Volume 425 Biographies 184: Liu Yinglong, Pan Fang, Hong Qin, Zhao Jingwei, Feng Qufei, Xu Lin, Xu Zongren, Wei Zhaode, Chen Kai, Yang Wenzhong, Xie Fangde

劉應龍潘方洪芹趙景緯馮去非徐霖徐宗仁危昭德陳塏楊文仲謝枋得

Liu Yinglong, Pan Fang, Hong Qin, Zhao Jingwei, Feng Qufei, Xu Lin, Xu Zongren, Wei Zhaode, Chen Kai, Yang Wenzhong, and Xie Fangde

劉應龍，字漢臣，瑞州高安人。嘉熙二年進士。授零陵主簿，饒州錄事參軍。有毛隆者，務剽掠殺人，州民被盜，遙呼盜曰：“汝毛隆也？ ”盜亦曰：“我毛隆也。 ”既，訟於官，捕隆置獄，應龍曰：“盜誠毛隆，其肯自謂？ ”因言於州，州不可，乃委它官，隆誣伏抵死，未幾盜敗，應龍繇是著名。改知崇仁縣。淮西失守，江西諸州有殘破者，縣佐貳聞變先遁，應龍固守不去。

Liu Yinglong, styled Hanchen, came from Gao'an in Ruizhou. He received his jinshi degree in 1238. He was made registrar of Lingling and judicial assistant in Raozhou. A man named Mao Long made a career of plunder and murder. When locals were robbed, they would shout at the thief from a distance, "Are you Mao Long?" The thief would answer, "Yes — I am Mao Long." Later the matter went to court, Mao Long was arrested and jailed. Yinglong said, "If the bandit really were Mao Long, would he admit to it?" He argued his point to the prefectural authorities, but they would not listen and handed the case to another judge. Long was induced to confess falsely and was put to death. Not long after, the real bandit was caught, and Yinglong won renown for this. He was reassigned as magistrate of Chongren County. When Huai West fell, several prefectures in Jiangxi were laid waste. The county's deputies fled at the first alarm, but Yinglong held his post and refused to abandon it.

先是，理宗久未有子，以弟福王與芮之子為皇子，丞相吳潛有異論，帝已不樂。大元兵度江，朝野震動，逐丞相丁大全，復起潛為相，帝問潛策安出，潛對曰：“當遷幸。 ”又問卿如何，潛曰：“臣當死守於此。 ”帝泣下曰：“卿欲為張邦昌乎？ ”潛不敢復言。未幾北兵退，帝語群臣曰：“吳潛幾誤朕。 ”遂罷潛相。帝怒潛不已，應龍朝受命，帝夜出象簡書疏稿授應龍，使劾潛，應龍謂：“潛本有賢譽，獨論事失當，臨變寡斷。祖宗以來，大臣有罪未嘗輕肆誅戮。欲望姑從寬典，以全體貌。 ”帝大怒。乃按劾丁大全，請加竄斥，疏言：“內莫急於蘇民瘼以固國本，外莫急於討軍實以振國威。 ”又言時政四事，廣發稟以振民饑，通商販以助民食，勸分富室以助官糴，嚴等第以核民數，稽檢放以蘇民窮，嚴戢盜以除民害。賈似道素忌潛，會京師米貴，應龍為《勸糶歌》宦者取以上聞，帝問知應龍所作，問似道米價高，當亟處之，似道訪其由，亦怒應龍。遷司農少卿，尋以右諫議大夫孫附鳳言，遂去國。

Earlier, Emperor Lizong had long been without an heir and had named the son of his younger brother, Prince Fu Yunrui, as crown prince. Chief Councillor Wu Qian had voiced objections, and the Emperor was already displeased with him. When the Yuan army crossed the Yangzi, the court and the people were thrown into turmoil. Chief Councillor Ding Daquan was dismissed and Wu Qian was recalled to office. The Emperor asked what plan Wu Qian proposed. Wu Qian answered, "Your Majesty should relocate the court." The Emperor then asked what he himself intended to do. Wu Qian said, "I shall die defending this place." The Emperor wept and said, "Do you mean to play Zhang Bangchang to me?" Wu Qian dared say no more. Before long the northern armies withdrew. The Emperor told his ministers, "Wu Qian nearly led me astray." Wu Qian was thereupon removed from the chancellorship. The Emperor's anger at Wu Qian did not abate. After Yinglong took up his court appointment, the Emperor came out at night with an ivory tally and handed him the draft of a memorial, instructing him to impeach Wu Qian. Yinglong said, "Wu Qian has long enjoyed a reputation for talent; he merely chose the wrong course in debate and showed little resolve when crisis came." Since the founding of the dynasty, guilty ministers had never been put to death lightly. I beg that for now he be treated with leniency, so that his person and standing may be preserved. The Emperor flew into a rage. He then brought charges against Ding Daquan and asked that he be banished still farther. In his memorial he wrote, "Domestically, nothing is more urgent than easing the people's suffering to shore up the foundations of the state; abroad, nothing is more urgent than building up military strength to restore national prestige." He also set forth four policy measures: issue grain widely from the public granaries to relieve famine; open commerce to supplement the people's food supply; urge wealthy households to share grain for official purchases; enforce strict household grading to verify population registers; audit relief distributions to rescue the destitute; and crack down firmly on banditry to remove a scourge upon the people. Jia Sidao had long borne a grudge against Wu Qian. At the time rice in the capital was costly, and Yinglong composed a "Song Urging the Sale of Grain." A eunuch brought it to the Emperor's attention. When the Emperor learned that Yinglong had written it, he asked Sidao why rice prices were so high and said the matter must be addressed immediately. Sidao traced the source and grew angry at Yinglong as well. He was promoted to Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Granaries, but soon, on a memorial from Sun Fufeng, Right Remonstrating Censor, he left the capital.

景定三年，湖南饑，起提舉常平。以救荒功，遷直寶章閣、廣南東路轉運判官。遷秘書監兼國史編修、實錄檢討。知隆興府兼江西轉運副使，奏免和糴二十萬石。擢權戶部侍郎兼侍講。時似道當國，百官奏對稍切直者輒黜，應龍言：“臣觀今日之事，可言者多矣。邇日以來，靖恭自守者以論事為忌，指陳稍切者聯翩引去，豈兩省繳駁過甚，重其疑歟？抑廷臣奏對咈意，速其畏歟？朝廷清明之時，而言者已懷疑畏，臣恐正臣奪氣，鯁臣吃舌，宜非盛世所有。 ”遂迕當路，自侍從、兩省以下無不切齒。未幾，以集英殿修撰知建寧府，亟辭，中書舍人盧鉞希指封還錄黃。久之，起為江東轉運使，辭。

In 1262, when Hunan was stricken by famine, he was recalled as Intendant of the Ever-Normal Granaries. For his work in famine relief he was made Direct Accessory at the Baozhang Pavilion and Transport Assessor for the Eastern Circuit of Guangnan. He was transferred to Director of the Palace Library, with concurrent duties as Compiler of the National History and Reviser of the Veritable Records. As prefect of Longxing and concurrent Vice Transport Commissioner of Jiangxi, he memorialized to exempt two hundred thousand piculs of compulsory grain purchases. He was promoted to Acting Vice Minister of Revenue and Court Lecturer. At that time Sidao held the reins of government. Officials who spoke even moderately frankly in audience were dismissed one after another. Yinglong said, "I see that in the affairs of today there is a great deal that ought to be said." Lately those who kept their heads down have treated speaking on policy as forbidden, while those whose remonstrances were even slightly pointed have been dismissed in quick succession. Is it because the Two Departments' rebuttals have been too severe and their suspicions too heavy? Or is it that when court ministers spoke against the Emperor's wishes in audience, they were swiftly made to fear for their positions? In an age when the court was supposed to be enlightened, those who spoke already nursed suspicion and fear. I fear that upright ministers will lose heart and blunt-spoken ministers will bite their tongues — surely this is not what a flourishing age should look like. He thereby offended those in power, and from the attendant ministers and the Two Departments on down, all gnashed their teeth at him. Before long he was appointed Compiler at the Jiying Hall and prefect of Jianning, but he urgently declined. Lu Yue, Drafting Attendant of the Central Secretariat, reading the court's wishes, returned the sealed appointment draft. After a long interval he was recalled as Transport Commissioner of Jiangdong, but again he declined.

南海寇作，朝廷患之，乃以顯謨閣待制知廣州、廣東紗略安撫使。寇聞應龍至，遁去。應龍剿逐之，南海大治。特旨屢召，拜戶部侍郎仍兼侍讀，七上奏辭免。德祐元年，遷兵部尚書、寶章閣直學士、知贛州，兼江西兵馬鈐轄、青海軍節度使，力辭，隱九峰。

When pirates rose in the Southern Sea the court was alarmed and appointed him Awaiting Draft at the Xianmo Pavilion, prefect of Guangzhou, and Pacification Commissioner for Guangdong Yarn and Tax. When the pirates heard that Yinglong had arrived, they fled. Yinglong pursued and drove them off, and the Southern Sea was brought to order. By special edict he was repeatedly summoned and appointed Vice Minister of Revenue, still concurrently Court Reader. Seven times he memorialized to decline. In 1275 he was made Minister of War, Academician of the Baozhang Pavilion, and prefect of Ganzhou, with concurrent duties as Military Controller of Jiangxi and Military Commissioner of the Qinghai Army. He strenuously declined and withdrew to seclusion on Mount Jiufeng.

子元高亦舉進士，知候官縣。沒，洪天錫嘆曰：“朝廷失一御史矣。”

His son Yuangao also received the jinshi degree and served as magistrate of Houguan County. When he died, Hong Tiansi sighed and said, "The court has lost a censor."

潘方字庭堅，福州閩人。端平二年策進士，方對曰：“陛下承休上帝，皈德匹夫，何異為人子孫，身荷父母劬勞之賜，乃指豪奴悍婢為恩私之地。欲父母無怒，不可得也。 ”又曰：“陛下手足之愛，生榮死哀，反不得視士庶人。此如一門之內，骨肉之間未能親睦，是以僮仆疾視，鄰裏生侮。宜厚東海之恩，裂淮南之土，以致人和。 ”時對者數百人，庭堅語最直。

Pan Fang, styled Tingjian, came from Min in Fuzhou. In 1235 he passed the policy examination for jinshi. In his audience Fang said, "Your Majesty inherits repose from Heaven above and returns virtue to the common people — yet how is this different from a son who owes his parents a lifetime of labor and care, only to treat overbearing servants and fierce maidservants as the source of private favor?" If you wish your parents to remain free of anger, that cannot be achieved. He also said, "Your Majesty's love for a brother — honored in life and mourned in death — yet he may not even receive the regard accorded ordinary subjects." This is like a household in which kin cannot live in harmony — so that servants look on with hostility and neighbors take it as license for contempt. Your Majesty should show greater favor to the prince of the Eastern Sea and grant him lands in Huainan, so as to restore harmony among men. Several hundred candidates answered in audience that day, but Tingjian's words were the most forthright.

會殿中侍御史蔣峴劾方大琮、劉克莊、王邁前倡異論，並誣方姓同逆賊，策語不順，請皆論以漢法。方調鎮南軍節度推官、衢州推官，歷浙西提舉常平司。遷太學正，旬日，出通判潭州。日食，應詔上封事曰：“熙寧初元日食，詔郡縣掩骼，著為令。故王一扌不淺土，其為暴骸亦大矣。請以王禮改葬。 ”又移書丞相遊似申言之，似心善其言，方將收用之，而方卒。

At that time Palace Attendant Censor Jiang Xian impeached Fang Dacong, Liu Kezhuang, and Wang Mai for having earlier advocated heterodox views, and also falsely charged that Pan's surname matched that of a rebel bandit and that his policy language was disloyal, requesting that all be punished under Han law. Pan was transferred to serve as investigating officer of the Zhennan Army Military Commission and of Quzhou, and later served in the Zhexi Intendancy of the Ever-Normal Granaries. He was promoted to Director of the Imperial College, and within ten days was sent out as vice prefect of Tanzhou. When a solar eclipse occurred, by imperial order he submitted a sealed memorial saying, "In the first year of the Xining reign, when an eclipse occurred, an edict ordered prefectures and counties to bury exposed bones, and this was established as a permanent regulation." Yet the former king lies buried under only a shallow handful of earth — how many exposed corpses does this represent as well. I ask that he be reburied according to the rites due a king. He also wrote to Chief Councillor You Si to make the same point. You Si was inwardly pleased with his argument and was about to bring Pan into service, but Pan died.

洪芹，尚書右仆射適之曾孫，以大父澤入官，甫更調，登進士第。自南平司法改欽州教授。部使者愛其才，先後並薦之，有旨召審察。丁內外艱。入主省架閣，遷太學博士。輪對，發明絜矩之道。擢國子博士，出通判南劍，入為太常博士，累遷將作少監。屬詞臣無當上意，慨然思得天下士，丞相程元鳳言當今地望無逾洪芹者，進兼翰林，權直秘書少監。

Hong Qin was the great-grandson of Hong Shi, Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. Through his grandfather Ze he entered office; after only one transfer he received the jinshi degree. From judicial assistant of Nanping he was transferred to professor in Qinzhou. The circuit envoy admired his talent and recommended him repeatedly. An edict ordered that he be summoned for examination. He observed mourning for his parents. He entered the Secretariat as archivist and was promoted to Erudite of the Imperial College. In rotation audience he expounded the principle of the carpenter's square — the standard of measured conduct. He was promoted to Erudite of the Directorate of Education, sent out as vice prefect of Nanjian, recalled as Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and eventually rose to Vice Director of the Directorate of Palace Buildings. At the time the literary officials failed to satisfy the Emperor's wishes. He sighed and wished to find men of talent throughout the realm. Chief Councillor Cheng Yuanfeng said that in present reputation and standing none surpassed Hong Qin. He was advanced to concurrent service in the Hanlin Academy and Acting Direct Accessory of the Secretariat.

遷禮部侍郎，帝銳意向用而以論去，退寓永嘉，怡然自適。鹹淳初，起知寧國府。卒。有文集。

He was transferred to Vice Minister of Rites. The Emperor was keen to employ him, but because of criticism he left office, retired to Yongjia, and lived contentedly. At the beginning of the Xianchun reign he was recalled as prefect of Ningguo. He died. He left a collected literary works.

趙景緯字德父，臨安府於潛人。少勤學，弱冠得周惇頤、程顥兄弟諸書讀之，恨不及登朱熹之門。熹門人葉味道謂之曰：“度正，吾黨中第一人。 ”遂往見，首誨以求放心為本。由是往來味道、正之間，研索益精。入太學，登淳祐元年進士第。授江陰軍教授，諸生守其榘度。丁母憂，以祿不逮養，服闋不調。作《讀易庵懸霤山》。江東提點刑獄吳勢卿辟為幹辦公事，不就。召為史館檢閱，辭，不許；乞換待次教授，不許；乞嶽祠，又不許；乞致仕，不報。有旨特與改合入官，主管崇道觀，三辭，不許。景定元年，特授秘書郎，兩辭，不許。遷著作郎，辭，不許。以疾丐祠，差主管佑神觀兼史館校勘。史成，兩乞外祠，進直秘閣，與在外宮觀，辭職名，不許。差主管崇禧觀。

Zhao Jingwei, styled Defu, came from Yuqian in Lin'an Prefecture. As a youth he studied diligently. At twenty he obtained the works of Zhou Dunyi and the Cheng brothers and read them with devotion, regretting that he had never been able to study under Zhu Xi. Ye Weidao, a disciple of Zhu Xi, told him, "Du Zheng is the foremost man in our fellowship." He thereupon went to see Du Zheng, who at the outset taught him that recovering the lost mind was fundamental. From then on he moved between Ye Weidao and Du Zheng, and his inquiry grew ever more refined. He entered the Imperial College and received his jinshi degree in 1241. He was appointed professor at Jiangyin, and his students observed his standards of conduct. When his mother died he observed mourning. Because his salary had never been enough to support her properly, when mourning ended he did not accept a new appointment. He wrote "Reading the Changes Hermitage on Xuansao Mountain." Wu Shiqing, Judicial Intendant of Jiangdong, invited him to serve as administrative aide, but he declined. He was summoned as Reviewer of the History Institute and declined, but the court would not accept his refusal. He asked to be exchanged for a professor awaiting assignment; this too was refused. He asked for a mountain shrine post; again the court refused. He asked to retire; no answer came. An edict specially converted him to regular rank and appointed him superintendent of the Chongdao Abbey. Three times he declined; each time the court refused. In 1260 he was specially appointed Secretary; twice he declined; each time the court refused. He was transferred to Compiler and declined; again the court refused. On grounds of illness he asked for a shrine post and was assigned superintendent of the Youshen Abbey, with concurrent duties as collator of the History Institute. When the history was completed, twice he asked for an outside shrine post. He was advanced to Direct Accessory of the Secret Vault and granted an outside palace abbey, but declined the title; the court would not accept. He was assigned superintendent of the Chongxi Abbey.

臺州守王華甫建上蔡書院，禮景緯為堂長，以疾辭。依舊職差知臺州，兩辭，不許，趣命益嚴。至郡，以化民成俗為先務，首取陳述古《諭俗文》書示諸邑，且自為之說，使其民更相告諭、諷誦、服行，期無失墜。約束官吏擾民五事。取《孝經庶人章》為四言詠贊其義，使朝夕歌之，至有為之感涕者。舉遺逸車若水、林正心於朝。旌孝行，作《訓孝文》以勵其俗。平重刑，懲嘩訐，治豪橫。建黃巖縣社倉六十有六。浚河道九十里，築堤路三十里。節浮費，為下戶代輸秋苗。奏蠲五邑坊河渡錢。

Wang Huafu, prefect of Taizhou, built the Shangcai Academy and invited Jingwei to serve as hall director, but he declined on grounds of illness. He was assigned to his former post as prefect of Taizhou. Twice he declined; the court refused, and the urgent orders grew ever more insistent. When he reached the prefecture, he made transforming the people and reforming local customs his first priority. He took Chen Shugu's "Admonitory Essay on Customs," had copies distributed to every district, and wrote his own commentary, urging the people to admonish one another, chant the text, and put it into practice, so that nothing would be neglected. He imposed restrictions on five ways in which officials harassed the people. He took the "Commoners' Chapter" of the Classic of Filial Piety and composed a four-character chant praising its meaning, which the people sang morning and evening until some were moved to tears. He recommended the reclusive scholars Che Ruoshui and Lin Zhengxin to the court. He honored filial conduct and wrote "An Admonition on Filial Piety" to encourage local custom. He lightened heavy punishments, punished clamorous denunciation, and cracked down on local bullies. He built sixty-six community granaries in Huangyan County. He dredged ninety li of waterways and built thirty li of embankment roads. He cut wasteful spending and paid autumn grain tax on behalf of poorer households. He memorialized to remit ferry tolls at ward river crossings in five districts.

斯年之內，乞歸田裏者再。進考功郎官，再辭，不許。兼沂靖惠王府教授，辭，不許。是冬，四辭新命，且乞祠，皆不許。乃乞於赤城、桐柏之間采藥著書，庶幾有補後學，使病廢之身不為無用於聖世，不許。御筆兼崇政殿說書，三辭，不許。乃造朝，侍緝熙殿，以《易》進講，論“聖人體元之妙在惟幾，人君得此，則天下有治而無亂，人事有吉而無兇矣”。又曰：“惕厲祗懼，乃天心之所存。聖人先處於憂，故能無憂，先處以危，故能無危；若乃先自處於安樂，則憂危乘之矣。 ”又論監司守令，其說曰：“知人之難，自古已然。人才乏使，莫今為甚。或觀望而撓於勢，或阿私而徇於情，或是非不公而以枉為直，或毀譽失實而以汙為廉。遂使舉刺不當，不足以服天下之心。與其糾劾於有罪之後，而未必盡得其情；孰若精擇於未用之先，而使之各稱其職。”

Within that year he twice asked to return to private life. He was promoted to Director of the Bureau of Personnel Evaluation. Twice he declined; the court refused. He was concurrently appointed professor of the Yijinghui Princely Establishment. He declined; the court refused. That winter he four times declined new appointments and also asked for a shrine post; each time the court refused. He then asked to gather herbs and write books between Mount Chicheng and Mount Tongbai, hoping thereby to benefit later students and make his sick, disabled body of some use to the age. The court refused. By the Emperor's own hand he was concurrently made Lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall. Three times he declined; the court refused. He then came to court, lectured at the Jixi Hall on the Changes, and explained that "the sage's embodiment of the Origin lies in discerning subtle signs at their inception; when a ruler grasps this, the realm will know order without disorder and human affairs will know fortune without misfortune." He also said, "Vigilance, discipline, reverence, and fear are what Heaven's mind preserves." The sage first places himself in worry and therefore remains free of worry; first places himself in danger and therefore remains free of danger. But if one first settles into ease and pleasure, worry and danger will soon overtake one. He also spoke on circuit intendants and prefectural magistrates, saying, "The difficulty of knowing men has been so since antiquity." Talented men are scarce for appointment — never has the shortage been worse than today. Some waver and yield to power; some flatter private interests and follow personal feelings; some distort right and wrong and call the crooked straight; some falsify praise and blame and call the corrupt honest. Thus recommendations and impeachments are improper and fail to win the hearts of the realm. Rather than impeach after guilt has already occurred, yet fail to grasp the full truth of the matter, would it not be better to select with care before men are employed, so that each may fulfill his proper office?

彗出於柳，景緯應詔上封事曰：

When a comet appeared in the Willow mansion, Jingwei submitted a sealed memorial by imperial order, saying:

今日求所以解天意者，不過悅人心而已。百姓之心即天心也。錮私藏而專天下之同欲，則人不悅。保私人而違天下之公議，則人不悅。閭閻之糟糠不厭，而燕私之供奉自如，則人不悅。百姓之膏血日朘，而符移之星火愈急，則人不悅。不公於己而欲絕天下之私，則人不悅。不澄其源而欲止天下之貪，則人不悅。夫必有是數者，斯足以召怨而致災。

Today, in seeking how to interpret Heaven's will, nothing goes beyond pleasing the people's hearts. The people's hearts are Heaven's heart. If private hoards are locked away and the shared desires of the realm are monopolized, the people will not be pleased. If private favorites are protected and the public consensus of the realm is violated, the people will not be pleased. If the people in the lanes cannot get enough coarse grain to eat, yet private banquets continue as before, the people will not be pleased. If the people's substance is drained daily while official demands fly like sparks ever more urgently, the people will not be pleased. If the court is not fair in its own conduct yet wishes to cut off all private interest in the realm, the people will not be pleased. If the source is not clarified yet one wishes to stop greed throughout the realm, the people will not be pleased. When these conditions exist, they suffice to summon resentment and bring on calamity.

願陛下捐內帑以絕壅利之謗；出嬪嬙以節用度之奢。弄權之貂寺素為天下之所共惡者，屏之絕之；毒民之恩澤侯嘗為百姓之所憤者，黜之棄之。擇忠鯁敢言之士置之臺諫，以通關鬲之壅；選慈惠忠信之人使為守宰，以保元氣之殘。又必稽乾、淳以來，凡利源窠名之在百司庶府者，悉隸其舊，以濟經用之急；公田派買不均之敝，聽民自陳，隨宜通變，以安田裏之生。則人心悅、天意解矣。人之常情，懼心每發於災異初見之時，不能不潛移於諂諛交至之後。萬一過聽左右寬譬之言，曲為它說以自解，毛舉細故以塞責，而恐懼之初心弛，則下拂人心，上違天意，國之安危或未可知。

I ask that Your Majesty donate from the inner treasury to cut off the slander of hoarded profit; release palace women to restrain extravagant spending. Eunuchs who manipulate power, long hated throughout the realm — remove them and cut them off; favor-granted marquises who harm the people and have aroused public anger — dismiss them and cast them off. Select loyal and blunt men who dare to speak and place them in the Censorate and Remonstrance Bureau, to open blocked channels of communication; choose benevolent, loyal, and trustworthy men to serve as prefects and magistrates, to preserve what remains of the realm's vital energy. One must also examine all profit sources and special accounts in the hundred offices since the Qianchun and Chunyou reigns, restore them to their former jurisdiction, and relieve the urgency of routine expenditures; the abuse of uneven compulsory purchase under the public-field system — let the people state their grievances and adapt measures as appropriate, to secure the livelihood of farming communities. Then the people's hearts will be pleased and Heaven's mind will be appeased. It is human nature for fear to arise when calamities first appear, yet it must secretly fade after flattery and sycophancy arrive in succession. If by any chance Your Majesty listens too readily to comforting words from those at your side, twists other explanations to excuse yourself, nitpicks minor matters to fulfill responsibility, and the original heart of fear relaxes, then below you will go against the people's hearts, above you will violate Heaven's will, and whether the state stands safe or in peril may be unknown.

又曰：“損玉食，不若損內帑、卻貢奉之為實。避正朝，不若塞幸門、廣忠諫之為實。肆大眚固所以廣仁恩，又不若擇循良、黜貪暴之為實。蓋天意方回而未豫，人心乍悅而旋疑，此正陰陽勝復之會，眷命隆替之機也。 ”兼國史院編修官、實錄院檢討官，辭，不許。轉對，言：“願明辯義利之限，力破系吝之私，以天自處而絕內外之分，以道制欲而黜耳目之累。毋以閨闥之賤幹公議，毋以戚畹之私紊國常。 ”乞歸田裏，不許。拜太府少卿，兼職仍舊，再辭，不許。復上疏乞歸，不許。

He also said, "Reducing imperial fare is not as substantial as reducing the inner treasury and refusing tribute offerings." Avoiding the regular court audience is not as substantial as blocking favor-seekers' gates and broadening loyal remonstrance. Granting a great amnesty does extend benevolent grace, yet it is still not as substantial as selecting the law-abiding and good and dismissing the greedy and violent. For Heaven's mind has just turned but is not yet at ease; the people's hearts are briefly pleased yet soon doubtful. This is precisely the juncture when yin and yang shift in dominance, when favor and mandate rise or fall. He was concurrently Compiler of the National History Institute and Reviser of the Veritable Records Institute. He declined; the court refused. In rotation audience he said, "I ask that Your Majesty clearly distinguish righteousness from profit, vigorously break attachment and stinginess, take Heaven as your measure and cut off inner and outer divisions, use the Way to restrain desire and dismiss the burdens of the senses." Do not let the lowly of the inner quarters interfere with public discussion; do not let the private interests of imperial affines disorder the constants of state. He asked to return to private life; the court refused. He was appointed Vice Minister of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, with his concurrent offices unchanged. Twice he declined; the court refused. Again he memorialized asking to retire; the court refused.

又曰：“雷發非時，竊跡今日之事而有疑焉。內批疊降而名器輕，宮閫不嚴而主威褻，橫恩之濫已收而復出，戢貪之詔方嚴而隨弛。宮正什伍之令所以防奇邪，而或縱於乞憐之卑祠。緇黃出入之禁所以嚴宸居，而間惑於禬禳之小數。以至彈墨未幹，而抆拭之旨已下；駁奏未幾，而捷出之徑已開。命令不疑，則陽縱而不收。主意不堅，則陰閉而不密。陛下可不思致災之由，而亟求所以正之哉？願清其天君，以端出治之源；謹其號令，以肅紀綱之本。毋牽於私恩而撓公法，毋遷於邇言而亂舊章，去讒而遠色，賤貨而貴德，則人心悅而天意得，可以開太平而兆中興也。”

He also said, "Thunder issued out of season. I venture to trace today's affairs and have my doubts." Inner drafts descend in layers yet titles and regalia are cheapened; the inner palace is not kept strict yet sovereign majesty is profaned; wanton favor once withdrawn is granted again; the edict restraining greed is just issued yet soon relaxed. Palace regulations on groups of five and ten exist to guard against strangeness and perversity, yet sometimes indulgence is shown toward lowly shrines of begging pity. The prohibition on Buddhist and Daoist clergy entering and leaving exists to keep the imperial residence strict, yet sometimes one is misled by minor techniques of prayer and exorcism. To the point that impeachment documents are not yet dry, yet an edict wiping them clean has already been issued; rebuttal memorials have barely been submitted, yet a swift shortcut for approval has already been opened. If commands are issued without consistency, one indulges openly without reining in. If the sovereign's intent is not firm, inwardly one closes off without true resolve. Your Majesty — can you not reflect on what brings calamity and urgently seek how to correct it? I ask that Your Majesty clarify the heavenly sovereign within, to rectify the source from which governance proceeds; be strict in your commands and edicts, to make firm the foundation of discipline and statutes. Do not be pulled by private favor and disturb public law; do not shift with nearby words and disorder old regulations; remove slander and keep distant from sensual allure; make goods low and virtue high — then the people's hearts will be pleased and Heaven's will obtained, and you may open an age of great peace and presage restoration.

進權禮部侍郎兼修玉牒，再辭，不許。升兼侍讀，辭，不許。進《聖學四箴》：一曰惜日力以致其勤，二曰精體認以充其知，三曰屏嗜好以專其業，四曰謹行事以驗其用。五乞歸田裏，帝勉留之，請益力。特授集英殿修撰、知建寧府，辭，不許，乃還家。召為中書舍人，三辭，不許，請益力。進顯文閣待制，依所乞予祠，辭職名，不許，遂差提舉玉隆萬壽宮。有疾，謝醫卻藥，曰：“使我清心以順天命，毋重惱我懷。 ”拱手三揖乃卒。詔特贈四官至中奉大夫，謚文安。景緯天性孝友，雅誌沖淡，親沒無意仕進，故其立朝之日不久雲。

He was advanced to Acting Vice Minister of Rites, concurrently Compiler of the Imperial Genealogy. Twice he declined; the court refused. He was promoted to concurrent Court Reader. He declined; the court refused. He presented the "Four Admonitions on Sagely Learning": first, cherish daily effort to achieve diligence; second, refine embodied understanding to deepen one's knowledge; third, screen off indulgences to concentrate on one's work; fourth, be careful in conduct to verify one's application. Five times he asked to return to private life. The Emperor urged him to stay, but his requests grew ever more forceful. He was specially appointed Compiler at the Jiying Hall and prefect of Jianning. He declined; the court refused, and he returned home. He was summoned as Drafting Attendant of the Central Secretariat. Three times he declined; the court refused, and his requests grew ever more forceful. He was advanced to Awaiting Draft at the Xianwen Pavilion and, according to his request, granted a shrine post. He declined the title; the court refused, and he was assigned to superintend the Yulong Wanshou Palace. When ill, he declined physicians and refused medicine, saying, "Let me clear my mind to follow Heaven's mandate; do not further trouble my heart." He joined his hands, bowed three times, and died. An edict specially granted four ranks of posthumous office up to Grandee of Palace Attendance, with the posthumous title Wen'an. Jingwei was by nature filial and friendly, with an elegant aspiration toward tranquil simplicity. After his parents died he had no wish to advance in office; therefore his days at court were brief.

馮去非字可遷，南康都昌人。父椅字儀之，家居授徒，所註《易》、《書》、《詩》、《語》、《孟》、《太極圖》，《西銘輯說》，《孝經章句》，《喪禮小學》，《孔子弟子傳》，《讀史記》及詩文、誌錄，合二百餘卷。

Feng Qufei, styled Keqian, came from Duchang in Nankang. His father Yi, styled Yizhi, lived at home teaching disciples. His commentaries on the Changes, Documents, Odes, Analects, Mencius, Diagram of the Supreme Polarity, Collected Explanations of the Western Inscription, chapter-and-sentence commentary on the Classic of Filial Piety, Elementary Learning on Mourning Rites, Biographies of Confucius's Disciples, Reading the Records of the Grand Historian, together with poetry, prose, records, and annals, totaled more than two hundred juan.

徐霖字景說，衢州西安人。年十三，有誌聖人之道，取所作文焚之，研精《六經》之奧，控賾先儒心傳之要。淳祐四年，試禮部第一。知貢舉官入見，理宗曰：“第一名得人。 ”嘉獎再三。登第，授沅州教授。

Xu Lin, styled Jingshuo, came from Xi'an in Quzhou. At thirteen he aspired to the Way of the sages, burned his earlier compositions, and delved into the profundities of the Six Classics, grasping the essentials of the heart-transmission of former Confucians. In 1244 he ranked first in the Ministry of Rites examination. When the examination superintendent entered audience, Emperor Lizong said, "The first-place candidate is a worthy man." He praised him again and again. When he passed the examination he was appointed professor in Yuanzhou.

時宰相史嵩之挾邊功要君，植黨專國。霖上疏歷言其奸深之狀，以為：“其先也奪陛下之心，其次奪士大夫之心，而其甚也奪豪傑之心。今日之士大夫，嵩之皆變化其心而收攝之矣。且其變化之術甚深，非章章然號於人使之為小人也。常於善類擇其質柔氣弱易以奪之者，親任一二，其或稍有異已，則潛棄而擯遠之，以風其餘。彼以名節之尊不足以易富貴之願，義利之辯亦終暗於妻妾宮室之私，則亦從之而已。 ”疏奏，見者吐舌，為霖危之。未幾，嵩之匿父喪求起復，君子並起而攻之，上大感悟。

At that time Chief Councillor Shi Songzhi, relying on frontier merit to coerce the ruler, built a faction and monopolized the state. Lin submitted a memorial enumerating the depth of his treachery, saying, "First he seizes Your Majesty's mind; next he seizes the minds of scholar-officials; and at the extreme he seizes the minds of outstanding men." Today's scholar-officials — Songzhi has transformed their minds and brought them under his control. Moreover, the art by which he transforms them runs very deep — it is not by openly proclaiming to others and making them into petty men. He constantly selects from the good sort those whose substance is soft and whose spirit is weak and easy to sway, personally entrusts one or two, and if any show the slightest difference from himself, secretly abandons and banishes them, to influence the rest. When they find that the honor of reputation and integrity is insufficient to outweigh the desire for wealth and rank, and the debate between righteousness and profit is ultimately obscured by private interests of wives, concubines, and palaces, then they simply follow along. When the memorial was submitted, those who saw it were astonished and feared for Lin's safety. Before long Songzhi concealed his father's mourning and sought to resume office. Gentlemen rose together to attack him, and the Emperor was greatly awakened.

丞相範鐘進所召試館職二人，上思霖之忠，親去其一，易霖名。及試，則曰：“人主無自強之誌，大臣有患失之心，故元良未建，兇奸未竄。 ”是時，丞相杜範已薨，而鐘雖得位，畏奸人覆出為己禍故也。擢秘書省正字，霖辭不獲命，遂就職。會日食，霖應詔上封事曰：“日，陽類也，天理也，君子也。吾心之天理不能勝乎人欲，朝廷之君子不能勝乎小人。宮闈之私匿未屏，瑣闥之奸邪未辯，臺臣之討賊不決，精祲感浹，日為之食。 ”又數言建立太子。遷校書郎。七年夏，大旱，霖應詔言：“諫議大夫不易則不雨，京兆尹不易則不雨。 ”不報，去國。上遣著作郎姚希得留之，不還。御筆改合入官，乃改宣教郎。霖屢辭，曰：“向為身死而不敢欺其君父，今以官高而自眩於平生，失其本心，何以暴其忠誌？ ”又曰：“誌貴乎潔，忠尚乎精，即有取，則自蹈於垢汙矣。”

Chief Councillor Fan Zhong presented the two men summoned for examination for archival posts. The Emperor, mindful of Lin's loyalty, personally removed one name and replaced it with Lin's. At the examination he said, "When the ruler lacks the will for self-strengthening and great ministers harbor hearts of gain and loss, the heir is not established and vicious traitors are not driven off." At that time Chief Councillor Du Fan had already died, yet although Zhong obtained office, he feared that vicious men would reemerge and become a threat to himself. He was promoted to Corrector of the Secretariat. Lin declined but could not obtain permission and thereupon took up office. When a solar eclipse occurred, Lin submitted a sealed memorial by imperial order, saying, "The sun belongs to the yang category; it is Heaven's principle and the gentleman." The principle of Heaven in one's mind cannot overcome human desire; the gentlemen at court cannot overcome petty men. Private concealments in the palace quarters are not yet removed; treacherous evil in the inner gates is not yet distinguished; censorial officials' pursuit of traitors is not resolved — the subtle essence is stirred and penetrated, and the sun is devoured. He also repeatedly spoke on establishing the crown prince. He was transferred to Collator. In the seventh year of Chunyou (1247), during summer, a severe drought struck. Responding to an imperial edict, Xu Lin said, "Unless the Remonstrating Censor is replaced, there will be no rain; unless the Capital Intendant is replaced, there will be no rain." The court did not respond, and he left the capital. The emperor sent Yao Xide, compiler of the Secretariat, to persuade him to stay, but Lin would not return. The emperor personally altered his status as one fit for office and instead appointed him Instructor Gentleman. Lin declined again and again, saying, "Once I would not deceive my sovereign and father even on pain of death; now high rank blinds me to what I have always been, and I lose my true heart — how then can I show forth loyal resolve?" He added, "Ambition must stay clean, loyalty must stay keen — accept office and you walk straight into stain and disgrace."

八年夏，添差通判信州，霖皆力辭，竟未拜，改秩之命故也。尋令守臣勉諭之，特改宣教郎、主管雲臺觀，霖乃拜受。十二年，遷秘書省著作郎，累辭，不許。兼國史編修、實錄檢討，上曰：“今日所當言者，當備陳之。 ”霖復以正太子名為言，又奏：“萬化之本在心，存心之法在敬。 ”兼權尚左郎官，兼崇政殿說書。乃上疏言：“葉大有陰柔奸黠，為群憸冠，不宜久長臺諫，乞斥去。 ”不報。兼權左司。霖知無不言，於是讒嫉者思以中傷，而上亦不悅。乞補外，知撫州。祠先賢，寬租賦，振饑窮，誅悍將，建營砦，幾一月而政舉化行。以言去，士民遮道，不得行，及暝，始由徑以出。

In the eighth year of Chunyou (1248), during summer, he was assigned added duty as vice prefect of Xinzhou; Lin refused forcefully each time and never took up the post, owing to the earlier order that had altered his rank. Shortly afterward local authorities were instructed to press him; he was specially appointed Instructor Gentleman and director of the Yuntai Observatory, and Lin at last accepted. In the twelfth year of Chunyou (1252) he was promoted to compiler in the Secretariat; he declined again and again, but permission was denied. He also served as compiler of the National History and reviser of the Veritable Records. The emperor told him, "Say fully whatever ought to be said today." Lin again urged that the crown prince's name be properly established, and memorialized, "The root of ten thousand transformations lies in the heart; the way to preserve the heart lies in reverence." He also held concurrent appointments as acting director of the Left Department and lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall. He then memorialized, "Ye Dayou is smooth on the surface yet treacherous and slick, chief among the deceivers — he should not long hold a remonstrance post on the Censorate; I beg that he be removed." The court gave no answer. He also concurrently acted as chief of the Left Secretariat. Lin withheld nothing in his remonstrance; jealous slanderers then plotted to ruin him, and the emperor too grew displeased. He asked to serve outside the capital and was appointed prefect of Fuzhou. He offered sacrifices to sage predecessors, lightened rents and taxes, succored the starving and poor, executed violent commanders, and built stockaded camps — within about a month his administration was sound and reform took hold. Dismissed for his outspokenness, scholars and townspeople blocked the roads so he could not leave; only at nightfall did he slip out by a hidden path.

寶祐元年，差知衡州。三年，當之官，遂辭，差知袁州。五年，丁外艱，哀毀號絕，水漿不入口七日。明年開慶元年，差主管崇禧觀。景定二年，知汀州。明年，卒。將終，語其長子心亨曰：“有生必有死，自古聖賢皆然，吾復何憾。 ”尚書省請加優異，詔與一子恩澤。度宗賜祭田百畝，以旌直臣。霖間居衢，守遊鈞築精舍，聘霖為學者講道，是日聽者三千餘人。

In the first year of Baoyou (1253) he was assigned prefect of Hengzhou. In the third year (1255), when the time came to take up his post, he declined; he was then reassigned prefect of Yuanzhou. In the fifth year (1257) he mourned his father's death; grief shattered him until his cries ceased, and for seven days he refused water and broth. The following year, the first year of Kaiqing (1259), he was assigned director of the Chongxi Observatory. In the second year of Jingding (1261) he became prefect of Tingzhou. The year after, he died. On his deathbed he told his eldest son Sinheng, "Life must end in death; sages and worthies have always known this — what regret can I still have?" The Secretariat requested exceptional honors; an edict granted a preferment to one of his sons. Emperor Duzong granted a hundred mu of sacrificial fields in recognition of his integrity. While Lin lived in retirement at Quzhou, the prefect You Jun built a lecture hall and invited him to teach; more than three thousand people heard him speak that day.

徐宗仁字求心，信之永豐人。淳祐十年進士。歷官為國子監主簿。開慶元年，伏闕上書曰：

Xu Zongren, style name Qiuxin, was a native of Yongfeng in Xin Prefecture. He passed the jinshi examination in the tenth year of Chunyou (1250). He rose to serve as recorder of the Imperial College. In the first year of Kaiqing (1259) he kowtowed at the palace gate and submitted a memorial that read:

賞罰者，軍國之綱紀。賞罰不明，則綱紀不立。今天下如器之欹而未墜於地，存亡之機，固不容發。兵虛將惰，而力匱財殫，環視四境，類不足恃；而所恃以維持人心、奔走豪傑者，惟陛下賞罰之微權在耳。權在陛下，而陛下不知所以用之，則未墜者安保其終不墜乎？臣為此懼久矣。

Reward and punishment are the discipline of army and state. When reward and punishment are unclear, that discipline collapses. Today the empire is like a vessel tilting but not yet fallen; the moment that decides survival or ruin allows no delay. The armies are hollow and the generals indolent, strength spent and treasury drained; look around the frontiers and little seems dependable; Yet what still holds hearts together and moves heroes to serve is nothing but Your Majesty's subtle power of reward and punishment. That power rests in Your Majesty's hands, yet Your Majesty does not know how to wield it — can a realm not yet fallen be sure it will never fall? Your subject has long lived in dread of this.

陛下當危急之時，出金幣賜土田，授節鉞，分爵秩，尺寸之功，在所必賞。故當悉心效力，圖報萬分可也。而自幹腹之兵越江逾廣以來，凡閱數月，尚未聞有死戰陣、死封疆、死城郭者，豈賞罰不足以勸懲之耶？今通國之所謂佚罰者，不過丁大全、袁玠、沈翥、張鎮、吳衍、翁應弼、石正則、王立愛、高鑄之徒，而首惡則董宋臣也。是以廷紳抗疏，學校叩閽，至有欲借尚方劍為陛下除惡。而陛下乃釋而不問，豈真欲愛護此數人而重咈千萬人之心？天下之事勢急矣，朝廷之紀綱壞矣。若誤國之罪不誅，則用兵之士不勇。今東南一隅天下，已半壞於此數人之手，而罰不損其豪毛。彼方擁厚貲，挾聲色，高臥華屋，而使陛下與二三大臣焦心勞思，可乎？三軍之在行者，豈不憤然不平曰：“稔禍者誰歟，而使我捐軀兵革之間？ ”百姓之罹難者，豈不群然胥怨曰：“召亂者誰歟，而使我流血鋒鏑之下？ ”陛下亦嘗一念及此乎？

In time of crisis Your Majesty showered gold, granted land, bestowed command seals, and handed out ranks — the least merit was sure to be rewarded. Men should have thrown themselves into service and repaid you a thousandfold — that was only right. Yet since the elite armies crossed the Yangtze and pressed into Guangdong, months have passed without word of men dying in battle, on the borders, or for the cities — are rewards and punishments no longer fit to move men? Today those the realm calls unpunished are no more than Ding Daquan, Yuan Jie, Shen Zhu, Zhang Zhen, Wu Yan, Weng Yingbi, Shi Zhengze, Wang Liai, Gao Zhu, and men like them — while the ringleader is Dong Songchen. Court officials have flooded in with indicting memorials; students have battered the gates, some even begging to borrow the imperial sword to purge evil for Your Majesty. Yet Your Majesty let them go unscathed — do you truly mean to shield these few and deeply affront the hearts of millions? The realm's peril is acute; the court's discipline is broken. If those who wrecked the state are not punished, soldiers will not fight bravely. Half the empire in the southeast has already been ruined by these men, yet not a hair on their heads has been harmed. They clutch vast fortunes, indulge in pleasure, and sleep in grand houses while Your Majesty and a few great ministers burn with anxiety — can this stand? Will not soldiers in the field cry in fury, "Who brought on this ruin, that we must die between sword and spear?" Will not suffering commoners wail together, "Who stirred up chaos, that we must bleed beneath the blades?" Has Your Majesty ever paused to think of this?

又極論邊事，謂惠褻而威不振。論董宋臣盤固日久，蒙蔽日久。又請“使有言責者皆得以盡其言，則國論伸而國威振，臣雖屏處山林，亦有生氣”。遷國子監丞、秘書省著作佐郎，主管崇禧觀。遷考功郎官兼崇政殿說書，進讀《敬天圖》。遷太府少卿兼侍講、兼侍立修註官，遷太常少卿兼國史編修、實錄檢討。知寧國府。監察御史郭閶論罷。

He also pressed frontier policy to the limit, arguing that excessive indulgence had sapped imperial authority. He charged that Dong Songchen had entrenched his power for years and had long blinded the court. He also asked that "everyone charged to speak out be allowed to speak fully; then public debate will widen and national prestige revive — and though I live hidden among hills and woods, I too will feel life return." He was promoted to vice director of the Imperial College, assistant compiler in the Secretariat, and director of the Chongxi Observatory. He became director of the Bureau of Evaluations and lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, where he lectured on the "Chart of Revering Heaven." He rose to vice minister of the Imperial Treasury, also court lecturer and attendant revision officer; then vice minister of rites, also compiler of the National History and reviser of the Veritable Records. He served as prefect of Ningguo. Investigating censor Guo Chang memorialized for his dismissal.

危昭德，邵武人。寶祐元年進士。歷官為史館檢閱校勘、武學諭、宗正寺簿兼崇政殿說書，遷秘書郎。疏言：“國之命在民，民之命在士大夫。士大夫不廉，朘民膏血，為己甘腴，民不堪命矣。 ”又言：“願陛下與二三大臣察利害之實，究安危之本，明詔郡國，申嚴號令，俾急其所急，凡荒政之當舉者，不可一日而置念；緩其可緩，凡苛賦之肆擾者，易為此時之寬征。固結人心，乃所以延天命也。 ”又言：“願陛下舉考課之事，內以責諸彈糾之職，外以責諸監司、郡守之計。貪濁昏庸，固在必懲。廉能正直，尤當示勸。察之精則黜陟之鹹服，行之力則觀聽之具孚，而課吏之實得矣。”

Wei Zhaode came from Shaowu. He passed the jinshi examination in the first year of Baoyou (1253). He served as historiographic collator, instructor at the Military School, and registrar of the Imperial Clan Court, also lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, before promotion to secretary of the Secretariat. In a memorial he wrote, "A state's lifeblood is its people; the people's lifeblood is its scholar-officials." When officials grow corrupt, they bleed the people dry to fatten themselves, until the people can no longer endure it. He also urged, "I beg Your Majesty and your chief ministers to weigh real gains and losses, grasp the roots of safety and peril, issue clear orders to every circuit, and enforce them strictly — press every urgent need; nothing required for famine relief may be neglected even for a day;" Ease what can be eased — every oppressive tax that harasses the people should, in this hour, give way to lighter collection. Solidify popular loyalty, and you prolong Heaven's mandate. He further asked the emperor to institute performance reviews — holding censors accountable within, intendants and prefects without. The greedy, corrupt, dull, and inept must surely be punished. The honest, capable, and upright must especially be rewarded. Examine with rigor and appointment and dismissal will command belief; act with force and the court and country will trust you — then true official accountability is achieved.

進兼侍講。又言：“民者，邦之命脈，欲壽國脈，必厚民生，欲厚民生，必寬民力。 ”且條上厲民四敝。又言：“願陛下為萬世根本之慮，為一時倉卒之防，必求安節之亨，毋招不節之咎，節之又節，則宮闈之費差省，帑藏之積自充，上用足而下不匱矣。 ”又乞“察欣瘁休戚之故，酌利害損益之宜，孰為當因，孰為當革，孰為可罷，孰為可行，則折衷泉貨而遠近便，開通關梁而商賈行。下修身奉法之詔，而吏得自新；出輸倉助貸之令，而民免貴糴；窒墨敕之門，而無官府黜陟之異；止輪臺之議，而無疆界彼此之分，則氣脈蘇醒、意向翕合矣”。

He was further promoted to court lecturer. He also argued, "The people are the state's lifeblood; to keep the state alive you must enrich the people; to enrich the people you must lighten their burdens." He also submitted a detailed list of the four abuses that grind the people down. He urged the emperor to think in terms of generations, not emergencies alone — to practice frugality until it prospers and never court the guilt of waste; cut again and again, and palace costs shrink while the treasury fills — the court will have enough and the people will not be drained. He also begged the court to study what pleases and what wearies the people, judge what helps or harms them, decide what to keep or change, what to abolish or enact — harmonize currency so all regions benefit, open passes and bridges so trade may flow. Proclaim self-restraint and lawful rule so officials may reform themselves; Order granaries to lend grain so the people escape ruinous prices; Close the gate to secret edicts so civil appointments are no longer twisted; End expansion debates like the Luntain dispute so frontiers are not torn between us and them — then the nation's pulse will revive and all hearts will draw together.

遷起居舍人兼國史編修、實錄檢討，尋遷殿中侍御史、侍御史。諫作宗陽宮。權工部侍郎兼同修國史實錄院，乞致仕，特轉一官。昭德在經筵，以《易》、《春秋》、《大學衍義》進講，反覆規正者甚多。所著《春山文集》。

He rose to diarist, also compiler of the National History and reviser of the Veritable Records; soon he became palace censor and attending censor. He remonstrated against construction of the Zongyang Palace. As acting vice minister of works and co-compiler of the national history and veritable records, he asked to retire and was specially promoted one rank. At the classics mat Zhaode lectured on the "Changes," the "Spring and Autumn," and the "Extended Meaning of the Great Learning," admonishing and correcting the emperor again and again on many points. He authored the Collected Works of Spring Mountain.

子徹孫，鹹淳元年進士。

His son Zhesun passed the jinshi examination in the first year of Xianchun (1265).

陳塏字子爽，嘉興人。歷京湖制置使司主管機宜文字，差知德安府，加直寶謨閣、江西提點刑獄，改直敷文閣、提舉千秋鴻禧觀，轉司農寺丞、主管崇道觀、知安慶府。召赴闕，加直顯謨閣、湖南提點刑獄。再召為右司郎官，加直寶文閣知隆興府、江西安撫使，改知江州，主管江西安撫司事。召為右司郎官，進直龍圖閣、浙西提點刑獄，遷司農少卿，以秘閣修撰知慶元府兼沿海制置副使，遷大理卿，進右文殿修撰、知平江府兼淮、浙發運使。

Chen Kai, style name Zishuang, was a native of Jiaxing. He served as drafting officer on the Jing-Hu pacification staff, was posted prefect of De'an, advanced to honorary master of the Hall of Precious Instruction and Jiangxi judicial intendant, then to honorary master of the Hall of Dispersing Culture and director of the Qianqiu Hongxi Observatory, and finally to vice director of the Ministry of Revenue, director of the Chongdao Observatory, and prefect of Anqing. Recalled to the capital, he was made honorary master of the Hall of Manifest Instruction and Hunan judicial intendant. Summoned again as director of the Right Secretariat, he became honorary master of the Palace of Literary Glory, prefect of Longxing, and Jiangxi pacification commissioner; he was then reassigned prefect of Jiangzhou with charge of Jiangxi pacification affairs. Recalled as director of the Right Secretariat, he rose to honorary master of the Dragon Diagram Hall and Zhexi judicial intendant, then vice minister of revenue; as secretariat compiler he governed Qingyuan while serving as coastal pacification vice commissioner; he then became grand court administrator, advanced to right palace compiler of literary cultivation, prefect of Pingjiang, and Huai-Zhe transport commissioner.

戶部侍郎趙必願舉塏最，詔特轉一官，遷太府卿、司農卿，權工部侍郎兼同詳定敕令官，兼中書門下省檢正諸房公事。入奏，言：“願陛下轉移世道之樞機，砥礪士大夫之廉恥，使知名義為重，利祿為輕。久去國以恬退聞者召之，久立朝以更叠請者從之，甘言容悅者必斥，真情丐閑者勿留。如此，則君臣上下皆以真實相與，四維既張，士大夫難進易退之風，當見於聖世，人才幸甚！ ”又言：“請以從官仿古昔人從出藩之意，其從臣為諸路憲漕，則以提點刑獄使、轉運使系銜，假之‘使’名，示與庶官別，仍乞除授自臣始。 ”自是屢言於帝前，不許。以言罷。

Zhao Biyuan, vice minister of revenue, ranked Kai first in merit; an edict specially promoted him one rank; he was made grand court administrator and vice minister of revenue, then acting vice minister of works, also co-reviser of statutes and concurrently rectifier of affairs in the Secretariat-Chancellery. Appearing before the throne, he said, "I beg Your Majesty to turn the world's moral hinge and renew officials' sense of honor, so that principle weighs more than emolument." Recall those who have long left office and are known for quiet integrity; release those who linger at court only to jockey for new posts; drive out flatterers; do not keep back officials who honestly seek retirement. Then sovereign and ministers will treat one another sincerely; with the four bonds taut, the old ideal of officials hard to entice and easy to dismiss will flourish in a sage reign — a blessing for men of talent! He added, "I ask that follow-officers be sent to the provinces in the ancient spirit of an entourage abroad; where such men serve as judicial or transport officials, let them bear those titles with the added designation 'commissioner' to mark them above common posts — and I beg that appointments on this model begin with myself." Thereafter he pressed the proposal again and again at court, but the throne would not assent. He lost office for having spoken out.

未幾，進集英殿修撰、知婺州，改知太平州兼江東轉運副使。請蠲放諸郡災傷。加戶部侍郎、淮東總領，尋提領江、淮茶鹽所兼知太平州。發公帑代三縣輸折絲帛錢五十萬九千三百六十餘貫。又作浮淮書堂以處兩淮之民而教之。進顯謨閣待制、知廣州，權兵部尚書，又進寶章閣直學士、知婺州，遷權戶部尚書，尋為真，時暫兼吏部尚書，以寶文閣學士知潭州兼湖南安撫使。召赴闕，以舊職提舉太平興國宮，加龍圖閣學士，依舊宮觀。久之，加端明殿學士。鹹淳四年，卒，謚清毅。

Shortly afterward he rose to compiler in the Hall for Cultivation of Literature and governor of Wu, then was transferred to Taiping with a concurrent post as Jiangdong vice transport commissioner. He petitioned to cancel levies on calamity-stricken districts throughout the circuits. Promoted vice minister of revenue and Huaidong chief commissary, he soon headed the Jiang-Huai tea-and-salt monopoly while retaining the Taiping prefecture. From the public treasury he advanced over 509,360 strings of commuted silk tribute owed by three counties. He founded the Floating-Huai Academy to settle and educate refugees from both banks of the Huai. Promoted master of the Hall of Manifest Instruction and prefect of Guangzhou with acting charge of the Ministry of War, he was soon direct academician of the Hall of Precious Insignia at Wu, then acting and finally substantive minister of revenue, briefly acting minister of personnel as well, and finally academician of the Palace of Literary Glory governing Tanzhou as Hunan pacification commissioner. Recalled to the capital, he was posted to direct the Taiping Xingguo Palace with his old rank, advanced to dragon-diagram academician, and left in charge of the same observatory. Years later he was elevated to academician of the Hall of Sagacious Brilliance. He died in the fourth year of Xianchun (1268) and was given the posthumous name Qingyi, "Clear and Resolute."

塏屢歷麾節，軍民愛戴，幕客盛多，而塏又樂薦士。所著《可齋瓿稿》二十卷。

Chen Kai served many times as a regional commander; troops and people adored him, his secretariat teemed with clients, and he took pleasure in advancing men of talent. He left Kezhai Bougao ("Drafts from the Satisfied Studio") in twenty fascicles.

楊文仲字時發，眉州彭山人。七歲而孤。母胡，年二十有八，守節自誓，教養諸子。文仲既冠，以《春秋》貢，其母喜曰：“汝家至汝，三世以是經收效矣。”

Yang Wenzhong, style name Shifa, came from Pengshan in Meizhou. His father died when he was seven. His mother Lady Hu, only twenty-eight, swore widowhood and single-handedly reared her boys. Once capped, Wenzhong entered the Spring and Autumn Annals for the tribute examination; his mother exulted: "To your generation our house owes three generations of reward from this text."

淳祐七年，文仲以胄試第一入太學。九年，又以公試第一升內舍。時言路頗壅，因季冬雷震，首帥同舍叩閽極言時事，有曰：“天本不怒，人激之使怒。人本無言，雷激之使言。 ”一時爭傳誦之。升上舍，為西廊學錄。丞相謝方叔嘗問文仲曰：“今日何事最急？ ”對曰：“國本未建，莫大於此。上意未喻，當以死請可也。 ”寶祐元年，登進士第。丁母憂，釋服，屬從叔父棟守婺州罷歸，寓余杭，文仲往問伊、洛之學。

In 1247 he topped the imperial-cadet trial and entered the National University. Two years later he again led the public examination and rose to the inner lodge. Remonstrance was largely choked off; when winter thunder shook the twelfth month he led his classmates to the palace gate with a fierce memorial on the times, declaring: "Heaven is not angry of itself—men stir it to wrath." "Men would keep silence; thunder forces them to speak." His lines raced through the academy, copied and chanted everywhere. Advanced to the upper lodge, he became recorder of the west corridor. Chancellor Xie Fangshu once asked him: "What matter is most pressing now?" He answered: "The succession is unsettled—nothing outweighs that." "If His Majesty still does not understand, one must be willing to die pleading—that alone will do." He took the jinshi degree in 1253. After his mother's mourning he visited his cousin-uncle Dong—dismissed after governing Wu—lodging in Yuhang, and pursued the moral philosophy of the Cheng brothers and Zhou Dunyi.

調復州學教授。轉運使印應飛辟入幕。明嫠婦冤獄，應飛悉從文仲議，且薦之。荊湖宣撫使趙葵署文仲佐分司幕。姚希得、江萬里合薦文仲學為有用。辟四川宣撫司準備差遣，添差沿海制置司幹辦公事。召為戶部架閣，遷太學正，升博士。時棟為祭酒，講學益詣精邃。遷國子博士。丐外，添差通判臺州。故事，守貳尚華侈，正月望，取燈民間，吏以白，文仲曰：“為吾然一燈足矣。 ”劭農東郊，守因欲泛湖，文仲即先馳歸。添差通判揚州。牙契舊額歲為錢四萬緡，累政增至十六萬，開告訐以求羨。文仲曰：“希賞以擾民，吾不為也。 ”卒增十八界一而已。制置使李庭芝檄主管機宜文字。時有沙田，使者欲舉行之，文仲力爭，以為：“事不可妄興，蓋與民之惠有限，不擾之惠無窮。江北風寒之地，民力竭矣，為利幾何，安忍重擾吾民乎！ ”事遂不行。

Posted professor at the Fu Prefecture academy. The transport commissioner Yin Yingfei brought him onto his secretariat. He exposed a miscarriage of justice against a widow; Yingfei adopted his view in full and commended him. Zhao Kui, pacification commissioner of Jing-Hu, named him aide on the branch staff. Yao Xide and Jiang Wanli together praised his scholarship as fit for service. He entered the Sichuan pacification staff as a preparatory dispatch officer and received an additional post on the coastal pacification commission. Recalled as a Ministry of Revenue archivist, he became director of the Imperial Academy and rose to erudite. His cousin Dong was now libationer, and their joint instruction grew subtler still. He was moved to national-university erudite. Seeking a provincial post, he received an additional assignment as vice prefect of Taizhou. Custom held that prefect and vice still loved display; on the Lantern Festival clerks proposed seizing lamps from the people, but Wenzhong said: "One lamp for me will do." When he led the spring plowing rite east of the city and the prefect meant to cruise the lake, Wenzhong rode back first. He received an additional post as vice prefect of Yangzhou. Property-transfer tax had stood at forty thousand strings yearly; successive regimes had pushed it to one hundred sixty thousand, encouraging informers to pad the take. He declared: "I will not trouble the people to win favor." He increased the levy by only one step on the paper-money scale. Li Tingzhi, coastal pacification commissioner, put him in charge of strategic papers. Officials proposed reclaiming tidal sand flats; Wenzhong fought the plan: "Projects must not be launched lightly—measured favors to the people are limited; the favor of peace is inexhaustible." "North of the Yangtze the wind bites and the people are spent—what trifling gain could justify tormenting them again?" The scheme was abandoned.

召為宗學博士。郊祀，攝圜壇子階監察御史。近輔兵變水患，輪對，言：“皇天眷命，垂四百年，天命久熟之餘，國脈癃老之候，此豈非一大喜懼之交乎？願陛下一初清明，自作主宰。 ”又曰：“春多沈陰，豈但麥秋之憂。於時為《》，尤軫莧陸之慮。天目則洪水發焉，蘇、湖則弄兵興焉。峨冠於於，而每見大夫之乏使；佩印累累，而常慮貪瀆之無厭。將習黃金橫帶之娛，兵疲赤籍掛虛之穴。蚩蚩編氓，得以輕統府；瑣瑣警遽，輒以憂朝廷。設不幸事有大於此者，國何賴焉？ ”帝竦聽，顧問甚至。遷太常丞，尋兼權倉部郎官，兼崇政殿說書，遷將作少監，又遷將作監。

Recalled as erudite of the imperial-clan academy. During the suburban rites he served as acting censor on the lower terrace of the round altar. After mutiny and floods struck the capital approaches, he told the throne: "Heaven's mandate has favored us nearly four centuries; when the mandate has ripened long, the dynasty's pulse turns feeble—is this not the hour when exultation and terror cross?" "May Your Majesty, from this fresh start, keep a clear mind and rule in your own person." He added: "Spring lies heavy under cloud—concern runs deeper than the summer grain." The Book of Changes then showed Guai, Breakthrough—and he dwelt anxiously on the portent of purslane in its judgment. Floods burst from Tianmu; mutiny flared in Suzhou and Huzhou. Officials in lofty hats packed the halls, yet grandees to dispatch were always few. Seals clustered on sashes, yet corruption seemed never to end. Generals would settle into gold-belted ease while soldiers languished and muster rolls bloated with ghosts. Humble subjects dared treat prefectural authority lightly. Petty panics already shook the throne. "If worse should come, whom can the realm lean on?" The emperor listened, shaken, and questioned him at length. Promoted vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, he soon doubled as acting granaries director and lecturer in the Hall of Lofty Government, then rose to vice and full director of palace works.

文仲在講筵，每以積誠感動，嘗進讀《春秋》，帝問五霸何以為三王罪人，文仲奏云：“齊桓公當王霸升降之會，而不能為向上事業，獨能開世變厲階。臣考諸《春秋》，桓公初年多書‘人’，越二十年，伐楚定世子之功既成，然後書‘侯’之辭叠見，此所以為尊王抑伯之大法。然王豈徒尊哉？蓋欲周王子孫率修文、武、成、康之法度，以扶持文、武、成、康之德澤，則王跡不熄，西周之美可尋，如此方副《春秋》尊王之意。 ”帝曰：“先帝聖訓有曰：‘絲竹之亂耳，紅紫之眩目，良心善性，皆本有之。 ’又曰：‘得聖賢心學之指要，本領端正，家傳世守，以是而君國子民，以是而祈天永命，以是而貽謀燕翼。 ’大哉先訓，朕朝夕服膺。 ”時帝以疾連不視朝，文仲奏：“聲色之事，若識得破，元無可好。 ”帝斂容端拱久之。

On the lecture dais Wenzhong often won hearts by sheer earnestness; reading the Spring and Autumn Annals, he was asked why the Five Hegemons were the Three Kings' offenders. He answered: "Duke Huan of Qi stood where kingship and hegemony met, yet chose not the higher path—he only opened the door to an age of decline." "In the Annals, Huan's early years call him 'man'; only after twenty years, when he had chastised Chu and fixed the succession, does 'marquis' recur—that is how the classic honors the king and curbs the hegemon." "But was the king honored in name alone?" "The point was that Zhou's sons should live by the laws of Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang and keep their grace alive—so the royal way would not gutter out and Western Zhou's splendor could return. Only that fulfills the Annals' call to honor the king." The emperor said: "Our late father taught: 'Pipe and string confuse the ear, crimson and purple dazzle the eye—yet conscience and humaneness are ours from the first.'" "He also said: 'Hold the sages' heart-learning, keep the root straight, pass it down at home—so rule the people, so pray Heaven for long life, so leave counsel to those who come after.'" "Mighty is that teaching; We cherish it dawn to dusk." The emperor had long absented himself from court through illness; Wenzhong said: "Sensual pleasures, once truly understood, hold no charm at all." The emperor gathered his face and sat in formal silence a long while.

盛夏，建宗陽宮，壞徙民居，畿甸騷然。文仲疏諫：“移閭閻之聚，為香火之庭，不得為善計矣。陛下紹祖宗之位，豈以黃、老之居為輕重哉。 ”翼日面奏，益懇至，丞相賈似道怒曰：“楊文仲多言！ ”紹卿監以上薦人才，文仲薦陳存、呂折、鐘季玉等十有八人，名士二人，金華王柏、天臺車若水也。兼國子司業，兼侍立修註官。又以救太學教諭彭成大迕似道，主管崇禧觀，出知衡州。運餉有法而民不擾，以所當得米八千石立思濟倉。召為秘書少監，尋兼崇政殿說書。以疾乞致仕，不許。兼國史院編修官、實錄院檢討官，遷太常少卿兼國子司業，遷起居舍人。

That midsummer they built the Zongyang Palace, tearing down neighborhoods to make incense courts; the capital approaches seethed. Wenzhong protested in writing: "Uprooting whole neighborhoods for a temple court is no worthy plan." "You hold the seat of your forebears—surely a Daoist shrine cannot outweigh that trust." The next day he argued in person with still fiercer urgency; Chancellor Jia Sidao snapped: "Yang Wenzhong will not stop talking!" Ordered to recommend men of talent, he named Chen Cun, Lü Zhe, Zhong Jiyu, and eighteen others, including the celebrated Wang Bo of Jinhua and Che Ruoshui of Tiantai. He doubled as vice director of the directorate of education and as attending reviser. He had also shielded academy instructor Peng Chengda from Jia Sidao; for that he was parked at the Chongxi Observatory and exiled as prefect of Hengzhou. He moved supplies efficiently without harassing the people and devoted eight thousand piculs of his stipend rice to found the Siji relief granary. Recalled as vice director of the secretariat, he soon lectured again in the Hall of Lofty Government. Illness moved him to ask leave; the court refused. He served concurrently on the national history and veritable records staffs, became vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and of the directorate of education, then attendant of the bureau of attendants.

謝枋得，字君直，信州弋陽人也。為人豪爽。每觀書，五行俱下，一覽終身不忘。性好直言，一與人論古今治亂國家事，必掀髯抵幾，跳躍自奮，以忠義自任。徐霖稱其“如驚鶴摩霄，不事籠縶。”

Xie Fangde, style name Junzhi, came from Yiyang in Xin Prefecture. He was open-handed and forthright by nature. He read five lines at a glance and never forgot what he had seen. He loved blunt truth; debating the fortunes of dynasties past and present he would seize his beard, pound the table, spring to his feet, and bind himself to loyalty and duty. Xu Lin said of him: "Like a crane startled into the clouds—he will not be penned."

寶祐中，舉進士，對策極攻丞相董槐與宦官董宋臣，意擢高第矣，及奏名，中乙科。除撫州司戶參軍，即棄去。明年復出，試教官，中兼經科，除教授建寧府。未上，吳潛宣撫江東、西，辟差幹辦公事。團結民兵，以扞饒、信、撫，科降錢米以給之。枋得說鄧、傳二社諸大家，得民兵萬餘人，守信州，暨兵退，朝廷核諸軍費，幾至不免。

During Baoyou he took the jinshi; his policy essay savaged Chancellor Dong Huai and the eunuch Dong Songchen—he expected top honors, but the list placed him in the second class. Appointed revenue aide in Fuzhou, he walked away immediately. The following year he tested as an instructor, won the combined-classics category, and was posted professor at Jianning. Before he reported, Wu Qian, pacifying Jiangdong and Jiangxi, drafted him as a staff clerk. He mustered militia for Rao, Xin, and Fu and assessed grain and cash to feed them. Fangde rallied the Deng and Chuan lineage heads and gathered ten thousand militia; he held Xinzhou, and when the troops withdrew the court audited war costs—he barely escaped penalty.

五年，彗星出東方，枋得考試建康，擿似道政事為問目，言：“兵必至，國必亡。 ”漕使陸景思銜之，上其稿於似道，坐居鄉不法，起兵時冒破科降錢，且訕謗，追兩官，謫居興國軍。鹹淳三年，赦，放歸。德祐元年，呂文煥導大元兵東下鄂、黃、蘄、安慶、九江，凡其親友部曲皆誘下之，遂屯建康。枋得與呂師夔善，乃應詔上書，以一族保師夔可信，乞分沿江諸屯兵，以之為鎮撫使，使之行成，且願身至江州見文煥與議。從之，使以沿江察訪使行，會文煥北歸，不及而反。

In the fifth year a comet rose in the east; while examining students at Jiankang he set Jia Sidao's rule as the examination theme and wrote: "Armies will come; the dynasty will fall." Transport commissioner Lu Jingsi, resentful, forwarded the papers to Sidao; Fangde was found to have broken the law at home, to have misused relief grain when raising troops, and to have slandered officials—two ranks were taken and he was exiled to Xingguo Army. In 1267 an amnesty let him go home. In 1275 Lü Wenhuan led the Yuan armies down the Yangtze through Ezhou, Huangzhou, Qizhou, Anqing, and Jiujiang; kinsmen, friends, and officers alike were lured to defect, and the host camped at Jiankang. Fangde was on good terms with Lü Shiqiao. By imperial order he submitted a memorial, pledging his whole clan as guarantee that Shiqiao was trustworthy, and asking that garrison troops along the river be divided and Shiqiao made Pacification Commissioner to conduct peace negotiations. He also offered to go in person to Jiangzhou to see Wen Huan and discuss terms. The court assented and sent him as River Circuit Investigating Commissioner. Wen Huan had already returned north, however, and Fangde failed to reach him in time and turned back.

以江東提刑、江西招諭使知信州。明年正月，師夔與武萬戶分定江東地，枋得以兵逆之，使前鋒呼曰：“謝提刑來。 ”呂軍馳至，射之，矢及馬前。枋得走入安仁，調淮士張孝忠逆戰團湖坪，矢盡，孝忠揮雙刀擊殺百餘人。前軍稍卻，後軍繞出孝忠後，眾驚潰，孝忠中流矢死。馬奔歸，枋得坐敵樓見之，曰：“馬歸，孝忠敗矣。 ”遂奔信州。師夔下安仁，進攻信州，不守。枋得乃變姓名，入建寧唐石山，轉茶阪，寓逆旅中，日麻衣躡屨，東鄉而哭，人不識之，以為被病也。已而去，賣卜建陽市中，有來卜者，惟取米屢而已，委以錢，率謝不取。其後人稍稍識之，多延至其家，使為弟子論學。天下既定，遂居閩中。

He was appointed Judicial Intendant of Jiangdong, Pacification and Exhortation Commissioner of Jiangxi, and prefect of Xinzhou. In the first month of the following year, Shiqiao and Commander Wu divided and settled the lands of Jiangdong. Fangde opposed them with troops and had his vanguard call out, "Commissioner Xie has come." Lü's army galloped up and opened fire; arrows struck before their horses. Fangde fled into Anren and mobilized the Huai native Zhang Xiaozhong to meet the enemy at Tuanhu Flat. When their arrows ran out, Xiaozhong wielded twin blades and killed more than a hundred men. The front line gave ground slightly; the rear line circled behind Xiaozhong. The troops panicked and broke; Xiaozhong was struck by a stray arrow and died. Horses came galloping back. Fangde sat on the watchtower and saw them, saying, "The horses are returning — Xiaozhong is defeated." He thereupon fled to Xinzhou. Shiqiao descended on Anren and advanced to attack Xinzhou, which could not be held. Fangde then changed his name, entered Tangshi Mountain in Jianning, turned onto Chaban, and lodged at an inn. Each day he wore hemp garments and straw sandals, faced east, and wept. No one recognized him; they thought he was ill. After a time he left and sold divinations in the market of Jianyang. When someone came for divination he would take only a few measures of rice; if money was offered, he invariably refused it. Afterwards people gradually recognized him and often invited him to their homes to teach students. When the realm was settled, he made his home in Fujian.

至元二十三年，集賢學士程文海薦宋臣二十二人，以枋得為首，辭不起。又明年，行省丞相忙兀臺將旨詔之，執手相勉勞。枋得曰：“上有堯、舜，下有巢、由，枋得名姓不祥，不敢赴詔。 ”丞相義之，不強也。二十五年，福建行省參政管如德將旨如江南求人材，尚書留夢炎以枋得薦，枋得遺書夢炎曰：“江南無人材，求一瑕呂飴甥、程嬰、杵臼廝養卒，不可得也。紂之亡也，以八百國之精兵，而不敢抗二子之正論，武王、太公凜凜無所容，急以興滅繼絕謝天下。殷之後遂與周並立。使三監、淮夷不叛，武庚必不死，殷命必不黜。夫女真之待二帝亦慘矣。而我宋今年遣使祈請，明年遣使問安。王倫一市井無賴、狎邪小人，謂梓宮可還，太后可歸。終則二事皆符其言。今一王倫且無之，則江南無人材可見也。今吾年六十餘矣，所欠一死耳，豈復有它誌哉！ ”終不行。郭少師從瀛國公入朝，既而南歸，與枋得道時事，曰：“大元本無意江南，屢遣使使頓兵，令毋深入，待還歲幣即議和，無枉害生靈也。張宴然上書乞斂兵從和，上即可之。兵交二年，無一介行李之事，乃挈數百年宗社而降。 ”因相與痛哭。

In 1286, Academician Cheng Wenhui recommended twenty-two former Song subjects, with Fangde at their head. He declined and would not take office. The following year, Chief Councillor of the Branch Secretariat Mangwutai brought an edict to summon him, took his hand, and exhorted and comforted him. Fangde said, "Above there are Yao and Shun; below there are Chao and You. The name Fangde is inauspicious — I dare not obey the summons." The chief councillor approved his integrity and did not force him. In 1288, Branch Secretariat Administrator Guan Rude of Fujian brought an edict to Jiangnan to seek men of talent. Minister Liu Mengyan recommended Fangde. Fangde wrote to Mengyan, saying, "Jiangnan has no men of talent — you could not find even one flawed nephew of Lü Yixu, one Cheng Ying, or one mortar-and-pestle menial groom." When King Zhou fell, though he had the elite troops of eight hundred states, he did not dare resist the upright remonstrance of two men. King Wu and the Grand Duke stood in awe with nowhere to turn, and urgently restored extinguished states and continued severed lines to apologize to the realm. The descendants of Yin thereupon stood alongside Zhou. If the Three Overseers and the Huaiyi had not rebelled, Wugeng would certainly not have died and the mandate of Yin would certainly not have been removed. The Jurchens' treatment of the two emperors was cruel enough. Yet our Song sent envoys one year to pray and petition, and the next year sent envoys to inquire after their health. Wang Lun was a market-town scoundrel and debauched petty man who said the imperial coffin could be returned and the empress dowager could come home. In the end both matters came to pass as he had said. Today not even one Wang Lun exists — so what talent in Jiangnan can there be to see? Today I am more than sixty years old; all that remains is one death — how could I have any other ambition! In the end he did not go. Guo Shaoshi had followed Duke Ying of Guo to court at the Yuan capital; afterward he returned south and told Fangde how things stood, saying, "The Great Yuan originally had no intention toward Jiangnan. Repeatedly they sent envoys to halt the army and ordered that it not advance deeply, waiting until the annual tribute was returned and then discussing peace, so as not to harm the people in vain." Zhang Yanran submitted a memorial requesting that troops be gathered in and peace pursued; the sovereign immediately approved it. Armies clashed for two years without a single bag of tribute being sent, yet the court then surrendered the altars of state of several hundred years. They thereupon wept together.

福建行省參政魏天祐見時方以求材為急，欲薦枋得為功，使其友趙孟<辶卸>來言，枋得罵曰：“天祐仕閩，無毫髮推廣德意，反起銀冶病民，顧以我輩飾好邪？ ”及見天祐，又傲岸不為禮，與之言，坐而不對。天祐怒，強之而北。枋得即日食菜果。

Branch Secretariat Administrator Wei Tianyou of Fujian saw that the court urgently sought talent and wished to recommend Fangde for merit. He sent his friend Zhao Mengfu to speak with him. Fangde cursed and said, "Tianyou served in Fujian without advancing virtue in the slightest, yet raised silver smelting to afflict the people — and now he would use us to adorn his reputation?" When he met Tianyou he was again proud and gave no courtesy; when Tianyou spoke to him, he sat in silence and would not reply. Tianyou was enraged and forced him north. That very day Fangde began eating only vegetables and fruit.

二十六年四月，至京師，問謝太后欑所及瀛國所在，再拜慟哭。已而病，遷憫忠寺，見壁間《曹娥碑》，泣曰：“小女子猶爾，吾豈不汝若哉！ ”留夢炎使醫持藥雜米飲進之，枋得怒曰：“吾欲死，汝乃欲生我邪？ ”棄之於地，終不食而死。伯父徽明以特奏恩為當陽尉，攝縣事，時天基節上壽，大元兵奄至，徽明出兵戰死，二子趨進抱父屍，亦死。

In April of 1289 he reached the capital, inquired after the place where Empress Dowager Xie's coffin lay and where Duke Ying of Guo was, bowed twice, and wept in anguish. Before long he fell ill and was moved to the Minzhong Temple. Seeing the "Stele of Cao E" on the wall, he wept and said, "Even a little girl did as much — how could I not do the same!" Liu Mengyan had a physician bring medicine mixed into rice gruel to feed him. Fangde angrily said, "I wish to die — do you mean to keep me alive?" He cast it on the ground and in the end refused to eat and died. His uncle Huiming, through special memorial grace, was commandant of Dangyang and acted in county affairs. At the Tianji Festival celebrating longevity, Yuan troops suddenly arrived. Huiming led troops out and died in battle; his two sons rushed forward, embraced their father's corpse, and also died.

論曰：劉應龍不附賈似道，馮去非不附丁大全，潘方論皇子竑事，坎壈以終。洪芹訟吳潛，偉哉。趙景緯。醇儒也，而無躁競之心。徐霖進則直言於朝，退則講道於裏。徐宗仁國亡與亡，異乎懷二心以事其君者也。危昭德經筵進對之言，悉載諸故史。陳塏能以意氣感人，楊文仲當搶攘之時，猶能薦士，謝枋得嵚崎以全臣節，皆宋末之卓然者也。

The judgment says: Liu Yinglong would not attach himself to Jia Sidao; Feng Qufei would not attach himself to Ding Daquan; Pan Fang spoke on the affair of Prince Yi and ended in hardship. Hong Qin impeached Wu Qian — magnificent! Zhao Jingwei. A pure Confucian, without a restless, contentious heart. Xu Lin spoke frankly at court when he advanced and lectured on the Way in his village when he retired. Xu Zongren perished when the state perished — unlike those who harbored divided loyalties in serving their ruler. Wei Zhaode's words in audience at the Classics Lectures are all recorded in the former histories. Chen Kai could move people by spirit and resolve; Yang Wenzhong, in a time of turmoil, could still recommend scholars; Xie Fangde, rugged and unyielding, preserved his integrity as a minister — all were outstanding men of the late Song.

Cite this Chapter