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儒林八
Confucian Scholars, Part Eight
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○湯漢何基王柏徐夢莘 〈（弟得之從子天麟附）〉 李心傳葉味道王應麟黃震
Tang Han, He Ji, Wang Bai, and Xu Mengshen (with the younger brother Dezhi and the nephew Tianlin appended) Li Xinchuan, Ye Weidao, Wang Yinglin, and Huang Zhen
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湯漢，字伯紀，饒州安仁人。 與其兄幹、巾、中皆知名當時，柴中行見而奇之。 真德秀在潭，致漢為賓客。 嚐造趙汝談，汝談曰：“第一流也。 ”江東提刑趙汝騰薦漢於朝，詔免解差，充象山書院堂長。 赴禮部別院試，正奏名，授上饒縣主簿。 江東轉運使趙希塈言：“漢，今海內知名士也，豈得吏之州縣哉！ ”詔循兩資，差信州教授兼象山書院長。
Tang Han, courtesy name Boji, came from Anren in Raozhou. He and his elder brothers Gan, Jin, and Zhong were all famous in their time; when Chai Zhongxing met them, he was struck by their talent. While Zhen Dexiu was serving in Tanzhou, he brought Han on as a house guest. On one occasion he called on Zhao Rutan, who declared, "This is a man of the first rank." Zhao Ruteng, the judicial intendant of Jiangdong, recommended Han to the court; the throne exempted him from the qualifying examination and named him head lecturer of Xiangshan Academy. He sat for the separate-branch examination at the Ministry of Rites, passed on the main roll, and received appointment as chief clerk of Shangrao County. Zhao Xichong, transport commissioner of Jiangdong, protested, "Han is among the most celebrated scholars in the empire—how can he be relegated to routine service in a prefecture or county!" The court ordered his two qualifications counted together for promotion and posted him as professor at Xinzhou while also appointing him director of Xiangshan Academy.
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淳祐十二年，差充史館校勘，改國史實錄院校勘。 會大水，上封事曰：“君心敬肆之分，實上天喜怒之由。 一念之敬，上帝臨汝，祥風慶雲所從出也。 一念之肆，上帝震怒，妖浸陰沴所從生也。 ”火災，應詔上封事曰：
In 1252 he was detailed as collator in the Historiography Institute and soon transferred to collator in the Veritable Records Institute for the National History. When severe flooding struck, he submitted a sealed memorial: "Whether the sovereign's heart inclines to reverence or to license is precisely what moves Heaven to show favor or anger." "A single reverent thought—'The Lord on High is upon you'—and the auspicious winds and felicitous clouds will follow." "A single licentious thought—'The Lord on High is enraged'—and demonic floods and yin pestilence take root." " When fire broke out, he answered an imperial summons with another sealed memorial:
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臣聞任天下之大，立心不可不公； 守天下之重，持心不可不敬。 陛下膺皇天之眷命，受祖宗之寶圖，則不當懷私恩； 為天下共主，為億兆寄命，則不當隆私親。 大臣邇臣，服休服采，皆陛下所倚仗也，則不當信私人。 三省、密院者，陛下之朝廷，發號布政所從出也，則不當有私令。 四海九州，土宇反章，皆陛下之倉廩府庫也，則不當殖私財。 陛下於皇天祖宗之德弗永念，而報答私恩； 於群黎百姓之疾苦弗深恤，而富貴私親； 公卿在廷，其信任不若近習之篤； 中書造命，其除行不若內批之專，則陛下之立心，既未能盡合乎天下之公矣。
"Your subject has heard that whoever bears the great charge of the realm must set his heart on nothing but fairness; and whoever guards its weighty trust must uphold his heart in reverence. Your Majesty has received Heaven's favoring mandate and inherited the ancestral patrimony—you must not harbor private favor; as sovereign of all the world and as the one on whom the myriad people stake their lives, you must not elevate private kin. The great ministers and the intimate attendants, whether in court regalia or in mourning garb, are all men Your Majesty should rely upon—you must not put your faith in private favorites. The Three Departments and the Privy Council are Your Majesty's court, the source from which decrees issue and policy is proclaimed—there must be no private orders. All the land within the four seas and nine provinces is Your Majesty's granary and treasury—you must not hoard private wealth. Your Majesty does not keep constantly in mind the virtue owed to Heaven and the ancestors, but repays private obligations instead; does not deeply pity the suffering of the common people, but enriches and ennobles private kin; the trust placed in the dukes and ministers at court is not as deep as that placed in intimate favorites; when the Secretariat drafts appointments, their promulgation is not as absolute as the emperor's inner drafts—thus Your Majesty's heart has already failed to accord fully with the public good of the realm.
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往者陛下上畏天戒，下恤人言，內則拘製於權臣，外則恐怯於強敵，敬心既不敢盡弛，則私意亦未得盡行。 比年以來，天戒人言既以玩熟，而貪濁柄國，贖貨無厭，彼既將恣行其私，則不得不縱陛下之所欲為。 於是前日之敬畏盡忘，而一念之私始四出而不可禦矣。 姑以近事跡之：定策之碑，忽從中出，鄉未欲親其文也； 貴戚子弟，參錯中外，鄉不如是之放也； 土木之禍，展轉流毒，訟牒細故，胥吏賤人皆得藉群榼之勢，徹清都之邃，鄉不如是之熾也； 御筆之出，上則廢朝令，下則侵有司，鄉不如是之多也； 賄賂之通，書致之操，鄉不如是其章也。
In earlier years Your Majesty feared Heaven's warnings above and heeded popular opinion below; inwardly you were hemmed in by powerful ministers, outwardly you shrank before strong enemies—because reverence could not be wholly abandoned, private desires could not be wholly indulged either. In recent years Heaven's warnings and public criticism have been treated with contempt, while greedy, corrupt men hold power and are insatiable for bribes—since they intended to pursue their private aims without restraint, they had no choice but to indulge whatever Your Majesty wished to do. Thus the reverence of former days was wholly forgotten, and private impulses began to burst forth on every side beyond all control. Consider recent events: the stele commemorating the settlement of the succession suddenly issued from within the palace—formerly you would not even read its text yourself; kinsmen of the imperial clan were scattered through court and provinces—formerly they were not so unrestrained; the scourge of construction projects spread harm in every direction; in petty lawsuits even clerks and men of the lowest rank could borrow factional power to penetrate the innermost halls of government—formerly things were not so extreme; imperial brush-notes voided court orders above and encroached on the regular offices below—formerly there were not nearly so many; the channels of bribery and the manipulation of correspondence—formerly they were not so brazen.
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故凡陛下之所以未能任大守重，而至於召怨宿禍者，始於立心之未公，成於持心之不敬，私以為主，而肆以行之。 此所以感動天地，而水火之災捷出於數月之內也。 陛下得不亟為治亂持危之計，而可復以常日玩易之心處之乎！
Thus everything that has kept Your Majesty from bearing the great charge and guarding the weighty trust, until resentment and stored-up calamity have been summoned, began with a heart not set on fairness and was completed in a heart not upheld in reverence—treating private interest as paramount and acting without restraint. This is why Heaven and Earth have been stirred, and why flood and fire have struck again within a few short months. Can Your Majesty fail to press forward at once with plans to order chaos and sustain peril—and yet treat these matters with the same careless ease as on ordinary days!
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授太學博士，轉對，言：“太祖之天下壞其半者，蔡京、王黼也。 高宗之天下壞其半者，鄭清之也。 ”又曰：“苟有誌焉，則其紀綱必先正，其根本必先強，其藩籬必先固。 夫然後心廣體胖，泮渙而優遊，其樂無極矣。 舍此不務，而徒以九重之深、一笑之適以為樂。 樂極而思之，吾有朝廷而不能治也，吾有黎民而無與保之也，起視四境，而外侮又至矣。 雖有鄭、衛之音，燕、趙之色，建章之麗，瓊林之積，亦獨何樂哉！”
Appointed Erudite of the Imperial University, he presented a rotating memorial: "Those who ruined half of Taizu's empire were Cai Jing and Wang Fu." "Those who ruined half of Gaozong's empire was Zheng Qingzhi." " He also said, "If the ruler truly has the will, he must first set right the laws and standards, strengthen the foundations, and secure the outer defenses." "Only then will the mind expand and the person be at ease, free to move in spacious leisure with joy without limit." "To abandon this and seek joy only in the seclusion of the inner palace and the pleasure of a moment's smile. When joy reaches its limit and one reflects: I have a court yet cannot govern it; I have the people yet cannot protect them; I rise and look to the four borders, and external aggression is upon us again. Even with the music of Zheng and Wei, the beauties of Yan and Zhao, the splendor of Jianzhang Palace, and the treasures of Qionglin—what joy can there be in that alone!"
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召試館職，遷秘書省校書郎。 皇太子冠，差充太常博士，引賓讚，受命進《冠箴》，詔令太子拜謝。 升秘書郎，轉對，極言邊事，以為：“今日扶危救亂無復他策，在乎人主清心無欲，盡用天下之財力以治兵。 大臣公心無我，盡用天下之人才以強本，庶幾尚有以亡為存之理耳。”
Summoned to examination for an academy post, he was promoted to collator in the Secretariat. At the crown prince's capping ceremony, he was assigned as Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices to lead the guest and intone praise; ordered to present the 《Admonition at the Capping》, he did so, and an edict directed the crown prince to bow in thanks. Promoted to secretary, he presented a rotating memorial on frontier affairs, arguing that "today there is no other way to support a state in peril and rescue it from disorder: the ruler must purify his heart and be without desire, and devote all the realm's wealth and strength to the army." "Great ministers must serve with public hearts free of self-interest and employ all the realm's talent to strengthen the foundations—only then may there still be hope of turning extinction into survival."
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提舉福建常平，劾福州守史岩之、泉州守謝。 召為禮部郎官兼太子侍讀。 尋以直華文閣、福建運判，改知寧國府。 遷提舉江西常平兼知吉州。 移江東運判、知隆興府。 召為尚左郎官兼太子侍讀、兼玉牒所檢討官，入奏：“願陛下端本澄源，虛己盡下，恢大公之道，開不諱之門，使朝廷之上，光明洞達，而無邪孽之根以撓其正。 四海之內，歡欣交通，而無怨戾之氣以奸其和。 臣之忠愛，莫切於此。”
As intendant of the Fujian Ever-Normal Granaries, he impeached Shi Yanzhi, prefect of Fuzhou, and Xie Hong, prefect of Quanzhou. He was summoned to serve as a director in the Ministry of Rites and as reader to the crown prince. Soon afterward he was granted directorship of the Huawen Pavilion and appointed transport judge of Fujian, then transferred to prefect of Ningguo. He was transferred to intendant of the Jiangxi Ever-Normal Granaries while also serving as prefect of Jizhou. He was moved to transport judge of Jiangdong and prefect of Longxing. Summoned as a director in the Left Office of the Ministry of Revenue, reader to the crown prince, and reviser at the Imperial Genealogy Office, he entered court and said: "I pray Your Majesty will rectify the root and clarify the source, empty yourself and heed all below, restore the great way of fairness, and open the gate of frank speech, so that the court may be bright and penetrating, with no roots of evil to bend what is upright." "Within the four seas, joy and mutual trust may prevail, with no resentful, rebellious spirit to violate harmony." "In your subject's loyal devotion, nothing is more urgent than this."
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遷太府少卿，升兼太子諭德，改秘書少監。 疏論：“比年董宋臣聲焰薰灼，其力能去台諫，排大臣，結連凶渠，惡德參會，以致兵戈相尋之禍。 陛下灼見其故，斥而遠之，臣意其影滅而跡絕矣。 豈料夫陰消而再凝，冰解而驟合，既得自便，即圖復用，以其罪戾之餘，一旦復使之出入壺奧之中，給事宗廟之內，此其重幹神人之怒，再基禍亂之源，上下皇惑，大小切齒。 而陛下方為之辨明，大臣方與之和解，臣竊重傷此過計也。 自古小人復出，其害必慘，將逞其憤怨，嘯其儔伍，顛倒宇宙，陛下之威神有時而不得以自行，甚可畏也。”
He was transferred to vice director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, then promoted to concurrent tutor to the crown prince and appointed vice director of the Secretariat. In a memorial he argued: "In recent years Dong Songchen's prestige has blazed forth; his power could remove censors and remonstrators, displace great ministers, join with vicious ringleaders, and combine every kind of wicked conduct, bringing on the calamity of unending warfare." "Your Majesty clearly saw the cause, expelled him and kept him at a distance—I thought his shadow had vanished and his tracks were gone forever." "Who could have expected that what had melted away would congeal again, that what had thawed would suddenly reunite? Once he regained his freedom, he at once plotted his return; with the dregs of his crimes still upon him, in a single day he was again allowed to pass in and out of the innermost chambers and serve in the ancestral temple—this heavily offends spirits and men alike, lays anew the source of calamity and disorder, and leaves court and country bewildered while all gnash their teeth." "Yet Your Majesty is now making explanations on his behalf, and great ministers are reconciling with him—I deeply grieve this misguided calculation." "From antiquity, when petty men return to power their harm is sure to be dire: they vent their resentful rage, rally their kind, overturn heaven and earth, and there are times when Your Majesty's august authority cannot be exercised at will—this is greatly to be feared."
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乞休致，擢太常少卿，太子以書勉留。 求補外，以秘閣修撰知福州、福建安撫，改知隆興府。
He requested retirement; the court promoted him to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and the crown prince wrote urging him to stay. Seeking an outside appointment, he was made compiler at the Secret Repository while serving as prefect of Fuzhou and pacification commissioner of Fujian, then transferred to prefect of Longxing.
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度宗即位，召奏事，授太常少卿兼國史院編修官、實錄院檢討官。 遷起居郎兼侍讀，入奏，言：“願陛下持一敬心以正百度，則追養繼孝，所以報先帝者，必益致其隆，先意承誌，所以事太母者，必益致其謹。 其愛身也，必不以物欲撓其和平； 其正家也，必不以私昵隳其法度。 政事必出於朝廷，而預防於多門，人才必由於明揚，而深杜於邪徑。
When Emperor Duzong acceded, Han was summoned to report on affairs and appointed vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices while also serving as compiler in the National History Institute and reviser in the Veritable Records Institute. Promoted to attendant of the emperor while also reader, he entered court and said: "I pray Your Majesty will uphold a single reverent heart to set right the hundred offices—then in pursuing nurture and continuing filial piety, whereby you repay the late emperor, you will surely bring it to greater loftiness; in anticipating his intent and carrying out his will, whereby you serve the empress dowager, you will surely bring it to greater care." "In caring for your person, you must not let material desires disturb your peace; in rectifying the household, you must not let private favor destroy your laws and standards." "State affairs must issue from the court, with precaution taken against many back doors; talent must come through open recommendation, with evil bypaths deeply blocked."
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兼權中書舍人，權兵部侍郎，升兼同修國史、實錄院同修撰兼直學士。 累請致仕，授華文閣待制、知寧國府，賜金帶。 久之，又召為刑部侍郎兼侍讀，以龍圖閣待制知福州，福建安撫使。 改知太平州、權工部尚書兼侍讀。 以顯文閣直學士提舉玉隆宮。 進華文閣學士，以端明殿學士致仕。 卒，年七十一。 特贈正奉大夫，諡文清。
He concurrently served as acting drafter in the Secretariat and acting vice minister of War, then was promoted to concurrent co-compiler of the National History and Veritable Records while also serving as academician on duty. After repeatedly requesting retirement, he was granted attendant academician of the Huawen Pavilion and appointment as prefect of Ningguo, with a gold belt bestowed. After a long interval he was again summoned as vice minister of Justice and reader, and as attendant academician of the Dragon Diagram Hall while serving as prefect of Fuzhou and pacification commissioner of Fujian. He was transferred to prefect of Taiping and acting minister of Works while also serving as reader. As academician on duty of the Xianwen Pavilion he was appointed intendant of the Yulong Palace. Advanced to academician of the Huawen Pavilion, he retired with the rank of academician of the Duanming Hall. He died at the age of seventy-one. He was specially posthumously granted Grandee of Proper Service, with the posthumous title Wénqīng.
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漢介潔有守，恬於進取，有文集六十卷。
Han was upright, pure, and principled, indifferent to advancement, and left collected writings in sixty juan.
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何基，字子恭，婺州金華人。 父伯熭為臨川縣丞，而黃幹適知其縣事，伯熭見二子而師事焉。 幹告以必有真實心地、刻苦工夫而後可，基悚惕受命。 於是隨事誘掖，得聞淵源之懿。 微辭奧義，研精覃思，平心易氣，以俟其通，未嚐參以己意，立異以為高，徇人而少變也。 凡所讀無不加標點，義顯意明，有不待論說而自見者。
He Ji, courtesy name Zigong, came from Jinhua in Wuzhou. His father Bo Chi served as assistant magistrate of Linchuan; Huang Gan happened to be administering that county, and when Bo Chi saw his two sons' talent, he had them take Gan as their teacher. Gan told them that only with a genuine mind-ground and painstaking effort could one succeed; Ji received the charge in fearful reverence. Thereupon Gan guided him in every matter, enabling him to grasp the profound excellence of the master's teaching. In subtle words and abstruse meanings he refined his study and deepened his thought, leveling his heart and easing his temper until understanding came; he never mixed in his own ideas, set himself apart to seem lofty, or bent to others with little constancy. Whatever he read he punctuated without exception; meaning appeared and intent was clear, and there were passages that needed no commentary to reveal themselves.
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朱熹門人楊與立一見推服。 來學者眾，嚐謂：“為學立誌貴堅，規模貴大，充踐服行，死而後已。 讀《詩》之法，須掃蕩胸次淨盡，然後吟哦上下，諷詠從容，使人感發，方為有功。 ”謂：“以《洪範》參之《大學》、《中庸》，有不約而符者。 ”謂：“讀《易》者，當盡去其膠固支離之見，以潔淨其心，玩精微之理，沉潛涵泳，得其根源，乃可漸觀爻象。 ”蓋其確守師訓，故能精義造約。
Yang Yuli, a disciple of Zhu Xi, was won over at first sight. Many students came to study with him; he once said, "In learning, one's resolve must be firm and one's scope must be great; one must fill out practice and carry it through in service—only death brings an end." "The method of reading the 《Odes》 is to sweep the breast utterly clean; only then may one chant up and down, recite with ease, and move others to feeling—only then has one achieved something." " He said, "When the 《Great Plan》 is compared with the 《Great Learning》 and the 《Doctrine of the Mean》, there are correspondences that need no forcing." He said, "One who reads the 《Changes》 should wholly cast off rigid, fragmented views, purify the heart, savor subtle principle, and sink into it with deep immersion until one attains its root source—only then may one gradually contemplate the line statements. This was because he faithfully kept his teacher's instruction and therefore could refine meaning and arrive at essentials.
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王柏既執贄為弟子，基謙抑不以師道自尊。 柏高明絕識，序正諸經，弘論英辨，質問難疑，或一事至十往返，基終不變以待其定。 嚐曰：“治經當謹守精玩，不必多起疑論。 有欲為後學言者，謹之又謹可也。 ”基淳固篤實，絕類漢儒。 雖一本於熹，然就其言發明，則精義新意愈出不窮。 基文集三十卷，而與柏問辨者十八卷。
When Wang Bai had presented his gift and become a disciple, Ji was modest and did not hold himself high in the teacher's role. Bai was lofty in brilliance and unmatched in insight; he ordered and rectified the classics, offered grand discourse and eloquent disputation, and questioned and raised doubts—sometimes on a single matter there would be ten exchanges back and forth, yet Ji never shifted his ground and waited for the matter to settle. He once said, "In treating the classics one should carefully keep and refine them—there is no need to raise many doubtful disputations." For those who wish to instruct later students, the utmost caution is required. Ji was pure, steadfast, and sincere, in every way resembling the Ru scholars of the Han. Although he took Zhu Xi as his foundation, in elucidating his teachings he produced refined meanings and fresh insights without end. He left collected writings in thirty juan, and eighteen juan of question-and-debate exchanges with Wang Bai.
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郡守趙汝騰守婺，延聘請講，辭不就。 復首薦於朝，又率名從官列薦。 通判鄭士懿、守蔡抗、楊棟相繼以請，皆辭。 景定五年，詔舉賢，特薦基與建人徐幾，同被命添差婺州學教授，兼麗澤書院山長，力辭未竟，理宗崩。 鹹淳初，授史館校勘兼崇政殿說書，屢辭，改承務郎，主管西嶽廟，終亦不受也。 卒，年八十一。 國子祭酒楊文仲請於朝，諡文定。
When Zhao Ruteng served as prefect of Wuzhou, he invited Ji to lecture, but Ji declined. He again took the lead in recommending Ji to the court, and also led famous attendant officials in submitting joint recommendations. The vice prefect Zheng Shiyi and the prefects Cai Kang and Yang Dong in succession invited him, but he declined every offer. In 1264 an edict summoned worthy men; Ji and Xu Ji of Jian were specially recommended and together appointed as specially assigned professors at the Wuzhou school while also serving as head of Lizhe Academy; he strove to decline but had not finished when Emperor Lizong died. At the beginning of Xianchun he was appointed collator in the Historiography Institute and lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall; he repeatedly declined, was given the rank of Gentleman for Palace Service and made intendant of the Western Peak Temple, and in the end accepted none of it. He died at the age of eighty-one. Yang Wenzhong, libationer of the Directorate of Education, petitioned the court for the posthumous title Wendìng.
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所著《大學發揮》、《中庸發揮》、《大傳發揮》、《易啟蒙發揮》、《通書發揮》、《近思錄發揮》。
His works included Elucidations on the Great Learning, Elucidations on the Doctrine of the Mean, Elucidations on the Great Commentary, Elucidations on the Introduction to the Changes, Elucidations on the Penetrating Book, and Elucidations on Reflections on Things at Hand.
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王柏，字會之，婺州金華人。 大父崇政殿說書師愈，從楊時受《易》、《論語》，既又從朱熹、張栻、呂祖謙遊。 父瀚，朝奉郎、主管建昌軍仙都觀，兄弟皆及熹、祖謙之門。
Wang Bai, courtesy name Huizhi, came from Jinhua in Wuzhou. His great-grandfather Shiyu was lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall; he studied the Changes and the Analects under Yang Shi, and later also associated with Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi, and Lü Zuqian. His father Han was Gentleman for Court Audience and intendant of the Xiandu Abbey in Jianchang Circuit; all the brothers entered the circles of Zhu Xi and Lü Zuqian.
22
柏少慕諸葛亮為人，自號長嘯。 年逾三十，始知家學之原，捐去俗學，勇於求道。 與其友汪開之著《論語通旨》，至“居處恭，執事敬”，惕然歎曰：“長嘯非聖門持敬之道。 ”亟更以魯齋。
In youth Bai admired Zhuge Liang and styled himself Longxiao, "the Long Whistler." Past thirty he first grasped the source of his family's learning, cast off vulgar studies, and devoted himself boldly to seeking the Way. With his friend Wang Kaizhi he wrote Comprehensive Meaning of the Analects; when he reached "In dwelling be respectful, in handling affairs be reverent," he sighed in alarm and said, "Longxiao is not the sage school's way of upholding reverence." He at once changed his style to Luzhai, "the Lu Studio.
23
從熹門人遊，或語以何基嚐從黃幹得熹之傳，即往從之，授以立誌居敬之旨，且作《魯齋箴》勉之。 質實堅苦，有疑必從基質之。 於《論語》、《大學》、《中庸》、《孟子》、《通鑒綱目》標注點校，尤為精密。 作《敬齋箴圖》。 夙興見廟，治家嚴飭。 當暑閉閣靜坐，子弟白事，非衣冠不見也。
While associating with Zhu Xi's disciples, he was told that He Ji had received Zhu Xi's transmission through Huang Gan; he at once went to study with Ji, who taught him to establish resolve and dwell in reverence, and wrote the "Admonition of the Lu Studio" to encourage him. Solid, sincere, and painstaking, whenever he had doubts he always took them to Ji for resolution. His punctuation and collation of the Analects, Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Mencius, and Comprehensive Mirror Outline were especially meticulous. He wrote the Diagram of the Admonition of the Reverent Studio. He rose early to visit the ancestral temple and governed his household with strict discipline. In summer he shut himself in his study to sit in quiet; when sons and younger brothers came to report affairs, he would not receive them unless they were properly dressed.
24
少孤，事其伯兄甚恭。 季弟早喪，撫其孤，又割田予之。 收合宗族，周恤扶持之。 開之沒，家貧，為之斂且葬焉。
Orphaned young, he served his elder brother with great respect. His youngest brother died young; he raised the orphan and also gave him a portion of the family fields. He gathered the clan together and supported them with comprehensive care. When Kaizhi died in poverty, Bai laid out his body and buried him.
25
來學者眾，其教必先之以《大學》。 蔡抗、楊棟相繼守婺，趙景緯守台，聘為麗澤、上蔡兩書院師，鄉之耆德皆執弟子禮。 理宗崩，率諸生製服臨於郡。
Many students came to study with him; in his teaching he always began with the Great Learning. Cai Kang and Yang Dong in succession served as prefect of Wuzhou, and Zhao Jingwei as prefect of Taizhou; they engaged him as teacher at the Lizhe and Shangcai academies, and the district elders all performed the rites of disciples before him. When Emperor Lizong died, he led his students in putting on mourning dress and attending at the prefectural seat.
26
柏之言曰：“伏羲則《河圖》以畫八卦，文王推八卦以合《河圖》者，先天後天之宗祖也。 《河圖》是逐位奇偶之交，後天是統體奇偶之交，惟四生數不動。 以四成數而下上之，上偶下奇，莫匪自然。 ”又曰：“大禹得《洛書》而列九疇，箕子得九疇而傳《洪範》，範圍之數，不期而暗合。 《洪範》者，經傳之宗祖乎！ ‘初一曰五行’以下六十五字為《洪範》，‘五皇極’以下六十四字為皇極經，此帝王相傳之大訓，非箕子之言也。 ”又曰：“今《詩》三百五篇，豈盡定於夫子之手？ 所刪之詩，容或有存於閭巷浮薄之口，漢儒取於補亡。 ”乃定《二南》各十有一篇，兩兩相配。 退《何彼穠矣》、《甘棠》歸之《王風》，削去《野有死麕》，黜鄭、衛淫奔之詩。 又作《春秋發揮》。 又曰：“《大學致知格物章》未嚐亡。 ”還《知止》章於《聽訟》之上。 謂“《中庸》古有二篇，誠明可為綱，不可為目。 ”定《中庸》誠明各十一章，其卓識獨見多此類也。
Bai said, "Fuxi took the River Chart to draw the Eight Trigrams; King Wen extended the Eight Trigrams to harmonize with the River Chart—these are the ancestors of the Before Heaven and After Heaven arrangements." "The River Chart alternates odd and even position by position; After Heaven alternates odd and even in the whole body—only the four generating numbers remain fixed." "Taking the four completing numbers and moving them up and down, even above and odd below—all of it follows nature." He also said, "Yu the Great obtained the Luo Document and arrayed the Nine Categories; Jizi obtained the Nine Categories and transmitted the Great Plan—the numbers of the Plan's scope accorded in secret without being sought. "Is not the Great Plan the ancestor of the classics and commentaries!" "From 'First, the Five Elements' below, sixty-five characters form the Great Plan; from 'Five, the Imperial Extreme' below, sixty-four characters form the Classic of the Imperial Extreme—this is the great instruction handed down among emperors and kings, not the words of Jizi." He also said, "Are the present three hundred and five pieces of the Odes all fixed by the Master's own hand? "The odes he deleted may still survive in the mouths of common folk; Han scholars took them to fill lacunae." He then fixed the Two Souths at eleven pieces each, paired two by two. He demoted "How Luxuriant Those Branches" and "Sweet Pear-Tree" to the Royal Airs, cut out "In the Wilds Is a Dead Roebuck," and dismissed the licentious odes of Zheng and Wei. He also wrote Elucidations on the Spring and Autumn. He also said, "The chapter on extending knowledge and investigating things in the Great Learning has never been lost." He restored the chapter on knowing where to stop above the chapter on hearing lawsuits. He held that "anciently the Doctrine of the Mean had two sections; sincerity and clarity could serve as the guiding thread but not as a chapter heading." He fixed the sincerity-and-clarity sections of the Doctrine of the Mean at eleven chapters each; his outstanding insight and singular views were mostly of this kind.
27
其卒，整衣冠端坐，揮婦人勿近。 國子祭酒楊文仲請於朝，諡曰文憲。
At his death he straightened his cap and gown and sat upright, waving the women away. Yang Wenzhong, libationer of the Directorate of Education, petitioned the court for the posthumous title Wenxian.
28
所著有《讀易記》、《涵古易說》、《大象衍義》、《涵古圖書》、《讀書記》、《書疑》、《詩辨說》、《讀春秋記》、《論語衍義》、《太極衍義》、《伊洛精義》、《研幾圖》、《魯經章句》、《論語通旨》、《孟子通旨》、《書附傳》、《左氏正傳》、《續國語》、《閫學之書》、《文章復古》、《文章續古》、《濂洛文統》、《擬道學志》、《朱子指要》、《詩可言》、《天文考》、《地理考》、《墨林考》、《大爾雅》、《六義字原》、《正始之音》、《帝王曆數》、《江左淵源》、《伊洛精義雜志》、《周子》、《發遣三昧》、《文章指南》、《朝華集》、《紫陽詩類》、《家乘》、文集。
His works included Records of Reading the Changes, Comprehensive Ancient Explanations of the Changes, Extended Meaning of the Great Images, Comprehensive Ancient Diagrams and Writings, Records of Reading, Doubts on the Documents, Discriminating Explanations on the Odes, Records of Reading the Spring and Autumn, Extended Meaning of the Analects, Extended Meaning of the Supreme Polarity, Essential Meaning of the Yi-Luo School, Diagram of Investigating the Subtle, Chapter and Sentence Commentary on the Lu Classics, Comprehensive Meaning of the Analects and Mencius, Attached Commentary on the Documents, Corrected Tradition of Mr. Zuo, Continuation of the Discourses of the States, Writings on Inner Learning, Restoration and Continuation of Ancient Style in Literature, Literary Tradition of Lian and Luo, Draft Record of the Way Learning, Essentials of Master Zhu, The Odes May Be Spoken, examinations of astronomy, geography, and the ink forest, Great Erya, Original Characters of the Six Principles, Sounds of the Correct Beginning, Imperial Chronology, Sources of the Jiang Left, Miscellaneous Records of Yi-Luo Essentials, Master Zhou, Dispelling the Threefold Samadhi, Guide to Literature, Collection of Morning Splendor, Zhu Xi's Ode Categories, family registers, and collected writings.
29
徐夢莘字商老，臨江人。 幼慧，耽嗜經史，下至稗官小說，寓目成誦。 紹興二十四年舉進士。 曆官為南安軍教授。 改知湘陰縣。 會湖南帥括田，號增耕稅，他邑奉令惟謹。 夢莘獨謂邑無新田，租稅無從出。 帥恚其私於民，欲從簿書間攈摭其過，終莫能得，由是反器重之。
Xu Mengshen, courtesy name Shanglao, came from Linjiang. Clever from childhood, he devoured the classics and histories, even unofficial histories and minor tales—whatever met his eye he could recite from memory. In 1154 he passed the jinshi examination. He served as professor of Nan'an Circuit. He was transferred to magistrate of Xiangyin County. When the Hunan commander surveyed fields under the banner of increasing cultivated-land tax, other counties obeyed with utmost care. Mengshen alone protested that the county had no new fields and that rent and tax could not be produced from nothing. The commander resented his siding with the people and tried to find fault in the account books, but could discover none; he therefore came to value him all the more.
30
尋主管廣西轉運司文字。 時朝廷議易二廣鹽法，遣廣西安撫司幹官胡廷直與東西漕臣集議於境。 夢莘從行，謂：“廣西阻山，止當仍官般法，則害不及民。 廣東諸郡並江，或可容客販，未宜遽以二廣概行。 ”議與廷直不合。 廷直竟遂其說，以客販變法得為轉運使。 夢莘既知賓州，猶以前議為梗法，罷去。 不三年，二廣商賈毀業，民苦無鹽，復從官般法矣。
Soon he was placed in charge of documents for the Guangxi Transport Commission. At the time the court debated changing the salt law of the Two Guangs and sent Hu Tingzhi, staff officer of the Guangxi Pacification Commission, to meet with the eastern and western transport officials at the border for joint deliberation. Mengshen accompanied the mission and argued, "Guangxi is hemmed in by mountains and should keep the official transport method—only then will the people be spared harm." "The prefectures of Guangdong all border the rivers and might permit merchant transport; it is not fitting to apply one policy to both Guangs at once." His views did not accord with Hu Tingzhi's. Hu Tingzhi in the end carried out his own plan and, through the merchant-transport reform, became transport commissioner. After Mengshen became prefect of Binzhou, he was dismissed because his earlier opposition was deemed to obstruct the new law. Within three years merchants in the Two Guangs were ruined, the people suffered from lack of salt, and the official transport method was restored.
31
夢莘恬於榮進，每念生於靖康之亂，四歲而江西阻訌，母繈負亡去得免。 思究見顛末，乃網羅舊聞，會稡同異，為《三朝北盟會編》二百五十卷，自政和七年海上之盟，訖紹興三十一年完顏亮之斃，上下四十五年，凡曰敕、曰製、誥、詔、國書、書疏、奏議、記序、碑誌，登載靡遺。 帝聞而嘉之，擢直秘閣。
Mengshen was indifferent to glory and advancement; he often recalled that he was born amid the disorders of the Jingkang era, and that at four, when Jiangxi was cut off by rebellion, his mother carried him on her back and fled to safety. Wishing to trace events from beginning to end, he gathered old reports and assembled agreements and differences into the Collected Records of Northern Alliances across Three Reigns in 250 juan—from the maritime alliance of 1117 to the death of Wanyan Liang in 1161, forty-five years in all; edicts, regulations, patent letters, proclamations, state letters, memorials, deliberations, records, prefaces, steles, and epitaphs were all included without omission. The emperor heard of it and commended him, promoting him to directorship of the Secret Repository.
32
夢莘平生多所著，有《集補》，有《會錄》，有《讀書記志》，有《集醫錄》，有《集仙錄》，皆以“儒榮”冠之。 其嗜學博文，蓋孜孜焉死而後已者。 開禧元年秋八月卒，年八十二。 夢莘弟得之，從子天麟。
Throughout his life Mengshen wrote many works, including Collected Supplements, Collected Records, Records of Reading Notes, Collected Medical Records, and Collected Immortal Records—all prefixed with "Ru Glory." His love of learning and breadth of culture were a tireless pursuit that ended only with his death. In the eighth month of 1205 he died at the age of eighty-two. Mengshen's younger brother was Dezhi; his nephew was Tianlin.
33
得之字思叔，淳熙十年舉進士。 部使者以廉吏薦，以通直郎致仕。 安貧樂分，不貪不躁，著《左氏國紀》、《史記年紀》作《具敝篋筆略》、《鼓吹詞》、《郴江志》。
Dezhi, courtesy name Sishu, passed the jinshi examination in 1183. A ministry envoy recommended him as an incorrupt official; he retired with the rank of Gentleman for Direct Remonstrance. Content with poverty and delighting in his lot, neither greedy nor restless, he wrote Mr. Zuo's Chronicle of States, Annals of the Records of the Historian, Brief Notes of the Worn Writing Case, Songs of the Processional Drums, and Gazetteer of the Chen River.
34
天麟字仲祥，開禧元年進士。 調撫州教授，曆湖廣總領所幹辦公事、臨安府教授、浙西提舉常平司幹官、主管禮兵部架閣、宗學諭、武學博士。 輪對，言人主當持心以敬。 奉祠仙都觀，通判惠、潭二州，權英德府，權發遣廣西轉運判官。 所至興學明教，有惠政。
Tianlin, courtesy name Zhongxiang, was a jinshi graduate of 1205. Assigned professor of Fuzhou, he served successively as staff officer of the Huguang General Comptroller's Office, professor of Lin'an, staff officer of the Zhexi Ever-Normal Granaries, director of the Ministry of Rites and War archives, instructor at the Imperial Clan Academy, and erudite of the Military Studies Academy. In a rotating audience he said the ruler should uphold his heart in reverence. He received temple service at the Xiandu Abbey, served as vice prefect of Hui and Tan, acting prefect of Yingde, and acting dispatched transport judge of Guangxi. Wherever he served he promoted schools and clarified teaching, and his administration was benevolent.
35
著《西漢會要》七十卷、《東漢會要》四十卷、《漢兵本末》一卷、《西漢地理疏》六卷、《山經》三十卷。 既謝官，作亭蕭灘之上，畫嚴子陵像而事之。
He wrote Essentials of the Western Han in seventy juan, Essentials of the Eastern Han in forty juan, Origins and Ends of Han Military Affairs in one juan, Exegesis on Western Han Geography in six juan, and Classic of Mountains in thirty juan. After resigning office he built a pavilion above Xiaotan, painted an image of Yan Ziling, and venerated it.
36
李心傳，字微之，宗正寺簿舜臣之子也。 慶元元年薦於鄉，既下第，絕意不復應舉，閉戶著書。 晚因崔與之、許奕、魏了翁等合前後二十三人之薦，自製置司敦遣至闕下。 為史館校勘，賜進士出身，專修《中興四朝帝紀》。 甫成其三，因言者罷，添差通判成都府。 尋遷著作佐郎，兼四川製置司參議官。 詔無入議幕，許辟官置局，踵修《十三朝會要》。 端平三年成書。 召赴闕，為工部侍郎，言：
Li Xinchuan, courtesy name Weizhi, was the son of Shunchen, registrar of the Court of the Imperial Clan. In 1195 he was recommended in the district examination; after failing, he resolved never to compete again and shut his door to write. Late in life, through the combined recommendations of twenty-three men including Cui Yuzhi, Xu Yi, and Wei Liaoweng, the pacification commission earnestly sent him to the capital. He became collator in the Historiography Institute, was granted jinshi status, and specialized in compiling the Imperial Annals of the Four Reigns of the Restoration. When he had just completed three of them, critics brought about his dismissal and he was made specially assigned vice prefect of Chengdu. Soon he was transferred to assistant in the Composition Office while also serving as deliberator on the Sichuan Pacification Commission. An edict forbade him to enter the deliberation staff but permitted him to recruit officials and establish a bureau to continue compiling the Essentials of Thirteen Reigns. In 1236 the work was completed. Summoned to the capital, he became vice minister of Works and said:
37
臣聞“大兵之後，必有凶年”。 蓋其殺戮之多，賦斂之重，使斯民怨怒之氣，上幹陰陽之和，至於此極也。 陛下所宜與諸大臣掃除亂政，與民更始，以為消惡運、迎善祥之計。 而法弊未嚐更張，民勞不加振德，既無能改於其舊，而殆有甚焉。 故帝德未至於罔愆，朝綱或苦於多紊，廉平之吏，所在鮮見，而貪利無恥，敢於為惡之人，挾敵興兵，四面而起，以求逞其所欲。 如此而望五福來備，百穀用成，是緣木而求魚也。
"Your subject has heard that 'after great warfare there is sure to be a year of famine.'" This is because the killing was so great and the levies so heavy that the people's resentful rage offended the harmony of yin and yang, reaching this extreme. Your Majesty should join with the great ministers to sweep away disorderly government and make a fresh start with the people, as a plan to dispel evil fortune and welcome good omens. Yet defective laws have never been reformed and the people's toil has not been relieved—unable to change the old ways, things have almost grown worse. Therefore imperial virtue has not reached freedom from fault, court standards are often in disorder, incorrupt officials are rarely seen, while greedy, shameless men who dare do evil, taking advantage of enemies to raise troops, rise on every side to satisfy their desires. To hope in such circumstances that the five blessings will all arrive and the hundred grains flourish is to climb a tree to catch fish.
38
臣考致旱之由，曰和糴增多而民怨，曰流散無所歸而民怨，曰檢稅不盡實而民怨，曰籍貲不以罪而民怨。 凡此皆起於大兵之後，而勢未有以消之，故愈積而愈極也。 成湯聖主也，而桑林之禱，猶以六事自責。 陛下願治，七年於此，災祥饑饉，史不絕書，其故何哉？ 朝令夕改，靡有常規，則政不節矣； 行齎居送，略無罷日，則使民疾矣； 陪都園廟，工作甚殷，則土木營矣； 潛邸女冠，聲焰茲熾，則女謁盛矣； 珍玩之獻，罕聞卻絕，則包苴行矣； 鯁切之言，類多厭棄，則讒夫昌矣。 此六事者一或有焉，猶足以致旱。 願亟降罪己之詔，修六事以回天心。 群臣之中有獻聚斂剽竊之論以求進者，必重黜之，俾不得以上誣聖德，則旱雖烈，猶可弭也。 然民怨於內，敵逼於外，事窮勢迫，何所不至！ 陛下雖謀臣如雲，猛將如雨，亦不知所以為策矣。
Your subject examines the causes of drought: harmonized purchase has increased and the people resent it; the displaced have nowhere to return and the people resent it; tax inspection is not truthful and the people resent it; asset registration punishes without crime and the people resent it. All these arose after great warfare, and nothing has dispelled their momentum, so they accumulate ever more extremely. Even Emperor Tang, a sage ruler, still took blame upon himself for six failings in his prayer at the Mulberry Grove. Your Majesty has long desired good governance, yet for seven years now omens, disasters, and famine have filled the histories without end. What is the cause? When orders change from morning to evening and nothing holds steady, government loses discipline; When travelers and those who see them off have scarcely a day free of corvée, the people are worn to exhaustion; When gardens and temples at the secondary capital demand ceaseless labor, building projects run rampant; When Taoist nuns from the prince's old residence wield ever greater influence, female go-betweens at court multiply; When gifts of rare treasures are scarcely ever refused, bribery becomes routine; When blunt, earnest remonstrance is mostly scorned and rejected, flatterers and slanderers thrive. If even one of these six faults is present, it is enough to cause drought. I pray that Your Majesty will quickly issue an edict of self-reproach and rectify these six matters to win back Heaven's favor. Any minister who urges schemes of extortion and plunder to win advancement must be severely dismissed, so that none may mislead Your Majesty's sacred virtue from above; then even a fierce drought may yet be stilled. Yet with the people resentful within and enemies pressing from without, when affairs reach their limit and pressure mounts, what calamity may not follow! Even with scheming ministers thick as clouds and fierce generals dense as rain, Your Majesty will still not know what course to take.
39
帝從之。 未幾，復以言去，奉祠居潮州。 淳祐元年罷祠，復予，又罷。 三年，致仕，卒，年七十有八。
The emperor accepted his advice. Before long he was again dismissed for his remonstrance, took a temple stipend, and lived in Chaozhou. In 1241 his temple stipend was revoked, then restored, and then revoked once more. In the third year he retired, then died at the age of seventy-eight.
40
心傳有史才，通故實，然其作吳獵、項安世傳，褒貶有愧秉筆之旨。 蓋其誌常重川蜀，而薄東南之士雲。
Xinchuan had a historian's talent and mastered the facts of the past, yet in his biographies of Wu Lie and Xiang Anshi his judgments fell short of the historian's charge. For his mind always favored Sichuan and looked down on scholars of the southeast.
41
所著成書，有《高宗係年錄》二百卷、《學易編》五卷、《誦詩訓》五卷、《春秋考》十三卷、《禮辨》二十三卷、《讀史考》十二卷、《舊聞證誤》十五卷、《朝野雜記》四十卷、《道命錄》五卷、《西陲泰定錄》九十卷、《辨南遷錄》一卷、詩文一百卷。
His completed works included the "Chronological Record of Emperor Gaozong" (200 juan), "Compilation on Learning the Changes" (5 juan), "Instructions for Reciting the Odes" (5 juan), "Examination of the Spring and Autumn Annals" (13 juan), "Discriminations on Ritual" (23 juan), "Examination in Reading History" (12 juan), "Verification of Errors in Old Reports" (15 juan), "Miscellaneous Records of Court and Countryside" (40 juan), "Record of the Way and Fate" (5 juan), "Record of Pacification on the Western Frontier" (90 juan), "Correction of the Record of the Southern Migration" (1 juan), and one hundred juan of poems and prose.
42
葉味道，初諱賀孫，以字行，更字知道，溫州人。 少刻誌好古學，師事朱熹。 試禮部第一。 時偽學禁行，味道對學製策，率本程頤無所避。 知舉胡紘見而黜之，曰：“此必偽徒也。 ”既下第，復從熹於武夷山中。 學禁開，登嘉定十三年進士第，調鄂州教授。
Ye Weidao, originally named Hesun, was known by his style name and later adopted the courtesy name Zhidao; he came from Wenzhou. From youth he devoted himself to classical learning and studied under Zhu Xi. He ranked first in the Ministry of Rites examination. When the ban on heterodox learning was in force, Weidao's policy examination essay consistently drew on Cheng Yi without holding back. Chief examiner Hu Hong saw it and failed him, saying, "This must be a follower of the banned school. " After failing the examination, he again studied with Zhu Xi in the Wuyi mountains. When the learning ban was lifted, he passed the jinshi examination in 1220 and was posted as professor at Ezhou.
43
理宗訪問熹之徒及所著書，部使者遂以味道行誼聞，差主管三省架閣文字。 遷宗學諭，輪對，言：“人主之務學，天下之福也。 必堅誌氣以守所學，謹幾微以驗所學，正綱常以勵所學，用忠言以充所學。 ”至若口奏，則又述帝王傳心之要，與四代作歌作銘之旨，其終有曰：“言宣則力減，文勝則意虛。 ”從臣有薦味道可為講官，乃授太學博士，兼崇政殿說書。
When Emperor Lizong inquired about Zhu Xi's disciples and their writings, the circuit commissioner reported Weidao's character and integrity, and he was appointed to oversee archival documents for the Three Departments. Promoted to tutor at the Imperial Clan school, in a rotating audience he said, "When a ruler devotes himself to learning, it is a blessing for the realm. He must hold fast to his resolve to preserve what he has learned, watch the subtlest signs to test it, uphold the cardinal norms to strengthen it, and welcome loyal counsel to complete it. " In his oral presentation he also explained how emperors transmit the mind and why the four ancient dynasties composed songs and inscriptions; he concluded, "When speech is overextended, its force is spent; when rhetoric overwhelms, meaning grows empty. " Attendant ministers recommended Weidao as a lecturer, and he was appointed Doctor of the Imperial University and concurrent lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall.
44
故事，說書之職止於《通鑒》，而不及經。 味道請先說《論語》，詔從之。 帝忽問鬼神之理，疑伯有之事涉於誕。 味道對曰：“陰陽二氣之散聚，雖天地不能易。 有死而猶不散者，其常也。 有不得其死而鬱結不散者，其變也。 故聖人設為宗祧，以別親疏遠邇，正所以教民親愛，參讚化育。 今伯有得罪而死，其氣不散，為妖為厲，使國人上下為之不寧，於是為之立子泄以奉其後，則庶乎鬼有所知，而神莫不寧矣。 ”蓋諷皇子竑事也。
By precedent, lecturers were limited to the "Comprehensive Mirror" and did not cover the classics. Weidao asked to lecture first on the "Analects," and the emperor agreed. The emperor suddenly asked about ghosts and spirits, suspecting that the story of Bo You was rather far-fetched. Weidao replied, "The dispersal and gathering of yin and yang—even Heaven and Earth cannot change them. That the dead sometimes do not fully disperse is the normal case. That those who die unjustly may remain pent up and undispersed is the exceptional case. That is why the sages established ancestral temples to distinguish kin near and far—precisely to teach the people mutual affection and to help nurture life. Bo You died under a charge, his spirit did not disperse, and he became a haunting curse that unsettled the whole state; so they established Zixie as his heir to carry on his line—then ghosts might take heed and all spirits find rest. " This was an indirect criticism of the affair of Crown Prince Hao.
45
三京用師，廷臣邊閫交進機會之說。 味道進議狀，以為：“開邊浸闊，應援倍難，科配日繁，饋餉日迫，民一不堪命，龐勳、黃巢之禍立見，是先搖其本，無益於外也。 ”經筵奏事，無日不申言之，而洛師尋以敗聞。 於是人謂味道見微慮遠。
When the court mobilized for the Three Capitals campaign, ministers and frontier commanders competed to urge seizing the moment. Weidao submitted a memorial arguing that "as the frontier war widens, reinforcements grow ever harder to supply, levies multiply daily, and logistics grow ever tighter; once the people can bear no more, disasters like those of Pang Xun and Huang Chao will follow at once. This shakes the foundation first and gains nothing abroad. " At the Classics Mat he pressed the point every day without fail, and soon came word that the Luoyang force had been defeated. People then said that Weidao had seen the warning signs and thought far ahead.
46
味道所奏陳，無一言不開導引翼，求切於君身； 旁引折旋，推致於治道。 遷秘書著作佐郎而卒。 訃聞，帝震悼，出內帑銀帛賻其喪，升一官以任其後，故事所未有也。
In every memorial Weidao submitted, each word sought to guide and support the ruler himself; By drawing parallels and circling back, he always led the discussion to the principles of good government. He was promoted to Assistant in the Secretariat Composition Office and then died. When word of his death arrived, the emperor was deeply grieved, sent silver and silk from the inner treasury to help with the funeral, and promoted his heir one rank—something without precedent.
47
所著《四書說》、《大學講義》、《祭法宗廟廟享郊社外傳》、《經筵口奏》、《故事講義》。
He wrote the "Commentary on the Four Books," "Lectures on the Great Learning," "External Commentary on the Rites of Sacrifice, Ancestral Temples, Temple Offerings, and Suburban and Altar Rites," "Oral Memorials at the Classics Mat," and "Lectures on Precedents."
48
王應麟，字伯厚，慶元府人。 九歲通《六經》，淳祐元年舉進士，從王野受學。 調西安主簿，民以年少易視之，輸賦後時。 應麟白郡守，繩以法，遂立辦。 諸校欲為亂，知縣事翁甫倉皇計不知所出，應麟以禮諭服之。 差監平江百萬東倉。 調浙西提舉常平茶鹽主管帳司，部使者鄭霖異待之。 丁父憂，服除，調揚州教授。
Wang Yinglin, courtesy name Bohou, came from Qingyuan Prefecture. At nine he had mastered the Six Classics; in 1241 he passed the jinshi examination and studied under Wang Ye. Posted as chief clerk of Xi'an County, the people looked down on him for his youth, and tax payments fell behind. Yinglin reported the matter to the prefect, enforced the law, and the payments were promptly collected. When several guard units plotted mutiny, Weng Fu, acting magistrate, was at a loss; Yinglin persuaded them with reason and propriety until they submitted. He was assigned to supervise the Million-East Granary at Pingjiang. He was transferred to serve as account supervisor under the Zhexi Commissioner for Ever-Normal Granaries, Tea, and Salt, and circuit commissioner Zheng Lin treated him with special regard. After mourning his father and completing the mourning period, he was posted as professor at Yangzhou.
49
初，應麟登第，言曰：“今之事舉子業者，沽名譽，得則一切委棄，制度典故漫不省，非國家所望於通儒。 ”於是閉門發憤，誓以博學宏辭科自見，假館閣書讀之。 寶祐四年中是科。 應麟與弟應鳳同日生，開慶元年亦中是科，詔褒諭之，添差浙西安撫司幹辦公事。
When Yinglin first passed the examinations, he said, "Those who pursue the examination career today chase reputation; once they succeed they cast everything aside and know nothing of institutions or precedent—this is not what the state expects of true scholars. " Thereupon he shut his door and studied with fierce resolve, vowing to distinguish himself in the Broad Learning and Eloquent Diction examination and borrowing imperial library books to read. In 1256 he passed that examination. Yinglin and his younger brother Yingfeng shared the same birthday; in 1259 Yingfeng also passed that examination, the court issued an edict of praise, and Yinglin was specially assigned as staff officer on the Zhexi Pacification Commission.
50
帝御集英殿策士，召應麟覆考。 考第既上，帝欲易第七卷置其首。 應麟讀之，乃頓首曰：“是卷古誼若龜鏡，忠肝如鐵石，臣敢為得士賀。 ”遂以第七卷為首選。 及唱名，乃文天祥也。 遷主管三省、樞密院架閣文字。
The emperor held the palace examination in the Hall of Assembled Excellence and summoned Yinglin to review the papers again. When the rankings were submitted, the emperor wanted to move the seventh scroll to first place. Yinglin read it and kowtowed, saying, "This scroll's ancient righteousness is clear as a mirror, its loyal heart firm as iron and stone—I venture to congratulate Your Majesty on finding such a man. " The seventh scroll was accordingly ranked first. When the names were read aloud, the candidate was Wen Tianxiang. He was promoted to oversee archival documents for the Three Departments and the Privy Council.
51
遷國子錄，進武學博士。 疏言：“陛下閱理多，願治久。 當事勢之艱，輿圖蹙於外患，人才乏而民力殫，宜強為善，增修德，無自沮怠； 恢弘士氣，下情畢達，操綱紀而明委任，謹左右而防壅蔽，求哲人以輔後嗣。 ”既對，帝問其父名，曰：“爾父以陳善為忠，可謂繼美。”
He was promoted to registrar of the National University and then to Doctor of the Military Academy. In a memorial he said, "Your Majesty has long studied governance and long desired good rule. In hard times, with the realm pressed by foreign threats, talent scarce and the people's strength spent, you should force yourself to do good, cultivate virtue all the more, and not fall into despair; lift the spirit of the scholar-officials, let every grievance from below reach you, hold fast to standards and make appointments clear, watch those close at hand and guard against obstruction, and seek wise men to assist the heir. " After the audience, the emperor asked his father's name and said, "Your father made presenting what is good his standard of loyalty—truly you inherit a fine legacy.
52
丁大全欲致應麟，不可得。 遷太常寺主簿，麵對，言：“淮戍方警，蜀道孔艱，海表上流皆有藩籬唇齒之憂。 軍功未集而吝賞，民力既困而重斂，非修攘計也。 陛下勿以宴安自逸，勿以容悅之言自寬。 ”帝愀然曰：“邊事甚可憂。 ”應麟言：“無事深憂，臨事不懼。 願汲汲預防，毋為壅蔽所欺。 ”時大全諱言邊事，於是應麟罷。
Ding Daquan tried to recruit Yinglin but failed. Promoted to Registrar of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, in audience before the emperor he said, "The Huai defenses are on alert, the road into Shu is perilously hard, and the upper reaches of the maritime frontier all face the mutual-defense anxieties of rampart and lip." To stint on rewards before military achievements are secured, and to levy heavier taxes when the people's strength is already spent, is no strategy for strengthening the state and repelling the enemy. Your Majesty must not grow complacent in ease and comfort, nor take flattering words as reassurance. " The emperor said gravely, "The border situation is deeply troubling. " Yinglin said, "In peace worry deeply; when crisis comes do not panic. I pray that Your Majesty will act urgently to prepare and not be misled by those who block the truth. " At that time Daquan suppressed discussion of border affairs, and Yinglin was dismissed.
53
未幾，大全敗，起應麟通判台州。 召為太常博士，擢秘書郎，俄兼沂靖惠王府教授。 彗星見，應詔極論執政、侍從、台諫之罪，積私財、行公田之害。 又言：“應天變莫先回人心，回人心莫先直受言。 箝天下之口，沮直臣之氣，如應天何？ ”時直言者多迕權臣意，故應麟及之。 遷著作佐郎。
Before long Daquan fell from power, and Yinglin was recalled as vice prefect of Taizhou. He was summoned as Doctor of Imperial Sacrifices, promoted to Secretariat Gentleman, and soon also appointed tutor in the household of the Prince of Yijinghui. When a comet appeared, he responded to an edict with a forceful indictment of the chief ministers, attendants, and remonstrance officials, and of the harm done by hoarding private wealth and imposing public fields. He also said, "To respond to Heaven's warning, nothing comes before winning back the people's hearts; to win back hearts, nothing comes before receiving remonstrance openly. If you silence the realm and break the spirit of upright ministers, how can you respond to Heaven? " Many who spoke frankly then ran afoul of powerful ministers, and Yinglin was caught up in the backlash. He was promoted to Assistant in the Composition Office.
54
度宗即位，攝禮部郎官，草百官表。 舊制，請聽政，四表已上。 一夕入臨，宰臣諭旨增撰三表，應麟操筆立就。 丞相總護還，辭位表三道，使者立以俟，應麟從容授之。 丞相驚服，即授兼禮部郎官、兼直學士院。
When Duzong ascended the throne, Yinglin served as acting Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites and drafted the memorials of the hundred officials. Under the old regulations, a request to assume governance required four memorials or more. One evening, entering the mourning audience, the chief minister ordered three additional memorials drafted, and Yinglin wrote them on the spot. When the chief councilor returned from overall command, three resignation memorials were needed; the messenger stood waiting, and Yinglin calmly handed them over. The chief councilor was deeply impressed and at once made him concurrent Gentleman of the Ministry of Rites and Hanlin academician.
55
馬廷鸞知貢舉，詔應麟兼權直，俄兼崇政殿說書。 遷著作郎，守軍器少監。 經筵值人日雪，帝問有何故事，應麟以唐李嶠、李乂等應製詩對。 因奏：“春雪過多，民生饑寒，方寸仁愛，宜謹感召。 ”遷將作監。
When Ma Tingluan served as chief examiner, an edict appointed Yinglin acting Hanlin duty officer, and soon also lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall. He was promoted to Composition Gentleman and acting Vice Director of Armaments. At the Classics Mat on Human Day, when snow fell, the emperor asked what precedents existed; Yinglin answered with the Tang court poems composed on command by Li Jiao, Li Yi, and others. He added, "With so much spring snow, the people suffer cold and hunger; Your Majesty's compassionate heart should earnestly seek to move Heaven. " He was then promoted to Director of Palace Construction.
56
帝視朝，謂應麟曰：“為學要灼見古人之心。 ”應麟對曰“嚴恭寅畏，不敢怠皇，克勤克儉，無自縱逸，強以馭下，製事以斷，此古人之心。 然操舍易忽於眇綿，兢業每忘於遊衍。 ”帝嘉納之。 既而轉對，言：“人君防未萌之欲，存不已之誠。 ”擢兼侍立修注官，升權直學士院，遷秘書少監兼侍講。 上疏論市舶，不報。
At court the emperor said to Yinglin, "In study one must truly grasp the minds of the ancients. " Yinglin answered, "Solemn respect and dutiful caution, never neglecting the ruler, practicing diligence and thrift, refusing self-indulgence, ruling firmly over subordinates, and cutting through affairs with decision — that is the ancients' ideal. But resolve is easily lost in minute distractions, and earnest diligence is often set aside for idle pastimes. The emperor praised and adopted his counsel. Shortly afterward, in a rotating memorial audience, he said, "The sovereign must check incipient desires and sustain ceaseless sincerity. " He was appointed concurrent attendant editor, promoted to acting chief of the Hanlin Academy, and transferred to vice director of the Secretariat with a concurrent lecturing post. He memorialized on maritime trade offices; the court did not reply.
57
會賈似道拜平章事，葉夢鼎、江萬里各求去，似道亦求去。 應麟奏，孝宗朝闕相者亦逾年，帝亟取以諭之。 似道聞應麟言，大惡之，語包恢曰：“我去朝士若王伯厚者多矣，但此人素著文學名，不欲使天下謂我棄士。 彼盍思少自貶！ ”恢以告，應麟笑曰：“迕相之患小，負君之罪大。 ”遷起居舍人，兼權中書舍人。 冬雷，應麟言：“十月之雷，惟東漢數見。 命令不專，奸衺並進，卑逾尊，外陵內之象。 當清天君，謹天命，體天德，以回天心。 守成必法祖宗，禦治必總威福。 ”似道聞之，斥逐之意決矣。
When Jia Sidao received appointment as Grand Councillor, Ye Mengding and Jiang Wanli each asked to resign, and Sidao himself also sought to step down. Yinglin cited the precedent that under Emperor Xiaozong the chief councillorship had likewise stood vacant for more than a year; the emperor at once had the record brought out to instruct him. Sidao, hearing Yinglin's remark, loathed him deeply and told Bao Hui, "When I go, courtiers like Wang Bohou will be legion, but this man has long been known for letters — I do not want the world to say I cast scholars aside. Let him consider humbling himself a little! " When Hui relayed this, Yinglin laughed and said, "The trouble of crossing the chief councillor is slight; the guilt of failing the sovereign is grave. " He was moved to diarist of attendance and concurrent acting drafting secretary. When thunder sounded in winter, Yinglin said, "Tenth-month thunder was seen repeatedly only in the Eastern Han. When authority is divided, treachery rises together — a sign of the base overtaking the exalted, the outer pressing upon the inner. The ruler must cleanse himself before Heaven, honor Heaven's mandate, embody Heaven's virtue, and so win Heaven's favor back. To keep what has been won, one must take the ancestors as model; to rule well, one must gather power and favor in the throne. " Sidao heard it and resolved at once to drive him out.
58
應麟牒閣門直前奏對，謂用人莫先察君子小人。 方袖疏待班，台臣亟疏駁之，由是二史直前之製遂廢。 以秘閣修撰主管崇禧觀。
Yinglin sent a memorial through the Gate Department requesting direct audience, arguing that in appointments one must first distinguish the upright from the base. As he held his memorial and awaited his turn in court, censorial officials rushed forward with counter-memorials, and the custom of diarists petitioning directly was abolished. He was appointed compiler in the Privy Archive and put in charge of the Chongxi Abbey.
59
久之，起知徽州。 其父撝嚐守是郡，父老皆曰：“此清白太守子也。 ”摧豪右，省租賦，民大悅。
After some time he was recalled to serve as prefect of Huizhou. His father Hui had governed that prefecture; the local elders said, "Here is the son of the incorrupt prefect. " He broke the power of local magnates, cut rents and levies, and the people rejoiced.
60
召為秘書監，權中書舍人，力辭，不許。 兼國史編修、實錄檢討兼侍講。 遷起居郎兼權吏部侍郎，指陳成敗逆順之說，且曰：“國家所恃者大江，襄、樊其喉舌，議不容緩。 朝廷方從容如常時，事幾一失，豈能自安？ ”朝臣無以邊事言者，帝不懌。 似道復謀斥逐，適應麟以母憂去。
Recalled as director of the Secretariat and acting drafting secretary, he pleaded hard to decline but was refused. He also served as compiler of the national history, examiner of the veritable records, and court lecturer. Promoted to court gentleman and acting vice minister of personnel, he laid out arguments of triumph and disaster, advance and retreat, and said, "The empire rests on the Yangtze; Xiangyang and Fancheng are its gateway — deliberation cannot wait. The court still moved as leisurely as in ordinary days; let the moment slip once, and who could feel secure? " No minister would speak of the border crisis, and the emperor was displeased. Sidao again schemed to remove him, but Yinglin left office to mourn his mother.
61
及似道潰師江上，授中書舍人兼直學士院，即引疏陳十事，急征討、明政刑、厲廉恥、通下情、求將材、練軍實、備糧餉、舉實材、擇牧守、防海道，其目也。 且言：“圖大患者必略細故，求實效者必去虛文。 ”因請集諸路勤王之師，有能率先而至者，宜厚賞以作勇敢之氣，並力進戰，惟能戰，斯可守。 進兼同修國史、實錄院同修撰兼侍讀，遷禮部侍郎兼中書舍人。 日食，應麟詔論答天戒五事，陳備禦十策，皆不及用。
After Sidao's forces collapsed on the Yangtze, Yinglin was made drafting secretary and chief of the Hanlin Academy; he at once submitted ten urgent proposals: rally troops, clarify law and punishment, restore integrity, hear the people, find generals, drill the army, stock provisions, employ real talent, choose good governors, and secure the coast. He added, "To confront great peril one must overlook small grievances; to achieve real results one must strip away hollow paperwork. " He asked that loyal armies from every circuit be gathered; those who came first should be richly rewarded to rouse valor, and all should fight together — only if one can fight can one hold. He rose to concurrent compiler of the national history and co-compiler in the Veritable Records Academy with a reader-in-waiting post, then became vice minister of rites and drafting secretary. During an eclipse Yinglin answered the imperial edict on Heaven's rebuke with five points and ten defense measures, but none were used.
62
尋轉尚書兼給事中。 左丞相留夢炎用徐囊為御史，擢江西製置使黃萬石等，應麟繳奏曰：“囊與夢炎同鄉，有私人之嫌，萬石粗戾無學，南昌失守，誤國罪大。 今方欲引以自助，善類為所搏噬者，必攜持而去。 吳浚貪墨輕躁，豈宜用之？ 況夢炎舛令慢諫，讜言弗敢告，今之賣降者，多其任用之士。 ”疏再上，不報。 出關俟命，再奏曰：“因危急而紊紀綱，以偏見而咈公議，臣封駁不行，與大臣異論，勢不當留。 ”疏入，又不報，遂東歸。
He was soon moved to minister of works with a concurrent post as receiver of memorials. Left chief councillor Liu Mengyan appointed Xu Nang censor and promoted Jiangxi commissioner Huang Wanshi and others; Yinglin returned the order, saying, "Nang shares Mengyan's home district — a private tie is suspected; Wanshi is rough, brutal, and ignorant, and the loss of Nanchang was a grave betrayal of the realm. If you now recruit them to bolster yourselves, upright men they harry and ruin will leave in bitterness. Wu Jun is venal, reckless, and impulsive — how can he be put in office? Besides, Mengyan gives bad orders and scorns remonstrance; honest counsel he will not relay, and many who now offer surrender are men he raised. " He resubmitted the memorial; again there was no reply. Outside the capital gate awaiting orders, he wrote again, "In peril the norms are thrown into confusion; with partial views public debate is silenced — my returns are ignored and I stand apart from the chief ministers; I cannot stay. " The memorial went in and again went unanswered; he then went home to the east.
63
詔中使譚純德以翰林學士召，識者以為奪其要路，寵以清秩，非所以待賢者。 應麟亦力辭，後二十年卒。
The throne dispatched eunuch Tan Chunde to summon him as Hanlin academician; observers said this pulled him from the vital post and rewarded him with an honorary rank — no way to honor a worthy man. Yinglin again refused firmly; he died twenty years later.
64
所著有《深寧集》一百卷、《王堂類稿》二十三卷、《掖垣類稿》二十二卷、《詩考》五卷、《詩地理考》五卷、《漢藝文藝誌考證》十卷、《通鑒地理考》一百卷、《通鑒地理通釋》十六卷、《通鑒答問》四卷、《困學紀聞》二十卷、《蒙訓》七十卷、《集解踐阼篇》、《補注急就篇》六卷、《補注王會篇》、《小學紺珠》十卷、《玉海》二百卷、《詞學指南》四卷、《詞學題苑》四十卷、《姓氏急就篇》六卷、《漢製考》四卷、《六經天文編》六卷、《小學諷詠》四卷。
Among his works were "Collected Works of Shenning" (100 juan), "Drafts from the Royal Hall" (23 juan), "Drafts from the Palace Secretariat" (22 juan), "Investigation of the Odes," "Geographical Investigation of the Odes," his verification of the Han bibliographic treatise, his geographic studies of the "Comprehensive Mirror," "Observations from Difficult Study," "Elementary Instruction," supplements to the "Quick Mastery Primer" and "Royal Assembly Chapter," "Pearls on the Classics for Elementary Learning," the encyclopedic "Jade Sea" (200 juan), guides to literary composition, surname primers, studies of Han institutions, astronomic compilations, and elementary recitations.
65
黃震，字東發，慶元府慈溪人。 寶祐四年登進士第，調吳縣尉。 吳多豪勢家，告私債則以屬尉，民多饑凍窘苦，死尉卒手。 震至，不受貴家告。 府檄攝其縣。 及攝長洲、華亭，皆有聲。
Huang Zhen, courtesy name Dongfa, was a native of Cixi in Qingyuan Prefecture. In Baoyou year 4 he passed the jinshi examination and was assigned as magistrate of Wu County. Wu was full of powerful houses; private debt suits were handed to the sheriff, and common people, already hungry, cold, and desperate, died under his runners. Once Zhen took office, he refused petitions from great families. The prefecture ordered him to serve as acting county magistrate. Later, as acting magistrate of Changzhou and Huating as well, he won praise everywhere he served.
66
浙東提舉常平王華甫辟主管帳司文字。 時錢庚孫守常，朱熠守平江，吳君擢守嘉興，皆倚嬖幸厲民。 華甫病革，強起劾罷三人，震讚之也。 沿海製置司辟幹辦、提領浙西鹽事，不就。 改辟提領鎮江轉般倉分司。 公田法行，改提領官田所，言不便，不聽，復轉般倉職。
Wang Huafu, Zhedong intendant of the Changping granaries, engaged him to supervise account documents. Then Qian Gengsun governed Changzhou, Zhu Yi governed Pingjiang, and Wu Junzhuo governed Jiaxing — each leaning on court favorites to harry the people. Huafu, though gravely ill, forced himself up to impeach and remove all three; Zhen applauded him. The coastal commissioner tried to appoint him staff officer overseeing Zhexi salt — he declined. He accepted instead a post supervising the Zhenjiang transshipment granary. When the public-field law took effect he was shifted to the official-field office; he argued it was harmful, was ignored, and went back to the transshipment granary.
67
入為點校贍軍激賞酒庫所檢察官。 擢史館檢閱，與修寧宗、理宗兩朝《國史》、《實錄》。 輪對，言當時之大弊，曰民窮，曰兵弱，曰財匱，曰士大夫無恥。 乞罷給度僧人道士牒，使其徒老死即消弭之，收其田入，可以富軍國，紓民力。 時宮中建內道場，故首及此。 帝怒，批降三秩，即出國門。 用諫官言，得寢。
He entered the capital as inspector of the army commissary's stimulating-award wine depot. Raised to historiography examiner, he helped compile the "National History" and "Veritable Records" for the reigns of Ningzong and Lizong. In a rotating audience he named the age's gravest ills: the people were ruined, the army feeble, the treasury empty, and the literati without shame. He asked that ordination certificates for monks and priests be halted so the orders would die out naturally, and that their lands be seized to fund the army and ease the people. The palace was then building an inner Buddhist chapel, which is why he raised the issue first. The emperor, enraged, marked his record for demotion by three ranks, and Zhen at once departed the capital. On the remonstrance of censorial officials, the punishment was withdrawn.
68
出通判廣德軍。 初，孝宗頒朱熹社倉法於天下，而廣德則官置此倉。 民困於納息，至以息為本，而息皆橫取，民窮至自經。 人以為熹之法，不敢議。 震曰：“不然。 法出於堯、舜、三代聖人，猶有變通，安有先儒為法，不思救其弊耶？ 況熹法，社倉歸之於民，而官不得與。 官雖不與，而終有納息之患。 ”震為別買田六百畝，以其租代社倉息，約非凶年不貸，而貸者不取息。
He was sent out as military vice-prefect of Guangde Army. Emperor Xiaozong had once spread Zhu Xi's community-granary system empire-wide, yet in Guangde the granary was run by officials. People were crushed paying interest until interest itself became principal and was extorted at will; some were driven to suicide. Because it bore Zhu Xi's name, no one dared criticize it. Zhen said, "That is not so. Laws from Yao, Shun, and the Three Dynasties sages still admit change — must a former master's institution be kept though it brings harm? Besides, in Zhu Xi's system the granary belongs to the community, not the magistrate. Even without official meddling, the burden of interest remained. " Zhen bought six hundred mu on his own and substituted its rent for granary interest; loans were made only in famine years and carried no interest.
69
郡有祠山廟，歲合江、淮之民禱祈者數十萬，其牲皆用牛。 郡惡少挾兵刃舞牲迎神為常，鬥爭致犯法。 其俗又有自嬰桎梏、自拷掠以徼福者。 震見，問之，乃兵卒。 責自狀其罪，卒曰：“本無罪。 ”震曰：“爾罪多，不敢對人言，特告神以免罪耳。 ”杖之示眾。 又其俗有所謂埋藏會者，為坎於庭，深、廣皆五尺，以所祭牛及器皿數百納其中，覆以牛革，封鐍一夕，明發視之，失所在。 震以為妖，而殺牛淫祀非法，言之諸司，禁絕之。 郡守賈蕃世以權相從子驕縱不法，震數與爭論是非，蕃世積不堪，疏震撓政，坐解官。
The prefecture held the Cishan Temple, where each year hundreds of thousands from the Yangtze and Huai came to pray, sacrificing oxen. Local rowdies habitually armed themselves and danced with sacrificial beasts to greet the deity, brawling until the law was broken. There was also a custom of men shackling themselves from infancy and beating their own flesh to win divine favor. Zhen questioned them and found they were soldiers. He made them write out their offenses; one soldier said, "I have done nothing wrong. " Zhen replied, "Your crimes are many; you will not confess them to men, only to the god to escape blame. " He had them flogged in public as an example. There was also the "Burial Assembly": a five-foot pit was dug in the courtyard, the sacrificial ox and hundreds of vessels were placed inside, covered with hide and locked overnight — by morning everything had vanished. Zhen judged it sorcery and unlawful ox sacrifice, reported it to the authorities, and banned it. Prefect Jia Fanshi, nephew of the reigning chief councillor, was arrogant and unruly; Zhen often crossed him; Fanshi, unable to endure it, accused Zhen of obstructing rule, and Zhen was removed.
70
尋通判紹興府，獲海寇，僇之。 撫州饑起，震知其州，單車疾馳，中道約富人耆老集城中，毋過某日。 至則大書“閉糶者藉，強糴者斬”揭於市，坐驛舍署文書，不入州治，不抑米價，價日損。 親煮粥食餓者。 請於朝，給爵賞旌勞者，而後入視州事。 轉運司下州糴米七萬石，震曰：“民生蹶矣，豈宜重困之！ ”以沒官田三莊所入應之。 若補刻《六經》、《儀禮》，修復朱熹祠，樹晏殊裏門曰“舊學坊”，製祭社稷器，復風雷祀，勸民種麥，禁競渡船，焚千三百餘艘，用其丁鐵創軍營五百間，皆善政也。
Soon afterward he served as military vice-prefect of Shaoxing, seized pirates, and put them to death. When famine sparked unrest in Fuzhou, Zhen was named prefect; he galloped ahead alone and, on the road, ordered rich men and elders to gather in the city by a set day. Arriving, he posted in the market, "Hoarders will be punished; forced buyers will be executed"; he worked from the courier station, never entering the yamen or fixing prices, and rice fell day by day. He himself boiled gruel for the hungry. He asked the court for honors for those who had helped, and only then took up regular prefectural duties. The transport office demanded the prefecture buy seventy thousand shi of rice; Zhen said, "The people are already prostrate — how can we crush them again! " He covered the quota with revenue from three seized official estates. He reprinted the "Six Classics" and "Rites of Zhou," restored Zhu Xi's temple, labeled Yan Shu's gate "Old Study Lane," made vessels for the altars of soil and grain, revived wind-and-thunder rites, urged wheat planting, outlawed racing boats — burning more than thirteen hundred craft and using their timber and iron for five hundred barracks — all worthy acts.
71
詔增秩，遂升提舉常平倉司。 舊有結關拒逮捕事係郡獄二十有八年，存者十無三四，以事關尚書省，無敢決其獄者，以結關為作亂也。 震謂結關猶他郡之結甲也，非作亂比，況已經數赦，於是皆釋之。 新城與光澤地犬牙相入，民夾溪而處，歲常忿鬥爭漁。 會知縣事蹇雄為政擾民，因相結拒，起焚掠。 震乃劾罷雄，諭其民散去。 初，常平有慈幼局，為貧而棄子者設，久而名存實亡。 震謂收哺於既棄之後，不若先其未棄保全之。 乃損益舊法，凡當免而貧者，許裏胥請於官贍之，棄者許人收養，官出粟給所收家，成活者眾。 震論役法，先令縣核民產業，不使下戶受抑於上戶。 大興水利，廢陂、壞堰及為豪右所占者，復之。
The throne increased his rank and promoted him intendant of the Changping granaries. A twenty-eight-year-old case of men who banded together to resist arrest still filled the jail; fewer than three or four in ten remained alive; because the Ministry of Personnel was involved, no judge would rule — banding together was treated as revolt. Zhen held that such leagues resembled mutual-aid societies elsewhere, not rebellion, and that repeated amnesties had covered them; he freed them all. Xincheng and Guangze bordered each other; villagers on both sides of a creek fought every year over fishing grounds. When acting magistrate Jian Xiong oppressed them, the people banded together, then rioted, burning and looting. Zhen impeached Xiong, removed him, and ordered the crowd to go home. The Changping office once ran a Charity for Infants for the poor who cast away children, but the name survived after the work ceased. Zhen argued that rescuing babies after abandonment was worse than keeping families from abandoning them at all. He reworked the rules: poor families entitled to exemption could ask officials for aid through neighborhood clerks; abandoned infants could be adopted with state grain paid to the foster home — and many lived. On corvée service, Zhen had counties assess household wealth first so poor families would not be burdened by the rich. He pushed irrigation hard, restoring ruined ponds, broken dams, and works seized by local magnates.
72
改提點刑獄，決滯獄，清民訟，赫然如神明。 有貴家害民，震按之，貴家怨。 又強發富人粟與民，富人亦怨。 御史中丞陳堅以讒者言，劾震去，讒者，乃怨震者也。 遂奉雲台祠。 賈似道罷相，以宗正寺簿召，將與俞浙並為監察御史，有內戚畏震直，止之，而浙亦以直言去。
Made judicial intendant, he cleared stale prisons, untangled civil suits, and judged with awesome clarity. He prosecuted a great family that had wronged commoners, and they bore him a grudge. He also compelled rich men to release grain to the hungry, and they too turned against him. Vice censor-in-chief Chen Jian, acting on accusers' reports, impeached Zhen from office — the accusers were men who hated him. He was then given a sinecure at the Yuntai Shrine. After Jia Sidao left the chief ministership, Zhen was recalled as registrar in the Court of Imperial Clan and slated to become censor with Yu Zhe; a consort's kin, dreading Zhen's candor, blocked the move, and Zhe likewise departed for speaking plainly.
73
移浙東提舉常平，鎮安饑民，折盜賊萌芽。 時皇叔大父福王與芮判紹興府，遂兼王府長史。 震奏曰：“朝廷之製，尊卑不同，而紀綱不可紊。 外雖藩王，監司得言之。 今為其屬，豈敢察其非，奈何自臣復壞其法？ ”固不拜長史。 命進侍左郎官及宗正少卿，皆不拜。
As Zhedong intendant of Changping granaries, he settled famine refugees and stamped out incipient robbery. The emperor's grand-uncle, Prince Fu Yuru, was then prefect of Shaoxing, so Zhen was also named chief administrator of the princely household. Zhen wrote, "Court protocol distinguishes rank, but the norms must not be broken. Even a prince in the provinces may be criticized by a circuit intendant. If I serve under him, how can I investigate his faults? Why should I be the one to undermine the rule? " He steadfastly declined the chief administrator's appointment. He was ordered promoted to attendant of the Left and vice director of the Court of Imperial Clan, and again refused both posts.
74
震嚐告人曰：“非聖人之書不可觀，無益之詩文不作可也。 ”居官恒未明視事，事至立決。 自奉儉薄，人有急難，則周之，不少吝。 所著《日抄》一百卷。 卒，門人私諡曰文潔先生。
Zhen once said, "Read only the sages; write no poetry or prose that does no good. " In office he rose before daylight; when a case came in, he settled it on the spot. He kept himself poor and spare, yet when anyone faced crisis he helped generously. He authored "Daily Notes" in one hundred juan. When he died, his students privately honored him as Master Wenjie.