1
石普，其先幽州人，自言唐河中節度雄之後，徙居太原。 祖全，事周為鐵騎軍使。 父通，事太宗於晉邸。 普十歲給事邸中，以謹信見親，補寄班祗候，再遷東頭供奉官。 賊邢橐駝、賈禿指數百人寇掠永興諸縣，命普督兵往捕，悉獲之。 遷內殿崇班、帶御器械。 李順叛，普為西川行營先鋒，與韓守英、馬知節誅斬之。 遷西京作坊使、欽州刺史。 順餘黨復寇邛蜀，偽稱邛南王。 又為西川都提舉捉賊使。 時蜀民疑不自安，多欲為盜者，普因馳入對，面陳：「蜀亂由賦斂苛急，農民失業，宜稍蠲減之，使自為生，則不討而自平矣。」 帝許之。 普即日還蜀，揭榜諭之，莫不悅服。 賊平，賜白金三千兩、襲衣、金帶、鞍勒馬。 累遷洛苑使、富州團練使、延州緣邊都巡檢使。 羌酋乜羽內寇，普追殺之。
Shi Pu came from Youzhou stock; he claimed descent from Xiong, the Tang military governor of Hezhong, and his family later settled in Taiyuan. His grandfather Quan had served the Later Zhou as commander of the Iron Cavalry. His father Tong had attended the future Emperor Taizong when he was still prince at the Jin residence. Pu entered princely service at ten. His steadiness won him favor; he was made an acting attendant on the heir's staff and twice promoted to eastern head palace attendant. Bandits led by Xing Tuoluo and Jia Tuzhi, several hundred strong, were raiding Yongxing's counties. Pu was ordered to lead troops against them and took every one. He was promoted to inner hall honored guard and imperial arms bearer. When Li Shun rose in rebellion, Pu served as vanguard of the western Sichuan campaign force and, with Han Shouying and Ma Zhijie, killed him. He was made commissioner of the western capital workshops and prefect of Qinzhou. Li Shun's remaining followers raided Qiong and Shu again and proclaimed a King of Southern Qiong. He was again appointed overall bandit-suppression commissioner for western Sichuan. Sichuan's people were uneasy and mistrustful; many were ready to turn bandit. Pu rode posthaste to court and argued in person: "The unrest in Shu springs from crushing taxes. Farmers have lost their livelihood. Lighten the levies a little and let people support themselves again, and the province will settle without another expedition." The emperor agreed. Pu returned to Sichuan the same day, posted notices explaining the change, and won the people's willing obedience. After the rebels were suppressed, he received three thousand taels of silver, ceremonial robes, a gold belt, and a saddled horse from the throne. He rose through appointments as Luoyuan commissioner, Fuzhou militia training commissioner, and comprehensive frontier patrol commissioner at Yanzhou. When the Qiang leader Miye raided inward, Pu pursued and killed him.
2
從真宗幸大名，會王均叛，以為川峽路招安巡檢使，佐雷有終率諸將進討。 至天回鎮，賊出拒戰，普領前陣力擊破之。 賊退保益州，王師圍城數月不下，普繕車炮，又為地道攻城。 城破，均夜半突圍，由南門遁，普引兵追擊於富順監，均自殺，餘黨皆平。 遷冀州團練使，賜黃金三百兩、白金三千兩。 故事，正任不兼帶御器械，帝特以命普。
Accompanying Emperor Zhenzong to Daming, he was caught up in Wang Jun's rebellion. He was named pacification and patrol commissioner for the Sichuan gorges route to assist Lei Youzhong in leading the generals against the rebels. At Tianhui town the rebels came out to fight. Pu led the van and broke them in a fierce assault. The rebels fell back on Yizhou. Imperial troops besieged the city for months without success. Pu repaired siege engines and catapults and opened a tunnel assault. When the city fell, Wang Jun broke out at midnight through the south gate. Pu pursued him to Fushun and forced him to kill himself; the remaining rebels were pacified. He was promoted to militia training commissioner of Jizhou and rewarded with three hundred taels of gold and three thousand of silver. By custom, regular provincial appointees did not also carry the imperial arms privilege; the emperor made an exception for Pu.
3
契丹犯邊，為保州兵馬鈐轄、北面行營押策先鋒，與契丹戰廉良城，又戰長城口，獲俘馘器甲甚眾。 徙定州路副都總管。 靈州失守，益兵備關中，徙永興軍副都總管。 時軍製疏略，凡號令進退，及呼召將佐、會合別屯，皆遣人馳告。 普上請曰：「臣嘗將兵，輒破一錢，與別將各持半，用相合為信。」 帝為置傳信牌，漆木長六寸，闊三寸，腹背刻字而中分之，置鑿枘令可合。 又穿二竅，容筆墨，上施紙劄，每臨陣則分持，或傳令則書其言，繫軍吏之頸，至彼為合契。 又獻《禦戎圖》，請設塹以陷敵馬，並上所置戰械甚眾。 徙為莫州總管。
During a Khitan border raid he served as Baozhou military supervisor and strategic-planning vanguard on the northern field staff. He fought them at Liangliang city and again at Changcheng pass, taking many prisoners and a large haul of weapons and armor. He was reassigned as deputy overall commander on the Dingzhou circuit. After Lingzhou fell, reinforcements were sent to secure Guanzhong, and Pu became deputy overall commander of the Yongxing army. Military procedures were still crude: orders to advance, retreat, summon officers, or unite separate camps all went out by mounted messenger. Pu petitioned the throne: "When I commanded troops, I would break a coin in half—each commander kept one piece, and matching halves proved the message was genuine." The emperor ordered communication tokens made: lacquered wooden plaques six inches long and three wide, inscribed on both sides and split in half with a mortise-and-tenon joint so the pieces would fit together. Each token had two holes for brush and ink and a paper slip attached. Before battle the halves were distributed; orders could be written on the slip, tied to a courier's neck, and matched at the other camp to verify authenticity. He also submitted his Defenses against the Barbarians, proposing ditches to trap enemy horses, along with numerous siege devices of his own design. He was reassigned as overall commander of Mozhou.
4
初，契丹南侵，敗我兵於望都。 既而諜者言復欲大入寇，帝自畫軍事，以手詔示輔臣曰：
Earlier, when the Khitan raided south, they had routed Song forces at Wangdu. Soon intelligence reported another major invasion. The emperor drafted the campaign plan himself and showed his chief ministers a handwritten edict:
5
鎮、定、高陽三路兵宜會定州，夾唐河為大陣，立柵以守。 量寇遠近出軍。 俟敵疲則先鋒出致師，用騎卒居中，環以步卒，接短兵而已，無遠離隊伍。
Forces from the Zhen, Ding, and Gaoyang circuits should concentrate at Dingzhou, straddling the Tang River in a fortified main camp. Deploy detachments according to how far the enemy had advanced. When the enemy tired, the vanguard would offer battle: cavalry in the center, infantry around them, fighting only at close range and never leaving the formation.
6
又分兵出三路：以六千騎屯威虜軍，魏能、白守素、張銳領之； 五千騎屯保州，楊延昭、張禧、李懷岊領之； 五千騎屯北平塞，田敏、楊凝、石延福領之，以當賊鋒。 始至勿輕鬥，待其氣衰，背城以戰。 若南越保州，與大軍遇，則令威虜之師與延昭會，使腹背受敵。 若不攻定州，縱軼南侵，則復會北平田敏，合勢入契丹界，邀其輜重，令雄、霸、破虜已來，互為聲援。
Three detached cavalry commands were also set: six thousand horsemen at Weilu, under Wei Neng, Bai Shousu, and Zhang Rui; five thousand at Baozhou, under Yang Yanzhao, Zhang Xi, and Li Huaizhe; and five thousand at Beiping pass, under Tian Min, Yang Ning, and Shi Yanfu, to blunt the enemy's advance. They were not to engage rashly on arrival, but to wait until Khitan morale flagged and then fight with the city at their backs. If the Khitan slipped south of Baozhou and ran into the main army, the Weilu and Baozhou commands would unite so the enemy would be caught between two forces. If they bypassed Dingzhou and raided deeper south, Tian Min at Beiping would combine with them, strike into Liao territory to cut off supply trains, and coordinate with garrisons from Xiongzhou, Bazhou, and Pohuo southward.
7
又命孫全照、五德鈞、裴自榮將兵八千屯寧邊軍，李重貴、趙守倫、張繼旻將兵五千屯邢州，扼東西路。 契丹將遁，則令定州大軍與三路騎兵會擊之，令普統軍一萬於莫州，盧文壽、王守俊監之，敵騎北去，則西趨順安軍襲擊，斷西山之路。 如河冰已合，敵由東路，則劉用、劉漢凝、田思明以兵五千會普、全照為掎角，仍命石保吉將萬兵鎮大名，以張軍勢。
Sun Quanzhao, Wu Dejun, and Pei Zirong were to hold Ningbian with eight thousand men; Li Chonggui, Zhao Shoulun, and Zhang Jimin would block the eastern and western approaches from Xingzhou with five thousand. If the Khitan withdrew, the Dingzhou main force and the three cavalry commands would converge on them. Pu would command ten thousand men at Mozhou under Lu Wenshou and Wang Shoujun; if enemy horsemen fled north, he was to strike west toward Shun'an and sever their escape through the western hills. If the rivers froze and the enemy used the eastern route, Liu Yong, Liu Hanning, and Tian Siming would bring five thousand men to support Pu and Quanzhao in a pincer. Shi Baoji would hold Daming with ten thousand to magnify the army's presence.
8
繢圖以授諸將。
He had the plan painted as a chart and issued it to his commanders.
9
後數月，敕輔臣曰：「北邊已屯大兵，而邊奏至，敵未有釁，且聚軍虛費，民力何以給之？ 宜有制畫，以為控遏。 且靜戎、順安軍界，先開營田、河道，可以扼黑盧口、三台、小李路，亦可通漕運至邊。 宜乘此用眾浚治，使及軍城，彼或撓吾役，即合兵擊之。」 李沆等曰：「設險以製敵，守邊之利也。」 遂詔內侍閻文慶與靜戎、順安知軍事王能、馬濟督其事，而徙普屯順安之西，與威虜魏能、保州楊延昭、北平田敏為掎角。
Months later he instructed his ministers: "We have massed huge forces on the northern frontier, yet the border reports no enemy movement. Keeping this army idle wastes the people's strength—how long can we sustain it? We need a measured plan to hold the frontier without ruinous expense. Between Jingrong and Shun'an we should open military farms and canals to block Heilukou, Santai, and the Xiaoli route and extend the grain supply line to the border. Use the army now to dig canals and extend them to the frontier garrisons; if the Khitan interfere, unite and drive them off. Li Hang and others replied: "Fortifying the frontier to contain the enemy is the soundest border policy." The emperor sent the eunuch Yan Wenqing with Wang Neng and Ma Ji, who commanded Jingrong and Shun'an, to oversee the works, and moved Pu west of Shun'an to coordinate with Wei Neng, Yang Yanzhao, and Tian Min in a mutual-support triangle.
10
內侍馮仁俊掌御劍於莫州，與普不叶。 帝曰：「勿窮治以驕將帥。」 第召仁俊還。 又令普率所部屯乾寧軍，復遷普冀州團練使，徙本州總管。 車駕幸澶淵，時王繼忠已陷契丹，契丹欲請和，因繼忠遣人持信箭為書遺普，且通密表。 事平，遷容州觀察使。 向敏中為鄜延路都總管，以普副之。 趙德明納款，詔降制命，普言：「不宜授以押蕃落使，使之總制屬羌，則強橫不可制矣。」 乃止兼管內蕃落使。
The eunuch Feng Renjun, who carried the imperial sword at Mozhou, clashed with Pu. The emperor said: "Do not press the investigation too far and spoil our commanders' morale." He simply recalled Renjun to court. Pu was ordered to move his troops to Qianning; he was again made militia training commissioner of Jizhou and overall commander of his home circuit. During the emperor's stay at Chanyuan, Wang Jizhong had already gone over to the Khitan, who now sought peace. Through Jizhong they sent a messenger with a trust arrow and a secret message to Pu. After peace was concluded, he was promoted to military commissioner of Rongzhou. When Xiang Minzhong became overall commander on the Fuyan circuit, Pu served as his deputy. As Zhao Deming came in to submit, the court prepared a formal commission. Pu warned: "Do not make him overseer of the frontier tribes and give him authority over all the Qiang—once strengthened, he will be impossible to control." The court therefore dropped the concurrent post of inner overseer of frontier tribes.
11
未幾，徙幷代路，給公使錢二千五百緡，普援例歲給錢三千緡，樞密院言無此例。 又言李漢超守河朔時，歲給以萬計，今幷代屯軍多，不足以犒軍，帝不納。 改桂州觀察使、鎮州路總管，遷保平軍節度觀察留後，赴本鎮。 帝祀汾陰，還至陝西，普請駐蹕城中。 因賜詩，令扈從至西京。 拜河西軍節度使、知河陽，徙許州。 築大流堰，引河通漕京師。 上《軍儀條目》二卷、《用將機宜要訣》二圖。 時方崇尚符瑞，而普請罷天下醮設，歲可省緡錢七十餘萬，以贍國用，繇是忤帝意。
Soon he was posted to the Bingdai circuit with 2,500 strings of envoy funds; Pu cited precedent for 3,000 strings a year, but the Bureau of Military Affairs denied the claim. He argued that Li Hanchao on the Hebei frontier had once received annual payments in the tens of thousands, whereas Bingdai's larger garrison could not be sustained on the present allowance. The emperor refused. He was reassigned as observer of Guizhou and overall commander on the Zhenzhou circuit, then as acting military commissioner of Baoping, and went to take up his post. Returning from the Fenyin sacrifices, the emperor reached Shaanxi; Pu urged him to lodge inside the city walls. The emperor rewarded him with a poem and had him escort the procession to the western capital. He was made military commissioner of Hexi and administrator of Heyang, then transferred to Xuzhou. He constructed the Great Flowing Weir, diverting the Yellow River to feed the capital's grain transport canals. He presented two scrolls of military regulations and two illustrated manuals on the use of generals. The court was promoting miraculous signs, but Pu urged an end to empire-wide Daoist prayer assemblies, arguing the savings—over seven hundred thousand strings a year—should go to state expenses. The emperor took offense.
12
大中祥符九年，上言九月下旬日食者三； 又言：「商賈自秦州來，言唃廝囉欲陰報曹瑋，請以臣所獻陣圖付瑋，可使瑋必勝。」 帝以普言逾分，而樞密使王欽若言普欲以邊事動朝廷，帝怒，命知雜御史呂夷簡劾之。 獄具，集百官參驗，九月下旬日不食。 坐普私藏天文，下百官雜議，罪當死。 議以官當。 詔除名，貶賀州，遣使縶送流所。 帝謂輔臣曰：「普出微賤，性輕躁，干求不已。 既懵文藝，而假手撰述，以揣摩時事。 聞在繫所，思其幼子，時時泣下，可聽挈家以行。」 甫至賀州，授太子左清道率府副率、房州安置，增房州屯兵百人護守。
In 1016, he memorialized that three solar eclipses would occur in the last ten days of the ninth month; and added: "Traders from Qinzhou say Gusiluo plans a secret attack on Cao Wei. Give him the battle diagrams I submitted, and Wei will surely prevail." The emperor judged Pu's speech presumptuous; Wang Qinruo of the Bureau of Military Affairs said Pu was trying to alarm the court with frontier crises. Enraged, the emperor ordered Lü Yijian to investigate. When the case closed, the court assembled officials to verify his claims: no eclipse had occurred in late ninth month. Pu was found guilty of privately possessing astronomical texts. The assembled officials ruled the offense capital. They commuted the death sentence by rank. He was stripped of office, demoted to Hezhou, and bound under escort to his place of exile. The emperor told his ministers: "Pu rose from nothing. He is impulsive and never stops angling for favor. He has no learning, yet hires ghostwriters to sound learned and court the mood of the moment. They say he weeps in prison for his young son. Let him take his family into exile." Hardly had he reached Hezhou when he was given a nominal post in the heir apparent's household and confined at Fangzhou with a hundred extra guards.
13
普倜儻有膽略，凡預討伐，聞敵所在，即馳赴之。 兩平蜀盜，大小數十戰，摧鋒與賊角，眾推其勇。 頗通兵書、陰陽、六甲、星曆、推步之術。 太宗嘗曰：「普性剛驁，與諸將少合。」 然藉其善戰，每厚遇之。 後以罪廢，每太宗忌日，必盡室詣佛寺齋薦，率以為常。
Pu was bold and resourceful; in every campaign, as soon as he learned where the enemy was, he rode straight for them. He helped suppress two Sichuan rebellions in dozens of fights, always leading the charge; soldiers acclaimed his bravery. He was well read in military classics, divination, calendrics, and astrology. Taizong once remarked: "Pu is stiff-necked and rarely gets on with other commanders." Still, valuing his fighting ability, he always treated him well. After his disgrace he observed every anniversary of Taizong's death by taking his entire household to Buddhist temples for memorial offerings—a habit he never broke.
14
張孜，開封人。 母微時生孜，後入宮乳悼獻太子。 孜方在繈褓，真宗以付內侍張景宗曰：「此兒貌厚，汝謹視之。」 景宗遂養以為子。 蔭補三班奉職、給事春坊司，轉殿直。
Zhang Zi was a native of Kaifeng. His mother bore him while she was still a commoner; later she entered the palace as wet nurse to the late heir apparent. While Zhang Zi was still an infant, Zhenzong gave him to the eunuch Zhang Jingzong, saying, "This boy looks sturdy—look after him carefully." Jingzong raised him as his own son. He entered service by hereditary privilege as a third-class palace attendant in the heir apparent's household and was promoted to hall direct attendant.
15
契丹欲背盟，富弼往使，命孜為副，議論雖出弼，然孜亦安重習事。 以勞遷西上閤門使、知瀛州，拜單州團練使、龍神衛四廂都指揮使、幷代副總管。 河東更鐵錢法，人情疑貳，兵相率扣府欲訴，閉門不納。 是日幾亂，孜策馬從數卒往諭之，皆散還營。 遷濟州防禦使、侍衛馬軍都虞候，又遷殿前都虞候，加桂州管內觀察使，遷侍衛步軍副都指揮使。 虎翼兵教不中程，指揮使問狀，屈強不肯對，乘夜，十餘人大噪，趣往將害人，孜禽首惡斬之然後聞。 遷昭信軍節度觀察留後、馬軍副都指揮使。
When the Khitan threatened to renounce the treaty, Fu Bi led the embassy and Zhang Zi served as deputy. Fu Bi shaped the policy, but Zi was steady and knew the business. Rewarded for his service, he became western upper gate commissioner and prefect of Yingzhou, then militia training commissioner of Shanzhou, overall commander of the fourth dragon divine guard barracks, and deputy overall commander on the Bingdai circuit. Hedong revised its iron-cash currency, stirring public distrust. Troops marched on the yamen to protest, and officials shut the gates against them. Riot nearly broke out that day. Zhang Zi rode out with a handful of men, talked the soldiers down, and sent them back to camp. He became defender of Jizhou and chief of the palace horse guards, then chief commandant before the hall with concurrent observer of Guizhou, and finally deputy overall commander of the palace foot guards. When Tiger Wing troops failed their drill inspection, their commander questioned them; they refused to answer. That night a dozen men raised a clamor and moved to kill their officers. Zhang Zi seized the ringleader, executed him, and only then reported the affair. He was made acting military commissioner of Zhaoxin and deputy overall commander of the horse guards.
16
孜長於宮禁中，內外頗涉疑似，言者請罷孜兵柄，乃出為寧遠軍節度使、知潞州，徙陳州。 仁宗以其無他，復召為馬軍副都指揮使。 御史中丞韓絳又言：「孜不當典兵，而宰相富弼薦引之，請黜弼。」 弼引咎求罷政事。 諫官御史皆言進擬不自弼。 絳家居待罪，曰：「不敢復稱御史矣。」 坐此謫知蔡州。 而孜尋以罪罷，知曹州。 卒，贈太尉，諡勤惠。 孜初名茂實，避英宗舊名，改「孜」云。
Having been raised inside the palace, Zhang Zi attracted suspicion on many sides. Critics urged stripping him of military power; he was sent out as military commissioner of Ningyuan and prefect of Luzhou, then moved to Chenzhou. Finding no other fault in him, Emperor Renzong recalled him as deputy overall commander of the palace cavalry. Vice Censor-in-Chief Han Jiang protested again: "Zi should not hold military command, yet Chief Councilor Fu Bi sponsored his appointment. I ask that Bi be removed." Bi accepted blame and asked to leave office. Remonstrance officials and censors alike said the nomination had not come from Bi. Jiang stayed home awaiting punishment, saying, "I no longer dare call myself a censor." For this he was demoted to prefect of Cai. Zi was soon removed for misconduct and appointed prefect of Cao. When he died he was posthumously enfeoffed as grand marshal with the temple name Qinhuai. Zi had originally been named Maoshi; to avoid Emperor Yingzong's former personal name he changed it to Zi.
17
許懷德
Xu Huaide
18
許懷德，字師古，開封祥符人。 父均，磁州團練使。 懷德長六尺餘，善騎射擊刺。 少以父任為東西班殿侍，累擢至殿前指揮使、左班都虞候。
Xu Huaide, style name Shigu, came from Xiangfu in Kaifeng. His father Jun served as regimental commander of Cizhou. Huaide stood more than six feet tall and was skilled in horsemanship, archery, and close combat. As a young man he entered service through his father's privilege as a palace attendant of the eastern and western classes, rising eventually to commander of the palace front guard and chief commandant of the left class.
19
元昊寇邊，選為儀州刺史、鄜延路兵馬鈐轄，遷副總管。 夏人三萬騎圍承平砦，懷德時在城中，率勁兵千餘人突圍，破之。 夏人復陣，有出陣前據鞍嫚罵者，懷德引弓一發而踣，敵乃去。 屠金明縣，復進圍延州。 懷德遽還，夜遣裨將以步騎千餘人，出不意擊之，斬首二百級，遂解延州。 遷鳳州團練使，專領延州東路茭村一帶公事。
When Yuan Hao attacked the frontier, Huaide was chosen prefect of Yizhou and military inspector on the Fuyan circuit, then promoted to deputy overall commander. When thirty thousand Xia cavalry besieged Chengpu Stockade, Huaide was inside the walls; he led over a thousand elite troops in a breakout and routed the enemy. The Xia re-formed their lines. One warrior rode forward, sat on his saddle, and hurled insults. Huaide loosed a single arrow and dropped him; the enemy then withdrew. They sacked Jinming County and pressed on to besiege Yan Prefecture. Huaide rushed back and that night sent a subordinate with over a thousand foot and horse to strike by surprise, taking two hundred heads and relieving Yan Prefecture. He was made regimental commander of Feng and given sole charge of affairs along the Jiaocun sector of Yanzhou's eastern route.
20
徙秦鳳路，未行，坐夏人破塞門砦不赴援，降寧州刺史。 頃之，擢龍神衛四廂都指揮使、陵州團練使、本路副都總管。 遷康州防禦使，又坐當出討賊逗留不進，所部兵夫棄隨軍芻糧，更赦，徙秦鳳路副都總管，改捧日、天武四廂。 又以賊侵掠屬羌，亡十餘帳，徙永興軍，又徙高陽關、幷代路，歷殿前都虞候、遂州觀察使、侍衛親軍馬軍副都指揮使、武信軍節度觀察留後、殿前副都指揮使、寧遠軍節度使。 會從妹亡，無子，懷德欲冒有其田，事覺，罷管軍，知亳州，徙徐州。 歲餘，復為殿前副都指揮使。 祀明堂，進都指揮使，更保寧、建雄二節度。
Transferred to the Qinfeng circuit, he had not yet left when the Xia stormed Saimen Stockade without his going to the rescue; he was demoted to prefect of Ning. Soon he was promoted to commander of the dragon spirit guard's four wings, regimental commander of Ling, and deputy overall commander of the circuit. Made defender of Kang, he was punished again for delaying a campaign against bandits while his laborers abandoned the army's fodder. After another amnesty he became deputy overall commander on Qinfeng and was reassigned to the Penglai and Tianwu wings. When raiders harried subject Qiang and more than ten camps were lost, he was moved to Yongxing Army, then Gaoyang Pass and the Bingdai circuit, serving in turn as palace front chief commandant, observation commissioner of Suizhou, deputy overall commander of the imperial guards cavalry, Wuxin military commissioner and observation remnant, deputy palace front commander, and military commissioner of Ningyuan. When a maternal cousin died childless, Huaide tried to seize her land by false claim. Exposed, he lost command of the guards and was made prefect of Bo, then transferred to Xu. After a year he again became deputy overall commander of the palace front. At the Bright Hall rites he was promoted to overall commander and in turn held the Ningbao and Jianxiong commissions.
21
年八十猶生子，筋力過人。 在宿衛十四年，數乞身，帝不許。 懷德曰：「臣年過矣，倘為御史所彈，且不得善罷。」 即詔為減數歲。 卒，贈侍中，諡榮毅。
At eighty he still fathered a child, his strength surpassing that of ordinary men. He served in the palace guards for fourteen years and repeatedly asked to retire; the emperor refused. Huaide said, "I am too old; if the censors attack me, I may not be allowed an honorable exit." The emperor then ordered several years struck from his recorded age. He died and was posthumously made palace attendant with the temple name Rongyi.
22
懷德自初擢守邊，連以畏懦被謫，已而與功臣並進典軍，及坐請託得罪，去而復還。 時遭承平，保寵終祿。 故事，節度使移鎮加恩，皆別上表再辭，每降批答，遣內侍齎賜，必有所遺。 懷德以祫享加恩，既又移鎮，乃共為一表以辭。 翰林學士歐陽修劾其慢朝命，詔以修章示之，懷德謝罪而已，不復別進表。 其鄙吝如此。
From his first frontier appointment Huaide was repeatedly demoted for cowardice, yet later rose with distinguished generals to high command; punished once for patronage, he left office and came back again. In an age of peace he kept imperial favor and died on his stipend. By custom, when a commissioner changed posts and received new honors he filed a separate memorial declining twice; each time the throne answered and sent a palace eunuch with gifts, always with something extra. Huaide had received honors for ancestral rites and, on shifting posts again, rolled both into a single declining memorial. Hanlin academician Ouyang Xiu charged him with disrespect for court procedure; the emperor had the memorial shown to him. Huaide apologized and submitted no further separate memorial. Such was his pettiness and meanness.
23
李允則
Li Yunze
24
李允則，字垂範，濟州團練使謙溥子也。 少以材略聞，蔭補衙內指揮使，改左班殿直。 太平興國七年，幽薊還師，始置榷場於靜戎軍，允則典其事。 還，使河東路決繫囚，原治逋欠。 又使荊湖察官吏，與轉運使檢視錢帛、器甲、刑獄，遂擢閤門祗候。 浚治京師諸河，創水門，鄭州水磑。 西川賊劉旰平，上官正議修城未決，命允則與王承衎、閻承翰往視。 還，言西川以無城難守，宜如正議。 又言兵分則緩急不為用，請亻並屯要害，以便饋餉。 高溪州蠻田彥伊入寇，遣詣辰州，與轉運使張素、荊南劉昌言計事。 允則以蠻徼不足加兵，悉招輯之。
Li Yunze, style name Chuifan, was the son of Jizhou regimental commander Li Qianbo. Known young for ability and strategy, he entered by privilege as inner-yamen commander and became a left-class palace attendant. In Taiping Xingguo 7, when troops withdrew from You and Ji, the first border market was set at Jingrong Army; Yunze ran it. Returning, he was sent to Hedong to adjudicate bound prisoners and forgive overdue taxes. He was next sent to Jinghu to inspect officials and, with the transport commissioner, review funds, arms, and prisons, and was promoted to palace gate usher. He dredged the capital's waterways, built sluice gates, and established the Zhengzhou water mill. After Liu Chang's rebellion in Xichuan was crushed, Shang Guanzheng had debated wall repairs without deciding; Yunze was sent with Wang Chenghan and Yan Chenghan to inspect. He reported that Xichuan could not be held without walls and that Zheng's plan should be adopted. He also argued that scattered troops could not meet emergencies and asked to concentrate them at key points to ease logistics. When Tian Yanyi of the Gao-Xi Man raided, Yunze was sent to Chen to confer with Transport Commissioner Zhang Su and Liu Changyan of Jingnan. Yunze held the Man border did not need more troops and pacified them by summons and settlement.
25
累遷供備庫副使、知潭州。 將行，真宗謂曰：「朕在南衙，畢士安嘗道卿家世，今以湖南屬卿。」 初，馬氏暴斂，州人出絹，謂之地稅。 潘美定湖南，計屋輸絹，謂之屋稅。 營田戶給牛，歲輸米四斛，牛死猶輸，謂之枯骨稅。 民輸茶，初以九斤為一大斤，後益至三十五斤。 允則請除三稅，茶以十三斤半為定制，民皆便之。 湖湘多山田，可以藝粟，而民惰不耕。 乃下令月所給馬芻，皆輸本色，繇是山田悉墾。 湖南饑，欲發官廩先賑而後奏，轉運使執不可，允則曰：「須報逾月，則饑者無及矣。」 明年薦饑，復欲先賑，轉運使又執不可，允則請以家資為質，乃得發廩賤糶。 因募饑民堪役者隸軍籍，得萬人。 轉運使請發所募兵禦邵州蠻，允則曰：「今蠻不攪，無名益戍，是長邊患也。 且兵皆新募，饑瘠未任出戍。」 乃奏罷之。 陳堯叟安撫湖南，民列允則治狀請留，堯叟以聞。 召還，連對三日，帝曰：「畢士安不謬知人者。」
He rose in turn to deputy commissioner of the supply depot and prefect of Tan. Before he left, Zhenzong said, "When I was heir apparent, Bi Shi'an spoke of your family; now I entrust Hunan to you." Under the Ma clan the people had paid a "land tax" in silk from harsh exactions. When Pan Mei pacified Hunan, silk was assessed per dwelling as "house tax." Colonists given oxen paid four hu of grain yearly; even when the ox died they still paid—the "dead-bone tax." Tea levies had begun at nine jin to the "large jin" and risen to thirty-five. Yunze abolished the three taxes and fixed tea at thirteen and a half jin per standard measure, to the people's relief. Hunan had abundant hillside land for grain, but the people were idle and would not farm. He required monthly horse fodder to be paid in kind, and hillside fields were brought under cultivation. When famine struck Hunan he wanted to open granaries first and report later; the transport commissioner refused. Yunze said, "A month's delay in reporting means the hungry go unserved." The next year, famine again, he again sought to relieve first; blocked again, he pledged his personal wealth as bond and was allowed to sell grain cheap from the granaries. He then enrolled able-bodied famine victims in the army, gaining ten thousand men. The transport commissioner wanted the new troops sent against the Shao Man; Yunze objected: "The tribes are quiet; pointless reinforcement only worsens the frontier. Besides, they were raw recruits, still thin from hunger, unfit for garrison duty." He memorialized and the deployment was canceled. When Chen Yaosou pacified Hunan, the people petitioned to keep Yunze; Yaosou reported it. Recalled, he had three days of audiences; the emperor said, "Bi Shi'an knew his man."
26
遷洛苑副使、知滄州。 允則巡視州境，浚浮陽湖，葺營壘，官舍間穿井。 未幾，契丹來攻，老幼皆入保而水不乏，斫冰代砲，契丹遂解去。 真宗復召謂曰：「頃有言卿浚井葺屋為勞民者，及契丹至，始見善為備也。」 轉西上閤門副使、鎮定高陽三路行營兵馬都監，押大陣東面。 請對，自陳武藝非所長，不可以當邊劇。 帝曰：「卿為我運籌策，不必當矢石也。」 賜白金二千兩，副以幃幄、什器，凡下諸路宣敕，必先屬允則省而後行。 及王超敗，人心震搖，允則勸超衰絰向師哭，以解眾忿。 真宗知允則始屢趣超進兵，手詔褒厲。
He became deputy commissioner of the Luoyuan and prefect of Cang. Touring his jurisdiction he dredged Fuyang Lake, repaired fortifications and offices, and dug wells among the buildings. Soon the Khitan attacked; civilians took refuge inside and water held; defenders hurled chopped ice like catapult stones, and the Khitan withdrew. Zhenzong summoned him and said, "Some called your wells and repairs a burden on the people—until the Khitan came and showed how well you had prepared." He was made deputy chief of the western upper palace gate, overall military inspector of the Zhending-Gaoyang three routes, commanding the array's east face. He asked audience and admitted martial skill was not his forte and he could not bear the frontier's strain. The emperor said, "Plan for me—you need not stand under arrows and stones." He received two thousand taels of silver plus tents and equipment; edicts to the circuits had to pass his review first. After Wang Chao's defeat shook morale, Yunze urged him to wear mourning and weep before the troops to defuse their fury. Knowing Yunze had repeatedly pressed Chao to advance, Zhenzong sent a personal edict of praise.
27
契丹通好，徙知瀛州，上言：「朝廷已許契丹和議，但擇邊將，謹誓約，有言和好非利者，請一切斥去。」 真宗曰：「茲朕意也。」 遷西上閤門副使。 何承矩為河北緣邊安撫、提點榷場，及承矩疾，詔自擇代，乃請允則知雄州。 初，禁榷場遇異物，而邏者得所易瑉玉帶。 允則曰：「此以我無用易彼有用也」，縱不治。 遷東上閤門使、獎州刺史。 河北既罷兵，允則治城壘不輟，契丹主曰：「南朝尚修城備，得無違誓約乎？」 其相張儉曰：「李雄州為安撫使，其人長者，不足疑。」 既而有詔詰之，允則奏曰：「初通好不即完治，恐他日頹圮因此廢守，邊患不可測也。」 帝以為然。
At Khitan peace he became prefect of Ying and memorialized: "Choose good border commanders, keep the treaty, and dismiss anyone who says peace harms us." Zhenzong said, "That is my intent." He was promoted deputy chief of the western upper palace gate. When He Chengjue, Hebei frontier commissioner and market intendant, fell ill and was told to pick his successor, he named Yunze for Xiong Prefecture. Markets had barred exotic goods, yet a frontier trader acquired a jade belt in exchange. Yunze said, "We trade our surplus for their need," and took no action. He became chief of the eastern upper palace gate and prefect of Jiang. With fighting ended in Hebei, Yunze kept fortifying; the Khitan ruler asked whether this broke the treaty. Councilor Zhang Jian replied, "Commissioner Li of Xiong is a man of integrity—not to be doubted." When the court questioned him, Yunze wrote: "We did not finish repairs at once lest later ruin force us to abandon the walls—frontier risk is incalculable." The emperor agreed.
28
城北舊有甕城，允則欲合大城為一。 先建東嶽祠，出黃金百兩為供器，道以鼓吹，居人爭獻金銀。 久之，密自徹去，聲言盜自北至，遂下令捕盜，三移文北界，乃興版築，揚言以護祠。 而卒就關城浚壕，起月堤，自此甕城之人，悉內城中。 始，州民多以草覆屋，允則取材木西山，大為倉廩營舍。 始教民陶瓦甓，標里閈，置廊市、邸舍、水磑。 城上悉累甓，下環以溝塹，蒔麻植榆柳。 廣閻承翰所修屯田，架石橋，構亭榭，列堤道，以通安肅、廣信、順安軍。
North of the city lay an outer barbican; Yunze wanted to join it to the main wall. He first built an Eastern Peak temple, donated a hundred taels of gold for ritual vessels, and marched with music; townspeople vied to give gold and silver. He later secretly removed the gold and claimed northern thieves had struck; ordering a manhunt and thrice notifying the northern border, he began building, saying it was to guard the shrine. He closed the wall, dug the moat, and raised crescent embankments until barbican dwellers all moved inside. Most roofs had been thatch; Yunze brought timber from the western hills and built granaries and barracks on a large scale. He taught tile-making, laid out wards and markets, inns, and water mills. The ramparts were fully tiled; moats encircled them, planted with hemp, elm, and willow. He expanded Yan Chenghan's garrison farms, bridged streams, built pavilions, and linked Ansu, Guangxin, and Shun'an garrisons with raised roads.
29
歲修禊事，召界河戰棹為競渡，縱北人遊觀，潛寓水戰。 州北舊多設陷馬坑，城上起樓為斥堠，望十里； 自罷兵，人莫敢登。 允則曰：「南北既講和矣，安用此為？」 命徹樓夷坑，為諸軍蔬圃，浚井疏洫，列畦隴，築短垣，縱橫其中，植以荊棘，而其地益阻隘。 因治坊巷，徙浮圖北原上，州民旦夕登望三十里，下令安撫司，所治境有隙地悉種榆，久之榆滿塞下。 顧謂僚佐曰：「此步兵之地，不利騎戰，豈獨資屋材耶？」
Each year he held spring rites and regatta on the border river, letting northerners watch while secretly drilling naval tactics. North of the city lay many horse pits; watch towers on the walls commanded ten li of view; since the truce, no one had dared man them. Yunze said, "North and south are at peace—what need for these?" He had the towers torn down and pits filled, turned the ground into army vegetable plots, dug wells and channels, laid fields behind low thorn hedges, and made the terrain still harder to cross. He rebuilt streets, moved a pagoda to the northern heights so townsfolk could scan thirty li, and ordered spare land planted with elm until the border was thick with trees. He told his staff, "This suits foot soldiers, not cavalry—was it only for lumber?"
30
上元舊不燃燈，允則結彩山，聚優樂，使民夜縱遊。 明日，偵知北酋欲間入城中觀，允則與同僚伺郊外。 果有紫衣人至，遂與俱入傳舍，不交一言，出奴女羅侍左右，劇飲而罷。 且置其所乘騾廡下，使遁去，即幽州統軍也。 後數日，為契丹所誅。 嘗宴軍中，而甲仗庫火，允則作樂行酒不輟，副使請救，不答。 少頃火熄，命悉瘞所焚物，密遣吏持檄瀛州，以茗籠運器甲。 不浹旬，兵數已完，人無知者。 樞密院請劾不救火狀，真宗曰：「允則必有謂，姑詰之。」 對曰：「兵械所藏，儆火甚嚴，方宴而焚，必奸人所為。 舍宴而救，事或不測。」
Lantern Festival lights had been forbidden; Yunze built a decorated mountain, hired performers, and let the people celebrate at night. Next day intelligence said the Khitan leader meant to enter the city in disguise; Yunze and colleagues waited outside. A man in purple arrived; Yunze escorted him to the guesthouse, said nothing, set slave girls to serve wine, and drank him under the table. He stabled the visitor's mule and let him slip away—it was Youzhou's supreme commander. Days later the Khitan executed him. Once at a camp feast the armory burned; Yunze kept the music playing while his deputy begged to fight the flames in vain. When the fire died he buried the ruins, secretly requisitioned arms from Ying packed in tea chests. Within ten days stores were full again, unnoticed. The Bureau of Military Affairs moved to impeach him for not fighting the fire; Zhenzong said, "Yunze must have had his reasons—question him first." He answered, "The armory is fire-hardened; a blaze during a feast must be sabotage. To break off the feast might have caused worse trouble."
31
允則不事威儀，間或步出，遇民可語者，延坐與語，以是洞知人情。 訟至，無大小面訊立斷。 善撫士卒，皆得其用。 盜發輒獲，人亦莫知所由。 身無兼衣，食無重羞，不畜資財。 在河北二十餘年，事功最多，其方略設施，雖寓於遊觀、亭傳間，後人亦莫敢隳。 至於國信往來，費用儀式，多所裁定。 晚年居京師，有自契丹亡歸者，皆命舍允則家。 允則死，始寓樞密院大程官營。
Ignoring pomp, he walked among the people, sat and talked with whomever he met, and knew the mood of the realm. He heard every suit in person, great or small, and judged at once. He won his soldiers' loyalty and used them well. Thieves were always caught, though none knew how. He owned one coat, one plate at table, and no savings. Twenty years in Hebei brought his greatest deeds; even measures hidden in festivals and inns later generations dared not undo. He standardized much of the cost and ceremony of diplomatic traffic. In old age at court he sheltered every Khitan defector in his own house. After his death they were moved to the Bureau's guest quarters.
32
張亢，字公壽，自言後唐河南尹全義七世孫。 家於臨濮。 少豪邁有奇節，事兄奎甚謹。 進士及第，為廣安軍判官、應天府推官。 治白沙、石梁二渠，民無水患。 改大理寺丞、簽書西京判官事。
Zhang Kang, style name Gongshou, claimed descent from Later Tang's Henan governor Quanyi, seven generations removed. His family lived at Linpu. Young, he was daring and principled and served his elder brother Kui with devotion. A jinshi graduate, he served as Guang'an Army judge and Yingtian investigating officer. He managed the Baisha and Shiliang canals and ended flooding for the people. He became a director of the Court of Judicial Review and recorder at the western capital.
33
通判鎮戎軍，上言：「趙德明死，其子元昊喜誅殺，勢必難制，宜亟防邊。」 因論西北攻守之計，章數十上，仁宗欲用之，會丁母憂。 既而契丹聚兵幽、涿間，河北增備，遂起為如京使、知安肅軍。 因入對曰：「契丹歲享金帛甚厚，今其主孱而歲歉，懼中國見伐，特張言耳，非其實也。 萬一倍約，臣請擐甲為諸軍先。」
As intendant at Zhenrong he warned: "Deming is dead and Yuan Hao loves killing; the frontier must be secured at once." He sent dozens of memorials on northwest defense; Renzong meant to employ him, but mourning for his mother intervened. When the Khitan gathered at You and Zhuo and Hebei mobilized, he was recalled as palace envoy and prefect of Ansu. At audience he said the Khitan lived on Song tribute; their weak ruler and bad harvest made their threats empty. If they break faith, I will arm first and lead the van."
34
元昊反，為涇原路兵馬鈐轄、知渭州，累遷右騏驥使、忠州刺史，徙鄜延路、知鄜州。 上疏曰：
When Yuan Hao rebelled he became Jingyuan military inspector and Wei prefect, then Zhong prefect, then Fuyan inspector and Fu prefect. He memorialized:
35
「舊制，諸路總管、鈐轄、都監各不過三兩員，餘官雖高，止不過一路。 總管、鈐轄不預本路事。 今每路多至十四五員，少亦不減十員，皆兼本路分事，不相統制，凡有論議，互報不同。 按唐總管，統軍，都統，處置、制置使，各有副貳，國朝亦有經略、排陣使，請約故事，別置使名，每路軍馬事，止以三兩員領之。
"Formerly each route had at most two or three overall commanders, inspectors, and supervisors; higher titles did not multiply commands. Overall commanders and inspectors did not meddle in routine circuit business. Now each route has ten to fifteen officers sharing duties without a single chain of command, so orders conflict. Tang and early Song precedents had deputies and frontier commissioners; restore clear titles so two or three men lead each route's forces.
36
又涇原一路，自總管、鈐轄、都監、巡檢及城砦所部六十餘所，兵多者數千人，少者才千人，兵勢既分，不足以當大敵。 若敵以萬人為二十隊，多張聲勢以綴我軍，後以三五萬人大入奔突，則何以支？
On Jingyuan alone sixty-odd posts split forces of one to several thousand—too weak against a major invasion. If the enemy feints with twenty squads then hits with thirty or fifty thousand, how do we hold?
37
又比來主將與軍伍移易不定，人馬強弱，配屬未均。 今涇原正兵五萬，弓箭手二萬，鄜延正兵不減六七萬，若能預為團結，明定節制，迭為應援，以逸待勞，則烏合饑餒之眾，豈能窺我淺深乎？ 請下韓琦、范仲淹分按，逐路以馬步軍八千已上至萬人，擇才位兼高者為總領。 其下分為三將：一為前鋒，一為策前鋒，一為後陣。 每將以使臣、忠佐三兩人，分屯要害之地，敵小入則一將出，大入則大將出。
Commanders and units shift constantly; strong and weak troops are unevenly assigned. Jingyuan has fifty thousand regulars and twenty thousand archers; Fuyan sixty or seventy thousand—pre-formed regiments, clear command, and mutual relief could defeat hungry rabble. Send Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan to assign eight to ten thousand troops per route under the ablest senior commanders. Under each, three generals: vanguard, vanguard reserve, and rear. Each general with aides holds key points—small raids meet one general, large ones the chief.
38
又量敵數多少，使鄰路出兵應接，此所謂常山蛇勢也。 今萬人已上為一大將，一路又有主帥，延州領三大將，鄜州一大將，保安軍及西路巡檢、德靖砦共為一大將，則鄜延路兵五萬人矣。 原渭州、鎮戎軍各一大將，渭州山外及瓦亭各一大將，則涇原路五萬人矣。 弓箭手、熟戶不在焉。 昨延州之敗，蓋由諸將自守不相應援。 請令邊臣預定其法，敵寇某所，則某將為先鋒，某將出某所為奇兵，某將出某所為聲援，某城砦相近出敢戰死士某所設覆，都、同巡檢則各扼要害。
Scale response to enemy strength and coordinate neighboring routes—the 'Constant Mountain serpent' deployment. Today ten thousand men per 'great general' fragments Fuyan's fifty thousand among Yan, Fu, Bao'an, and Dejing commands. Jingyuan's fifty thousand should cluster under Wei, Zhenrong, Wating, and mountain posts—not scattered titular generals. Archers and allied tribes are extra. Yanzhou fell because generals refused to support each other. Pre-assign who leads, who ambushes, who reinforces, and which stockades sortie when the enemy strikes a given point.
39
又令鄰路取某路出應，仍潛用旗幟為號。 昨劉平救延州，前鋒陷賊者已二千騎，平猶不知。 趙瑜部馬軍間道先進，而趙振與王逵趨塞門，至高頭平路，白馬報敵張青蓋駐山東，振麾兵掩襲，乃瑜也。 臣在山外策應，未嘗用本指揮旗號，自以五行支干別為引旗。 若甲子日本軍相遇，則先見者張青旗，後見者以緋旗應之，此是干相生，其干相克及支相生克亦如之。 蓋兵馬出入，晝則百步之外不能相知，若不預為之號，必誤軍事。 國家承平日久，失於訓練，今每指揮藝精者不過百餘人，餘皆瘦弱不可用。 且官軍所恃者，步軍與強弩爾。 臣知渭州日，見廣勇軍廣弩者三百五十人，引一石二斗者僅百人，餘僅及七八斗，正欲閱習時易為力爾。 臣以跳鐙弩試，皆不能張，閱習十餘日，裁得百餘人。 又教以小坐法，亦十餘日，又教以帶甲小坐法，五十餘日始能服熟。 若安前弊以應新敵，其有必勝之理乎？
Neighboring routes should answer with agreed banner signals. At Yanzhou Liu Ping never knew two thousand of his vanguard were already trapped. Zhao Yu's cavalry took a side road while Zhao Zhen mistook him for the enemy on the Gaotou plain and attacked his own man. Outside the mountains I never used standard signals but private banners keyed to the sexagenary cycle. On a jiazi day the first party raised green, the second crimson—stems and branches coded friend from foe. Beyond a hundred paces troops cannot recognize friends; without preset signals disaster follows. Peace has rotted training; barely a hundred men per unit are fit. The army depends on infantry and heavy crossbows. At Wei I found only a hundred of three hundred fifty Guangyong crossbowmen could draw full weight—most cheated on drill day. Stirrup-drawn bows failed; ten days' drill yielded a hundred men. Small-sitting and armored drills took fifty days to master. Old habits against a new foe guarantee no victory.
40
又兵官務張邊事，以媒進邀賞，劉平之敗，正繇貪功輕進，鎮戎軍最近賊境，每報賊騎至，不問多寡，凡主兵者皆出，至邊壕則賊已去矣。 蓋權均勢埒，各不相下，若不出，則恐得怯懦之罪。 且諸路騎兵不能馳險，計其芻粟，一馬之費，可養步軍五人。 馬高不及格，宜悉還坊監，止留十之三，餘以步兵代之。 又比來禁衛隊長，繇年勞換前班者，或為諸司使副，白丁試武技，亦命以官，而諸路弓箭手生長邊陲，父祖效命，累世捍賊，乃無進擢之路，何以激勸邊民？
Officers court glory and advance rashly—Ping's defeat; at Zhenrong every alarm sends commanders to the moat after the enemy has left. Rivals dare not stay in camp lest they be called cowards. Cavalry cannot ride rough ground; one horse feeds five foot soldiers. Return undersized horses to stud farms, keep a third, replace the rest with infantry. Palace guards win civil posts while frontier archers whose families fought for generations have no promotion—how motivate the border?
41
竊聞大帥議五路進師，且有用兵以來，屢出無功，若一旦深入，臣切以為未可也。 山界諸州城砦，距邊止二三百里，夏兵器甲雖精利，其鬥戰不及山界部族，而財糧又盡出山界。 若十月後令諸將分番出界，使夏人不得耕牧。 然後出步兵，負十日糧，人日給米一升，馬日給粟四升、草五分，賊界有草地，以半資放牧，亦可減免運之半。 王師既行，使唃廝囉及九姓回紇分制其後，必蕩覆巢穴。」
I hear talk of a five-route invasion; repeated failures show deep penetration is premature. Mountain stockades sit two or three hundred li from the border; Xia arms are fine but their fighters and supplies depend on the frontier tribes. After the tenth month rotate raids across the border to deny Xia pasture and plowing. Then march infantry with ten days' rations—men one sheng rice, horses four sheng grain—and graze half the horses in enemy grass to halve convoys. Let Gusiluo and the Nine-Clan Uyghurs strike the rear and the Xia nest will fall."
42
又言：「陝西民調發之苦，數倍常歲，宜一切權罷，令安撫司與逐州長吏減省他役，專應邊須。 及選殿侍軍將各三十人，以駝、騾各二百，留其半河中，以運鄜、延、保安軍軍須，其半留乾州或永興軍，以運環、慶、原、渭、鎮戎軍軍須，分一轉運使專董其事。 又鄜州四路半當衝要，嘗以閑慢路遞鋪兵卒之半，貼衝要二路。 驛百人，每三人挽小車，載二百五十斤至三百斤，若團亻並輦運，邊計亦未至失備，而民力可以寬矣。」
He also urged suspending Shaanxi's multiplied levies so pacification offices could cut other labor and fund the frontier. Pick thirty guards and generals each, two hundred camels and mules, split between Hezhong and Qianzhou to supply eastern and western routes under one transport commissioner. Half of Fu's four routes are critical; shift idle relay troops to the busy lines. Three men per cart at two hundred fifty jin, if convoyed in groups, keeps the border ready while easing the people's burden."
43
初，亢請乘驛入對，詔令手疏上之，後多施用。 進西上閤門使，改都鈐轄，屯延州。 又奏邊機軍政措置失宜者十事，言：
Kang had asked to rush to court; ordered to write instead, much of his plan was adopted. Promoted deputy western palace gate chief and overall inspector, he garrisoned Yanzhou. He listed ten frontier military failures:
44
「王師每出不利，豈非節制不立，號令不明，訓練不至，器械不精？ 或中敵詭計，或自我貪功； 或左右前後自不相救，或進退出入未知其便； 或兵多而不能用，或兵少而不能避； 或為持權者所逼，或因懦將所牽； 或人馬困饑而不能奮，或山川險阻而不能通：此皆將不知兵之弊也。 未聞深究致敗之由而為之措置，徒益兵馬，未見勝術。 一也。
"Every campaign fails from broken command, unclear orders, poor training, or bad arms—or enemy tricks or our own greed; wings that do not help, maneuvers misunderstood; too many men unused or too few to escape; pressure from superiors or cowardly subordinates; starved troops or impassable terrain—generals who do not know war. We add troops without studying why we lose. First.
45
去春敵至延州，諸路發援兵，而河東、秦鳳各逾千里，涇原、環慶不減十程。 去秋賊出鎮戎，遠自鄜延發兵，千里遠鬥，銳氣已衰，如賊已退，乃是空勞師徒，異時更寇別路，必又如此，是謂不戰而自弊。 二也。
Last spring at Yanzhou relief came a thousand li from Hedong and Qinfeng, ten stages from Jingyuan and Huanqing. Last autumn Fuyan marched a thousand li to Zhenrong after the enemy left—next raid, same waste: defeat without fighting. Second.
46
今鄜延副都總管許懷德兼管勾環慶軍馬，環慶副總管王仲寶復兼鄜延，其涇原、秦鳳總管等亦兼鄰路，雖令互相策應，然環州至延州十四五驛，徑赴亦不下十驛； 涇原至秦鳳千里，若發兵互援，而山路險惡，人馬之力已竭。 三也。
Xu Huaide commands both Fuyan and Huanqing; Wang Zhongbao both Huanqing and Fuyan—cross-commands span ten to fifteen stages. Jingyuan to Qinfeng is a thousand li of brutal mountain marches that exhaust men and horses. Third.
47
四路軍馬各不下五六萬，朝廷罄力供億，而邊臣但言兵少，每路欲更增十萬人，亦未見功效。 且兵無節制一弊，無奇正二弊，無應援三弊，主將不一四弊，兵分勢弱五弊。 有此五弊，如驅市人而戰，雖有百萬，亦無益於事。 四也。
Each route has fifty or sixty thousand men at imperial expense, yet officers demand another hundred thousand without results. No unified command, no regular and irregular tactics, no mutual aid, divided leadership, and scattered strength—five fatal flaws. With these five flaws a million men fight like a mob. Fourth.
48
古人教習，須三年而後成，今之用兵已三年矣，將帥之材孰賢孰愚，攻守之術孰得孰失，累年敗衄，而居邊要者未知何謀。 使更數年未罷兵，國用民力，何以克堪。 若因之以饑饉，加之以他寇，則安危之策，未知如何。 五也。
Ancient drill took three years; after three years of war we still do not know which frontier commanders are fit or which tactics work. If war drags on, how can treasury and people endure? Add famine and other enemies, and no one knows what will keep the realm safe. Fifth.
49
今言邊事者甚眾，朝廷或即奏可，或再詳究以聞，或付有司。 前條方行，後令即變，胥史有鈔錄之勞，官吏無商略之暇，邊防軍政，一無定制。 六也。
Border memorials flood the court—some approved at once, some sent back for study, some delegated. New orders cancel old ones before clerks finish copying; frontier policy has no stable rules. Sixth.
50
夏竦、陳執中皆朝廷大臣，凡有邊事，當付之不疑。 今但主文書、守詔令，每有宣命，則翻錄行下； 如諸處申稟，則令候朝旨。 如是，則何必以大臣主事？ 七也。
Great ministers Xia Song and Chen Zhizhong should run border affairs with full trust. Instead they only file papers and relay edicts downward; local reports must wait for capital instructions. Why keep great ministers in charge at all? Seventh.
51
前河北用兵，減冗官以省費，今陝西日以增員，如制置青白鹽使副、招撫蕃部使臣十餘員，所占兵士千餘人，請給歲約萬緡。 復有都大提舉馬鋪器甲之類，諸州並募克敵、致勝、保捷、廣銳、宣毅等兵，久未曾團結訓練，但費軍廩，無益邊備。 八也。
Hebei had cut redundant posts to save money; Shaanxi multiplies salt and tribal commissioners costing ten thousand strings a year for a thousand idle troops. New armory chiefs and locally raised units drain rations without training or strengthening the border. Eighth.
52
今軍有手藝者，管兵之官，每一指揮，抽占三之一。 如延州諸將不出，即有兵二萬，除五千守城之外，其餘止一萬五千。 若有警急，三日內不能團集，況四十里外便是敵境，一有奔突，何以備之？ 九也。
Commanders skim a third of every skilled soldier from each unit. At Yanzhou twenty thousand men minus five thousand garrison leaves only fifteen thousand. They cannot muster in three days while the enemy sits forty li away—how meet a sudden raid? Ninth.
53
陝西教集鄉兵，共十餘萬人。 市井無賴，名掛尺籍，心薄田夫，豈無奸盜雜於其中？ 苟無措置，他日為患不細。 十也。」
Shaanxi militia exceed a hundred thousand. Market thugs on the rolls despise farmers—surely thieves hide among them. Without control they will become a grave menace. Tenth."
54
既而復請面陳利害，不報。
He again asked to present his case in person and received no answer.
55
會元昊益熾，以兵圍河外。 康德輿無守禦才，屬戶豪乜囉叛去，導夏人自後河川襲府州，兵至近道才覺，而蕃漢民被殺掠已眾。 攻城不能下，引兵屯琉璃堡，縱遊騎鈔麟、府間，二州閉壁不出。 民乏飲，黃金一兩易水一杯。 時豐州已為夏人所破，麟、府勢孤，朝廷議棄河外守保德軍未果，徙亢為幷代都鈐轄、管勾麟府軍馬事。 單騎叩城，出所授敕示城上，門啟，既入，即縱民出采薪芻汲澗谷。 然夏人猶時出鈔掠，亢以州東焦山有石炭穴，為築東勝堡； 下城旁有蔬畦，為築金城堡； 州北沙坑有水泉，為築安定堡，置兵守之。 募人獲於外，腰鐮與衛送者均得。 其時禁兵皆敗北，無鬥志，乃募役兵敢戰者，夜伏隘道，邀擊夏人遊騎。 比明，有持首級來獻者，亢以錦袍賜之，禁兵始慚奮曰：「我顧不若彼乎？」 又縱使飲博，方窘乏幸利，咸願一戰。 亢知可用，始謀擊琉璃堡，使諜伏敵砦旁草中，見老羌方炙羊髀占吉凶，驚曰：「明當有急兵，且趣避之。」 皆笑曰：「漢兒皆藏頭膝間，何敢！」 亢知無備，夜引兵襲擊，大破之。 夏人棄堡去，乃築宣威砦於步駝溝捍寇路。
Yuan Hao grew bolder and besieged the Yellow River frontier. Kang Deyu could not defend; tribal chief Yeluo guided Xia raiders up the rear river valleys into Fu before anyone noticed, slaughtering many. Failing to storm the city, they camped at Liuli and raided between Lin and Fu while both towns shut their gates. Water sold for a tael of gold a cup. Feng had fallen; Lin and Fu were isolated. The court hesitated to abandon the river bend but made Kang overall inspector of Bingdai and Lin-Fu forces. He rode alone to the gate, showed his edict, entered, and let the people forage for fuel and water. Xia raids continued; Kang built Dongsheng Stockade at Jiao Mountain's coal pits; Jin Fort Stockade by the city gardens; Anding Stockade at northern springs, each garrisoned. Harvesters outside shared their sickle-cut gains equally with their guards. Demoralized palace troops were shamed when corvée volunteers ambushed Xia scouts at night. At dawn head-bearers won brocade robes; the palace troops asked, "Are we worse than they?" He let them drink and gamble until broke men begged for a fight. Planning to hit Liuli, spies heard old Qiang divining over mutton: "Enemy tomorrow—flee." They laughed: "Song men hide their heads—how would they dare?" Kang struck by night and routed them. The Xia abandoned Liuli; Kang built Xuanwei Stockade on the raider path.
56
時麟州饋路猶未通，敕亢自護賞物送麟州。 敵既不得鈔，遂以兵數萬趨柏子砦來邀。 亢所將才三千人，亢激怒之曰：「若等已陷死地，前鬥則生，不然，為賊所屠無餘也。」 士皆感厲。 會天大風，順風擊之，斬首六百餘級，相蹂踐赴崖谷死者不可勝計，奪馬千餘匹。 乃修建寧砦。 夏人數出爭，遂戰於兔毛川。 亢自抗以大陣，而使驍將張岊伏短兵強弩數千於山後。 亢以萬勝軍皆京師新募市井無賴子弟，罷軟不能戰，敵目曰「東軍」，素易之，而怯虎翼軍勇悍。 亢陰易其旗以誤敵，敵果趣「東軍」，而值虎翼卒，搏戰良久，伏發，敵大潰，斬首二千級。 不逾月，築清塞、百勝、中候、建寧、鎮川五堡，麟、府之路始通。
Lin's supply line was still cut; Kang was ordered to escort provisions there himself. Denied raids, the enemy massed tens of thousands to ambush him at Bozi Stockade. With only three thousand men he shouted: "Fight or die—no mercy if you flee." The men roared back. A gale favored them; six hundred heads fell and countless men and horses plunged off cliffs; a thousand horses were captured. He then built Ning Stockade. The Xia fought him repeatedly at Tumaomao River. Kang held the main line while Zhang Bian hid thousands of crossbowmen behind the hill. The enemy despised the soft "Eastern Army" recruits but feared the Tiger Wing veterans. Kang swapped banners; the enemy charged the "Eastern Army" and met Tiger Wings; the ambush broke them—two thousand dead. Within a month five stockades opened the Lin-Fu road.
57
亢復奏：「今所通特一徑爾，請更增並邊諸柵以相維持，則可以廣田牧，壯河外之勢。」 議未下，會契丹欲渝盟，領果州團練使、知瀛州。 葛懷敏敗，遷四方館使、涇原路經略安撫招討使、知渭州，亢聞詔即行，及至，敵已去。 鄭戩統四路，亢與議不合，遷引進使，徙幷代副都總管。 御史梁堅劾亢出庫銀給牙吏往成都市易，以利自入，奪引進使，為本路鈐轄。 及夏人與契丹戰河外，復引進使、副都總管，知代州兼河東沿邊安撫事。 范仲淹宣撫河東，復奏亢前所增廣堡砦，宜使就總其事。 詔既下，明鎬以為不可，屢牒止之。 亢曰：「受詔置堡砦，豈可得經略牒而止耶？ 坐違節度，死所甘心，堡砦必為也。」 每得牒，置案上，督役愈急。 及堡成，乃發封自劾，朝廷置不問。 蕃漢歸者數千戶，歲減戍兵萬人，河外遂為幷、汾屏蔽。
He asked for more border stockades to widen pasture and strengthen the river bend. Before the court decided, the Khitan threatened the treaty and he was sent to Ying as Guo regimental commander. After Ge Huaimin's defeat he was rushed to Jingyuan as pacification commissioner but arrived after the enemy left. He clashed with four-circuit commander Zheng Xian and was moved to Bingdai deputy commander. Censor Liang Jian accused him of using treasury silver for Chengdu trade for personal gain and demoted him to circuit inspector. When Xia and Khitan fought on the frontier he again became promotion commissioner and Dai prefect with Hebei border duties. Fan Zhongyan urged that Kang finish the stockades he had planned. Ming Hao repeatedly ordered him to stop building. Kang said, "Imperial orders to build stockades are not canceled by a frontier memo. I accept death for disobedience—the stockades will stand." Each stop-order went on his desk while work sped up. When the forts were done he impeached himself; the court ignored it. Thousands of families returned; ten thousand garrison troops were cut; the river bend shielded Bing and Fen.
58
復知瀛州，因言：「州小而人眾，緩急無所容，若廣東南關，則民居皆在城中。」 夏竦前在陝西，惡亢不附己，特沮其役，然卒城之。 加領眉州防禦使，復為涇原路總管、知渭州。 會給郊賞，州庫物良而估賤，三司所給物下而估高，亢命均其直，以便軍人。 轉運使奏亢擅減三司所估。 會竦為樞密使，奪防禦使，降知磁州。 御史宋禧繼言亢嘗以庫銀市易，復奪引進使，為右領衛大將軍、知壽州。
As Ying prefect he urged widening the southeast gate so the crowded town could shelter everyone in a siege. Xia Song, who disliked him, tried to block the wall but it was finished anyway. He again commanded Jingyuan and served as Meizhou defender. He equalized shoddy central goods and good local goods in suburban rewards so soldiers were not cheated. The transport commissioner accused him of cutting central appraisals. Xia Song as military commissioner demoted him to Ci prefect. Censor Song Xi renewed the silver charge and made him a guard general at Shou.
59
後陝西轉運使言亢所易庫銀非自入者，改將作監、知和州。 坐失舉，徙筠州。 久之，復為引進使、果州團練使，又復眉州防禦使、真定府路副都總管。 遷客省使，以足疾知衛州，徙懷州。 坐與鄰郡守議河事，會境上經夕而還，降曹州鈐轄。 改河陽總管，以疾辭，為秘書監。 未幾，復客省使、眉州防禦使、徐州總管，卒。
Later inquiry cleared the silver trade; he became palace construction director at He. A bad recommendation sent him to Yun. He soon regained promotion commissioner rank and Zhending deputy command. Foot trouble made him Wei then Huai prefect. A night crossing into a neighbor's territory to discuss river works cost him his post to Cao inspector. He became Heyang commander, then secretary director on illness. He briefly returned as Xuzhou commander and died.
60
亢好施輕財，凡燕犒饋遺，類皆過厚，至遣人貿易助其費，猶不足。 以此人樂為之用。 同學生為吏部，亢憐其老，薦為縣令。 後既為所累，出筠州，還，所薦者復求濟，亢又贈金帛，終不以屑意。 馭軍嚴明，所至有風跡，民圖像祠之。
Kang gave lavishly, even trading to pay for feasts and gifts. Men gladly served such a generous commander. He recommended an aged classmate from the Ministry of Personnel as county magistrate. That man later ruined him; after exile the same man begged again and Kang still gave gold without resentment. His strict command left a mark; people enshrined his portrait.
61
兄奎
His elder brother Kui
62
奎，字仲野，先亢中進士。 歷幷、秀州推官，監衢州酒。 徐生者毆人至死，繫婺州獄，再問輒言冤。 轉運使命奎復治。 奎視囚籍印窾偽，深探之，乃獄吏竄易，卒釋徐生，抵吏罪，眾驚伏。 同時薦者三十九人，改大理寺丞，知合淝縣，徙南充縣。
Kui, style name Zhongye, took the jinshi before his brother. He served as investigator in Bing and Xiu and as Qu wine supervisor. Xu, held for beating a man to death in Wu, insisted he was innocent. The transport commissioner sent Kui to retry the case. Kui found forged seals on the register, exposed the jail clerk, freed Xu, and awed the crowd. Recommended with thirty-nine others, he became a judicial director and magistrate of Hefei and Nanchong.
63
以殿中丞通判瀘州，罷歸。 會秦州鹽課虧緡錢數十萬，事連十一州。 詔奎往按，還奏三司發鈔稽緩，非諸州罪。 因言：「鹽法所以足軍費，非仁政所宜行。 若不得已，令商人轉貿流通，獨關市收其徵，上下皆利。 孰與設重禁壅閼之為民病？」 於是悉除所負。 未幾，知江州，徙楚州，遷太常博士，召為殿中侍御史、知滑州，徙邢州。 母病，輒割股肉和藥以進，母遂愈。 其後母卒，廬於墓，自負土植松柏。
As palace censor he served at Luzhou and was dismissed. A Qin salt deficit implicated eleven prefectures. Kui found the three departments slow to issue notes, not local guilt. He argued the salt monopoly funds the army but is not benevolent policy. Better let merchants circulate salt and tax only at passes, benefiting all. How is that worse than choking trade with harsh bans? All debts were forgiven. He became Jiang and Chu prefect, erudite of imperial sacrifices, remonstrance censor, and prefect of Hua and Xing. When his mother fell ill he cut thigh flesh for medicine and she recovered. After his mother died he lived at her tomb, carrying earth and planting pines himself.
64
服終，授度支判官，出為京東轉運使，以侍御史為河東轉運使，進刑部員外郎、知御史雜事。 安撫京東，募民充軍凡十二萬，奏州縣吏能否數十人。 還為戶部副使。 及分陝西為四路，擢天章閣待制、環慶路經略安撫招討使、知慶州，以父名餘慶辭，不許。 歷陝西都轉運使、知永興軍、河東都轉運使，加龍圖閣直學士，知澶、青、徐、揚等州，再遷吏部郎中。
After mourning he rose through revenue and transport posts to vice minister of justice and censorial supervisor. Pacifying Hedong he raised a hundred twenty thousand militia and rated dozens of local officials. He returned as vice revenue commissioner. When Shaanxi split into four circuits he became Huanqing pacification commissioner and Qing prefect; he declined the post because his father's name was Yuqing but was overruled. He served as Shaanxi and Hedong transport commissioner, Yongxing prefect, and prefect of several eastern circuits, rising to personnel director.
65
時李宥知江寧府，府廨盡焚。 諫官言金陵始封之地，守臣視火不謹，宜擇才臣繕治之。 遷右諫議大夫、知江寧府。 奎簡材料工，一循舊制，不逾時復完。 還，判吏部流內銓，徙審官院、知河南府。 河南宮闕歲久頗摧圮，奎大加興葺。 又按唐街陌，分榜諸坊。 初，全義守洛四十年，洛人德之，有生祠。 及見奎偉儀觀，曰：「真齊王孫也。」 因復興齊王祠。 歲餘，以能政聞，遷給事中，歸朝。 京東盜起，加樞密直學士、知鄆州，數月，捕諸盜，悉平。
Li You's Jiangning government compound had burned to the ground. Censors said Jinling, the dynasty's first capital, needed a capable rebuild after the fire. Kui was made right remonstrance grandee and Jiangning prefect. Kui rebuilt on the old plan with chosen craftsmen, finishing on schedule. Back at court he ran personnel rosters, then became Henan prefect. He restored Henan's long-ruined palaces and gates. He restored Tang street grids and posted ward signs. Quanyi had governed Luoyang forty years and the people had kept his living shrine. Seeing Kui's bearing they said, "Truly Quanyi's heir." They restored the Prince of Qi shrine. After a year his governance won praise and he returned to court as giving-the-throne attendant. When bandits rose in Hedong he became Yan prefect and cleared them within months.
66
奎治身有法度，風力精強，所至有治跡，吏不敢欺，第傷苛細。 亢豪放喜功名，不事小謹。 兄弟所為不同如此，然皆知名一時。 子燾，龍圖閣直學士。
Kui ruled with discipline and force; clerks feared him, though some found him harsh. Kang was bold, ambitious, and careless of small proprieties. The brothers differed in character yet both won fame. His son Tao became a Dragon Diagram academician.
67
劉文質
Liu Wenzhi
68
劉文質，字士彬，保州保塞人，簡穆皇后從孫也。 父審琦，虎牢關使，從討李重進戰死。 文質幼從母入禁中，太宗授以左班殿直，遷西頭供奉官、寄班祗侯。 帝頗親信之，數訪以外事。 嘗謂內侍竇神興曰：「文質，朕之近親，又忠謹，其賜白金百斤。」 出為兩浙走馬承受公事，擢西京左藏庫副使、岢嵐軍使，賜金帶、名馬。 徙知麟州，改麟府濁輪砦兵馬鈐轄。 擊蕃酋萬保移，走之。 越河破契丹，拔黃太尉砦，殺獲萬計，賜錦袍、金帶。 徙知慶州。
Liu Wenzhi, style name Shibin, of Baosai in Bao, was a kinsman of Empress Jianmu. His father Shenqi, Tiger Cage Pass commissioner, died fighting Li Chongjin. Raised in the palace, Taizong made him a left-class attendant and western-head usher. Taizong trusted him and often asked about outside affairs. He told Dou Shenxing, "Wenzhi is kin and loyal—give him a hundred jin of silver." Sent to Zhe-Liang as imperial courier, he became Kailan commissioner with gold belt and a fine horse. He became Lin prefect, then inspector of the Lin-Fu Zhuolun stockade. He routed the tribal chief Wan Baoyi. He crossed the river, beat the Khitan, took Yellow Grand Marshal Stockade, and won tens of thousands of captives. He became Qing prefect.
69
李繼遷入寇，文質將出兵，而官吏不敢發庫錢。 乃以私錢二百萬給軍，士皆感奮，遂大破賊。 徙涇州，充麟州、清遠軍都監，又破敵於枝子平。 咸平中，清遠軍陷，坐逗撓奪官，雷州安置。 久之，起為太子率府率、杭州駐泊都監。 封泰山，以內殿崇班為青、齊、淄、濰州巡檢。 進禮賓副使、石隰緣邊同都巡檢使，徙秦州鈐轄。 建小落門砦，親率士版築。 會李浚知秦州，因就賜白金五百兩。
When Li Jiqian invaded, officials would not release treasury funds for the campaign. He paid two million strings from his own purse; the troops rallied and crushed the enemy. At Jing and as Lin-Qingyuan supervisor he again defeated the enemy at Zhizi Plain. When Qingyuan fell in Xianping he was demoted to Lei for delay. He was later made crown prince's rate and Hangzhou garrison chief. At the Mount Tai fengshan he inspected Qing, Qi, Zi, and Wei. He became ritual deputy commissioner and Shiyi border inspector, then Qin military inspector. He built Xiaoluomen Stockade and labored on the walls himself. While Li Jun governed Qin he received five hundred taels of silver.
70
天禧中，知代州。 先是，蕃部獲逃卒，給絹二匹、茶五斤，卒皆論死。 時捕得百三十九人，文質取二十九人，以赦後論如法，餘悉配隸他州。 再遷內園使、知邠州，數從曹瑋出戰，築堡障。 復徙秦州鈐轄，領連州刺史，再知代州，卒。 厚賻其家，官子三人。
In Tianxi he became Dai prefect. Tribes had been paid silk and tea for captured deserters who were then executed. Of a hundred thirty-nine captives he executed twenty-nine after amnesty and assigned the rest elsewhere. Promoted inner-garden commissioner and Bin prefect, he campaigned with Cao Wei and built fortifications. He again inspected Qin, held Lian, and died as Dai prefect. The court richly compensated his family and enfeoffed three sons.
71
文質以簡穆親，又父死事，故前後賜予異諸將。 真宗嘗問保塞之舊，文質上宣祖、太祖賜書五函。 仁宗亦以書賜之。 然性剛，喜評刺短長，於貴近無所避，故不大顯。 子十六人，渙、滬皆知名。
Imperial kinship and his father's death in battle brought him unusual rewards. Zhenzong asked about Baosai; Wenzhi presented five cases of founding emperors' letters. Renzong too granted him imperial writings. Rigid and outspoken, he criticized even the powerful and never rose highest. Of sixteen sons, Huan and Hu were best known.
72
子渙
His son Huan
73
渙，字仲章，以父任為將作監主簿，監并州倉。 天聖中，章獻太后臨朝久，渙謂天子年加長，上書請還政。 后震怒，將黥隸白州，呂夷簡、薛奎力諫得免。 仁宗親政，擢為右正言。 郭后廢，渙與孔道輔、范仲淹等伏闕爭之，皆罰金。 會河東走馬承受奏，渙頃官并州，與營妓遊，黜通判磁州，尋知遼州。
Huan, style name Zhongzhang, entered as palace construction clerk and supervised Bing's granary. During Empress Zhangxian's regency Huan memorialized that the emperor was grown and should rule. The empress would have tattooed and exiled him; Lü Yijian and Xue Kui saved him. When Renzong took power Huan became right rectifier. He joined Kong Daofu and Fan Zhongyan protesting Empress Guo's deposition and was fined. Accused of consorting with camp courtesans at Bing he was demoted to Ci intendant, then Liao prefect.
74
夏人叛，朝廷議遣使通河西唃氏，渙請行。 間道走青唐，諭以恩信。 唃氏大集族帳，誓死捍邊，遣騎護出境，得其誓書與西州地圖以獻。 加直昭文館，遷陝西轉運使、由工部郎中知滄州，改吉州刺史，知保州。 州自戍卒叛後，兵益驕。 渙至，虎翼軍謀舉城叛，民大恐。 渙單騎徐叩營，械首惡者歸，斬之，一軍帖服。 徙登州，益治刀魚船備海寇，寇不敢犯，詔嘉獎之。
When the Xia rebelled Huan volunteered to treat with the Hexi Gus. He reached Qingtang by secret route and won them with trust. The Gus swore to defend the border, escorted him out, and gave oath texts and maps of Xizhou. He became Zhaowen academician, Shaanxi transport commissioner, and prefect of Cang, Ji, and Bao. Since a corvée mutiny Bao's garrison had grown insolent. Tiger Wing troops plotted to seize the city when Huan arrived. He rode alone into camp, seized the ringleader, executed him, and the army submitted. At Deng he built patrol boats; sea raiders dared not approach and the emperor praised him.
75
歷知邢、恩、冀、涇、澶五州。 恩承賊蹂踐後，渙經理繕葺有敘，兵民犯法，一切用重典，威令大振。 治平中，河北地震，民乏粟，率賤賣耕牛以苟朝夕。 渙在澶，盡發公錢買之。 明年，民無牛耕，價增十倍，渙復出所市牛，以元直與民，澶民賴不失業。 歷秦鳳、涇原、真定、定州路總管，四遷至鎮寧軍節度觀察留後。 熙寧中，還，為工部尚書致仕。
He governed Xing, En, Ji, Jing, and Chan. Rebuilding ravaged En with harsh law he restored order and awe. After a Hebei earthquake farmers sold oxen cheap to buy food. At Chan Huan used public funds to buy the oxen. Next year he sold the oxen back at cost so Chan farmers could plow. He commanded four circuits and rose to Zhenning military commissioner. In Xining he retired as minister of works.
76
渙有才略，尚氣不羈，臨事無所避，然銳於進取。 方升拓洮、岷，討安南，渙既老，猶露章請自效，不報。 卒，年八十一。
Talented and bold, he shirked nothing yet hungered for advancement. Though eighty he volunteered for the Tuo-Min and Annan campaigns and was ignored. He died at eighty-one.
77
子滬
His son Hu
78
滬，字子浚，頗知書傳，深沉寡言，有知略。 以蔭補三班奉職，累遷右侍禁。 康定中，為渭州瓦亭砦監押，權靜邊砦，擊破黨留等族，斬一驍將，獲馬牛橐駝萬計。 時任福敗，邊城晝閉，居民畜產多為賊所掠，滬獨開門納之。
Hu, style name Zijun, was learned, quiet, and shrewd. By privilege he rose to right palace guard. At Wating he smashed the Dangliu clans, killed a fierce chief, and took vast herds. After Ren Fu's defeat he alone opened his gates to refugees while others were looted.
79
遷左侍禁，韓琦、范仲淹薦授閤門祗候。 又破穆寧生氐。 西南去略陽二百里，中有城曰水洛，川平土沃，又有水輪、銀、銅之利，環城數萬帳，漢民之逋逃者歸之，教其百工商賈，自成完國。 曹瑋在秦州，嘗經營不能得。 滬進城章川，收善田數百頃，以益屯兵，密使人說城主鐸廝那令內附。 會鄭戩行邊，滬遂召鐸廝那及其酋屬來獻結公、水洛、路羅甘地，願為屬戶。 戩即令滬將兵往受地。 既至而氐情中變，聚兵數萬合圍，夜縱火呼嘯，期盡殺官軍。 滬兵才千人，前後數百里無援，滬堅臥，因令晨炊緩食，坐胡床指揮進退，一戰氐潰，追奔至石門，酋皆稽顙請服。 因盡驅其眾隸麾下，以通秦、渭之路。 又敗臨洮氐於城下。 遷內殿崇班。
Han Qi and Fan Zhongyan made him a palace gate usher. He also defeated the Muning Sheng Di. Two hundred li southwest lay Shuiluo, fertile and rich in metals, a mini-state of fugitive Han teaching crafts to tens of thousands of tents. Cao Wei had failed to take Shuiluo from Qin. Hu seized farmland near Zhangchuan and secretly won lord Tiesina's submission. When Zheng Xian toured the border Tiesina surrendered Jiegong, Shuiluo, and Luoluo Gan. Xian ordered Hu to occupy the surrendered lands. The Di rebelled, besieging his thousand men by night with tens of thousands. With a thousand men and no relief Hu ate slowly from a camp chair, routed the Di, and chased them to Shimen. He enrolled the tribes and opened the Qin-Wei road. He beat the Lintao Di below the walls. He was promoted to inner-palace honored class.
80
戩以三將兵遣董士廉助築城，功未半，會戩罷四路招討使，而涇原路尹洙以為不便，令罷築，且召滬，不聽，日增版趣役。 洙怒，使狄青械滬、士廉下獄。 氐眾驚，收積聚、殺吏民為亂，朝廷遣魚周詢、程戡往視，氐眾詣周詢，請以牛羊及丁壯助工役，復以滬權水洛城砦主。 城成，終以違本路安撫使節制，黜一官，為鎮戎軍西路都巡檢。 復內殿崇班，瘍發首，卒。 弟淵將以其柩東歸，居人遮道號泣請留，葬水洛，立祠城隅，歲時祀之。
When Yin Zhu canceled the fort and recalled Hu, Hu kept building faster. Yin Zhu had Di Qing arrest Hu and Dong Shilian. The Di rioted until Yu Zhouxun restored Hu as Shuiluo chief with tribal labor. The city finished, he lost one rank for disobeying the pacification commissioner and became Zhenrong western inspector. Restored to honored class, he died of a head abscess. Brother Yuan tried to take the body home but the people wept and begged to keep him; they buried Hu at Shuiluo and built a shrine.
81
經略司言，得熟戶蕃官牛裝等狀，願得滬子弟主其城。 乃命其弟淳為水洛城兵馬監押，城中有碑記滬事。
Tribal officers petitioned for Hu's kin to command Shuiluo. His brother Chun became Shuiluo garrison chief; a stele in the city records Hu's deeds.
82
趙滋，字子深，開封人。 父士隆，天聖中，以閤門祗候為邠寧環慶路都監，戰沒。 錄滋三班奉職。 滋少果敢任氣，有智略。 康定初，以右侍禁選捕京西叛卒有功，遷左侍禁，後為涇原儀渭、鎮戎軍都巡檢。 會渭州得勝砦主姚貴殺監押崔絢，劫宣武神騎卒千餘人叛，攻羊牧隆城。 滋馳至，諭降八百餘人，貴窮，走出砦。 招討使令滋給賜降卒及遷補將吏，滋以為如是是誘其為亂，藏其牒不用，還，為招討使所怒，故賞弗行。
Zhao Zi, style name Zishen, was from Kaifeng. His father Shilong died fighting as Binning-Huanqing supervisor in Tiansheng. Zi entered service as third-class attendant by his father's merit. Young Zi was bold, spirited, and shrewd. In Kangding he captured western rebels and became Jingyuan and Zhenrong inspector. Yao Gui killed his supervisor, seized a thousand Xuanwu cavalry, and attacked Yangmulong. Zi rushed in and persuaded eight hundred to surrender; Yao Gui fled. Zi refused to reward the mutineers lest it encourage rebellion and lost his own reward.
83
范仲淹、韓琦經略陝西，舉滋可將領，得閤門祗候，為鎮戎軍西路都巡檢。 時京西軍賊張海久未伏誅，命滋都大提舉陝西、京西路捉賊，數月賊平。 後為京東東路都巡檢。 富弼為安撫使，舉再任登州。 乳山砦兵叛，殺巡檢，州將誅首惡數人，不窮按。 滋承檄驗治，馳入其壘，次第推問，得黨與百餘人付獄，眾莫敢動。
Fan and Han recommended him; he became Zhenrong western inspector. He crushed Zhang Hai's bandit army within months as overall bandit hunter. He then became eastern capital east-route inspector. Fu Bi recommended him for a second term at Deng. When Rushan garrison mutinied the prefect executed only a few ringleaders. Zi rode into the camp, tried every man, and jailed a hundred accomplices.
84
在京東五年，數獲盜，不自言，弼為言，乃自東頭供奉官超授供備庫副使、定州路駐泊都監。 嘗因給軍食，同列言粟不善，滋叱之曰：「爾欲以是怒眾耶？ 使眾有一言，當先斬爾以徇。」 韓琦聞而壯之，以為真將帥材。 及琦在河東，又奏滋權幷代路鈐轄，改管勾河東經略司公事。 建言：「代州、寧化軍有地萬頃，皆肥美，可募人田作，教戰射，為堡砦。」 人以為利。
After five years catching bandits quietly, Fu Bi secured his leap promotion to supply deputy and Dingzhou garrison chief. When a colleague called the rations bad Zi snapped, "Do you want to incite a mutiny? If the men complain I will behead you first." Han Qi praised him as true general material. In Hedong Han Qi made him acting Bingdai inspector and frontier commission supervisor. He proposed farming ten thousand qing at Dai and Ninghua and training militia in fortified farms. The plan was welcomed.
85
累遷西上閤門副使，歷知安肅軍、保州。 滋強力精悍，有吏能，所至稱治。 會契丹民數違約，乘小舟漁界河中，吏憚生事，累歲莫敢禁。 後又遣大舟十餘，自海口運鹽入界河。 朝廷患之，以滋可任，徙知雄州。 滋戒巡兵，舟至，輒捕其人殺之，輦其舟，移文還涿州，漁者遂絕。 契丹因使人以為言，而知瀛州彭思永、河北轉運使唐介燕度，皆以滋生事，請罷之。 朝廷更以為能，擢龍神衛四廂都指揮使、嘉州團練使，遷天武、捧日四廂都指揮使。
He rose to deputy western palace gate chief and served as Ansu and Bao prefect. Strong and capable, he governed wherever he was posted. Khitan boats fished the border river for years while officials feared to stop them. They then sent a dozen large boats hauling salt up the border river. The court sent Zi to Xiong to stop the incursions. Zi seized Khitan boats and crews and sent the boats back to Zhuo until fishing stopped. The Khitan protested and Peng Siyong and the transport commissioners tried to remove him for provoking trouble. Instead the court promoted him to dragon spirit and Tianwu-Penglai guard commander.
86
英宗即位，領端州防禦使、步軍都虞候，賜白金五百兩，留再任。 未幾，卒，贈遂州觀察使。
Yingzong made him foot-guard chief commandant with five hundred taels silver and kept him on. He soon died and was posthumously made Suizhou observation commissioner.
87
滋在雄州六年，契丹憚之。 契丹嘗大饑，舊，米出塞不得過三斗，滋曰：「彼亦吾民也。」 令出米無所禁，邊人德之。 馭軍嚴，戰卒舊不服役，滋役之如廂兵，莫敢有言。 繕治城壁、樓櫓，至於簿書、米鹽，皆有條法。 性尤廉謹，月得公使酒，不以入家。 然傲慢自譽，此其短也。
For six years at Xiong the Khitan feared him. During a Khitan famine Zi said, "They are our people too," and lifted the rice limit. He let grain flow freely and the border people blessed him. He made combat troops do corvée like garrison soldiers and none dared complain. He rebuilt walls and towers and regulated every ledger down to salt rations. So honest he never took official wine home. His flaw was arrogance and self-praise.
88
論曰：石普曉暢軍事，習知民庸，然揣麾時政，終以罪廢。 張孜雖稱持重，跡其所長，無足取者。 許懷德以懦不任事，數遭貶斥，其不及普遠矣。 劉文質以私錢給軍，且脫人於死，仕雖偃蹇，聲名俱章章矣。 渙以小官，能抗疏母后，輯暴弭奸，則其餘事也。 滬，水洛之戰，從容退師，滬之才略，其最優者歟？ 趙滋有吏能，出米塞下以振契丹，亦仁人之用心。 李允則在河北二十年，設施方略，不動聲氣，契丹至以長者稱之。 張亢起儒生，曉韜略，琉璃堡、兔毛川之捷，良快人意，區區書生，功名如此，何其壯哉！ 奎以治跡著稱，其視亢蓋所謂難為兄難為弟者歟？
The historians say Shi Pu knew war and labor yet meddled in politics and ended disgraced. Zhang Zi, called steady, had little to his credit. Cowardly Xu Huaide, repeatedly demoted, was no match for Pu. Liu Wenzhi, who paid armies from his purse and spared lives, kept a shining name despite setbacks. Huan's defiance of the empress dowager and suppression of villains overshadowed his other deeds. Was Hu's calm withdrawal at Shuiluo not his finest hour? Zhao Zi's grain to starving Khitan showed a humane heart. Li Yunze ruled Hebei twenty years so quietly the Khitan called him a elder statesman. Scholar Zhang Kang's victories at Liuli and Tumaomao were thrilling proof that a literatus could win glory. Kui's governance fame makes the brothers a pair hard to rank—who was the greater?