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卷73 列傳第38 循吏

Volume 73 Biographies 38: Upright Officials

Chapter 73 of 隋書 · Book of Sui
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1
使便 使 調
In antiquity, an upright official was someone who truly knew how to shepherd the people: he nurtured them with benevolence, directed them through duty, taught them proper conduct, placed them where circumstances suited them best, gave them what they sought, and encouraged them by appealing to what they valued. They cared for the people as parents love their children or as an elder brother loves a younger one: hearing of hunger and cold, they felt sorrow; seeing toil and hardship, they were moved to grief. For this reason the people held them in respect and affection and drew close to them willingly. Figures such as Zichan governing Zheng, Zijian at Danfu, Jia Cong as inspector of Jizhou, and Wen Weng as magistrate of Shu—all comforted their people in times of disaster, guided them with sincere goodwill, turned that goodwill to practical benefit, and bestowed kindness at no ruinous cost to the state. Their light still shines across a thousand years, and their good name has never faded—how was this achieved? They achieved it by following this way of governance. Even the Five Emperors and Three Kings transformed the people without replacing the people themselves: everything depended on the character of those who did the transforming. Hence there can be incompetent magistrates, but there is no populace that cannot be transformed. When Emperor Gaozu received Heaven's mandate and seized the throne, he rooted out the wicked and pacified chaos, working until sunset without pausing to eat, determined to outdo the rulers who came before him. Yet he did not cultivate the classics or elevate moral teaching; he relied solely on statute law and watched his subordinates with relentless severity. Officials sought only to escape blame; acts of genuine leniency were rare; and those who exploited the times for gain usually pursued reputation through harsh, ad hoc measures. After Emperor Yang came to the throne, bent on vast ambitions, his armies' tracks and horses' hoofprints seemed set to cover the entire world; discipline fell apart, and the fundamental bonds of society collapsed. Officials skilled at squeezing the populace and ruthless in extracting levies—who sacrificed multitudes to satisfy a single man's wishes—were praised as serving the public interest and promoted at once. Those who guarded their integrity, upheld proper governance, restrained greedy impulses, and yielded to the people's needs were denounced as pandering to the masses and swiftly punished with death. When corruption rewards an official with what he wants, he will commit it even under the heaviest penalties. When integrity costs an official what he wants, he may refuse to act even when rewards are generous. When the throne rewarded ruthlessness and subordinates got what they coveted, how difficult could it have been to obtain honest officials! Men such as Yanguang served under a regime of harsh scrutiny and a reckless emperor, yet they remained fair-minded and ultimately practiced humane governance. Their lingering goodwill was remembered after death, and their reputation for mercy was enough to echo through generations yet to come. I therefore record their deeds in this chapter on upright officials. Liang Yanguang, whose courtesy name was Xiuzhi, came from Wushi in Anding commandery. His grandfather Mao had served as regional inspector of Qin and Hua under the Wei. His father Xian had been inspector of Xingzhou under the Zhou. As a boy Yanguang was unusually sharp and deeply dutiful; his father often told those close to him, "This child has real mettle and will restore our house." When he was seven, his father fell gravely ill, and the physician said the Five Minerals prescription could save him. At the time no amethyst could be found. Yanguang was frantic with worry and at a loss; then in the garden he noticed something unfamiliar, picked it up in wonder, and found it was amethyst. His kin were all astonished and took it as a response to his extraordinary filial devotion. Near the end of Western Wei's Datong era he entered the Imperial Academy, gained a modest grounding in the classics and histories, conducted himself with discipline, and never departed from propriety even in haste. He received his first appointment as Secretariat Gentleman at the age of seventeen. When the Zhou dynasty was founded he was promoted to Attendant Gentleman of the senior rank. Under Emperor Wu he rose through several posts to Junior Master of Transport, Lower Grandee. When his mother died he left office and mourned with a grief that exceeded ritual propriety. Before long he was recalled to duty; the emperor saw how wasted he had become, sighed at length, and repeatedly offered him consolation. He was later transferred to Junior Palace Scribe, Lower Grandee. During the Jiande era he served as Junior Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Lower Grandee. He accompanied the emperor in the conquest of Qi and, for his merit, was granted the privilege of an independent office and enfeoffed as Duke of Yangcheng with a fief of one thousand households. When Emperor Xuan came to the throne, Yanguang was appointed inspector of Huazhou, advanced to Duke of Huayang commandery with an additional five hundred households in his fief, and one son received the transferred title of Duke of Yangcheng. Soon afterward he was promoted to Grand General of the Upper Rank and transferred to Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Upper Grandee. He was soon appointed Pillar of the State and inspector of Qingzhou, but the emperor died before he could take up the post. When Emperor Gaozu founded the Sui dynasty, Yanguang was appointed inspector of Qizhou and concurrently overseer of the Qizhou palace establishment, with his fief increased by five hundred households to two thousand in all. His benevolent rule was remarkable; within the prefecture appeared auspicious grain with conjoined stalks. When the emperor visited Qizhou and was pleased with his performance, he issued an edict: "Rewards encourage virtue and also teach the people by example. Yanguang's conduct is upright, his judgment far-sighted; in governing Qi he has won both respect and affection, and his reputation for integrity is known throughout the realm. In three years he will naturally be promoted; lest he be in want before then, it is fitting now to reward his excellence. Let him receive five hundred hu of grain, three hundred bolts of goods, and one imperial parasol, so that he may feel Our regard and strive ever harder to excel. Throughout the realm, every official should take him as a lofty peak to admire and a fresh breeze to stir his own resolve." Before long he was granted fifty thousand cash as well. Several years later he was transferred to inspector of Xiangzhou. At Qizhou, where the people were comparatively straightforward, he governed with quiet steadiness, transformed the entire prefecture, and ranked first in the realm in successive performance reports. When he took up office in the Xiang region, he governed by the same methods he had used at Qizhou. Ye was a place of mixed and shifting customs, and many of its people were cunning; they composed songs mocking him as unable to transform society. When the emperor heard of this, he rebuked Yanguang and ultimately dismissed him from office. More than a year later he was appointed inspector of Zhaozhou and said to the emperor, "When I was disgraced at Xiangzhou, the people nicknamed me 'the Hat-wearing Cake. I had resigned myself to permanent disgrace and never expected Your Majesty to employ me again. I beg to be sent back to Xiangzhou so that I may change my methods, transform its customs, and repay Your Majesty's great kindness." The emperor agreed and reappointed him inspector of Xiangzhou. When the local bullies heard that Yanguang had asked to return, they all laughed at him. As soon as Yanguang took office he uncovered hidden crimes with uncanny precision; the crafty fled in secret, and the whole prefecture was stunned. After the fall of Qi, most gentry and scholar-officials had moved west of the passes; only artisans, merchants, and households of registered performers had been settled in the prefectural towns. As a result the populace had grown treacherous, rumors spread without cause, and lawsuits against officials multiplied in endless variation. Wishing to reform these abuses, Yanguang spent his official salary to invite eminent Confucian scholars from the east, founded a school in every district, and permitted instruction only in the classics of the sages. Each season he gathered the students and personally presided over their examinations. Students who studied diligently and showed exceptional promise were invited into the hall and served a proper meal; the rest sat in the corridor. Those who quarreled habitually or idled without progress were seated in the courtyard and given only coarse food. When students completed their studies and were ready for the tribute examinations, he held a farewell ceremony outside the city and provided them with travel funds. Thereafter everyone applied himself, and local customs were thoroughly transformed. A man of Fuyang named Jiao Tong was a heavy drinker who neglected his duties toward his parents and was sued by a younger cousin. Yanguang did not punish him but had him brought to the prefectural school and shown the Confucius temple. In the temple stood an image of Han Boyu, who did not flinch when his mother beat him because he grieved that she had grown weak, and wept before her; Tong was deeply moved, filled with sorrow and shame, and could hardly bear to look at himself. Yanguang admonished him and sent him home. He later reformed his ways and in the end became a respectable man. His transformation of the people through moral example was always of this kind. Officials and commoners alike were moved with gratitude, and lawsuits all but disappeared. Several years later he died in office at the age of sixty. He was posthumously honored with the titles of inspector of Ji, Ding, Qing, and Ying, and given the posthumous name Xiang. His son Wenqian succeeded him.
2
Wenqian was cultivated and gracious and bore his father's manner; as the legitimate son of an Upper Pillar of the State, he was granted the rank of Commissioner with Equal Status by precedent. He was appointed inspector of Shangzhou. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, he was transferred to inspector of Raozhou. After little more than a year he became governor of Poyang and was acclaimed the finest administrator in the realm. He was summoned to court and appointed Vice Minister of the Household. During the Liaodong campaign he served as Brave Attendant General and soon afterward concurrently supervised the Grand Treasury and the Palace Guard as their junior minister. The following year he again served as Brave Attendant General and as deputy commander of the Lulong Route army. When Yang Xuangan rebelled, his younger brother Xuanzong, a Brave Attendant General who had served under Wenqian, fled before word of the revolt arrived; Wenqian failed to notice, was sentenced to garrison duty at Guilin, and died there at the age of fifty-six.
3
使殿 西 使 滿 調 使 使
The younger son Wenrang was first enfeoffed as Duke of Yangcheng and later served as Soaring Hawk General. He followed Wei Xuan in attacking Yang Xuangan at the Eastern Capital, fought fiercely until he was killed, and was posthumously granted the title Grand Master for Discussion. Fan Shulue was a native of Chenliu. His father Huan had served the Wei as regional inspector of Southern Yanzhou and Marquis of Ayang. When the Gao clan seized power, he plotted to restore the dynasty and was executed by them. Shulue was still a child and was castrated, then assigned to serve in the palace directorate. He stood nine chi tall, possessed an uncommon spirit, and was regarded with suspicion by the Gao clan. Feeling unsafe, he fled west of the passes. The Zhou founding emperor took notice of him, valued his ability, and kept him at his side. He was soon appointed Area Commander and inherited his father's marquisate. When Grand Minister Yuwen Hu held power, Shulue was appointed Central Commandant. Shulue was resourceful and well versed in current affairs; Hu gradually entrusted him with authority over both palace and government affairs. He rose through several posts to General of Agile Cavalry and Opening of a Government Office with Protocol Equal to the Three Excellencies. After Hu was executed, Prince Xian of Qi appointed him Director of Parks and Gardens. Prince Xian had long wished to conquer the east of the mountains; Shulue repeatedly offered him military counsel, and the prince came to admire him greatly. When he followed Emperor Wu in the campaign against Qi, Shulue led elite troops and in every battle placed himself at the front of his men. For his merit he was promoted to Upper Opening of a Government Office and enfeoffed as Duke of Qingxiang with a fief of fourteen hundred households. He was appointed inspector of Bianzhou and gained a reputation for clarity and decisiveness. Under Emperor Xuan, when the Eastern Capital was built at Luoyang, Shulue's ingenuity won him appointment as Director of Construction, and the palace layout was entirely his design. The project was still unfinished when the emperor died. During Yu Chi's rebellion, Emperor Gaozu ordered Shulue to hold Daliang. When Jiong's general Yuwen Wei attacked, Shulue defeated and drove him away. For his merit he was appointed Grand General and again made inspector of Bianzhou. When Emperor Gaozu founded the Sui dynasty, Shulue was promoted to Grand General of the Upper Rank and enfeoffed as Duke of Anding commandery. He served several years in the prefecture and earned an outstanding reputation. Ye was known for shallow customs and was considered hard to govern; because Shulue's reputation preceded him, the court transferred him to Xiangzhou, where his administration ranked first in the realm. The emperor sent an imperial letter praising him, granted three hundred bolts of goods and five hundred shi of grain, and proclaimed the reward throughout the realm. The people composed a saying: "Wisdom without end—the Duke of Qingxiang. Above and below made upright—Fan of Anding. When he was summoned to serve as Minister of the Grand Granary, officials and commoners wept; together they erected a stele praising his benevolent rule. As Minister of the Grand Granary, he devised planting regulations that surprised everyone with their ingenuity. When the court faced unresolved questions that even the highest ministers could not settle, Shulue would adjudicate them. Though he lacked formal scholarly training, his judgments rested on sound instinct and quietly accorded with reason. The emperor relied on him heavily; Gao Jiong and Yang Su also treated him with respect. Although his title was Minister of the Grand Granary, he often supervised the affairs of the other chief ministers as well. He was rather extravagant by nature; every meal had to be lavish, with delicacies from land and sea. In the fourteenth year he accompanied the emperor to sacrifice at Mount Tai; when they reached Luoyang, the emperor ordered him to review the prisoners. He had prepared his report and was about to present it; early in the morning, as he reached the prison gate, he suddenly died in the saddle at the age of fifty-nine. The emperor mourned him at length, posthumously honored him as inspector of Bozhou, and gave him the posthumous name Xiang. Zhao Gui was a native of Luoyang in Henan. His father Su had served the Wei as Commandant of Justice. As a youth Gui loved learning and conducted himself with discipline. The Zhou Prince of Cai appointed him Recorder, and he became known for his austere integrity. He was transferred to Assistant Administrator of Weizhou. When Emperor Gaozu founded the dynasty, Gui was transferred to Vice Governor of Qizhou and earned a reputation for competence. Mulberries from his eastern neighbor's trees fell into his yard; Gui had them all gathered and returned, then told his sons, "I am not doing this for reputation. Things that do not come from one's own labor should never be taken from another. You should take this as your lesson. During four years in office his performance assessments ranked first every year. Commissioner Liang Zigong, Duke of Heyang, reported his excellence to the throne; Emperor Gaozu commended him, granted three hundred bolts of goods and three hundred shi of rice, and summoned him to court. The elders who came to see him off wept and said, "While you served as vice governor you would not accept even fire or water from the people, so we dare not send you off with wine. You are pure as water; please accept a cup of water as our farewell gift. Gui accepted it and drank. On reaching the capital, he was ordered to compile laws and administrative formats together with Niu Hong of Qizhang. Prince Wei Shuang was then overall commander of Yuanzhou; seeing that the prince was young and that Gui's reputation was excellent, the emperor appointed Gui his chief of staff. Traveling by night, his attendants' horses bolted into the fields and trampled the crops. Gui halted until dawn, found the owner of the damaged grain, paid compensation, and then continued on his way. When the officials and people of Yuanzhou heard of this, all reformed their conduct. Several years later he was transferred to inspector of Xiazhou, where he pacified the tribal peoples with notable kindness. He was soon transferred to chief clerk under the overall command of Shouzhou. The old Five-Gate Weir at Quepi had fallen into neglect and disrepair. Gui urged his officials to reopen thirty-six sluice gates, irrigate more than five thousand qing of farmland, and bring lasting benefit to the people. When his term ended he returned home and died there at the age of sixty-two. His sons Hong'an and Hongzhi both became well known. Fang Gongyi, whose courtesy name was Shenyan, was a native of Luoyang in Henan. His father Mo had been Minister of Personnel under the Qi. Gongyi was reserved and measured in temperament, possessed breadth of vision, and was skilled in governance. Under the Qi he received his first appointment as staff officer of an opening office and successively served as magistrate of Ping'en and governor of Jiyin, earning a reputation for competence in each post. When the Qi fell, he was left without appointment. He took part in Yu Chi's rebellion; when Jiong was defeated, Gongyi was dismissed and lived in retirement. Early in the Kaihuang era, Minister of Personnel Su Wei recommended him; appointed magistrate of Xinfeng, his administration ranked first among the capital districts. The emperor heard of this and commended him, granting four hundred bolts of goods, which Gongyi distributed among the poor. Soon afterward he was granted three hundred shi of rice, which he again used to aid the poor. When the emperor learned of this, he ordered him to stop. Whenever the magistrates of Yongzhou attended the monthly court audience, the emperor would call Gongyi forward and ask his counsel on governing the people. Su Wei recommended him again; he was promoted out of turn to chief of staff of Zezhou, achieved outstanding results, and was granted one hundred bolts of goods and a fine horse. Transferred to chief of staff of Dezhou, he served a little over a year before Lu Kai again reported that his administration was the finest in the realm. The emperor was deeply impressed and granted another hundred bolts, then told the envoys from the prefectures, "Men like Fang Gongyi, who devote themselves to the state's welfare and cherish my people—this is Heaven's blessing, not something my meager virtue alone could produce! I shall appoint him regional inspector at once. This is not for one prefecture alone—he should be the model for the entire realm, and all of you should learn from him. The emperor added, "Wherever Fang Gongyi serves, the people regard him as a parent. If I fail to reward such a man, Heaven and my ancestors will hold me accountable. Let all officials within and without the court understand my intent. An edict followed: "Fang Gongyi of Dezhou has governed at the local level and assisted two principalities with outstanding ability, distinguishing himself among his peers. In administering regulations and inspecting departments he has won universal approval; entrusted with a territorial command, his reputation and achievement are equally excellent. He is appointed Commissioner with Credentials for all military affairs of Haizhou and inspector of Haizhou. Before long, Erudite He Tuo of the National University accused Gongyi of being a partisan of Yu Chi and unfit for office, and charged Su Wei and Lu Kai with forming a faction to promote him improperly. The emperor was furious; Gongyi was convicted and sentenced to garrison duty in Lingnan. He was soon recalled to the capital but fell ill and died at Hongzhou on the way. Commentators still regard his case as a grave injustice. Gongsun Jingmao, whose courtesy name was Yuanwei, came from Fucheng in Hejian commandery. Tall and imposing in appearance, he loved learning as a youth and gained a broad knowledge of the classics and histories. Under the Wei he was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt, ranked first in the civil examination, and served as chief clerk to the Prince of Xiangcheng and concurrently acting staff officer. Promoted to Erudite of the Grand Ceremonial, he revised many ritual texts, and contemporaries called him a walking library. He later served as magistrate of Gaotang and rectifier of the Grand Court of Justice, earning a reputation for ability in each post. After the fall of Qi, Emperor Wu of Zhou summoned him, was impressed in conversation, and appointed him governor of Jibei. He left office to mourn his mother.
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祿 殿 宿 使 便 西 使 使 使 輿 滿 使 宿 使 使 使
Early in the Kaihuang era he was summoned to court, consulted on methods of governance, and appointed governor of Runan. When the commandery was abolished, he was transferred to chief of staff of Caozhou. After several years in office he requested retirement on grounds of age and illness, but a gracious edict refused permission. He was soon transferred to inspector of Xizhou, where his laws were clear and tranquil and moral transformation flourished. During the campaign to pacify Chen, conscripts on the march who fell ill were aided from Jingmao's salary: he provided gruel, soup, and medicine, saving thousands of lives. The emperor commended him and ordered his deed proclaimed throughout the realm. In the fifteenth year the emperor visited Luoyang; Jingmao had an audience at the age of seventy-seven. The emperor had him ascend the hall and take a seat, then asked his age. Jingmao answered truthfully. The emperor pitied his age and sighed at length. Jingmao bowed twice and said, "Lü Wang met King Wen at eighty; I, past seventy, have met Your Majesty." The emperor was delighted and granted three hundred bolts of goods. An edict declared: "Jingmao has cultivated himself without decline in old age; as a pastoral governor he has transformed the people, and his reputation and achievements are outstanding. In the year-end assessment he ranks first; he should be advanced in military rank and promoted in territorial office. He is appointed Upper Commissioner with Equal Protocol to the Three Excellencies and inspector of Yizhou. The following year he was recalled because of illness; officials and commoners wept along the road. When he recovered, he again requested retirement, was again refused, and was transferred to inspector of Daozhou. He spent his entire salary buying calves, chickens, and pigs to distribute to orphans and the destitute who could not support themselves. He liked to tour alone on horseback, visiting every household to inspect the people's livelihoods. Those who had improved their estates he praised publicly at the seasonal assembly. If there were faults, he corrected them through private instruction rather than public exposure. Thereafter the people practiced mutual courtesy and shared what they had; men helped one another in the fields and women worked together at the loom. In large villages of several hundred households, people conducted their affairs as one family. Later he asked to retire from office, and the emperor graciously granted his request. During the Renshou era, Duke Shangming Yang Ji traveled to Hebei, found Jingmao still vigorous in old age, and reported this to the throne on his return. He was then appointed inspector of Zizhou, granted a carriage, and sent directly to his post. In every post he held, his administration was benevolent, and commentators hailed him as an exemplary pastoral governor. Early in the Daye era he died in office at the age of eighty-seven. He was given the posthumous name Kang. On the day he died, thousands of officials and commoners from many prefectures came to mourn; those who could not reach the burial wept toward his tomb and departed after offering sacrifices in the open countryside. Xin Gongyi was a native of Didao in Longxi commandery. His grandfather Hui had served the Wei as regional inspector of Xuzhou. His father Jiqing had been inspector of Qingzhou. Orphaned early, Gongyi was raised by his mother, who personally taught him the classics. During the Zhou Tianhe and Zhonghe eras he was selected as an Imperial Academy student from a respectable family and became known for his tireless diligence. Under Emperor Wu he was summoned to the Dew Gate Academy to study moral doctrine. Each month he debated the classics before the emperor with eminent scholars, repeatedly won the emperor's admiration, and was envied by his peers. At the beginning of the Jiande era he was appointed Herald of the middle rank. He followed the campaign to pacify Qi and rose through several posts to Director of Governance, Upper Rank, and Sweeping the Barbarians General. When Emperor Gaozu served as chancellor, Gongyi was appointed Palace Scribe of the upper rank and took part in confidential state affairs. He was appointed Vice Minister of Guests, acted as Palace Scribe Attendant, and was enfeoffed as Baron of Anyang with a fief of two hundred households. Whenever envoys from Chen came to court, he was regularly ordered to receive and entertain them. He was transferred to Vice Minister of the Transport Bureau and sent to Jiangling to pacify the borderlands. In the seventh year he was sent to inspect the horse pastures and recovered more than one hundred thousand horses. Emperor Gaozu said with delight, "Only my Gongyi serves the state with his whole heart." He followed the army in the conquest of Chen and, for his merit, was appointed inspector of Minzhou. The local custom feared disease: when one person fell ill, the entire household fled; fathers, sons, husbands, and wives refused to care for one another, and filial duty was abandoned—so many of the sick died. Gongyi was distressed by this and wished to change the custom. He dispatched officials throughout his jurisdiction to bring every sick person on a litter to the main hall of his office. During summer epidemics the sick sometimes numbered in the hundreds, filling every hall and corridor. Gongyi set up a couch among them and sat there alone day and night, conducting official business in their midst. He spent his entire salary on medicine and physicians, personally urged the patients to eat, and when all had recovered he summoned their families and said, "Life and death are ordained by fate and have nothing to do with contagion. You abandoned them before—that is why they died. Now I sit and sleep among the sick; if disease were contagious, how could I remain alive—yet the sick have all recovered! Do not believe such nonsense again." The families of the sick departed ashamed and grateful. Thereafter the sick rushed to the commissioner; those without family he kept and cared for himself. Mutual care took root, the old custom vanished, and throughout the prefecture he was called the Loving Mother. Later, as inspector of Mouzhou, he went straight to the prison on taking office, sat in the open air beside the prisoners, and personally examined each case. Within a fortnight he had disposed of every case, and only then returned to the main hall. For new lawsuits he kept no written records; he sent one assistant to sit beside him and conduct the inquiry. If a case required detention, Gongyi slept in the main hall and never returned to his private quarters. Someone urged him, "These matters have their proper schedule—why torment yourself so! He replied, "An inspector without virtue to guide his people still keeps them in prison—how can I detain people in jail and feel at ease?" When the prisoners heard this, they all confessed willingly. When someone later wished to sue, the village elders would say to one another, "This is a trifling matter—how can we trouble the commissioner for it?" Most disputes ended with both parties yielding to each other. At that time heavy rains afflicted the east; from Chen and Ru to the coast all suffered flooding. Though his territory lay amid the flooded regions, it alone suffered no damage. Yellow silver was found in the mountains, and he presented it to the throne. The emperor ordered Lou Ce of the Water Bureau to pray with Gongyi. Then music of metal, stone, silk, and bamboo was heard in the air. He was subsequently appointed Promotion and Demotion Commissioner of the Yangzhou circuit. Prince Jian of Yuzhang, fearing that officials in his domain might break the law, ordered them placed under Gongyi's authority before Gongyi entered the prefecture. Gongyi replied, "In carrying out my commission I dare show no favoritism." When he reached Yangzhou he spared no offender, and Prince Jian bore a grudge. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, Yangzhou chief clerk Wang Hong entered court as Attendant at the Yellow Gate, denounced Gongyi's faults, and Gongyi was dismissed. Officials and commoners crowded the palace gate to plead his innocence without cease. Several years later the emperor realized his error and appointed him Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. He entered mourning for his mother. Before long he was recalled as Metropolitan Censor and inspecting Brave Attendant General of the Right Imperial Guard. He followed a campaign and died at Liucheng commandery at the age of sixty-two. His son was Rong.
5
Liu Jian, Guo Xuan, and Jing Su.
6
涿 使
Liu Jian, whose courtesy name was Daoyue, came from Jie in Hedong commandery. His grandfather Yuanzhang had served the Wei as Metropolitan Rectifier of Sizhou and regional inspector of Xiang and Hua. His father Yu had been magistrate of Wenxi under the Zhou. Jian possessed breadth of character and lived in austere integrity; his neighbors respected him, and even close acquaintances dared not treat him familiarly. Under the Zhou he served as Herald of the upper rank and Metropolitan Baron, Grandee. When Emperor Gaozu founded the dynasty, Jian was promoted to Vice Minister of the Water Bureau and enfeoffed as Earl of Shuaidao. Soon afterward he was appointed governor of Guanghan and earned a strong reputation for competence. The commandery was soon abolished. When Emperor Gaozu had just secured the realm and was selecting able administrators for the provinces, Jian's reputation for benevolent and enlightened rule won him appointment as inspector of Pengzhou. He disposed of lawsuits in the courtyard without written records, relying on restrained assistants and his own calm judgment. His prison held no long-term detainees. Prince Xiu of Shu, then stationed in Yizhou, reported his excellence to the throne, and Jian was transferred to inspector of Qiongzhou. During more than ten years in office, the tribal peoples were pleased and submitted to him. When Prince Xiu of Shu fell from favor, Jian was dismissed for having associated with him. Returning home in a worn cart with lean horses, his wife and children poorly clothed and fed, all who saw him admired his integrity. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, Jian was summoned to court. At that time provincial governors appointed for military merit all held military credentials; only Jian had risen through civil administration. The emperor commended his record, specially granted him the title Grand Master for Dispersing Affairs, appointed him governor of Honghua, granted one hundred bolts of goods, and sent him to his post. Jian's integrity grew ever stricter. When he came to court and all the prefectures were assembled, the emperor asked Supervisor Su Wei and Minister of Personnel Niu Hong, "Who among them has the finest reputation for integrity in the realm? Wei and the others named Jian. Asked who ranked next, Wei named Guo Xuan, assistant of Zhuo commandery, and Jing Su, assistant of Yingchuan commandery. The emperor granted Jian two hundred bolts of silk and Xuan and Su each one hundred bolts. He ordered the envoys from throughout the realm to escort them home in honor of their distinction. Commentators praised the emperor's judgment. Near the end of the Daye era, rebels rose everywhere and repeatedly attacked his territory. Jian won over the people and tribes; none deserted him, and he preserved his territory to the end. When the righteous armies reached Chang'an and installed Emperor Gong, Jian and garrison commander Li Can dressed in mourning at the prefectural seat and wept toward the south. He soon returned to the capital; the chancellor granted him three hundred bolts of goods and appointed him Grand General of the Upper Rank on the spot. A little over a year later he died at home at the age of eighty-nine.
7
涿 涿 涿
Guo Xuan was a native of Anyi in Hedong commandery. His family had always been poor. He began as a Secretariat clerk, later earned the rank of Commissioner with Equal Status through military merit, and served as chief of staff or chief clerk in several prefectures, earning a reputation for ability in each. Early in the Daye era, Minister of Punishments Yuwen Bi toured Hebei and took Xuan as his deputy. When Emperor Yang planned the Liaodong campaign, Zhuo commandery was a strategic point, and he sought a capable administrator. Hearing of Xuan's administrative ability, the emperor appointed him assistant of Zhuo commandery, and officials and commoners alike were pleased. Several years later he was promoted to administrator and concurrently served as garrison commander. When bandits rose in the east, Xuan pursued them and captured many. While other commanderies fell apart, Zhuo alone remained intact. He later led troops against Dou Jiande at Hejian, was killed in battle, and officials and commoners mourned him for months without cease.
8
簿 使 涿 祿 使 殿 使 鹿 使 便 使 使使 滿
Jing Su, whose courtesy name was Hongjian, came from Puban in Hedong commandery. Known from youth for his integrity, he received his first appointment as prefectural chief clerk. Early in the Kaihuang era he served as magistrate of Anling, earned a reputation for ability, was promoted to chief of staff of Qinzhou, and transferred to chief clerk of Binzhou. During the Renshou era he served as chief of staff of Weizhou, achieving outstanding results in every post. When Emperor Yang came to the throne, he was transferred to assistant of Yingchuan commandery. On attending court at the Eastern Capital, the emperor ordered Metropolitan Censor Xue Daoheng to evaluate officials throughout the realm. Daoheng's evaluation read: "His heart is iron and stone; in old age he grows ever more steadfast. Yuwen Shu, the powerful Left Guard General whose home district lay in Yingchuan, often sent letters asking favors of Su. Su never opened them and always sent the messenger away with the letters unopened. When Shu's guests broke the law, he punished them without lenience. Shu therefore bore a grudge against him. In the eighth year, when he attended court at Zhuo, the emperor several times meant to promote the aged and renowned Su to governor, but each time Shu blocked it. Near the end of the Daye era he requested retirement, and a gracious edict granted it. On the day he left office his household had no surplus wealth. A little over a year later he died at home at the age of eighty. Liu Kuang's place of origin is unknown. Careful and generous by nature, he always met people with sincerity and forbearance. Early in the Kaihuang era he became magistrate of Pingxiang and rode alone to take up his post. When people came to sue one another, he calmly explained what was right, imposed no punishment, and sent each party away blaming himself. He used his salary to aid the poor. Moved by his moral influence, the people encouraged one another, saying, "With a magistrate like this, how could we do wrong! During seven years in office moral teaching flourished; the prison held no detainees, lawsuits ceased, weeds grew in the jail yard, and birds could be netted in the courtyard. When he left office, officials and commoners of every age wept along the road and escorted him for hundreds of li. Transferred to magistrate of Linying, he again ranked first in the realm for integrity and good government. Left Vice Director Gao Jiong reported his excellence; the emperor summoned him and said at their meeting, "Magistrates are many throughout the realm, yet you alone stand apart—truly admirable! Turning to his ministers, he said, "Without exceptional reward, how can we encourage others!" He then issued a gracious edict promoting Kuang to inspector of Juzhou. Wang Jia was a native of Zhangwu in Hejian commandery. At the end of the Kaihuang era he served as acting staff officer of Qizhou, initially without distinction. He was later assigned to escort more than seventy exiled prisoners, including Li Can, to the capital. Regulations required that exiles be transported in cangues and fetters. Stopping at Xingyang, Jia pitied their hardship and addressed them all: "You have violated the law and damaged moral teaching; wearing fetters is your due punishment. Yet you also burden the escort soldiers—should the people not feel ashamed? Li Can and the others thanked him. Jia said, "Though you broke the law, the cangues and fetters are cruel hardship. I wish to remove them; you will travel to the capital and assemble there on your own—can you keep the deadline? They all bowed and promised, "We will not fail you. Jia removed all their cangues, dismissed the escorts, and set a date: "You must reach the capital by then; if any of you flee, I will accept death in your place." He released them and went on his way. The exiles were delighted; they all arrived on time without a single defection. When the emperor heard of this he was astonished, summoned Jia, and praised him at length. He then summoned all the exiles with their wives and children, feasted them in the palace courtyard, and pardoned them. An edict followed: "All living beings endowed with spirit know good from evil and right from wrong. When met with utmost sincerity and clear guidance, customs will change and people will turn toward goodness. Formerly, when the realm was torn by chaos, moral teaching collapsed, officials lacked compassion, and the people turned crafty—hence lawsuits never ceased and society grew hard to govern. Having received Heaven's mandate, I seek to nurture my people, follow the sages' way, and transform them through virtue—this is my constant purpose. Jia deeply understood my intent and taught them with sincere heart. Li Can and the others were moved and presented themselves to the authorities of their own accord. Clearly the people of the realm are not hard to teach; it is officials who fail to instruct them, driving them into crime with no path to reform. If all officials were like Wang Jia and all people like Li Can, punishments could be set aside—how far off is that day!" Jia was then promoted to magistrate of Yong, where he earned a reputation for competent governance. Wei Deshen was originally from Julu. His grandfather Chong had served the Zhou as Grand Master of Punishments and regional inspector of Jianzhou, after which the family settled in Hongnong. His father Pi had been magistrate of Yulin. Deshen began as a mourning attendant for Emperor Wen, later served as clerk in Fengyi and Wuyang, and was promoted to magistrate of Guixiang for his ability. His rule was pure and tranquil; he governed effectively without harshness. During the Liaodong campaign, levies multiplied and envoys constantly pressed the commanderies and counties for fulfillment. Discipline had collapsed, officials took bribes everywhere, and the people could not bear the exactions. Only in Deshen's county did people share what they had, strength was not exhausted, every demand was met without disturbing the people, and the county was called a model of good order. When bandits rose everywhere, most cities in Wuyang fell, but Guixiang alone remained intact. Assistant Yuan Baocang was ordered to pursue bandits; whenever battles went badly and weapons were exhausted, he drafted the populace under military law—this happened repeatedly. Neighboring cities crowded all construction work into the government hall, with officials supervising one another day and night in noisy haste, yet still could not finish on time. Deshen asked each worker what task he preferred and let them proceed at will; his offices remained quiet, as if nothing were amiss. He only required that the work not exceed what other counties demanded, lest the people suffer undue hardship. Yet his subordinates gave their full effort, and his county consistently ranked first. Soon transferred to magistrate of Guantao, the officials and people of Guixiang wept together at the news, unable to speak through their tears. When he departed for his new post, the whole city saw him off, and the sound of weeping never ceased along the road. When he reached Guantao, old and young throughout the territory received him as they would their own parents. A cunning Outer Office Attendant named Zhao Junshi was deeply allied with Assistant Yuan Baocang; no previous magistrate had refused their orders. From the day Deshen arrived, Junshi secluded himself indoors and dared not venture out. Fugitives returned in crowds. The elders of Guixiang braved hardship to petition the throne to retain Deshen, and an edict granted their request. The elders of Guantao then sued at the commandery, claiming the Guixiang documents were fraudulent. The commandery could not decide the matter. When commissioners Wei Ji and Du Zheng arrived, both counties appealed to them, and the decision favored Guixiang. The officials and people of Guixiang celebrated in the streets. The people of Guantao wept throughout the territory, and several hundred households moved to Guixiang to live under him. Baocang deeply resented his ability. When Prince Tong of Yue levied troops in the commandery, Baocang ordered Deshen to lead one thousand men to the Eastern Capital. Soon afterward Baocang surrendered Wuyang to Li Mi. Deshen's troops were all from Wuyang; when their homeland joined the rebels, they went to the capital gate, faced east, wept for their kin, and turned back. Someone said to them, "Li Mi's army is at Jinyong, only twenty-odd li away. If you insist on returning, who can stop you—why torment yourselves so! They all wept and said, "We came with Magistrate Wei; we cannot abandon him—not because the road is hard!" Such was the devotion he inspired. He later fought the rebels and died in battle; the people of Guixiang and Guantao cherish his memory to this day.
9
At the time the magistrates Gao Shiheng of Liyang in Bohai, Liu Gao of Xiao in Pengcheng, and Liu Chi of Chenggao in Hongnong were all noted for their kindness. Near the end of the Daye era, when many officials were corrupt, Shiheng, Gao, and Chi maintained ever stricter integrity; moral teaching flourished, their prisons held no detainees, and officials and commoners alike praised them.
10
使使 滿
The historian comments: An old saying holds that those skilled with water guide it until it runs level, and those skilled at transforming people soothe them until they grow calm. When water runs level, the dikes are unharmed; when people are tranquil, they do not violate the law. Thus to change customs and shift public morals, to make people accept teaching and follow righteousness, does not depend on harsh scrutiny but on upright officials. Yanguang and the others all cherished integrity within and treated people with utmost sincerity; where they served they transformed society, and when they left they were missed. Jingmao's restraint of evil and promotion of good, Gongyi's care for the sick, Liu Kuang's moral transformation of his district, and Deshen's winning of people's hearts—even Xin Chen, Du Shi, Zheng Hun, and Zhu Yi could scarcely have matched them. The Odes says, "The gentle noble is the people's father and mother. This is no empty phrase! Gongyi's service was especially distinguished and repeatedly won the emperor's regard, yet for one past fault he was driven into exile on the roads—a pity! When Liu Jian left office his family lacked means to live; when Zhao Gui's term ended the people offered him only water as a farewell gift—how pure indeed!
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