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循吏古之善牧人者,養之以仁,使之以義,教之以禮,隨其所便而處之,因其所欲而與之,從其所好而勸之。 如父母之愛子,如兄之愛弟,聞其饑寒為之哀,見其勞苦為之悲,故人敬而悅之,愛而親之。 若子產之理鄭國,子賤之居單父,賈琮之牧冀州,文翁之為蜀郡,皆可以恤其災患,導以忠厚,因而利之,惠而不費。 其暉映千祀,聲芳不絕,夫何為哉? 用此道也。 然則五帝、三王不易人而化,皆在所由化之而已。 故有無能之吏,無不可化之人。 高祖膺運撫圖,除凶靜亂,日旰忘食,思邁前王。 然不敦詩書,不尚道德,專任法令,嚴察臨下。 吏存苟免,罕聞寬惠,乘時射利者,多以一切求名。 既煬帝嗣興,志存遠略,車轍馬跡,將遍天下,綱紀馳紊,四維不張。 其或善於侵漁,強於剝割,絕億兆之命,遂一人之求者,謂之奉公,即時升擢。 其或顧名節,存綱紀,抑奪攘之心,以從百姓之欲者,則謂之附下,旋及誅夷。 夫吏之侵漁,得其所欲,雖重其禁,猶或為之。 吏之清平,失其所欲,雖崇其賞,猶或不為。 況於上賞其奸,下得其欲,求得廉潔,不亦難乎! 彥光等立嚴察之朝,屬昏狂之主,執心平允,終行仁恕,餘風遺愛,沒而不忘,寬惠之音,足以傳于來葉。 故列其行事,以系《循吏》之篇爾。 梁彥光梁彥光,字修芝,安定烏氏人也。 祖茂,魏秦、華二州刺史。 父顯,周邢州刺史。 彥光少岐嶷,有至性,其父每謂所親曰:「此兒有風骨,當興吾宗。」 七歲時,父遇篤疾,醫云餌五石可愈。 時求紫石英不得。 彥光憂瘁不知所為,忽於園中見一物,彥光所不識,怪而持歸,即紫石英也。 親屬咸異之,以為至孝所感。 魏大統末,入太學,略涉經史,有規檢,造次必以禮。 解褐秘書郎,時年十七。 周受禪,遷舍人上士。 武帝時,累遷小馭下大夫。 母憂去職,毀瘁過禮。 未幾,起令視事,帝見其毀甚,嗟歎久之,頻蒙慰諭。 後轉小內史下大夫。 建德中,為御正下大夫。 從帝平齊,以功授開府、陽城縣公,邑千戶。 宣帝即位,拜華州刺史,進封華陽郡公,增邑五百戶,以陽城公轉封一子。 尋進位上大將軍,遷御正上大夫。 俄拜柱國、青州刺史,屬帝崩,不之官。 及高祖受禪,以為岐州刺史,兼領岐州宮監,增邑五百戶,通前二千戶。 甚有惠政,嘉禾連理,出於州境。 ,上幸岐州,悅其能,乃下詔曰:「賞以勸善,義兼訓物。 彥光操履平直,識用凝遠,布政岐下,威惠在人,廉慎之譽,聞於天下。 三載之後,自當遷陟,恐其匱乏,且宜旌善。 可賜粟五百斛,物三百段,御傘一枚,庶使有感朕心,日增其美。 四海之內,凡曰官人,慕高山而仰止,聞清風而自勵。」 未幾,又賜錢五萬。 後數歲,轉相州刺史。 彥光前在岐州,其俗頗質,以靜鎮之,合境大化,奏課連最,為天下第一。 及居相部,如岐州法。 鄴都雜俗,人多變詐,為之作歌,稱其不能理化。 上聞而譴之,竟坐免。 歲餘,拜趙州刺史,彥光言於上曰:「臣前待罪相州,百姓呼為戴帽餳。 臣自分廢黜,無復衣冠之望,不謂天恩復垂收采。 請復為相州,改弦易調,庶有以變其風俗,上答隆恩。」 上從之,復為相州刺史。 豪猾者聞彥光自請而來,莫不嗤笑。 彥光下車,發摘奸隱,有若神明,於是狡猾之徒,莫不潛竄,合境大駭。 初,齊亡後,衣冠士人多遷關內,唯技巧、商販及樂戶之家移實州郭。 由是人情險詖,妄起風謠,訴訟官人,萬端千變。 彥光欲革其弊,乃用秩俸之物,招致山東大儒,每鄉立學,非聖哲之書不得教授。 常以季月召集之,親臨策試。 有勤學異等、聰令有聞者,升堂設饌,其餘並坐廊下。 有好諍訟、惰業無成者,坐之庭中,設以草具。 及大成,當舉行賓貢之禮,又于郊外祖道,並以財物資之。 於是人皆克勵,風俗大改。 有滏陽人焦通,性酗酒,事親禮闕,為從弟所訟。 彥光弗之罪,將至州學,令觀於孔子廟。 于時廟中有韓伯瑜,母杖不痛,哀母力弱,對母悲泣之像,通遂感悟,既悲且愧,若無自容。 彥光訓諭而遣之。 後改過勵行,卒為善士。 以德化人,皆此類也。 吏人感悅,略無諍訟。 後數歲,卒官,時年六十。 贈冀、定、青、瀛四州刺史,諡曰襄。 子文謙嗣。
In antiquity, an upright official was someone who truly knew how to shepherd the people: he nurtured them with benevolence, directed them through duty, taught them proper conduct, placed them where circumstances suited them best, gave them what they sought, and encouraged them by appealing to what they valued. They cared for the people as parents love their children or as an elder brother loves a younger one: hearing of hunger and cold, they felt sorrow; seeing toil and hardship, they were moved to grief. For this reason the people held them in respect and affection and drew close to them willingly. Figures such as Zichan governing Zheng, Zijian at Danfu, Jia Cong as inspector of Jizhou, and Wen Weng as magistrate of Shu—all comforted their people in times of disaster, guided them with sincere goodwill, turned that goodwill to practical benefit, and bestowed kindness at no ruinous cost to the state. Their light still shines across a thousand years, and their good name has never faded—how was this achieved? They achieved it by following this way of governance. Even the Five Emperors and Three Kings transformed the people without replacing the people themselves: everything depended on the character of those who did the transforming. Hence there can be incompetent magistrates, but there is no populace that cannot be transformed. When Emperor Gaozu received Heaven's mandate and seized the throne, he rooted out the wicked and pacified chaos, working until sunset without pausing to eat, determined to outdo the rulers who came before him. Yet he did not cultivate the classics or elevate moral teaching; he relied solely on statute law and watched his subordinates with relentless severity. Officials sought only to escape blame; acts of genuine leniency were rare; and those who exploited the times for gain usually pursued reputation through harsh, ad hoc measures. After Emperor Yang came to the throne, bent on vast ambitions, his armies' tracks and horses' hoofprints seemed set to cover the entire world; discipline fell apart, and the fundamental bonds of society collapsed. Officials skilled at squeezing the populace and ruthless in extracting levies—who sacrificed multitudes to satisfy a single man's wishes—were praised as serving the public interest and promoted at once. Those who guarded their integrity, upheld proper governance, restrained greedy impulses, and yielded to the people's needs were denounced as pandering to the masses and swiftly punished with death. When corruption rewards an official with what he wants, he will commit it even under the heaviest penalties. When integrity costs an official what he wants, he may refuse to act even when rewards are generous. When the throne rewarded ruthlessness and subordinates got what they coveted, how difficult could it have been to obtain honest officials! Men such as Yanguang served under a regime of harsh scrutiny and a reckless emperor, yet they remained fair-minded and ultimately practiced humane governance. Their lingering goodwill was remembered after death, and their reputation for mercy was enough to echo through generations yet to come. I therefore record their deeds in this chapter on upright officials. Liang Yanguang, whose courtesy name was Xiuzhi, came from Wushi in Anding commandery. His grandfather Mao had served as regional inspector of Qin and Hua under the Wei. His father Xian had been inspector of Xingzhou under the Zhou. As a boy Yanguang was unusually sharp and deeply dutiful; his father often told those close to him, "This child has real mettle and will restore our house." When he was seven, his father fell gravely ill, and the physician said the Five Minerals prescription could save him. At the time no amethyst could be found. Yanguang was frantic with worry and at a loss; then in the garden he noticed something unfamiliar, picked it up in wonder, and found it was amethyst. His kin were all astonished and took it as a response to his extraordinary filial devotion. Near the end of Western Wei's Datong era he entered the Imperial Academy, gained a modest grounding in the classics and histories, conducted himself with discipline, and never departed from propriety even in haste. He received his first appointment as Secretariat Gentleman at the age of seventeen. When the Zhou dynasty was founded he was promoted to Attendant Gentleman of the senior rank. Under Emperor Wu he rose through several posts to Junior Master of Transport, Lower Grandee. When his mother died he left office and mourned with a grief that exceeded ritual propriety. Before long he was recalled to duty; the emperor saw how wasted he had become, sighed at length, and repeatedly offered him consolation. He was later transferred to Junior Palace Scribe, Lower Grandee. During the Jiande era he served as Junior Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Lower Grandee. He accompanied the emperor in the conquest of Qi and, for his merit, was granted the privilege of an independent office and enfeoffed as Duke of Yangcheng with a fief of one thousand households. When Emperor Xuan came to the throne, Yanguang was appointed inspector of Huazhou, advanced to Duke of Huayang commandery with an additional five hundred households in his fief, and one son received the transferred title of Duke of Yangcheng. Soon afterward he was promoted to Grand General of the Upper Rank and transferred to Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Upper Grandee. He was soon appointed Pillar of the State and inspector of Qingzhou, but the emperor died before he could take up the post. When Emperor Gaozu founded the Sui dynasty, Yanguang was appointed inspector of Qizhou and concurrently overseer of the Qizhou palace establishment, with his fief increased by five hundred households to two thousand in all. His benevolent rule was remarkable; within the prefecture appeared auspicious grain with conjoined stalks. When the emperor visited Qizhou and was pleased with his performance, he issued an edict: "Rewards encourage virtue and also teach the people by example. Yanguang's conduct is upright, his judgment far-sighted; in governing Qi he has won both respect and affection, and his reputation for integrity is known throughout the realm. In three years he will naturally be promoted; lest he be in want before then, it is fitting now to reward his excellence. Let him receive five hundred hu of grain, three hundred bolts of goods, and one imperial parasol, so that he may feel Our regard and strive ever harder to excel. Throughout the realm, every official should take him as a lofty peak to admire and a fresh breeze to stir his own resolve." Before long he was granted fifty thousand cash as well. Several years later he was transferred to inspector of Xiangzhou. At Qizhou, where the people were comparatively straightforward, he governed with quiet steadiness, transformed the entire prefecture, and ranked first in the realm in successive performance reports. When he took up office in the Xiang region, he governed by the same methods he had used at Qizhou. Ye was a place of mixed and shifting customs, and many of its people were cunning; they composed songs mocking him as unable to transform society. When the emperor heard of this, he rebuked Yanguang and ultimately dismissed him from office. More than a year later he was appointed inspector of Zhaozhou and said to the emperor, "When I was disgraced at Xiangzhou, the people nicknamed me 'the Hat-wearing Cake. I had resigned myself to permanent disgrace and never expected Your Majesty to employ me again. I beg to be sent back to Xiangzhou so that I may change my methods, transform its customs, and repay Your Majesty's great kindness." The emperor agreed and reappointed him inspector of Xiangzhou. When the local bullies heard that Yanguang had asked to return, they all laughed at him. As soon as Yanguang took office he uncovered hidden crimes with uncanny precision; the crafty fled in secret, and the whole prefecture was stunned. After the fall of Qi, most gentry and scholar-officials had moved west of the passes; only artisans, merchants, and households of registered performers had been settled in the prefectural towns. As a result the populace had grown treacherous, rumors spread without cause, and lawsuits against officials multiplied in endless variation. Wishing to reform these abuses, Yanguang spent his official salary to invite eminent Confucian scholars from the east, founded a school in every district, and permitted instruction only in the classics of the sages. Each season he gathered the students and personally presided over their examinations. Students who studied diligently and showed exceptional promise were invited into the hall and served a proper meal; the rest sat in the corridor. Those who quarreled habitually or idled without progress were seated in the courtyard and given only coarse food. When students completed their studies and were ready for the tribute examinations, he held a farewell ceremony outside the city and provided them with travel funds. Thereafter everyone applied himself, and local customs were thoroughly transformed. A man of Fuyang named Jiao Tong was a heavy drinker who neglected his duties toward his parents and was sued by a younger cousin. Yanguang did not punish him but had him brought to the prefectural school and shown the Confucius temple. In the temple stood an image of Han Boyu, who did not flinch when his mother beat him because he grieved that she had grown weak, and wept before her; Tong was deeply moved, filled with sorrow and shame, and could hardly bear to look at himself. Yanguang admonished him and sent him home. He later reformed his ways and in the end became a respectable man. His transformation of the people through moral example was always of this kind. Officials and commoners alike were moved with gratitude, and lawsuits all but disappeared. Several years later he died in office at the age of sixty. He was posthumously honored with the titles of inspector of Ji, Ding, Qing, and Ying, and given the posthumous name Xiang. His son Wenqian succeeded him.
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文謙弘雅有父風,以上柱國嫡子,例授儀同。 ,拜上州刺史。 煬帝即位,轉饒州刺史。 歲餘,為鄱陽太守,稱為天下之最。 征拜戶部侍郎。 遼東之役,領武賁郎將,尋以本官兼檢校太府、衛尉二少卿。 明年,又領武賁郎將,為盧龍道軍副。 會楊玄感作亂,其弟武賁郎將玄縱先隸文謙,玄感反問未至而玄縱逃走,文謙不之覺,坐是配防桂林而卒,時年五十六。
Wenqian was cultivated and gracious and bore his father's manner; as the legitimate son of an Upper Pillar of the State, he was granted the rank of Commissioner with Equal Status by precedent. He was appointed inspector of Shangzhou. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, he was transferred to inspector of Raozhou. After little more than a year he became governor of Poyang and was acclaimed the finest administrator in the realm. He was summoned to court and appointed Vice Minister of the Household. During the Liaodong campaign he served as Brave Attendant General and soon afterward concurrently supervised the Grand Treasury and the Palace Guard as their junior minister. The following year he again served as Brave Attendant General and as deputy commander of the Lulong Route army. When Yang Xuangan rebelled, his younger brother Xuanzong, a Brave Attendant General who had served under Wenqian, fled before word of the revolt arrived; Wenqian failed to notice, was sentenced to garrison duty at Guilin, and died there at the age of fifty-six.
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少子文讓,初封陽城縣公,後為鷹揚郎將。 從衛玄擊楊玄感於東都,力戰而死,贈通議大夫。 樊叔略樊叔略,陳留人也。 父歡,仕魏為南兗州刺史、阿陽侯。 屬高氏專權,將謀興復之計,為高氏所誅。 叔略時在髫齔,遂被腐刑,給使殿省。 身長九尺,志氣不凡,頗為高氏所忌。 內不自安,遂奔關西。 周太祖見而器之,引置左右。 尋授都督,襲爵為侯。 大塚宰宇文護執政,引為中尉。 叔略多計數,曉習時事,護漸委信之,兼督內外。 累遷驃騎大將軍、開府儀同三司。 護誅後,齊王憲引為園苑監。 時憲素有吞關東之志,叔略因事數進兵謀,憲甚奇之。 ,從武帝伐齊,叔略部率精銳,每戰身先士卒。 以功加上開府,進封清鄉縣公,邑千四百戶。 拜汴州刺史,號為明決。 宣帝時,于洛陽營建東京,以叔略有巧思,拜營構監,宮室制度,皆叔略所定。 功未就而帝崩。 尉迥之亂,高祖令叔略鎮大樑。 迥將宇文威來寇,叔略擊走之。 以功拜大將軍,復為汴州刺史。 高祖受禪,加位上大將軍,進爵安定郡公。 在州數年,甚有聲譽。 鄴都俗薄,號曰難化,朝廷以叔略所在著稱,遷相州刺史,政為當時第一。 上降璽書褒美之,賜物三百段,粟五百石,班示天下。 百姓為之語曰:「智無窮,清鄉公。 上下正,樊安定。」 征拜司農卿,吏人莫不流涕,相與立碑頌其德政。 自為司農,凡種植,叔略別為條制,皆出人意表。 朝廷有疑滯,公卿所未能決者,叔略輒為評理。 雖無學術,有所依據,然師心獨見,暗與理合。 甚為上所親委,高熲、楊素亦禮遇之。 叔略雖為司農,往往參督九卿事。 性頗豪侈,每食必方丈,備水陸。 十四年,從祠太山,行至洛陽,上令錄囚徒。 具狀將奏,晨起,至獄門,於馬上暴卒,時年五十九。 上悼惜久之,贈亳州刺史,諡曰襄。 趙軌趙軌,河南洛陽人也。 父肅,魏廷尉卿。 軌少好學,有行檢。 周蔡王引為記室,以清苦聞。 遷衛州治中。 高祖受禪,轉齊州別駕,有能名。 其東鄰有桑,葚落其家,軌遣人悉拾還其主,誡其諸子曰:「吾非以此求名,意者非機杼之物,不願侵人。 汝等宜以為誡。」 在州四年,考績連最。 持節使者郃陽公梁子恭狀上,高祖嘉之,賜物三百段,米三百石,征軌入朝。 父老相送者各揮涕曰:「別駕在官,水火不與百姓交,是以不敢以壺酒相送。 公清若水,請酌一杯水奉餞。」 軌受而飲之。 既至京師,詔與奇章公牛弘撰定律令格式。 時衛王爽為原州總管,上見爽年少,以軌所在有聲,授原州總管司馬。 在道夜行,其左右馬逸入田中,暴人禾。 軌駐馬待明,訪禾主酬直而去。 原州人吏聞之,莫不改操。 後數年,遷硤州刺史,撫緝萌夷,甚有恩惠。 尋轉壽州總管長史。 芍陂舊有五門堰,蕪穢不修。 軌於是勸課人吏,更開三十六門,灌田五千餘頃,人賴其利。 秩滿歸鄉里,卒于家,時年六十二。 子弘安、弘智,並知名。 房恭懿房恭懿,字慎言,河南洛陽人也。 父謨,齊吏部尚書。 恭懿性沉深,有局量,達于從政。 仕齊,釋褐開府參軍事,曆平恩令、濟陰守,並有能名。 會齊亡,不得調。 尉迥之亂,恭懿預焉,迥敗,廢於家。 開皇初,吏部尚書蘇威薦之,授新豐令,政為三輔之最。 上聞而嘉之,賜物四百段,恭懿以所得賜分給窮乏。 未幾,復賜米三百石,恭懿又以賑貧人。 上聞而止之。 時雍州諸縣令每朔朝謁,上見恭懿,必呼至榻前,訪以理人之術。 蘇威重薦之,超授澤州司馬,有異績,賜物百段,良馬一匹。 遷德州司馬,在職歲餘,盧愷復奏恭懿政為天下之最。 上甚異之,復賜百段,因謂諸州朝集使曰:「如房恭懿志存體國,愛養我百姓,此乃上天宗廟之所佑助,豈朕寡薄能致之乎! 朕即拜為刺史。 豈止為一州而已,當今天下模範之,卿等宜師學也。」 上又曰:「房恭懿所在之處,百姓視之如父母。 朕若置之而不賞,上天宗廟其當責我。 內外官人宜知我意。」 於是下詔曰:「德州司馬房恭懿出宰百里,毗贊二籓,善政能官,標映倫伍。 班條按部,實允僉屬,委以方嶽,聲實俱美。 可使持節海州諸軍事、海州刺史。」 未幾,會國子博士何妥奏恭懿尉迥之黨,不當仕進,威、愷二人朋黨,曲相薦舉。 上大怒,恭懿竟得罪,配防嶺南。 未幾,征還京師,行至洪州,遇患卒。 論者於今冤之。 公孫景茂公孫景茂,字元蔚,河間阜城人也。 容貌魁梧,少好學,博涉經史。 在魏,察孝廉,射策甲科,為襄城王長史,兼行參軍。 遷太常博士,多所損益,時人稱為書庫。 後曆高唐令、大理正,俱有能名。 及齊滅,周武帝聞而召見,與語器之,授濟北太守。 以母憂去職。
The younger son Wenrang was first enfeoffed as Duke of Yangcheng and later served as Soaring Hawk General. He followed Wei Xuan in attacking Yang Xuangan at the Eastern Capital, fought fiercely until he was killed, and was posthumously granted the title Grand Master for Discussion. Fan Shulue was a native of Chenliu. His father Huan had served the Wei as regional inspector of Southern Yanzhou and Marquis of Ayang. When the Gao clan seized power, he plotted to restore the dynasty and was executed by them. Shulue was still a child and was castrated, then assigned to serve in the palace directorate. He stood nine chi tall, possessed an uncommon spirit, and was regarded with suspicion by the Gao clan. Feeling unsafe, he fled west of the passes. The Zhou founding emperor took notice of him, valued his ability, and kept him at his side. He was soon appointed Area Commander and inherited his father's marquisate. When Grand Minister Yuwen Hu held power, Shulue was appointed Central Commandant. Shulue was resourceful and well versed in current affairs; Hu gradually entrusted him with authority over both palace and government affairs. He rose through several posts to General of Agile Cavalry and Opening of a Government Office with Protocol Equal to the Three Excellencies. After Hu was executed, Prince Xian of Qi appointed him Director of Parks and Gardens. Prince Xian had long wished to conquer the east of the mountains; Shulue repeatedly offered him military counsel, and the prince came to admire him greatly. When he followed Emperor Wu in the campaign against Qi, Shulue led elite troops and in every battle placed himself at the front of his men. For his merit he was promoted to Upper Opening of a Government Office and enfeoffed as Duke of Qingxiang with a fief of fourteen hundred households. He was appointed inspector of Bianzhou and gained a reputation for clarity and decisiveness. Under Emperor Xuan, when the Eastern Capital was built at Luoyang, Shulue's ingenuity won him appointment as Director of Construction, and the palace layout was entirely his design. The project was still unfinished when the emperor died. During Yu Chi's rebellion, Emperor Gaozu ordered Shulue to hold Daliang. When Jiong's general Yuwen Wei attacked, Shulue defeated and drove him away. For his merit he was appointed Grand General and again made inspector of Bianzhou. When Emperor Gaozu founded the Sui dynasty, Shulue was promoted to Grand General of the Upper Rank and enfeoffed as Duke of Anding commandery. He served several years in the prefecture and earned an outstanding reputation. Ye was known for shallow customs and was considered hard to govern; because Shulue's reputation preceded him, the court transferred him to Xiangzhou, where his administration ranked first in the realm. The emperor sent an imperial letter praising him, granted three hundred bolts of goods and five hundred shi of grain, and proclaimed the reward throughout the realm. The people composed a saying: "Wisdom without end—the Duke of Qingxiang. Above and below made upright—Fan of Anding. When he was summoned to serve as Minister of the Grand Granary, officials and commoners wept; together they erected a stele praising his benevolent rule. As Minister of the Grand Granary, he devised planting regulations that surprised everyone with their ingenuity. When the court faced unresolved questions that even the highest ministers could not settle, Shulue would adjudicate them. Though he lacked formal scholarly training, his judgments rested on sound instinct and quietly accorded with reason. The emperor relied on him heavily; Gao Jiong and Yang Su also treated him with respect. Although his title was Minister of the Grand Granary, he often supervised the affairs of the other chief ministers as well. He was rather extravagant by nature; every meal had to be lavish, with delicacies from land and sea. In the fourteenth year he accompanied the emperor to sacrifice at Mount Tai; when they reached Luoyang, the emperor ordered him to review the prisoners. He had prepared his report and was about to present it; early in the morning, as he reached the prison gate, he suddenly died in the saddle at the age of fifty-nine. The emperor mourned him at length, posthumously honored him as inspector of Bozhou, and gave him the posthumous name Xiang. Zhao Gui was a native of Luoyang in Henan. His father Su had served the Wei as Commandant of Justice. As a youth Gui loved learning and conducted himself with discipline. The Zhou Prince of Cai appointed him Recorder, and he became known for his austere integrity. He was transferred to Assistant Administrator of Weizhou. When Emperor Gaozu founded the dynasty, Gui was transferred to Vice Governor of Qizhou and earned a reputation for competence. Mulberries from his eastern neighbor's trees fell into his yard; Gui had them all gathered and returned, then told his sons, "I am not doing this for reputation. Things that do not come from one's own labor should never be taken from another. You should take this as your lesson. During four years in office his performance assessments ranked first every year. Commissioner Liang Zigong, Duke of Heyang, reported his excellence to the throne; Emperor Gaozu commended him, granted three hundred bolts of goods and three hundred shi of rice, and summoned him to court. The elders who came to see him off wept and said, "While you served as vice governor you would not accept even fire or water from the people, so we dare not send you off with wine. You are pure as water; please accept a cup of water as our farewell gift. Gui accepted it and drank. On reaching the capital, he was ordered to compile laws and administrative formats together with Niu Hong of Qizhang. Prince Wei Shuang was then overall commander of Yuanzhou; seeing that the prince was young and that Gui's reputation was excellent, the emperor appointed Gui his chief of staff. Traveling by night, his attendants' horses bolted into the fields and trampled the crops. Gui halted until dawn, found the owner of the damaged grain, paid compensation, and then continued on his way. When the officials and people of Yuanzhou heard of this, all reformed their conduct. Several years later he was transferred to inspector of Xiazhou, where he pacified the tribal peoples with notable kindness. He was soon transferred to chief clerk under the overall command of Shouzhou. The old Five-Gate Weir at Quepi had fallen into neglect and disrepair. Gui urged his officials to reopen thirty-six sluice gates, irrigate more than five thousand qing of farmland, and bring lasting benefit to the people. When his term ended he returned home and died there at the age of sixty-two. His sons Hong'an and Hongzhi both became well known. Fang Gongyi, whose courtesy name was Shenyan, was a native of Luoyang in Henan. His father Mo had been Minister of Personnel under the Qi. Gongyi was reserved and measured in temperament, possessed breadth of vision, and was skilled in governance. Under the Qi he received his first appointment as staff officer of an opening office and successively served as magistrate of Ping'en and governor of Jiyin, earning a reputation for competence in each post. When the Qi fell, he was left without appointment. He took part in Yu Chi's rebellion; when Jiong was defeated, Gongyi was dismissed and lived in retirement. Early in the Kaihuang era, Minister of Personnel Su Wei recommended him; appointed magistrate of Xinfeng, his administration ranked first among the capital districts. The emperor heard of this and commended him, granting four hundred bolts of goods, which Gongyi distributed among the poor. Soon afterward he was granted three hundred shi of rice, which he again used to aid the poor. When the emperor learned of this, he ordered him to stop. Whenever the magistrates of Yongzhou attended the monthly court audience, the emperor would call Gongyi forward and ask his counsel on governing the people. Su Wei recommended him again; he was promoted out of turn to chief of staff of Zezhou, achieved outstanding results, and was granted one hundred bolts of goods and a fine horse. Transferred to chief of staff of Dezhou, he served a little over a year before Lu Kai again reported that his administration was the finest in the realm. The emperor was deeply impressed and granted another hundred bolts, then told the envoys from the prefectures, "Men like Fang Gongyi, who devote themselves to the state's welfare and cherish my people—this is Heaven's blessing, not something my meager virtue alone could produce! I shall appoint him regional inspector at once. This is not for one prefecture alone—he should be the model for the entire realm, and all of you should learn from him. The emperor added, "Wherever Fang Gongyi serves, the people regard him as a parent. If I fail to reward such a man, Heaven and my ancestors will hold me accountable. Let all officials within and without the court understand my intent. An edict followed: "Fang Gongyi of Dezhou has governed at the local level and assisted two principalities with outstanding ability, distinguishing himself among his peers. In administering regulations and inspecting departments he has won universal approval; entrusted with a territorial command, his reputation and achievement are equally excellent. He is appointed Commissioner with Credentials for all military affairs of Haizhou and inspector of Haizhou. Before long, Erudite He Tuo of the National University accused Gongyi of being a partisan of Yu Chi and unfit for office, and charged Su Wei and Lu Kai with forming a faction to promote him improperly. The emperor was furious; Gongyi was convicted and sentenced to garrison duty in Lingnan. He was soon recalled to the capital but fell ill and died at Hongzhou on the way. Commentators still regard his case as a grave injustice. Gongsun Jingmao, whose courtesy name was Yuanwei, came from Fucheng in Hejian commandery. Tall and imposing in appearance, he loved learning as a youth and gained a broad knowledge of the classics and histories. Under the Wei he was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt, ranked first in the civil examination, and served as chief clerk to the Prince of Xiangcheng and concurrently acting staff officer. Promoted to Erudite of the Grand Ceremonial, he revised many ritual texts, and contemporaries called him a walking library. He later served as magistrate of Gaotang and rectifier of the Grand Court of Justice, earning a reputation for ability in each post. After the fall of Qi, Emperor Wu of Zhou summoned him, was impressed in conversation, and appointed him governor of Jibei. He left office to mourn his mother.
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開皇初,詔征入朝,訪以政術,拜汝南太守。 郡廢,轉曹州司馬。 在職數年,以老病乞骸骨,優詔不許。 俄遷息州刺史,法令清靜,德化大行。 時屬平陳之役,征人在路,有疾病者,景茂撤減俸祿,為饘粥湯藥,分賑濟之,賴全活者以千數。 上聞而嘉之,詔宣告天下。 十五年,上幸洛陽,景茂謁見,時年七十七。 上命升殿坐,問其年幾。 景茂以實對。 上哀其老,嗟歎久之。 景茂再拜曰:「呂望八十而遇文王,臣逾七十而逢陛下。」 上甚悅,賜物三百段。 詔曰:「景茂修身潔己,耆宿不虧,作牧化人,聲績顯著。 年終考校,獨為稱首,宜升戎秩,兼進籓條。 可上儀同三司,伊州刺史。」 明年,以疾征,吏人號泣於道。 及疾愈,復乞骸骨,又不許,轉道州刺史。 悉以秩俸買牛犢雞豬,散惠孤弱不自存者。 好單騎巡人,家至戶入,閱視百姓產業。 有修理者,于都會時乃褒揚稱述。 如有過惡,隨即訓導,而不彰也。 由是人行義讓,有無均通,男子相助耕耘,婦人相從紡績。 大村或數百戶,皆如一家之務。 其後請政事,上優詔聽之。 仁壽中,上明公楊紀出使河北,見景茂神力不衰,還以狀奏。 於是就拜淄州刺史,賜以馬轝,便道之官。 前後曆職,皆有德政,論者稱為良牧。 大業初卒官,年八十七。 諡曰康。 身死之日,諸州人吏赴喪者數千人,或不及葬,皆望墳慟哭,野祭而去。 辛公義辛公義,隴西狄道人也。 祖徽,魏徐州刺史。 父季慶,青州刺史。 公義早孤,為母氏所養,親授書傳。 周天和中,選良家子任太學生,以勤苦著稱。 武帝時,召入露門學,令受道義。 每月集御前令與大儒講論,數被嗟異,時輩慕之。 建德初,授宣納中士。 從平齊,累遷掌治上士、掃寇將軍。 高祖作相,授內史上士,參掌機要。 ,除主客侍郎,攝內史舍人事,賜爵安陽縣男,邑二百戶。 每陳使來朝,常奉詔接宴。 轉駕部侍郎,使往江陵安輯邊境。 七年,使勾檢諸馬牧,所獲十餘萬匹。 高祖喜曰:「唯我公義,奉國罄心。」 從軍平陳,以功除岷州刺史。 土俗畏病,若一人有疾,即闔家避之,父子夫妻不相看養,孝義道絕,由是病者多死。 公義患之,欲變其俗。 因分遣官人巡檢部內,凡有疾病,皆以床輿來,安置廳事。 暑月疫時,病人或至數百,廳廊悉滿。 公義親設一榻,獨坐其間,終日連夕,對之理事。 所得秩俸,盡用市藥,為迎醫療之,躬勸其飲食,於是悉差,方召其親戚而諭之曰:「死生由命,不關相著。 前汝棄之,所以死耳。 今我聚病者,坐臥其間,若言相染,那得不死,病兒復差! 汝等勿覆信之。」 諸病家子孫慚謝而去。 後人有遇病者,爭就使君,其家無親屬,因留養之。 始相慈愛,此風遂革,合境之內呼為慈母。 後遷牟州刺史,下車,先至獄中,因露坐牢側,親自驗問。 十餘日間,決斷咸盡,方還大廳。 受領新訟,皆不立文案,遣當直佐僚一人,側坐訊問。 事若不盡,應須禁者,公義即宿廳事,終不還閤。 人或諫之曰:「此事有程,使君何自苦也!」 答曰:「刺史無德可以導人,尚令百姓系于囹圄,豈有禁人在獄而心自安乎?」 罪人聞之,咸自款服。 後有欲諍訟者,其鄉閭父老遽相曉曰:「此蓋小事,何忍勤勞使君。」 訟者多兩讓而止。 時山東霖雨,自陳、汝至於滄海,皆苦水災。 境內犬牙,獨無所損。 山出黃銀,獲之以獻。 詔水部郎婁崱就公義禱焉。 乃聞空中有金石絲竹之響。 ,追充揚州道黜陟大使。 豫章王暕恐其部內官僚犯法,未入州境,預令屬公義。 公義答曰:「奉詔不敢有私。」 及至揚州,皆無所縱舍,暕銜之。 及煬帝即位,揚州長史王弘入為黃門侍郎,因言公義之短,竟去官。 吏人守闕訴冤,相繼不絕。 後數歲,帝悟,除內史侍郎。 丁母憂。 未幾,起為司隸大夫,檢校右禦衛武賁郎將。 從征至柳城郡卒,時年六十二。 子融。
Early in the Kaihuang era he was summoned to court, consulted on methods of governance, and appointed governor of Runan. When the commandery was abolished, he was transferred to chief of staff of Caozhou. After several years in office he requested retirement on grounds of age and illness, but a gracious edict refused permission. He was soon transferred to inspector of Xizhou, where his laws were clear and tranquil and moral transformation flourished. During the campaign to pacify Chen, conscripts on the march who fell ill were aided from Jingmao's salary: he provided gruel, soup, and medicine, saving thousands of lives. The emperor commended him and ordered his deed proclaimed throughout the realm. In the fifteenth year the emperor visited Luoyang; Jingmao had an audience at the age of seventy-seven. The emperor had him ascend the hall and take a seat, then asked his age. Jingmao answered truthfully. The emperor pitied his age and sighed at length. Jingmao bowed twice and said, "Lü Wang met King Wen at eighty; I, past seventy, have met Your Majesty." The emperor was delighted and granted three hundred bolts of goods. An edict declared: "Jingmao has cultivated himself without decline in old age; as a pastoral governor he has transformed the people, and his reputation and achievements are outstanding. In the year-end assessment he ranks first; he should be advanced in military rank and promoted in territorial office. He is appointed Upper Commissioner with Equal Protocol to the Three Excellencies and inspector of Yizhou. The following year he was recalled because of illness; officials and commoners wept along the road. When he recovered, he again requested retirement, was again refused, and was transferred to inspector of Daozhou. He spent his entire salary buying calves, chickens, and pigs to distribute to orphans and the destitute who could not support themselves. He liked to tour alone on horseback, visiting every household to inspect the people's livelihoods. Those who had improved their estates he praised publicly at the seasonal assembly. If there were faults, he corrected them through private instruction rather than public exposure. Thereafter the people practiced mutual courtesy and shared what they had; men helped one another in the fields and women worked together at the loom. In large villages of several hundred households, people conducted their affairs as one family. Later he asked to retire from office, and the emperor graciously granted his request. During the Renshou era, Duke Shangming Yang Ji traveled to Hebei, found Jingmao still vigorous in old age, and reported this to the throne on his return. He was then appointed inspector of Zizhou, granted a carriage, and sent directly to his post. In every post he held, his administration was benevolent, and commentators hailed him as an exemplary pastoral governor. Early in the Daye era he died in office at the age of eighty-seven. He was given the posthumous name Kang. On the day he died, thousands of officials and commoners from many prefectures came to mourn; those who could not reach the burial wept toward his tomb and departed after offering sacrifices in the open countryside. Xin Gongyi was a native of Didao in Longxi commandery. His grandfather Hui had served the Wei as regional inspector of Xuzhou. His father Jiqing had been inspector of Qingzhou. Orphaned early, Gongyi was raised by his mother, who personally taught him the classics. During the Zhou Tianhe and Zhonghe eras he was selected as an Imperial Academy student from a respectable family and became known for his tireless diligence. Under Emperor Wu he was summoned to the Dew Gate Academy to study moral doctrine. Each month he debated the classics before the emperor with eminent scholars, repeatedly won the emperor's admiration, and was envied by his peers. At the beginning of the Jiande era he was appointed Herald of the middle rank. He followed the campaign to pacify Qi and rose through several posts to Director of Governance, Upper Rank, and Sweeping the Barbarians General. When Emperor Gaozu served as chancellor, Gongyi was appointed Palace Scribe of the upper rank and took part in confidential state affairs. He was appointed Vice Minister of Guests, acted as Palace Scribe Attendant, and was enfeoffed as Baron of Anyang with a fief of two hundred households. Whenever envoys from Chen came to court, he was regularly ordered to receive and entertain them. He was transferred to Vice Minister of the Transport Bureau and sent to Jiangling to pacify the borderlands. In the seventh year he was sent to inspect the horse pastures and recovered more than one hundred thousand horses. Emperor Gaozu said with delight, "Only my Gongyi serves the state with his whole heart." He followed the army in the conquest of Chen and, for his merit, was appointed inspector of Minzhou. The local custom feared disease: when one person fell ill, the entire household fled; fathers, sons, husbands, and wives refused to care for one another, and filial duty was abandoned—so many of the sick died. Gongyi was distressed by this and wished to change the custom. He dispatched officials throughout his jurisdiction to bring every sick person on a litter to the main hall of his office. During summer epidemics the sick sometimes numbered in the hundreds, filling every hall and corridor. Gongyi set up a couch among them and sat there alone day and night, conducting official business in their midst. He spent his entire salary on medicine and physicians, personally urged the patients to eat, and when all had recovered he summoned their families and said, "Life and death are ordained by fate and have nothing to do with contagion. You abandoned them before—that is why they died. Now I sit and sleep among the sick; if disease were contagious, how could I remain alive—yet the sick have all recovered! Do not believe such nonsense again." The families of the sick departed ashamed and grateful. Thereafter the sick rushed to the commissioner; those without family he kept and cared for himself. Mutual care took root, the old custom vanished, and throughout the prefecture he was called the Loving Mother. Later, as inspector of Mouzhou, he went straight to the prison on taking office, sat in the open air beside the prisoners, and personally examined each case. Within a fortnight he had disposed of every case, and only then returned to the main hall. For new lawsuits he kept no written records; he sent one assistant to sit beside him and conduct the inquiry. If a case required detention, Gongyi slept in the main hall and never returned to his private quarters. Someone urged him, "These matters have their proper schedule—why torment yourself so! He replied, "An inspector without virtue to guide his people still keeps them in prison—how can I detain people in jail and feel at ease?" When the prisoners heard this, they all confessed willingly. When someone later wished to sue, the village elders would say to one another, "This is a trifling matter—how can we trouble the commissioner for it?" Most disputes ended with both parties yielding to each other. At that time heavy rains afflicted the east; from Chen and Ru to the coast all suffered flooding. Though his territory lay amid the flooded regions, it alone suffered no damage. Yellow silver was found in the mountains, and he presented it to the throne. The emperor ordered Lou Ce of the Water Bureau to pray with Gongyi. Then music of metal, stone, silk, and bamboo was heard in the air. He was subsequently appointed Promotion and Demotion Commissioner of the Yangzhou circuit. Prince Jian of Yuzhang, fearing that officials in his domain might break the law, ordered them placed under Gongyi's authority before Gongyi entered the prefecture. Gongyi replied, "In carrying out my commission I dare show no favoritism." When he reached Yangzhou he spared no offender, and Prince Jian bore a grudge. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, Yangzhou chief clerk Wang Hong entered court as Attendant at the Yellow Gate, denounced Gongyi's faults, and Gongyi was dismissed. Officials and commoners crowded the palace gate to plead his innocence without cease. Several years later the emperor realized his error and appointed him Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. He entered mourning for his mother. Before long he was recalled as Metropolitan Censor and inspecting Brave Attendant General of the Right Imperial Guard. He followed a campaign and died at Liucheng commandery at the age of sixty-two. His son was Rong.
5
柳儉郭絢敬肅
Liu Jian, Guo Xuan, and Jing Su.
6
柳儉,字道約,河東解人也。 祖元璋,魏司州大中正、相華二州刺史。 父裕,周聞喜令。 儉有局量,立行清苦,為州裡所敬,雖至親昵,無敢狎侮。 周代曆宣納上士、畿伯大夫。 及高祖受禪,擢拜水部侍郎,封率道縣伯。 未幾,出為廣漢太守,甚有能名。 俄而郡廢。 時高祖初有天下,勵精思政,妙簡良能,出為牧宰,以儉仁明著稱,擢拜蓬州刺史。 獄訟者庭遣,不為文書,約束佐史,從容而已。 獄無系囚。 蜀王秀時鎮益州,列上其事,遷邛州刺史。 在職十餘年,萌夷悅服。 蜀王秀之得罪也,儉坐與交通,免職。 及還鄉里,乘敝車羸馬,妻子衣食不贍,見者咸嘆服焉。 煬帝嗣位,征之。 于時以功臣任職,牧州領郡者,並帶戎資,唯儉起自良吏。 帝嘉其績,用特授朝散大夫,拜弘化太守,賜物一百段而遣之。 儉清節逾勵。 入朝,郡國畢集,帝謂納言蘇威、吏部尚書牛弘曰:「其中清名天下第一者為誰?」 威等以儉對。 帝又問其次,威以涿郡丞郭絢、潁川郡丞敬肅等二人對。 帝賜儉帛二百匹,絢、肅各一百匹。 令天下朝集使送至郡邸,以旌異焉。 論者美之。 及大業末,盜賊蜂起,數被攻逼。 儉撫結人夷,卒無離叛,竟以保全。 及義兵至長安,尊立恭帝,儉與留守李粲縞素于州,南向慟哭。 既而歸京師,相國賜儉物三百段,就拜上大將軍。 歲餘,卒于家,時年八十九。
Liu Jian, whose courtesy name was Daoyue, came from Jie in Hedong commandery. His grandfather Yuanzhang had served the Wei as Metropolitan Rectifier of Sizhou and regional inspector of Xiang and Hua. His father Yu had been magistrate of Wenxi under the Zhou. Jian possessed breadth of character and lived in austere integrity; his neighbors respected him, and even close acquaintances dared not treat him familiarly. Under the Zhou he served as Herald of the upper rank and Metropolitan Baron, Grandee. When Emperor Gaozu founded the dynasty, Jian was promoted to Vice Minister of the Water Bureau and enfeoffed as Earl of Shuaidao. Soon afterward he was appointed governor of Guanghan and earned a strong reputation for competence. The commandery was soon abolished. When Emperor Gaozu had just secured the realm and was selecting able administrators for the provinces, Jian's reputation for benevolent and enlightened rule won him appointment as inspector of Pengzhou. He disposed of lawsuits in the courtyard without written records, relying on restrained assistants and his own calm judgment. His prison held no long-term detainees. Prince Xiu of Shu, then stationed in Yizhou, reported his excellence to the throne, and Jian was transferred to inspector of Qiongzhou. During more than ten years in office, the tribal peoples were pleased and submitted to him. When Prince Xiu of Shu fell from favor, Jian was dismissed for having associated with him. Returning home in a worn cart with lean horses, his wife and children poorly clothed and fed, all who saw him admired his integrity. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, Jian was summoned to court. At that time provincial governors appointed for military merit all held military credentials; only Jian had risen through civil administration. The emperor commended his record, specially granted him the title Grand Master for Dispersing Affairs, appointed him governor of Honghua, granted one hundred bolts of goods, and sent him to his post. Jian's integrity grew ever stricter. When he came to court and all the prefectures were assembled, the emperor asked Supervisor Su Wei and Minister of Personnel Niu Hong, "Who among them has the finest reputation for integrity in the realm? Wei and the others named Jian. Asked who ranked next, Wei named Guo Xuan, assistant of Zhuo commandery, and Jing Su, assistant of Yingchuan commandery. The emperor granted Jian two hundred bolts of silk and Xuan and Su each one hundred bolts. He ordered the envoys from throughout the realm to escort them home in honor of their distinction. Commentators praised the emperor's judgment. Near the end of the Daye era, rebels rose everywhere and repeatedly attacked his territory. Jian won over the people and tribes; none deserted him, and he preserved his territory to the end. When the righteous armies reached Chang'an and installed Emperor Gong, Jian and garrison commander Li Can dressed in mourning at the prefectural seat and wept toward the south. He soon returned to the capital; the chancellor granted him three hundred bolts of goods and appointed him Grand General of the Upper Rank on the spot. A little over a year later he died at home at the age of eighty-nine.
7
郭絢,河東安邑人也。 家素寒微。 初為尚書令史,後以軍功拜儀同,歷數州司馬長史,皆有能名。 大業初,刑部尚書宇文弼巡省河北,引絢為副。 煬帝將有事於遼東,以涿郡為衝要,訪可任者。 聞絢有幹局,拜涿郡丞,吏人悅服。 數載,遷為通守,兼領留守。 及山東盜賊起,絢逐捕之,多所克獲。 時諸郡無復完者,唯涿郡獨全。 後將兵擊竇建德於河間,戰死,人吏哭之,數月不息。
Guo Xuan was a native of Anyi in Hedong commandery. His family had always been poor. He began as a Secretariat clerk, later earned the rank of Commissioner with Equal Status through military merit, and served as chief of staff or chief clerk in several prefectures, earning a reputation for ability in each. Early in the Daye era, Minister of Punishments Yuwen Bi toured Hebei and took Xuan as his deputy. When Emperor Yang planned the Liaodong campaign, Zhuo commandery was a strategic point, and he sought a capable administrator. Hearing of Xuan's administrative ability, the emperor appointed him assistant of Zhuo commandery, and officials and commoners alike were pleased. Several years later he was promoted to administrator and concurrently served as garrison commander. When bandits rose in the east, Xuan pursued them and captured many. While other commanderies fell apart, Zhuo alone remained intact. He later led troops against Dou Jiande at Hejian, was killed in battle, and officials and commoners mourned him for months without cease.
8
敬肅,字弘儉,河東蒲阪人也。 少以貞介知名,釋褐州主簿。 開皇初,為安陵令,有能名,擢拜秦州司馬,轉豳州長史。 仁壽中,為衛州司馬,俱有異績。 煬帝嗣位,遷潁川郡丞。 ,朝東都,帝令司隸大夫薛道衡為天下群官之狀。 道衡狀稱肅曰:「心如鐵石,老而彌篤。」 時左翊衛大將軍宇文述當途用事,其邑在潁川,每有書屬肅。 肅未嘗開封,輒令使者持去。 述賓客有放縱者,以法繩之,無所寬貸。 由是述銜之。 八年,朝於涿郡,帝以其年老有治名,將擢為太守者數矣,輒為述所毀,不行。 大業末,乞骸骨,優詔許之。 去官之日,家無餘財。 歲餘,終於家,時年八十。 劉曠劉曠,不知何許人也。 性謹厚,每以誠恕應物。 開皇初,為平鄉令,單騎之官。 人有諍訟者,輒丁甯曉以義理,不加繩劾,各自引咎而去。 所得俸祿,賑施窮乏。 百姓感其德化,更相篤勵,曰:「有君如此,何得為非!」 在職七年,風教大洽,獄中無系囚,爭訟絕息,囹圄盡皆生草,庭可張羅。 及去官,吏人無少長,號泣于路,將送數百里不絕。 遷為臨潁令,清名善政,為天下第一。 尚書左僕射高熲言其狀,上召之,及引見,勞之曰:「天下縣令固多矣,卿能獨異於眾,良足美也!」 顧謂侍臣曰:「若不殊獎,何以為勸!」 於是下優詔,擢拜莒州刺史。 王伽王伽,河間章武人也。 開皇末,為齊州行參軍,初無足稱。 後被州使送流囚李參等七十餘人詣京師。 時制,流人並枷鎖傳送。 伽行次滎陽,哀其辛苦,悉呼而謂之曰:「卿輩既犯國刑,虧損名教,身嬰縲絏,此其職也。 今復重勞援卒,民獨不愧於心哉!」 參等辭謝。 伽曰:「汝等雖犯憲法,枷鎖亦大辛苦。 吾欲與汝等脫去,行至京師總集,能不違期不?」 皆拜謝曰:「必不敢違。」 伽於是悉脫其枷,停援卒,與期曰:「某日當至京師,如致前卻,吾當為汝受死。」 舍之而去。 流人咸悅,依期而至,一無離叛。 上聞而驚異之,召見與語,稱善久之。 於是悉召流人,並令攜負妻子俱入,賜宴於殿庭而赦之。 乃下詔曰:「凡在有生,含靈稟性,咸知好惡,並識是非。 若臨以至誠,明加勸導,則俗必從化,人皆遷善。 往以海內亂離,德教廢絕,官人無慈愛之心,兆庶懷奸詐之意,所以獄訟不息,澆薄難治。 朕受命上天,安養萬姓,思遵聖法,以德化人,朝夕孜孜,意在於此。 而伽深識朕意,誠心宣導。 參等感悟,自赴憲司。 明是率土之人非為難教,良是官人不加曉示,致令陷罪,無由自新。 若使官盡王伽之儔,人皆李參之輩,刑厝不用,其何遠哉!」 於是擢伽為雍令,政有能名。 魏德深魏德深,本巨鹿人也。 祖沖,仕周為刑部大夫、建州刺史,因家弘農。 父毗,郁林令。 德深初為文帝挽郎,後曆馮翊書佐、武陽司戶書佐,以能遷貴鄉長。 為政清淨,不嚴而治。 會與遼東之役,徵稅百端,使人往來,責成郡縣。 于時王綱弛紊,吏多贓賄,所在征斂,下不堪命。 唯德深一縣,有無相通,不竭其力,所求皆給,百姓不擾,稱為大治。 于時盜賊群起,武陽諸城多被淪陷,唯貴鄉獨全。 郡丞元寶藏受詔逐捕盜賊,每戰不利,則器械必盡,輒徵發於人,動以軍法從事,如此者數矣。 其鄰城營造,皆聚於廳事,吏人遞相督責,晝夜喧囂,猶不能濟。 德深各問其所欲任,隨便修營,官府寂然,恆若無事。 唯約束長吏,所修不須過勝餘縣,使百姓勞苦。 然在下各自竭心,常為諸縣之最。 尋轉館陶長,貴鄉吏人聞之,相與言及其事,皆歔欷流涕,語不成聲。 及將赴任,傾城送之,號泣之聲,道路不絕。 既至館陶,闔境老幼皆如見其父母。 有猾人員外郎趙君實,與郡丞元寶藏深相交結,前後令長未有不受其指麾者。 自德深至縣,君實屏處於室,未嘗輒敢出門。 逃竄之徒,歸來如市。 貴鄉父老冒涉艱險,詣闕請留德深,有詔許之。 館陶父老復詣郡相訟,以貴鄉文書為詐。 郡不能決。 會持節使者韋霽、杜整等至,兩縣詣使訟之,乃斷從貴鄉。 貴鄉吏人歌呼滿道,互相稱慶。 館陶眾庶合境悲哭,因而居住者數百家。 寶藏深害其能。 會越王侗徵兵于郡,寶藏遂令德深率兵千人赴東都。 俄而寶藏以武陽歸李密。 德深所領,皆武陽人也,以本土從賊,念其親戚,輒出都門東向慟哭而反。 人或謂之曰:「李密兵馬近在金墉,去此二十餘裡。 汝必欲歸,誰能相禁,何為自苦如此!」 其人皆垂泣曰:「我與魏明府同來,不忍棄去,豈以道路艱難乎!」 其得人心如此。 後與賊戰,沒於陣,貴鄉、館陶人庶至今懷之。
Jing Su, whose courtesy name was Hongjian, came from Puban in Hedong commandery. Known from youth for his integrity, he received his first appointment as prefectural chief clerk. Early in the Kaihuang era he served as magistrate of Anling, earned a reputation for ability, was promoted to chief of staff of Qinzhou, and transferred to chief clerk of Binzhou. During the Renshou era he served as chief of staff of Weizhou, achieving outstanding results in every post. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, he was transferred to assistant of Yingchuan commandery. On attending court at the Eastern Capital, the emperor ordered Metropolitan Censor Xue Daoheng to evaluate officials throughout the realm. Daoheng's evaluation read: "His heart is iron and stone; in old age he grows ever more steadfast. Yuwen Shu, the powerful Left Guard General whose home district lay in Yingchuan, often sent letters asking favors of Su. Su never opened them and always sent the messenger away with the letters unopened. When Shu's guests broke the law, he punished them without lenience. Shu therefore bore a grudge against him. In the eighth year, when he attended court at Zhuo, the emperor several times meant to promote the aged and renowned Su to governor, but each time Shu blocked it. Near the end of the Daye era he requested retirement, and a gracious edict granted it. On the day he left office his household had no surplus wealth. A little over a year later he died at home at the age of eighty. Liu Kuang's place of origin is unknown. Careful and generous by nature, he always met people with sincerity and forbearance. Early in the Kaihuang era he became magistrate of Pingxiang and rode alone to take up his post. When people came to sue one another, he calmly explained what was right, imposed no punishment, and sent each party away blaming himself. He used his salary to aid the poor. Moved by his moral influence, the people encouraged one another, saying, "With a magistrate like this, how could we do wrong! During seven years in office moral teaching flourished; the prison held no detainees, lawsuits ceased, weeds grew in the jail yard, and birds could be netted in the courtyard. When he left office, officials and commoners of every age wept along the road and escorted him for hundreds of li. Transferred to magistrate of Linying, he again ranked first in the realm for integrity and good government. Left Vice Director Gao Jiong reported his excellence; the emperor summoned him and said at their meeting, "Magistrates are many throughout the realm, yet you alone stand apart—truly admirable! Turning to his ministers, he said, "Without exceptional reward, how can we encourage others!" He then issued a gracious edict promoting Kuang to inspector of Juzhou. Wang Jia was a native of Zhangwu in Hejian commandery. At the end of the Kaihuang era he served as acting staff officer of Qizhou, initially without distinction. He was later assigned to escort more than seventy exiled prisoners, including Li Can, to the capital. Regulations required that exiles be transported in cangues and fetters. Stopping at Xingyang, Jia pitied their hardship and addressed them all: "You have violated the law and damaged moral teaching; wearing fetters is your due punishment. Yet you also burden the escort soldiers—should the people not feel ashamed? Li Can and the others thanked him. Jia said, "Though you broke the law, the cangues and fetters are cruel hardship. I wish to remove them; you will travel to the capital and assemble there on your own—can you keep the deadline? They all bowed and promised, "We will not fail you. Jia removed all their cangues, dismissed the escorts, and set a date: "You must reach the capital by then; if any of you flee, I will accept death in your place." He released them and went on his way. The exiles were delighted; they all arrived on time without a single defection. When the emperor heard of this he was astonished, summoned Jia, and praised him at length. He then summoned all the exiles with their wives and children, feasted them in the palace courtyard, and pardoned them. An edict followed: "All living beings endowed with spirit know good from evil and right from wrong. When met with utmost sincerity and clear guidance, customs will change and people will turn toward goodness. Formerly, when the realm was torn by chaos, moral teaching collapsed, officials lacked compassion, and the people turned crafty—hence lawsuits never ceased and society grew hard to govern. Having received Heaven's mandate, I seek to nurture my people, follow the sages' way, and transform them through virtue—this is my constant purpose. Jia deeply understood my intent and taught them with sincere heart. Li Can and the others were moved and presented themselves to the authorities of their own accord. Clearly the people of the realm are not hard to teach; it is officials who fail to instruct them, driving them into crime with no path to reform. If all officials were like Wang Jia and all people like Li Can, punishments could be set aside—how far off is that day!" Jia was then promoted to magistrate of Yong, where he earned a reputation for competent governance. Wei Deshen was originally from Julu. His grandfather Chong had served the Zhou as Grand Master of Punishments and regional inspector of Jianzhou, after which the family settled in Hongnong. His father Pi had been magistrate of Yulin. Deshen began as a mourning attendant for Emperor Wen, later served as clerk in Fengyi and Wuyang, and was promoted to magistrate of Guixiang for his ability. His rule was pure and tranquil; he governed effectively without harshness. During the Liaodong campaign, levies multiplied and envoys constantly pressed the commanderies and counties for fulfillment. Discipline had collapsed, officials took bribes everywhere, and the people could not bear the exactions. Only in Deshen's county did people share what they had, strength was not exhausted, every demand was met without disturbing the people, and the county was called a model of good order. When bandits rose everywhere, most cities in Wuyang fell, but Guixiang alone remained intact. Assistant Yuan Baocang was ordered to pursue bandits; whenever battles went badly and weapons were exhausted, he drafted the populace under military law—this happened repeatedly. Neighboring cities crowded all construction work into the government hall, with officials supervising one another day and night in noisy haste, yet still could not finish on time. Deshen asked each worker what task he preferred and let them proceed at will; his offices remained quiet, as if nothing were amiss. He only required that the work not exceed what other counties demanded, lest the people suffer undue hardship. Yet his subordinates gave their full effort, and his county consistently ranked first. Soon transferred to magistrate of Guantao, the officials and people of Guixiang wept together at the news, unable to speak through their tears. When he departed for his new post, the whole city saw him off, and the sound of weeping never ceased along the road. When he reached Guantao, old and young throughout the territory received him as they would their own parents. A cunning Outer Office Attendant named Zhao Junshi was deeply allied with Assistant Yuan Baocang; no previous magistrate had refused their orders. From the day Deshen arrived, Junshi secluded himself indoors and dared not venture out. Fugitives returned in crowds. The elders of Guixiang braved hardship to petition the throne to retain Deshen, and an edict granted their request. The elders of Guantao then sued at the commandery, claiming the Guixiang documents were fraudulent. The commandery could not decide the matter. When commissioners Wei Ji and Du Zheng arrived, both counties appealed to them, and the decision favored Guixiang. The officials and people of Guixiang celebrated in the streets. The people of Guantao wept throughout the territory, and several hundred households moved to Guixiang to live under him. Baocang deeply resented his ability. When Prince Tong of Yue levied troops in the commandery, Baocang ordered Deshen to lead one thousand men to the Eastern Capital. Soon afterward Baocang surrendered Wuyang to Li Mi. Deshen's troops were all from Wuyang; when their homeland joined the rebels, they went to the capital gate, faced east, wept for their kin, and turned back. Someone said to them, "Li Mi's army is at Jinyong, only twenty-odd li away. If you insist on returning, who can stop you—why torment yourselves so! They all wept and said, "We came with Magistrate Wei; we cannot abandon him—not because the road is hard!" Such was the devotion he inspired. He later fought the rebels and died in battle; the people of Guixiang and Guantao cherish his memory to this day.
9
時有櫟陽令渤海高世衡、蕭令彭城劉高、城皋令弘農劉熾,俱有恩惠。 大業之末,長吏多贓汙,衡、高及熾清節逾厲,風教大洽,獄無系囚,為吏人所稱。
At the time the magistrates Gao Shiheng of Liyang in Bohai, Liu Gao of Xiao in Pengcheng, and Liu Chi of Chenggao in Hongnong were all noted for their kindness. Near the end of the Daye era, when many officials were corrupt, Shiheng, Gao, and Chi maintained ever stricter integrity; moral teaching flourished, their prisons held no detainees, and officials and commoners alike praised them.
10
史臣曰:古語云,善為水者,引之使平,善化人者,撫之使靜。 水準則無損於堤防,人靜則不犯于憲章。 然則易俗移風,服教從義,不資於明察,必藉於循良者也。 彥光等皆內懷直道,至誠待物,故得所居而化,所去見思。 至於景茂之遏惡揚善,公義之撫視疾病,劉曠之化行所部,德深之愛結人心,雖信臣、杜詩、鄭渾、硃邑,不能繼也。 《詩》云:「愷悌君子,人之父母。」 豈徒言哉! 恭懿所在尤異,屢簡帝心,追既往之一眚,遂流亡于道路,惜乎! 柳儉去官,妻子不贍,趙軌秩滿,酌水餞離,清矣!
The historian comments: An old saying holds that those skilled with water guide it until it runs level, and those skilled at transforming people soothe them until they grow calm. When water runs level, the dikes are unharmed; when people are tranquil, they do not violate the law. Thus to change customs and shift public morals, to make people accept teaching and follow righteousness, does not depend on harsh scrutiny but on upright officials. Yanguang and the others all cherished integrity within and treated people with utmost sincerity; where they served they transformed society, and when they left they were missed. Jingmao's restraint of evil and promotion of good, Gongyi's care for the sick, Liu Kuang's moral transformation of his district, and Deshen's winning of people's hearts—even Xin Chen, Du Shi, Zheng Hun, and Zhu Yi could scarcely have matched them. The Odes says, "The gentle noble is the people's father and mother. This is no empty phrase! Gongyi's service was especially distinguished and repeatedly won the emperor's regard, yet for one past fault he was driven into exile on the roads—a pity! When Liu Jian left office his family lacked means to live; when Zhao Gui's term ended the people offered him only water as a farewell gift—how pure indeed!