on Lanzhou as its stronghold. These two forts shield Lanzhou. Abandon them and Lanzhou falls into peril; if Lanzhou is imperiled, the whole Xihe region loses its backbone." He also petitioned to fortify Linuoping and Ruzhechuan, saying, "This is where Zhao Chongguo once established military colonies at the ancient Yu Pass." His petition received no reply. He returned to court as Supervising Censor and Vice Minister of the Household Bureau, and died there. During Emperor Gaozong's Shaoxing era, the court honored his opposition to territorial abandonment and his proposals for frontier fortification by posthumously granting him the title Academician of the Hall of Treasured Culture.

田京，字簡之，世居滄州，其後徙亳州鹿邑。舉進士，調蜀州司法參軍，自秦州觀察推官改秘書省著作佐郎，為大理寺詳斷官。

Tian Jing, styled Jianzhi, came from a family long settled in Cangzhou that later moved to Luyi in Bozhou. A jinshi graduate, he served as legal assistant in Shuzhou, rose from investigative magistrate in Qinzhou to Assistant Editor in the Secretariat, and became a detailed adjudication officer of the Court of Judicial Review.

趙元昊反，侍讀學士李仲容薦京知兵法，召試中書，擢通判鎮戎軍。夏守贇為陝西經略使，奏兼管勾隨軍糧料。入對，陳方略，賜五品服。尋為經略安撫判官。守贇既罷，以武略應運籌決勝科，及試秘閣，與他科偕試六論，京自以記誦非所長，引去。

When Zhao Yuan Hao rebelled, Attendant Reader Li Zhongrong recommended Tian Jing for his knowledge of military affairs. Summoned for examination at the Secretariat, he was promoted to military supervisor of Zhenrong Army. When Xia Shouyun served as Shaanxi frontier commissioner, he had Tian Jing appointed to manage expedition army provisions. He was summoned to court, presented strategic plans, and was granted fifth-rank robes. He soon became judicial intendant on the frontier pacification staff. After Xia Shouyun was dismissed, Tian Jing entered the Military Strategy examination track. When the Hall of Secrets examination required six essays alongside other categories, he withdrew, judging memorization not his strength.

又參夏竦軍事。會遺翰林學士晁宗愨即軍中問攻守孰便，眾欲大舉入討，京曰：「夏人之不道久矣，未易破也。今欲驅不習之師，深入敵境，與之角勝負，此兵家所忌，師出必敗。」或曰：「不如講和。」京曰：「敵兵未嘗挫，安肯降我哉？」未幾，元昊使黃延德叩延州乞降，以奇兵出原、渭，敗大將任福。夏竦素不悅京，坐是改通判廬州，徙知邵武軍，提點河北路刑獄事。乃上言：「請擇要官守滄、衛，鑿西山石臼廢道以限戎馬，義勇聚教，復給糧，置卒守烽燧，用奇正法訓兵，徙戰馬內地以息邊費。」凡十餘事，仁宗頗嘉納之。

He later joined Xia Song's military staff. When the late Hanlin Academician Chao Zongque came to camp to ask whether attack or defense was wiser, most favored a major punitive expedition. Tian Jing said, "The Tangut have long been unruly. They will not be easily defeated. To drive inexperienced troops deep into enemy territory and contest them on their own ground is exactly what military strategists warn against. Such an expedition is doomed to fail." Someone said, "Perhaps we should negotiate peace instead." Tian Jing replied, "Their army has never been broken. Why would they willingly submit to us?" Before long Yuan Hao sent Huang Yande to Yanzhou offering surrender while dispatching surprise forces from Yuan and Wei to defeat the great general Ren Fu. Xia Song had long disliked Tian Jing. For this he was demoted to military supervisor of Luzhou, then transferred to command Shaowu Army and serve as Hebei judicial intendant. He memorialized, proposing that key officials be placed to guard Cangzhou and Weizhou, that the abandoned stone-mortar road in the western hills be reopened to block barbarian cavalry, that local volunteers be mustered and trained with rations restored, that troops be posted to watch the beacon towers, that troops be drilled in both orthodox and unorthodox tactics, and that war horses be moved inland to reduce frontier costs. His memorial listed more than a dozen proposals, which Emperor Renzong largely praised and adopted.

入為開封府判官，坐械囚送獄道死，出知蔡州，徙相、邢二州，復提點河北刑獄事。王則據恩州反，京縋城趣南關，入驍健營撫士卒。保州振武兵焚民居欲應賊，京捕斬之乃定。賊遣其黨崔象偽出降，京以其持妖言惑眾，又斬以徇，由是營兵二十六指揮在外者皆懾服，不敢叛。州之南關，民眾多如城中，得不陷賊，京有功焉。京督士攻城甚力，賊繫京妻子乘城迫使呼曰：「毋亟攻，城中將屠我輩矣。」京叱諸軍益進攻，注矢仰射，殺其家四人。賊知京無所顧，乃牽妻子去，恩州平。以不能預察賊，降監鄆州稅。

He entered service as judicial intendant of Kaifeng Prefecture but was demoted after shackled prisoners died en route to jail. He was sent out as prefect of Caizhou, then transferred to Xiang and Xing, and again served as Hebei judicial intendant. When Wang Ze seized Enzhou and rebelled, Tian Jing lowered himself from the city wall by rope and raced to the South Gate, entering the Elite Brave Camp to rally the troops. Zhenwu troops in Baozhou burned civilian homes in sympathy with the rebels. Tian Jing captured and executed them, and order was restored. The rebels sent one Cui Xiang to feign surrender; Jing judged that he spread sorcerous talk to mislead the people and had him executed as a warning. Thereafter the twenty-six garrison commands stationed outside the city were cowed into obedience and dared not mutiny. The south suburb of the prefecture held a population as large as the city itself and did not fall to the rebels; Jing deserved credit for that. Jing drove the assault with great vigor. The rebels bound his wife and children, brought them onto the wall, and forced them to shout, "Do not press the attack—the city will slaughter us!" Jing ordered the troops to press the attack harder, drew his bow, shot upward, and killed four members of his own family. Seeing that Jing would spare nothing, the rebels dragged his family away, and Enzhou was pacified. For failing to detect the rebellion in advance, he was demoted to supervisor of tax collection at Yanzhou.

先是，駐泊都監田斌亦以賊發不能捕，待罪兵間，及城破，從諸將入，以功遷宮苑副使，而京獨被謫。御史言失察賊過輕，忘家為國義獨重，不宜左遷，乃徙通判兗州。又徙知江陰軍，知密州，歷提點淮南刑獄事、京西轉運使，累遷兵部員外郎、直史館、知滄州轉運使。

Earlier, garrison commander Tian Bin had likewise failed to capture the rebels when they rose and awaited punishment in the ranks; when the city fell he entered with the other generals and was promoted to vice commissioner of the Palace Parks for his service, while Jing alone was punished. A censor argued that the penalty for failing to foresee the rebellion was too harsh, that Jing's sacrifice of family for the state outweighed the fault, and that he should not be demoted; he was instead made vice-prefect of Yanzhou. He was later made military prefect of Jiangyin and prefect of Mizhou, served as judicial intendant for Huainan and as Jingxi transport commissioner, and rose through successive posts to Outer Gentleman of the Ministry of War, appointment to the Direct Historiography, and transport commissioner of Cangzhou.

京能招輯流民，為之給田除稅租，凡增戶萬七千，特遷工部郎中。然傳者謂流民之數多不實，又強為人田非其所樂，侵民稅地，仿古屯田法，其後法不成，所給種錢牛價，民多不償，鞭笞督責，至累年不能平，公私皆患之。擢天章閣待制、陝西都轉運使，改兵部郎中，復知滄州，拜右諫議大夫，卒。

Jing was skilled at gathering and resettling refugees, granting them land and remitting rent and taxes; he registered seventeen thousand new households and was specially promoted to director in the Ministry of Works. Yet rumor held that the refugee numbers were greatly inflated, that he forced men onto land they did not want, encroached on taxpayers' fields, and imitated the ancient frontier-colony system. The scheme ultimately failed: seed loans and ox prices went largely unpaid, and years of flogging to compel repayment left both government and people burdened. He was promoted to Hanlin associate at the Tianzhang Pavilion and chief transport commissioner for Shaanxi, reappointed director in the Ministry of War and prefect of Cangzhou, made Right Remonstrance Grandee, and died.

京喜論議，然語繁而迂，頗通兵戰、曆算、雜家之術。為人尚氣節，少時與常山董士廉、汾陰郭京相友善，俱以倜儻聞。著《天人流術》、《通儒子》十數書，又有奏議十卷。

Jing loved debate, though his speech was wordy and abstruse; he was well versed in military science, calendrical calculation, and various technical arts. He prized integrity and spirit; in his youth he befriended Dong Shilian of Changshan and Guo Jing of Fenyin, and all three were known for their bold, unconventional character. He wrote more than ten works, including Heavenly Human Flow Arts and Comprehensive Confucian Master, as well as ten juan of memorials and policy proposals.

論曰：人臣之職，當奮不顧身，而庸人怯夫於國事則噎喑而不言，若胡越肥瘠之不相干，如張述者其亦忠且果矣。黃震指李溥忤權臣，胡順之擊強宗，為眾人所不敢為；陳貫論兵事，范祥畫邊計，皆一時雋士。妖盜竊發，京出孤力保城南，置妻孥之憂，先登示賊，其勇蓋可壯也。

The commentators say: A minister's duty is to give himself wholly to the state, yet mediocre and timid men fall mute on public affairs, as though the welfare of far Hu and near Yue were none of their concern. Zhang Shu, at least, was loyal and resolute. Huang Zhen denounced Li Pu in defiance of powerful ministers; Hu Shunzhi struck down powerful clans—deeds others dared not attempt; Chen Guan discoursed on military affairs and Fan Xiang drafted frontier strategy; each was an outstanding talent of his day. When the sorcerer-rebel rose, Jing alone held the south suburb, set aside concern for wife and children, and led the assault to show the enemy his resolve—courage worthy of admiration indeed.

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