Volume 110 Biographies 35: Zhu Yi Fan Jiang

史大柰，本西突厥特勒也，與處羅可汗入隋，事煬帝。從伐遼，積勞為金紫光祿大夫。後分其部於樓煩。

Shi Danai was a Western Turkish prince who entered Sui with Qaghan Chuluo and served under Emperor Yang. He took part in the Liaodong campaign and, for long service, was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. His people were later resettled at Loufan.

高祖興太原，大柰提其眾隸麾下。桑顯和戰飲馬泉，諸軍卻，大柰以勁騎數百背擊顯和，破之，軍遂振。授光祿大夫。從平長安，以多，賞帛五千匹，賜姓史。從秦王平薛舉、王世充、竇建德、劉黑闥，功殊等，積前後賜侍女三、雜彩萬段。貞觀初，擢累右武衛大將軍，檢校豐州都督，封竇國公，食封戶三百。卒，贈輔國大將軍。馮盎馮盎，字明達，高州良德人，本北燕馮弘裔孫。弘不能以國下魏，亡奔高麗，遣子業以三百人浮海歸晉。弘已滅，業留番禺，至孫融，事梁為羅州刺史。子寶，聘越大姓洗氏女為妻，遂為首領，授本郡太守，至盎三世矣。

When the founding emperor raised his banner at Taiyuan, Danai led his followers to enlist under him. When Sang Xianhe fought at Drink-Horse Spring and the army was driven back, Danai wheeled several hundred picked horsemen behind the enemy, broke Xianhe's line, and the force rallied. He received the title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. After Chang'an was taken, his numerous merits earned him five thousand bolts of silk and the imperial surname Shi. Serving under the Prince of Qin against Xue Ju, Wang Shichong, Dou Jiande, and Liu Heita, he outstripped every other officer; over these campaigns he was showered with three palace women and ten thousand lengths of brocade. Early in Zhenguan he rose through successive posts to General-in-Chief of the Right Martial Guards and acting governor of Fengzhou, was enfeoffed Duke of the State of Dou, and drew three hundred households. He died and was given the posthumous rank General-in-Chief Assisting the State. Feng Ang, whose style name was Mingda, came from Liangde in Gaozhou and was descended from Feng Hong of Northern Yan. Unable to bend his kingdom to Wei, Hong fled to Goguryeo and sent his son Ye with three hundred followers across the sea to Jin. When Hong's line was destroyed, Ye stayed at Panyu; by his grandson Rong the clan served Liang as prefect of Luozhou. Bao took a wife from the great Yue clan Xi, became the local chieftain, and was made prefect of the commandery—by Ang's day the family had led the region for three generations.

隋仁壽初，盎為宋康令，潮、成等五州獠叛，盎馳至京師，請討之。文帝詔左僕射楊素與論賊形勢，素奇之，曰：「不意蠻夷中乃生是人！」即詔盎發江、嶺兵擊賊，平之，拜漢陽太守。從煬帝伐遼東，遷左武衛大將軍。隋亡，奔還嶺表，嘯署酋領，有眾五萬。番禺、新興名賊高法澄、洗寶徹等受林士弘節度，殺官吏，盎率兵破之。寶徹兄子曰智臣，復聚兵拒戰，盎進討，兵始合，輒釋胄大呼曰：「若等識我耶？」眾委戈，袒而拜，賊遂潰，擒寶徹、智臣等，遂有番禺、蒼梧、硃崖地，自號總管。或說盎曰：「隋季崩蕩，海內震騷，唐雖應運，而風教未孚，嶺越無所系屬。公克平二十州，地數千里，名位未正，請南越王號。」盎曰：吾居越五世矣，牧伯惟我一姓，子女玉帛吾有也，人生富貴，如我希矣。常恐忝先業，尚自王哉？」

Early in Emperor Wen's Renshou era, while Ang was magistrate of Songkang, the Liao of five prefectures including Chao and Cheng rose in revolt; he raced to the capital and asked to lead the campaign against them. Emperor Wen had Left Vice Director Yang Su discuss the rebels' disposition with him. Su was astonished and said, "To think such a man could arise among the frontier peoples!" He then ordered Ang to raise troops from the river and Lingnan regions, crushed the rebels, and made him Grand Warden of Hanyang. He accompanied Emperor Yang against Liaodong and was promoted to General-in-Chief of the Left Martial Guards. After Sui collapsed he returned to Lingnan, gathered the tribal chiefs under his banner, and mustered fifty thousand men. Notorious outlaws of Panyu and Xinxing—Gao Facheng, Xi Baochi, and others—served under Lin Shihong, murdered officials, and Ang routed them at the head of his army. Baochi's nephew Zhichen rallied another force to fight back. As the armies met, Ang doffed his helmet and cried, "Do you know who I am?" The men dropped their weapons, bared their chests, and prostrated themselves; the enemy broke and fled. He seized Baochi, Zhichen, and the rest, took Panyu, Cangwu, and Zhuya, and proclaimed himself regional commander. Someone advised him: "The Sui order has crumbled and the empire is in uproar. Tang may have Heaven's mandate, but its civilizing sway is not yet settled, and the Lingnan peoples have no lord to follow. You have pacified twenty prefectures across thousands of li, yet your title is unsettled. Take the name King of Southern Yue. Ang replied: "My family has ruled Yue for five generations; we alone remain among the great lords of the south. I already have children, jade, and silk. Few men ever enjoy wealth and rank like mine." I already fear failing my forebears' legacy—how could I crown myself king?"

武德五年，始以地降，高祖析為高、羅、春、白、崖、儋、林、振八州，授盎上柱國、高州總管，封越國公。拜其子智戴為春州刺史，智彧為東合州刺史。盎徙封耿。貞觀初，或告盎叛，盎舉兵拒境。太宗詔右武衛將軍藺暮發江淮甲卒將討之，魏征諫曰：「天下初定，創夷未復，大兵之余，疫癘方作，且王者兵不宜為蠻夷動，勝之不武，不勝為辱。且盎不及未定時略州縣，搖遠夷，今四海已平，尚何事？反未狀，當懷之以德，盎懼，必自來。」帝乃遣散騎常侍韋叔諧喻盎，盎遣智戴入侍。帝曰：「征一言，賢於十萬眾。」時暮兵已出，欲遂有功，遣副將上盎可擊狀，帝不許，罷之。

In Wude year five he surrendered his lands. The founding emperor carved out eight prefectures—Gao, Luo, Chun, Bai, Ya, Dan, Lin, and Zhen—made Ang Pillar of State and regional commander of Gaozhou, and enfeoffed him Duke of Yue. His sons Zhidai and Zhiyu were made prefects of Chunzhou and Donghezhou respectively. Ang's enfeoffment was moved to the state of Geng. Early in Zhenguan he was accused of rebellion and mobilized his forces along the border. Taizong ordered General Lin Mu to march Jiang-Huai troops against him. Wei Zheng objected: "The empire is barely pacified, the people are still recovering, and plague follows on the heels of war. A Son of Heaven should not march his armies for a frontier chieftain—victory would bring no glory, defeat only disgrace. Ang never seized commanderies while the realm was in chaos or stirred distant tribes. With the empire now at peace, what cause could he have? There is no clear proof of revolt. Win him with kindness—once he grows afraid, he will come in person." The emperor sent Regular Attendant Wei Shuxie to reason with him; Ang dispatched Zhidai to serve at court. The emperor said, "One word from Zheng is worth more than a hundred thousand soldiers." Mu's army was already in the field. Eager for a victory, he sent a deputy urging an attack, but the emperor refused and ordered the campaign halted.

五年，盎來朝，宴賜甚厚。俄而羅、竇諸洞獠叛，詔盎率眾二萬為諸軍先鋒。賊據險不可攻，盎持弩語左右曰：「矢盡，勝負可知矣。」發七矢斃七人，賊退走，盎縱兵乘之，斬首千余級。帝詔智戴還慰省，賞予不可計，奴婢至萬人。盎善為治，閱簿最，擿奸伏，得民歡心。卒，贈左驍衛大將軍、荊州都督。

In year five he came to court and was feasted and rewarded with exceptional generosity. Soon the cave peoples of Luo and Dou rose in revolt, and he was ordered to lead twenty thousand men as the army's vanguard. The enemy held impassable ground. Ang raised his crossbow and told his men, "When our bolts are gone, we will know how this fight ends." He fired seven bolts and dropped seven men. The rebels fled; he drove his troops after them and took more than a thousand heads. The emperor sent Zhidai back to comfort him with rewards beyond reckoning, including as many as ten thousand servants. Ang governed well—reviewing registers, exposing hidden crimes, and winning the people's affection. He died and was posthumously honored as General-in-Chief of the Left Valiant Cavalry and governor of Jingzhou.

子三十人，智戴知名，勇而有謀，能撫眾，得士死力，酋師皆樂屬之。嘗隨父至洛陽，統本部銳兵宿衛。煬帝弒，引其下逃歸。時盜賊多，嶺嶠路絕，智戴轉戰而前。至高源，俚帥脅為謀主，會盎至，智戴得與盎俱去。後入朝，帝勞賜加等，授衛尉少卿。聞其善兵，指雲問曰：「下有賊，今可擊乎？」對曰：「雲狀如樹，方辰在金，金利木柔，擊之勝。」帝奇其對。累遷左武衛將軍。卒，贈洪州都督。

He had thirty sons. Zhidai was the best known—bold and shrewd, he could rally the people and win men who would die for him; every chieftain was glad to serve under him. He once accompanied his father to Luoyang and led their picked warriors in palace guard service. After Emperor Yang was murdered, he led his followers home. Bandits swarmed the region and the Lingnan passes were blocked; Zhidai fought through them step by step. At Gaoyuan a Li chieftain pressed him into service as adviser; when Ang came up, Zhidai rejoined his father and they left together. He later came to court, was commended with extra gifts, and was made Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Stud. Learning of his military skill, the emperor pointed at the clouds and asked, "There are rebels down there—should we strike now?" He answered, "The clouds look like trees, and the hour belongs to Metal. Metal cuts Wood—attack and you will win." The emperor was struck by his answer. He rose through successive posts to General of the Left Martial Guards. He died and was posthumously made governor of Hongzhou.

盎族人子猷，以豪俠聞。貞觀中，入朝，載金一舸自隨。高宗時，遣御史許瓘視其貲。瓘至洞，子猷不出迎，後率子弟數十人，擊銅鼓、蒙排，執瓘而奏其罪。帝馳遣御史楊璟驗訊。璟至，卑辭以結之，委罪於瓘。子猷喜，遺金二百兩、銀五百兩。璟不受。子猷曰：「君不取此，且留不得歸。」璟受之，還奏其狀，帝命納焉。阿史那社爾阿史那社爾，突厥處羅可汗之次子。年十一，以智勇聞。拜拓設，建牙磧北，與頡利子欲谷設分統鐵勒、回紇、仆骨、同羅諸部。處羅卒，哀毀如禮。治眾十年，無課斂。或勸厚賦以自奉，答曰：「部落豐余，於我足矣。」故首領鹹愛之。頡利數用兵，社爾諫，弗納。

Ang's kinsman Ziyou was famed for his swaggering courage. In the Zhenguan era he visited court with a whole boatload of gold. Under Emperor Gaozong the censor Xu Guan was dispatched to examine his holdings. When Guan reached the district, Ziyou refused to greet him. Later he led dozens of kinsmen, beat bronze drums and raised shields, seized Guan, and accused him of crimes. The emperor hurriedly sent Censor Yang Jing to investigate. Jing arrived, spoke humbly to placate him, and shifted the blame onto Guan. Delighted, Ziyou gave him two hundred taels of gold and five hundred of silver. Jing refused the gifts. Ziyou said, "If you refuse this, you will not leave alive." Jing took the gifts, reported what had happened, and the emperor ordered them deposited in the treasury. Ashina She'er was the second son of the Türk qaghan Chuluo. By eleven he was already known for wit and bravery. Made a Tuo She, he set up his camp north of the desert and, with Elli's son Yugu She, shared command over the Tiele, Uyghur, Pugu, Tongluo, and other tribes. When Chuluo died, he observed mourning with full ritual propriety. For ten years he ruled his people without imposing levies. When others urged heavy taxes for his own comfort, he said, "The tribes are prosperous—that is enough for me." For this every chieftain held him in affection. Elli waged war again and again; She'er protested, but his counsel was ignored.

貞觀元年，鐵勒、回紇、薛延陀等叛，敗欲谷設於馬獵山，社爾助擊之，弗勝。明年，將余眾西保可汗浮圖城。會頡利滅，西突厥統葉護又死，奚利必咄陸可汗與泥孰爭國，社爾引兵襲之，得其半國，有眾十余萬，乃自號都布可汗。謂諸部曰：「始為亂破吾國者，延陀也，今我據西方，而不平延陀，是忘先可汗，非孝也。事脫不勝，死無恨。」酋長皆曰：「我新得西方，須留撫定。今直棄之，遠擊延陀，延陀未擒，葉護子孫將復吾國。」社爾不從，選騎五萬，討延陀磧北，連兵十旬，士苦其久，稍潰去。延陀縱擊，大敗之，乃走保高昌，眾才萬人，又與西突厥不平，由是率眾內屬。

In Zhenguan year one the Tiele, Uyghur, and Xueyantuo rebelled and routed Yugu She at Malie Mountain. She'er joined the counterattack but was beaten. The following year he led the survivors west to hold Fotu, the qaghan's stronghold. Elli fell, the Western Türk qaghan Tong Yehu died, and Xilibi Duolu and Nishu fought for the throne. She'er attacked, seized half the realm, mustered more than a hundred thousand men, and proclaimed himself Qaghan Dubu. He told the tribes, "The Xueyantuo were the first to rebel and break our realm. I hold the west now; if I do not subdue them I forget my forebears' qaghan—where is the filial duty in that? If we fail, I will die without regret." The chiefs all said, "We have only just taken the west; we must stay to secure it. If we abandon it now and march far to fight the Xueyantuo, Yehu's line will reclaim our realm before we ever capture them." She'er refused. He chose fifty thousand horsemen and marched north of the desert against the Xueyantuo. After a hundred days of fighting the men wearied and began to slip away. The Xueyantuo counterattacked and crushed him. He fled to Gaochang with only ten thousand men left. At odds with the Western Turks as well, he led his people to submit to Tang.

十年入朝，授左驍衛大將軍，處其部於靈州。詔尚衡陽長公主，為駙馬都尉，典衛屯兵。十四年，以交河道行軍總管平高昌，諸將鹹受賞，社爾以未奉詔，秋毫不敢取，見別詔，然後受，又所取皆老弱陳弊。太宗美其廉，賜高昌寶鈿刀、雜彩千段，詔檢校北門左屯營，封畢國公。從征遼東，中流矢，揠去復戰，所部奮厲，皆有功。還，擢兼鴻臚卿。

In year ten he came to court, was made General-in-Chief of the Left Valiant Cavalry, and his tribe was resettled at Lingzhou. He was given the Princess of Chang of Hengyang in marriage, made Chief Commandant Escorting the Emperor's Carriage, and put in charge of the guard encampments. In year fourteen, as commander of the Jiaohe campaign he conquered Gaochang. Other generals took their spoils, but She'er had no edict and would not touch a thing until a separate order arrived—and then he took only the old, weak, and worthless. Taizong commended his integrity, gave him a jeweled Gaochang blade and a thousand lengths of brocade, made him inspector of the North Gate Left Garrison, and enfeoffed him Duke of Bi. On the Liaodong campaign he took an arrow, pulled it out, and returned to the fight; his men fought with such fury that all earned distinction. After his return he was also made Minister of Guests.

二十一年，以昆丘道行軍大總管與契爾何力、郭孝恪、楊弘禮、李海岸等五將軍發鐵勒十三部及突厥騎十萬討龜茲。師次西突厥，擊處蜜、處月，敗之。入自焉耆西，兵出不意，龜茲震恐。進屯磧石，伊州刺史韓威以千騎先進，右驍衛將軍曹繼叔次之。至多褐城，其王率眾五萬拒戰。威陽卻，王悉兵逐北，威與繼叔合，殊死戰，大破之。社爾因拔都城，王輕騎遁。社爾留孝恪守，自率精騎追躡，行六百里。王據大撥換城，嬰險自固。社爾攻凡四十日，入之，擒其王，並下五大城。遣左衛郎將權祗甫徇諸酋長，示禍福，降者七十余城，宣諭威信，莫不歡服。刻石紀功而還。因說於闐王入朝，王獻馬畜三百餉軍，西突厥、焉耆、安國皆爭犒師。孝恪之在軍，床帷器用多飾金玉，以遺社爾，社爾不受。帝聞，曰：「二將優劣，不復問人矣。」帝崩，請以身殉，衛陵寢，高宗不許。遷右衛大將軍。永徽六年卒，贈輔國大將軍、并州都督，陪葬昭陵，治冢象蔥山，謚曰元。

In year twenty-one, as grand commander of the Kunqiu campaign, he joined Qibi Heli, Guo Xiaoke, Yang Hongli, and Li Hai'an in leading the thirteen Tiele tribes and a hundred thousand Türk cavalry against Kucha. The army halted in Western Türk territory, struck Chumi and Chuyue, and routed them. They entered west of Yanqi where no one expected an army; Kucha was struck with terror. They advanced to Qishi. Han Wei of Yizhou led a thousand horsemen ahead, with General Cao Jishu of the Right Valiant Cavalry behind. At Duohe City the king met them with fifty thousand men. Han Wei feigned retreat; the king threw his whole army in pursuit. Wei joined Cao Jishu, fought to the death, and shattered the enemy. She'er then took the capital while the king fled on a swift horse. She'er left Guo Xiaoke to hold the city and rode after the king with picked cavalry for six hundred li. The king barricaded himself in Great Bo City, trusting the rugged terrain. She'er besieged it for forty days, broke in, seized the king, and captured five great cities besides. He sent Colonel Quan Zhifu among the chiefs to show them reward and ruin; more than seventy cities submitted. His proclamation of Tang authority won universal glad obedience. He carved a stone monument to his victory and marched home. He then persuaded the king of Khotan to visit the court. The king sent three hundred horses and herds as provisions for the army, and the Western Turks, Yanqi, and Anxi all rushed to present gifts to the troops. In camp, Xiaoke's bedding and furnishings were lavishly trimmed in gold and jade, which he tried to give to She'er, but She'er refused them. When the emperor heard of it, he said, "I need ask no one else which of the two generals is the better man. When the emperor died, he asked to die in his service and guard the imperial tomb, but Emperor Gaozong refused. He was promoted to grand general of the Right Guard. He died in the sixth year of Yonghui (655). Posthumously he was made Supporting-the-State grand general and military governor of Bingzhou, buried at Zhaoling, with a tomb built to resemble Mount Cong; his posthumous title was Yuan.

子道真，歷左屯衛大將軍。咸亨初，為邏娑道副大總管，與薛仁貴討吐蕃以援吐谷渾，為論欽陵所敗，盡失其兵。詔有司問狀，免死為民。阿史那忠阿史那忠者，字義節，蘇尼失子也。資清謹。以功擢左屯衛將軍，尚宗室女定襄縣主，始詔姓獨著史。居父喪，哀慕過人。會立阿史那思摩為突厥可汗，以忠為左賢王。及出塞，不樂，見使者必泣，請入侍，許焉。封薛國公，擢右驍衛大將軍。宿衛四十八年，無纖隙，人比之金日磾卒，贈鎮軍大將軍，謚曰貞，陪葬昭陵。執失思力執失思力，突厥酋長也。貞觀中，護送隋蕭後入朝，授左領軍將軍。會頡利敗，太宗令思力諭降渾、斛薩部落，稍親近。帝逐兔苑中，思力諫曰：「陛下為四海父母，乃自輕，臣竊殆之。」帝異其言。後復逐鹿，思力脫巾帶固諫，帝為止。

His son Daozhen rose to grand general of the Left Garrison Guard. Early in the Xianheng era (670) he served as deputy supreme commander on the Luosuo route. Marching with Xue Rengui against Tibet to rescue Tuyuhun, he was routed by Lun Qinling and lost his whole force. The court ordered an inquiry; he was spared execution and reduced to commoner status. Ashina Zhong, courtesy name Yijie, was the son of Ashina Sunishi. By nature he was upright and careful. For his achievements he was made general of the Left Garrison Guard and married the imperial clanswoman, Princess Dingxiang. An edict then required that only the surname Ashina appear in the histories. During mourning for his father, his grief exceeded that of ordinary men. When Ashina Simo was installed as Türk qaghan, Zhong was appointed Left Wise King. Once he crossed the frontier he was miserable; at the sight of any envoy he wept and pleaded to return to palace service, and the court agreed. He was created Duke of Xue and promoted to grand general of the Right Valiant Cavalry Guard. For forty-eight years he guarded the palace without a single fault; men likened him to Jin Midi. When he died he was posthumously made pacifying-the-army grand general, given the posthumous name Zhen, and buried at Zhaoling. Zhishi Sili was a Türk chieftain. During Zhenguan (627–649) he escorted the Sui empress Xiao to the capital and was made general of the Left Forward Army. After Jieli's defeat, Taizong sent Sili to persuade the Hun and Husai tribes to submit, and they gradually came closer to the court. While the emperor was hunting rabbits in the park, Sili admonished him: "Your Majesty is father and mother to the realm, yet you risk yourself—I fear for your safety. The emperor was struck by his words. When he went hunting deer again, Sili took off his cap and belt and pleaded urgently until the emperor gave up the chase.

及討遼東，詔思力屯金山道，領突厥扞薛延陀。延陀兵十萬寇河南，思力示羸，不與確，賊深入至夏州，乃整陣擊敗之，追躡六百里。會毘伽可汗死，耀兵磧北而歸。復從江夏王道宗破延陀余眾。與平吐谷渾。

During the Liaodong campaign he was ordered to hold the Jingshan route and command Türk troops against the Xueyantuo. When a hundred thousand Xueyantuo soldiers invaded south of the Yellow River, Sili played weak and refused a pitched battle until they had pushed deep to Xiazhou; he then formed his line, routed them, and chased them six hundred li. After Qaghan Pijia's death, he paraded his forces north of the desert and marched home. He again followed Prince Jiangxia, Li Daozong, in crushing the remnants of the Xueyantuo. He took part in the pacification of Tuyuhun.

詔尚九江公主，拜駙馬都尉，封安國公。坐交房遺愛，高宗以其戰多，赦不誅，流巂州。主請削封邑偕往。主前卒。龍朔中，以思力為歸州刺史，卒。麟德元年，復公主封邑，贈思力勝州都督，謚曰景。契苾何力契苾何力，鐵勒哥論易勿施莫賀可汗之孫。父葛，隋末為莫賀咄特勒，以地近吐谷渾，隘翾多癘暍，徙去熱海上。何力九歲而孤，號大俟利發。

He was married to Princess Jiujiang, made chief commandant of cavalry escort, and created Duke of Anguo. Convicted in the Fang Yi'ai conspiracy, he was spared execution because of his long record in war and exiled to Xizhou. The princess asked to forfeit part of her fief so she could accompany him into exile. She died before he did. During Longshuo (661–663) he was appointed prefect of Guizhou, where he died. In 664 the princess's fief was restored. Sili was posthumously made military governor of Shengzhou, with the posthumous name Jing. Qibi Heli was a grandson of the Tiele qaghan Gelun Yiwushi Mohe. His father Ge served as tegin of Moheduo in late Sui. Their territory bordered Tuyuhun, where narrow passes bred plague and heatstroke, so the clan migrated beyond the Hot Sea. Heli lost his father at nine and took the title Great Sijifa.

貞觀六年，與母率眾千余詣沙州內屬，太宗處其部於甘、涼二州，擢何力左領軍將軍。九年，與李大亮、薛萬徹、萬均討吐谷渾於赤水川。萬均率騎先進，為賊所包，兄弟皆中創墮馬，步鬥，士死十七八。何力馳壯騎，冒圍奮擊，虜披靡去。是時吐谷渾王伏允在突淪川，何力欲襲之，萬均懲前敗，以為不可。何力曰：「賊無城郭，逐薦草美水以為生，不乘其不虞，正恐鳥驚魚駭，後無以窺其巢穴。」乃閱精騎千余，直搗其牙，斬首數千級，獲橐駝、馬、牛、羊二十余萬，俘其妻子，伏允挺身免。有詔勞軍於大鬥拔谷。萬均恥名出其下，乃排何力，引功自名。何力不勝憤，挺刀起，將殺之，諸將勸止。

In 632 he and his mother led over a thousand followers to Shazhou to submit. Taizong resettled the tribe in Gan and Liang prefectures and made Heli general of the Left Forward Army. In 635 he joined Li Daliang, Xue Wanche, and Xue Wan Jun in campaigning against Tuyuhun on the Chishui River. Wan Jun led the cavalry ahead and was surrounded. Both brothers were wounded and thrown from their horses; fighting on foot, they lost seven or eight men in ten. Heli charged in with picked horsemen, broke the encirclement, and drove the enemy off in rout. The Tuyuhun king Fuyun was then at Tuling River. Heli wanted to attack him, but Wan Jun, chastened by his earlier defeat, said it could not be done. Heli said, "These enemies have no walled towns; they live by following pasture and water. Unless we catch them off guard, we will only scatter them like startled birds and fish, and never find their lairs again. He then mustered over a thousand elite horsemen and struck straight at the royal camp. They took several thousand heads, seized more than two hundred thousand camels, horses, cattle, and sheep, captured the king's family, and Fuyun alone escaped. An edict ordered the army rewarded at Great Douba Valley. Ashamed to rank below Heli, Wan Jun sidelined him and claimed the victory for himself. Heli, furious beyond bearing, drew his sword to kill him, but the other generals restrained him.

及還，帝責謂其故，何力具言萬均敗狀。帝怒，將解其官授何力。何力頓首曰：「以臣而解萬均官，恐四夷聞者，謂陛下重夷輕漢，則誣告益多。又夷狄無知，謂漢將皆然，非示遠之義。」帝重其言，乃止。有詔宿衛北門，檢校屯營事，尚臨洮縣主。十四年，為蔥山道副大總管，與討高昌，平之。

After their return the emperor questioned him sharply; Heli gave a full account of Wan Jun's failures. The emperor was furious and prepared to remove Wan Jun from office and give his post to Heli. Heli kowtowed and said, "If you dismiss Wan Jun because of me, the frontier peoples may think you favor barbarians over Han officers, and slander will only multiply. Besides, the barbarians are simple; they will think every Han commander behaves this way. That is no way to win distant peoples. The emperor respected his reasoning and dropped the matter. He was ordered to serve as rotating guard at the north gate and to oversee the encampments, and he married the Lintao county mistress. In 640 he served as deputy supreme commander on the Congshan route, took part in the conquest of Gaochang, and helped bring it to submission.

始，何力母姑臧夫人與弟沙門在涼州，沙門為賀蘭都督。十六年，詔何力往視母。於是薛延陀毘伽可汗方強，契苾諸酋爭附之，乃脅其母、弟使從。何力驚謂其下曰：「上於爾有大恩，且遇我厚，何遽反？」皆曰：「可敦、都督去矣，尚何顧？」何力曰：「弟往侍足矣，我義許國，不可行。」眾執之，至毘伽牙下。何力箕踞，拔佩刀東向呼曰：「有唐烈士受辱賊延邪？天地日月，臨鑒吾誌。」即割左耳，誓不屈。毘伽怒，欲殺之，其妻諫而止。何力被執也，或讒之帝曰：「何力入延陀如涸魚得水，其脫必遽。」帝曰：「不然。若人心如鐵石，殆不背我。」會使至言狀，帝泣下。即詔兵部侍郎崔敦禮持節許延陀尚主，因求何力，乃得還。授右驍衛大將軍。公主行有日，何力陳不可。帝曰：「天子無戲言，既許之，叵奈何？」何力曰：「禮有親迎，宣詔毘伽身到京師，或詣靈武。彼畏我，必不來，則姻不成，而憂憤不知所出，下必攜貳，不及一年，交相疑沮。毘伽素狼戾，必死，死則二子爭國。內判外攜，不戰而擒矣。」帝然之。毘伽果不敢迎，郁邑不得誌，恚而死，少子拔酌殺其庶兄突利失自立，國中亂，如其策雲。

Heli's mother, Lady Guzang, and his younger brother Shamen had remained in Liangzhou, where Shamen served as governor of Helan. In 642 an edict allowed Heli to visit his mother. The Xueyantuo qaghan Pijia was then at the height of his power. Qibi chiefs rushed to join him and forced Heli's mother and brother to go along. Alarmed, Heli told his men, "The emperor has done you great kindness and treated me generously. How can you turn against him so suddenly? They replied, "Your mother and brother have already gone. What is left for us to stay for?" Heli said, "Let my brother go to serve them. I have pledged myself to the state and cannot leave." The men seized him and brought him before Pijia. Heli sat with legs sprawled, drew his sword, faced east, and shouted, "Shall a loyal soldier of Tang be shamed by Xueyantuo thieves? Heaven and earth, sun and moon—witness my heart! He cut off his left ear, swearing he would never yield. Pijia was furious and meant to kill him, but his wife dissuaded him. While Heli was held captive, some told the emperor, "Heli among the Xueyantuo is like a fish back in water. If he gets free, he will desert at once. The emperor said, "No. If his heart is iron, he will hardly turn against me. When an envoy arrived with the full account, the emperor wept. He at once sent Vice Minister of War Cui Dunli with credentials to promise the Xueyantuo an imperial bride and demand Heli back, and Heli was restored. He was made grand general of the Right Valiant Cavalry Guard. When the princess's departure drew near, Heli urged that the marriage should not go ahead. The emperor said, "A Son of Heaven does not jest. The promise is given—what can I do? Heli said, "Proper rites require the groom to come in person. Proclaim that Pijia must appear at the capital, or at least at Lingwu. They fear us and will not come. The marriage will fail, yet their frustration will have no outlet. Their followers will turn divided; within a year they will be torn by mutual suspicion. Pijia is violent by nature; he will die of it. When he dies, his two sons will fight over the khanate. With civil strife at home and allies peeling away abroad, we can take them without fighting. The emperor agreed. Pijia indeed dared not come. His eldest son Yuyi, thwarted in his ambition, died of rage. The younger son Bazhuo killed his half-brother Tuli Shi and seized power; the realm fell into chaos, exactly as Heli had foretold.

帝征高麗，詔何力為前軍總管。次白崖城，中賊槊，創甚，帝自為傅藥。城拔，得刺何力者高突勃，騶使自殺之，辭曰：「彼為其主，冒白刃以刺臣，此義士也。犬馬猶報其養，況於人乎？」卒舍之。俄以昆丘道總管平龜茲。帝崩，欲以身殉，高宗諭止。

During the Goryeo campaign the emperor appointed Heli commander of the vanguard. At White Cliff City he was speared by the enemy and badly wounded; the emperor personally dressed his wound. After the city fell they caught Gaotubo, who had wounded him, and attendants were told to execute him. Heli refused, saying, "He served his lord and faced death to strike me—that is a loyal man. Even dogs and horses repay those who feed them—how much more a man? In the end he let him live. Soon afterward, as supreme commander on the Kunqiu route, he pacified Kucha. When the emperor died, he wished to die in his service, but Emperor Gaozong dissuaded him.

永徽中，西突厥阿史那賀魯以處月、處蜜、姑蘇、歌邏祿、卑失五姓叛，寇延州，陷金嶺略蒲類，詔何力為弓月道大總管，率左武衛大將軍梁建方，統秦、成、岐、雍及燕然都護回紇兵人萬討之。處月酋硃邪孤註遂殺招慰使果毅都尉單道惠，據牢山以守。何力等分兵數道，攀F〗脲而上，急攻之，賊大潰，孤註液遁。輕騎窮躡，行五百里，孤註戰死。虜渠帥六十，俘斬萬余，牛馬雜畜七萬，取處蜜時健俟斤、合支賀等以歸。遷左驍衛大將軍，封郕國公。

During Yonghui (650–655) Ashina Helu of the Western Turks rallied the Chuyue, Chumi, Gusu, Qarluq, and Bishi clans in revolt, attacked Yanzhou, and seized Jinling and Pulei. Heli was made supreme commander on the Gongyue route and, with Grand General Liang Jianfang of the Left Martial Guard, led forces from Qin, Cheng, Qi, Yong, and ten thousand Uighur troops of the Yanshan Protectorate against them. The Chuyue chief Zhuye Guzhu killed the pacification envoy, Colonel Shan Daohui, and fortified himself on Laoshan. Heli divided his forces along several routes, scaled the heights to attack, and pressed the assault until the enemy broke completely; Guzhu fled. Light cavalry pursued him five hundred li; Guzhu was killed in battle. They captured sixty enemy chiefs, killed or took more than ten thousand men, seized seventy thousand head of livestock, and brought back Shijian Sijin of Chumi, Hezhi He, and others. He was promoted to grand general of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard and created Duke of Xing.

顯慶中，為沮江軍行軍大總管，與蘇定方及右驍衛大將軍劉伯英代高麗。，不克。龍朔初，復拜遼東道行軍大總管，率諸蕃三十五軍進討，帝欲自率師繼之。次鴨綠水，蓋蘇文遣男生以精兵數萬拒險，眾莫敢濟。會冰合，何力引兵噪而濟，賊驚，遂潰。斬首三萬級，余眾降，男生脫身走。有詔斑師。

During Xianqing (656–661) he served as supreme commander of the Zujiang army and, with Su Dingfang and Grand General Liu Boying of the Right Valiant Cavalry Guard, campaigned against Goryeo. , but they failed to conquer it. Early in Longshuo (661) he was again made supreme commander on the Liaodong route, led thirty-five allied frontier armies in the advance, and the emperor planned to follow with the main force. At the Yalu River, Yeon Gaesomun sent his son Namsaeng with tens of thousands of elite troops to block the crossing; no one dared ford the river. When the ice froze solid, Heli led his men across with a great shout. The enemy panicked and broke. They took thirty thousand heads; the rest surrendered, and Namsaeng fled alone. An edict ordered the army withdrawn.

時鐵勒九姓叛，詔何力為安撫大使。何力以輕騎五百馳入其部，虜大驚。何力喻曰：「朝家知而詿誤，遂及翻動，使我貰爾過，得自新。罪在兇渠，取之則已。」九姓大喜，共擒偽葉護及特勒等二百人以歸，何力數其罪，誅之，余眾遂安。士卒道死者，令所在收瘞，蠲護其家。

When the nine Tiele tribes rebelled, Heli was appointed pacification commissioner. Heli raced into their camp at the head of five hundred light cavalry, and the tribesmen panicked. Heli addressed them: "The throne understands you were misled into error and rose in rebellion. I have come to shoulder your guilt so you may start anew. Only the ringleaders are to blame—hand them over and the matter ends there. The Nine Surnames were overjoyed. They seized the false qaghan, the tegins, and two hundred conspirators and brought them in. Heli recited their crimes and put them to death, and the rest of the people were pacified. Wherever his men had died along the march, he ordered the bodies collected and buried and their households relieved of burdens.

未幾，蓋蘇文死，男生為弟所逐，使子詣闕請降，乃拜何力為遼東道行軍大總管、安撫大使經略之，副李勣同趨高麗勣已拔新城，留何力守。時高麗兵十五萬屯遼水，引靺鞨數萬眾據南蘇城，何力奮擊，破之，斬首萬級，乘勝進拔八城。引兵還，與勣會合，攻辱夷、大行二城，克之。進拔扶余。勣勒兵未進，何力率兵五十萬先趨平壤，勣繼進，攻凡七月，拔之，虜其王以獻。進鎮軍大將軍，行左衛大將軍，徙封涼。

Soon afterward Yeon Gaesomun died, and Namseng was ousted by his younger brother. He sent his son to the capital to offer surrender. The court then named Heli Grand General of the Liaodong campaign and Pacification Commissioner, with Li Jiji as his deputy for the advance on Goguryeo. Jiji had already seized Xincheng and left Heli to hold it. A Goguryeo force of a hundred and fifty thousand held the Liaoshui line, with tens of thousands of Mohe occupying Nansu. Heli attacked with fury, routed them, took ten thousand heads, and pressed on to seize eight cities in succession. He withdrew and rejoined Jiji, and together they stormed and captured Ruyi and Daxing. He pushed forward and took Buyeo as well. While Jiji held his main force back, Heli marched half a million men on Pyongyang ahead of him; Jiji came up afterward. The siege lasted seven months before the city fell. They seized the king and sent him to the throne. He was promoted to General Who Pacifies the Army and served as acting Left Guard General; his enfeoffment was moved to Liang.

總章、儀鳳間，吐蕃滅吐谷渾，勢益張，入寇鄯、廓、河、坊等州，詔周王為洮州道、相王為涼州道行軍元帥，率何力等討之。二王不行，亦會何力卒。贈輔國大將軍、并州大都督，陪葬昭陵，謚曰毅。

In the Zongzhang and Yifeng reigns Tibet destroyed Tuyuhun and grew bolder still, raiding Zheng, Kuo, He, Fang, and neighboring prefectures. The throne ordered the Prince of Zhou and the Prince of Xiang to serve as marshals of the Taozhou and Liangzhou circuits respectively, with Heli among the generals sent against them. Neither prince took the field—and before the campaign could go forward, Heli died. He was posthumously honored as Grand General Who Assists the State and Governor-General of Bingzhou, buried at Zhaoling, and given the posthumous name Resolute.

始，龍朔中，司稼少卿梁脩仁新作大明宮，植白楊於庭，示何力曰：「此木易成，不數年可庇。」何力不答，但誦「白楊多悲風，蕭蕭愁殺人」之句，脩仁驚悟，更植以桐。子明子明，字若水，孺褓授上柱國，封漁陽縣公。年十二，遷奉輦大夫。李敬玄征吐蕃，明為柏海道經略使，以戰多，進左威衛大將軍，襲封，賜錦袍、寶帶，它物蕃夥。擢嫡子三品官。再遷雞田道大總管，至烏德鞬山，誘附二萬帳。武後時，明妻及母臨洮縣主皆賜姓武。以左鷹揚衛大將軍卒，年四十六，贈涼州刺史，謚曰靖。

Earlier, during Longshuo, Vice Minister of Agriculture Liang Xiuren had just built Daming Palace and set white poplars in the courtyard. He pointed them out to Heli and said, "They grow fast—you'll have shade in just a few years. Heli said nothing, only reciting: "White poplars know many mournful winds; rustling, rustling, they break the heart." Xiuren took the hint and replaced them with paulownia. His son Ming, courtesy name Ruoshui, was made Superior Pillar of State while still in the cradle and enfeoffed as Duke of Yuyang. At twelve he was appointed Palanquin Attendant at court. On Li Jingxuan's Tibetan campaign Ming served as commissioner of the Bohai route. After repeated victories he rose to General of the Left Might Guard, inherited his father's title, and received brocade robes, a jeweled belt, and a lavish assortment of other gifts. His eldest son by the principal wife was promoted to the third rank. He was reassigned as Grand General of the Jitian circuit and, reaching Wudeqian Mountain, won over twenty thousand households. Under Empress Wu, both Ming's wife and his mother, the Princess of Lintao, were given the imperial surname Wu. He died in office as General of the Left Hawk-and-Bow Guard at forty-six. He was posthumously made Governor of Liangzhou and given the posthumous name Tranquil.

明性淹厚，喜學，長辯論。子聳，襲爵。黑齒常之黑齒常之，百濟西部人。長七尺余，驍毅有謀略。為百濟達率兼風達郡將，猶唐刺史雲。蘇定方平百濟，常之以所部降。而定方囚老王，縱兵大掠，常之懼，與左右酋長十余人遁去，嘯合逋亡，依任存山自固，不旬日，歸者三萬。定方勒兵攻之，不克，常之遂復二百余城。龍朔中，高宗遣使招諭，乃詣劉仁軌降。累遷左領軍員外將軍、洋州刺史。

Ming was thoughtful and magnanimous, devoted to study, and a gifted debater. His son Song succeeded to the title. Heichi Changzhi was a native of western Baekje. He stood more than seven feet tall—fearless, resolute, and a shrewd tactician. He held the Baekje rank of dara and served also as general of Fengda commandery—roughly the equivalent of a Tang prefect. When Su Dingfang conquered Baekje, Changzhi submitted with the troops under his command. Dingfang, however, imprisoned the old king and let his men loot at will. Changzhi fled in alarm with a dozen close chieftains, rallied scattered refugees, and made a stand on Mount Ren. Within ten days thirty thousand men had rejoined him. Dingfang attacked him in force but failed to break him, and Changzhi went on to recover more than two hundred towns. During Longshuo the emperor sent envoys to win him over, and Changzhi went to Liu Ren'gui to submit. He rose through the ranks to acting Left Army Outsider General and Governor of Yangzhou.

儀鳳三年，從李敬玄、劉審禮擊吐蕃。審禮敗，敬玄欲引還，阻泥溝，兵不得出，賊屯高壓官軍。常之夜率敢死士五百人掩其營，殺掠數百人，賊酋跋地設棄軍走。帝嘆其才，擢左武衛將軍，檢校左羽林軍，賜金帛殊等。進為河源軍副使。調露中，吐蕃使贊婆等入寇，屯良非川。李敬玄之敗，常之引精騎三千夜襲其軍，斬首二千級，獲羊馬數萬，贊婆等單騎去。即拜河源道經略大使。因建言河源當賊沖，宜增兵鎮守，而運饟須廣。乃斥地置烽七十所，墾田五千頃，歲收粟斛百余萬。由是食衍士精，戍邏有備。永隆二年，贊婆營青海，常之馳掩其屯，破之，悉燒糧廥，獲羊、馬、甲首不貲。詔書勞賜。凡蒞軍七年，吐蕃檐畏，不敢盜邊。封燕國公。

In the third year of Yifeng he campaigned against Tibet under Li Jingxuan and Liu Shenli. Shenli was beaten, and as Jingxuan tried to pull back his force was trapped at Nigou and could not break out. The enemy held the heights and bore down on the imperial troops. Changzhi led five hundred volunteers in a night assault on the enemy camp, killing and plundering hundreds before the Tibetan chief Bodhishe abandoned his army and fled. The emperor marveled at his ability, promoted him to General of the Left Martial Guard with oversight of the Left Forest Army, and rewarded him with gold and silk of the highest grade. He was next made deputy commander of the Heyuan Army. During Diaolu the Tibetan generals Zanpo and others crossed the border and encamped on the Liangfei River. Following Li Jingxuan's rout, Changzhi struck at night with three thousand picked horsemen, taking two thousand heads and tens of thousands of sheep and horses while Zanpo and his officers fled alone. He was immediately named Pacification Commissioner of the Heyuan circuit. He urged that Heyuan lay on the enemy's main axis of attack and needed stronger garrisons, with a far larger supply train. He cleared frontier land, built seventy beacon towers, opened five thousand qing to the plow, and harvested more than a million hu of grain each year. Provisions grew plentiful, the troops stayed sharp, and the frontier patrols were always ready. In the second year of Yonglong, Zanpo encamped at Qinghai. Changzhi swept down on the camp, routed the Tibetans, burned their granaries to ash, and took sheep, horses, armor, and heads beyond number. The throne sent an edict of commendation and reward. In seven years of command he so cowed the Tibetans that they no longer dared raid the frontier. He was created Duke of Yan.

垂拱中，突厥復犯塞，常之率兵追擊，至兩井，忽與賊遇，賊騎三千方擐甲，常之見其囂，以二百騎突之，賊皆棄甲去。其暮，賊大至，常之潛使人伐木，列炬營中，若烽燧然。會風起，賊疑救至，遂夜遁。久之，為燕然道大總管，與李多祚王九言等擊突厥骨咄祿、元珍於黃花堆，破之，追奔四十里，賊潰歸磧北。會左監門衛中郎將爨寶璧欲窮追要功，詔與常之共計，寶壁獨進，為虜所覆，舉軍沒，寶璧下吏誅，常之坐無功。會周興等誣其與右鷹揚將軍趙懷節反，捕系詔獄，投繯死。

During Chuigong the Turks raided the border again. Changzhi pursued them to Liangjing and suddenly came upon three thousand horsemen still buckling on their armor. Seeing their overconfidence, he charged with two hundred riders and sent them fleeing without their mail. That night the enemy arrived in strength. Changzhi secretly had his men cut timber and light torches throughout the camp until it blazed like a chain of signal fires. A wind sprang up, the enemy took the fires for approaching reinforcements, and stole away in the night. Later he was made Grand General of the Yamen circuit. With Li Duozuo, Wang Jiuyan, and others he defeated the Turks Gulilu and Yuanzhen at Huanghua Mound, pursued them forty li, and drove the shattered enemy back across the desert. Left Central Imperial Gate Guard Brigadier Nao Baobi then wanted to chase the rout to the limit for glory. The court ordered him to coordinate with Changzhi, but Baobi pushed ahead alone, was surrounded, and lost his entire force. Baobi was arrested and executed; Changzhi was blamed for accomplishing nothing. Soon Zhou Xing and his faction accused him and Right Hawk-and-Bow General Zhao Huaijie of treason. He was thrown into the imperial prison and died on the rope.

常之禦下有恩，所乘馬為士所蜺，或請罪之。答曰：「何遽以私馬鞭官兵乎？」前後賞賜分麾下，無留貲。及死，人皆哀其枉。李謹行李謹行，靺鞨人。父突地稽，部酋長也。隋末，率其屬千余內附，居營州，授金紫光祿大夫、遼西太守。武德初，奉朝貢，以其部為燕州，授總管。劉黑闥叛，突地稽身到定州，上書秦王，請節度。以戰功封耆國公，徙部居昌平。高開道以突厥兵攻幽州，突地稽邀擊，敗之。貞觀初，進右衛將軍，賜氏李，卒。

Changzhi treated his men with kindness. Soldiers had chewed on his mount, and some urged that they be punished. He replied, "Why flog soldiers over my personal horse? Whatever rewards came to him he passed straight to his men and kept nothing for himself. When he died, men everywhere grieved that he had been wronged. Li Jinsheng was a Mohe tribesman. His father Tudiji had been chief of the tribe. At the fall of Sui he brought more than a thousand followers across the border to settle at Yingzhou and was made Grand Master for Golden Purse with Purple Ribbon and Governor of Liaoxi. Early in Wude he began paying tribute to the court; his people were organized as Yanzhou and he was named its commander-in-chief. When Liu Heidao rose in rebellion, Tudiji went himself to Dingzhou and asked the Prince of Qin for a commission. For his victories he was created Duke of Qi, and his tribe was resettled at Changping. When Gao Kaidao attacked Youzhou with Turkic allies, Tudiji ambushed and routed him. Early in Zhenguan he was promoted to Right Guard General, given the surname Li, and died.

謹行偉容貌，勇蓋軍中，累遷營州都督，家童至數千，以財自雄，夷人畏之。為積石道經略大使，論欽陵眾十萬寇湟中，候邏不知，士樵采半散。謹行聞虜至，即植旗伐鼓，開門以伺。欽陵疑有伏，不敢進。上元三年，破吐蕃於青海，璽書勞勉，封燕國公。卒，贈幽州都督，陪葬乾陵。泉男生泉男生，字元德，高麗蓋蘇文子也。九歲，以父任為先人。遷中裏小兄，猶唐謁者也。又為中裏大兄，知國政，凡辭令，皆男生主之。進中裏位頭大兄。久之，為莫離支，兼三軍大將軍，加大莫離支，出按諸部。而弟男建、男產知國事，或曰：「男生惡君等逼己，將除之。」建、產未之信。又有謂男生：「將不納君。」男生遣諜往，男建捕得，即矯高藏命召，男生懼，不敢入。男建殺其子獻忠。男生走保國內城，率其眾與契丹、靺鞨兵內附，遣子獻誠訴諸朝。高宗拜獻誠右武衛將軍，賜乘輿、馬、瑞錦、寶刀，使還報。詔契苾何力率兵援之，男生乃免。授平壤道行軍大總管，兼持節安撫大使，舉哥勿、南蘇、旨巖等城以降。帝又命西臺舍人李虔繹就軍慰勞，賜袍帶、金扣七事。

Jinsheng was striking in bearing and the bravest man in the army. He rose to Governor of Yingzhou, kept thousands of household slaves, flaunted his wealth, and was feared by the frontier peoples. As Pacification Commissioner of the Jishi route, he faced Lun Qinling, who invaded Huangzhong with a hundred thousand men while the scouts slept. Half his troops were away foraging firewood. The moment Jinsheng learned the enemy was near, he raised banners, beat the drums, and threw open the gates as if ready to sally forth. Qinling suspected a trap and would not come closer. In the third year of Shangyuan he defeated the Tibetans at Qinghai. The emperor sent a sealed letter of praise and created him Duke of Yan. He died and was posthumously made Governor of Youzhou, with burial at Qianling. Ch'eon Namseng, courtesy name Yuande, was a son of the Goguryeo regent Yeon Gaesomun. At nine he entered office as First Attendant through his father's influence. He was promoted to Junior Brother of the Middle Palace, a post comparable to a Tang court usher. He then became Senior Brother of the Middle Palace and took charge of government; Namseng drafted every decree and dispatch. He rose to Head Great Brother of the Middle Palace. In time he became Minister and Grand General of the Three Armies, was raised to Great Minister, and toured the provinces on inspection. His younger brothers Namgeon and Namsan, however, ran the government at home. Someone warned them, "Namseng resents your pressure on him and means to destroy you. They refused to believe it. Others told Namseng, "They will refuse you entry. Namseng sent a spy; Namgeon seized him and forged an order from King Gao Zang summoning Namseng home. Namseng was terrified and would not go in. Namgeon put his son Hyeonjung to death. Namseng withdrew into the inner citadel, rallied his followers with Khitan and Mohe allies, and sent his son Hyeonseong to appeal to Tang. Gaozong made Hyeonseong General of the Right Martial Guard, gave him an imperial carriage, horses, brocade, and a treasured sword, and sent him back with the court's answer. The court ordered Qibi Heli to march to his relief, and Namseng escaped destruction. He was named Grand General of the Pyongyang campaign and Pacification Commissioner with full powers, and one by one the cities of Geogeul, Nansu, Juam, and others submitted to him. The emperor also sent Palace Gentleman Li Qianyi to the front to console him and bestowed a robe, belt, and seven gold ornaments.

明年，召入朝，詔所過州縣傳舍作鼓吹，右羽林將軍李同以飛騎仗廷寵。遷遼東大都督、玄菟郡公，賜第京師。因詔還軍，與李勣攻平壤，使浮屠信誠內間，引高麗銳兵潛入，擒高藏。詔遣子賫手制、金皿，即遼水勞賜。還，進右衛大將軍、卞國公，賜寶器、宮侍女二、馬八十。儀鳳二年，詔安撫遼東，並置州縣，招流冗，平斂賦，罷力役，民悅其寬。卒，年四十六，帝為舉哀，贈并州大都督。喪至都，詔五品以上官哭之，謚曰襄，勒碑著功。

The following year he was summoned to court. Every relay station along the route was ordered to sound drums and pipes, and Right Forest General Li Tong lined the Flying Cavalry in the courtyard to receive him in honor. He was made Governor-General of Liaodong and Duke of Xuantu, with a mansion granted in the capital. He was then ordered back to the field. With Li Jiji he besieged Pyongyang, using the monk Shincheng as an inside agent to lure Goguryeo's best troops within the walls and seize King Gao Zang. The court sent his son bearing the emperor's own hand and gold vessels to reward him on the spot at Liaoshui. On his return he was made Great General of the Right Guard and Duke of Bian, and received precious vessels, two palace women, and eighty horses. In the second year of Yifeng he was charged with pacifying Liaodong, setting up prefectures and counties, resettling refugees, easing taxes, and ending forced labor. The people welcomed his moderation. He died at forty-six. The emperor mourned him personally and posthumously made him Governor-General of Bingzhou. When the bier reached the capital, officials of the fifth rank and above were ordered to attend the mourning. He was given the posthumous name Xiang, and a stele was erected to record his deeds.

男生純厚有禮，奏對敏辯，善射藝。其初至，伏斧锧待罪，帝宥之，世以此稱焉。子獻誠獻誠，天授中以右衛大將軍兼羽林衛。武后嘗出金幣，命宰相、南北牙群臣舉善射五輩，中者以賜。內史張光輔舉獻誠，獻誠讓右玉鈐衛大將軍薛吐摩支，摩支固辭。獻成曰：「陛下擇善射者，然皆非華人。臣恐唐官以射為恥，不如罷之。」后嘉納。來俊臣嘗求貨，獻誠不答，乃誣其謀反，縊殺之。後後知其冤，贈右羽林衛大將軍，以禮改葬。李多祚李多祚，其先靺鞨酋長，號「黃頭都督」，後入中國，世系湮遠。至多祚，驍勇善射，以軍功累遷右鷹揚大將軍。討黑水靺鞨，誘其渠長，置酒高會，因醉斬之，擊破其眾。室韋及孫萬榮之叛，多祚與諸將進討，以勞改右羽林大將軍，遂領北門衛兵。

Namseng was sincere, courteous, and quick-witted in audience, and a fine archer. On first reaching court he prostrated himself beneath the executioner's axe to await judgment; the emperor pardoned him, and men ever after spoke of it with praise. His son Hyeonseong served in the Tianshou era as Great General of the Right Guard and also in the Forest Guard. Empress Wu once put up gold and cash and told the chancellors and courtiers of both gates to name five teams of marksmen; whoever hit the target received the prize. Interior Secretary Zhang Guangfu nominated Hyeonseong, but Hyeonseong recommended Xue Tumozhi, Great General of the Right Jade Clasp Guard, instead; Tumozhi refused firmly. Hyeonseong said, "Your Majesty seeks marksmen, but you have chosen none who are Chinese. I fear Han officials will be shamed by this—better to cancel the contest altogether. The empress approved his advice. Lai Junchen once demanded a bribe; when Hyeonseong refused, Lai fabricated treason charges and had him strangled. When the empress later learned of the injustice, she posthumously appointed him Great General of the Right Forest Guard and gave him a proper reburial. Li Duozuo came of Mohe chieftains who had been called the "Yellow-Head Commandant" before entering China; by his day the family's distant origins were forgotten. Duozuo himself was a fierce warrior and fine archer who rose through repeated promotion, eventually becoming Great General of the Right Falcon-Banner. Against the Blackwater Mohe he lured their chiefs to a feast, slew them once they were drunk, and routed their tribes. When the Shiwei and Sun Wanrong rose in rebellion, Duozuo campaigned with other generals to crush them. Rewarded for his exertions with appointment as Great General of the Right Forest Guard, he came to command the Northern Gate garrison.

張柬之將誅二張，以多祚素感概，可動以義，乃從容謂曰：「將軍居北門幾何？」曰：「三十年矣。」「將軍擊鐘鼎食，貴重當世，非大帝恩乎？」多祚泣數行下，曰：「死且不忘！」柬之曰：「將軍知感恩，則知所以報，今在東宮乃大帝子，而嬖豎擅朝，危逼宗社。國家廢興在將軍，將軍誠有意乎？舍今日尚何在？」答曰：「茍緣王室，惟公所使。」乃引天地以自誓，辭氣毅然，柬之遂定謀。以敬暉、李湛為右羽林將軍，命總禁兵，與多祚、王同皎請太子至玄武門，斬關入。及長生殿，白武後曰：「諸將誅逆臣易之、昌宗，恐漏大謀，不敢豫奏，頓首請歸死。」後病臥，顧湛曰：「我於而父子不薄，亦豫是邪？」

Zhang Jianzhi, planning to kill the Zhang brothers, knew Duozuo's fervent temperament and that duty might sway him. He said gently, "General, how many years have you held the Northern Gate? Duozuo answered, "Thirty years." You dine to the sound of bells from vessels of state—your rank and wealth are the wonder of the age. Is that not the late emperor's gift?" Duozuo wept freely. "I would die before I forgot that debt!" Jianzhi continued, "If you know gratitude, you know how to repay it. The crown prince is the late emperor's own son, yet minions hold the court and threaten the realm. The dynasty's survival rests with you. Will you act? If not today, when?" He replied, "If it is for the house of Tang, I am yours to command." He swore by Heaven and Earth, his voice steady and resolved, and Jianzhi's plan was settled. Jing Hui and Li Zhan were made generals of the Right Forest Guard and placed over the palace guards. With Duozuo and Wang Tongjiao they brought the crown prince to the Xuanwu Gate, forced the pass, and entered. At the Hall of Eternal Life they reported to Empress Wu, "Your generals have executed the traitors Yizhi and Changzong. Lest our plan be betrayed we did not inform you beforehand—we prostrate ourselves and beg for death." The empress, lying ill, turned to Li Zhan and said, "Have I been unkind to your house? Were you in this too?"

中宗復位，封多祚遼陽郡王，食實戶八百，子承訓為衛尉少卿。湛遷大將軍，封趙國公，食實戶五百。帝祠太廟，特詔多祚與相王登輿夾侍。監察御史王覿謂多祚夷人，雖有功，不宜共輿輦。帝曰：「朕推以心腹，卿勿復言。」

After Zhongzong was restored, Duozuo was made Prince of Liaoyang with a fief of eight hundred households, and his son Cheng Xun was appointed Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Studs. Li Zhan was promoted to Grand General and enfeoffed as Duke of Zhao with a fief of five hundred households. At the imperial ancestral temple sacrifice, the emperor specially ordered Duozuo and the Prince of Xiang to ride the imperial carriage and attend him on either side. Supervising Censor Wang Di objected that Duozuo, though meritorious, was a foreigner and should not ride beside the emperor. The emperor said, "I trust him as I would my own heart—say no more."

崔玄暐等得罪，多祚畏禍及，故陽厚韋氏。節湣太子誅武三思，多祚與成王千里率兵先至玄武樓下，具言所以誅三思狀，按兵不戰。宮闈令楊思勖方侍帝，即挺刀斬其婿羽林中郎將野呼利，兵因沮潰，多祚為其下所殺，二子亦見害，籍沒其家。景雲初，追復官爵，並宥家屬。李湛湛者，義府最幼子，字興宗，沈厚有度。六歲，授周王府文學，累遷右散騎常侍，襲河間郡公。武后徙上陽宮，留湛宿衛。頃之，復為右散騎常侍，賜鐵券。三思惡之，貶果州刺史。歷洺、絳二州，累遷左領軍大將軍。開元十年卒，贈幽州都督。初，義府以立武后故得宰相，而湛為中興功臣，世不以其父惡為貶雲。論弓仁論弓仁，本吐蕃族也。父欽陵，世相其國。聖歷二年，弓仁以所統吐渾七千帳自歸，授左玉鈐衛將軍，封酒泉郡公。神龍三年，為朔方軍前鋒遊弈使。時張仁願築三受降城，弓仁以兵出諾真水、草心山為邏衛。

After Cui Xuanwei and his allies fell from power, Duozuo feared he would be implicated and therefore courted the Wei clan openly. When Crown Prince Li Chongjun killed Wu Sansi, Duozuo and Prince Li Qianli of Cheng marched first to the Xuanwu Tower, explained why Sansi had been killed, and held their troops without engaging. Palace Attendant Yang Sixu, attending the emperor, drew his sword and killed Duozuo's son-in-law Yehuli, a lieutenant of the Forest Guard. The army broke and fled; Duozuo was killed by his own troops, two sons perished with him, and his property was seized. Early in the Jingyun era his rank and titles were posthumously restored and his family pardoned. Li Zhan, the youngest son of Li Yifu, styled Xingzong, was grave, steady, and self-possessed. At six he was made literary tutor to the Prince of Zhou's household, rose to Right Regular Attendant, and inherited the dukedom of Hejian. When Empress Wu retired to the Shangyang Palace, Zhan was left to guard her quarters. Soon he was again made Right Regular Attendant and granted an iron certificate of immunity. Wu Sansi, who hated him, had him demoted to prefect of Guo. He served as prefect of Ming and Jiang in turn and was eventually promoted to Great General of the Left Victorious Army. He died in the tenth year of Kaiyuan and was posthumously made military governor of Youzhou. Though Yifu had risen to chancellor by helping make Empress Wu, Zhan was honored as a hero of the restoration, and the world did not hold the father's disgrace against the son. Lun Gongren was a Tibetan by birth. His father Qinling had for generations served as chief minister of Tibet. In the second year of Shenglu he led seven thousand Tuyuhun households to defect to Tang and was made General of the Left Jade Clasp Guard and Duke of Jiuquan. In the third year of Shenlong he was made vanguard patrol commissioner of the Shuofang Army. When Zhang Renyuan built the three Accept-Surrender cities, Gongren patrolled the Nuozhen River and Caoxin Mountain with troops to guard the frontier.

開元初，突厥九姓亂，弓仁引軍度漠，逾白檉林，收火拔部喻多真種落，降之。趯跌思太叛，戰赤柳澗，弓仁騎才五百，自新堡進，時賊四環之，眾不敵，弓仁椎牛誓士自若，再宿潰圍出，人服其壯。凡閱大小戰數百，未嘗負。賜寶玉、甲第、良田，等列莫與比。累遷左驍衛大將軍、朔方副大使。會病，玄宗遣上醫馳視。卒，年六十六，贈撥川郡王，謚曰忠。孫惟貞孫惟貞。惟貞，名瑀，以字行。誌向恢大。開元末，為左武衛將軍。肅宗在靈武，以衛尉少卿募兵綏、銀，閱旬，眾數萬。從還鳳翔，遷光祿卿，為元帥前鋒討擊。戰陜州，以功進殿中監。史思明攻李光弼於河陽，周摯以兵二十萬陣城下，惟貞請銳卒數千，鑿數門出，自旦及午，苦戰破之。光弼表為開府儀同三司。光弼討史朝義，以惟貞守徐州。賊將謝欽讓據陳，乃假惟貞潁州刺史，斬賊將，降者萬人。封蕭國公，實封百戶。光弼病，表以自代。擢左領軍衛大將軍，為英武軍使，卒。尉遲勝尉遲勝，本王於闐國。天寶中，入朝，獻名玉、良馬。玄宗以宗室女妻之，授右威衛將軍、毘沙府都督。歸國，與安西節度使高仙芝擊破薩毘、播仙。累進光祿卿。

Early in Kaiyuan, when the nine Turkic tribes rebelled, Gongren crossed the desert and the White Tamarisk Forest, brought in the Yuduozhen clans of the Huoba tribe, and accepted their surrender. When Ashide Sita rebelled, Gongren met him at Red Willow Ford with only five hundred horsemen marching from Xinbao. The enemy surrounded him on every side. He slaughtered an ox to rally his men, remained unshaken, and after two nights broke out of the encirclement. All who heard of it marveled at his courage. He fought several hundred engagements, large and small, and never once lost. He received jade treasures, a grand mansion, and rich farmland—no peer among his peers. He rose to Great General of the Left Martial Steeds Guard and deputy commissioner of Shuofang. When he fell ill, Emperor Xuanzong sent his chief physician posthaste to attend him. He died at sixty-six, was posthumously made Prince of Bochuan, and given the posthumous name Loyal. Sun Weizhen. Weizhen, whose personal name was Yu, was known by his style. His ambitions were large and far-reaching. Late in Kaiyuan he served as general of the Left Martial Guard. When Emperor Suzong was at Lingwu, he served as vice director of the Court of Imperial Studs and raised troops in Sui and Yin; within ten days he had gathered tens of thousands. He followed the court back to Fengxiang, was made Minister of the Imperial Clan, and led the marshal's vanguard in punitive campaigns. He fought at Shaan Prefecture and, for his merit, was promoted to palace supervisor. When Shi Siming besieged Li Guangbi at Heyang, Zhou Zhi deployed two hundred thousand men below the walls. Weizhen took several thousand elite troops, broke out through multiple gates, and from dawn to noon fought until he routed the enemy. Li Guangbi memorialized that he be made Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal and Opening an Office of the Third Rank. When Li Guangbi campaigned against Shi Chaoyi, he left Weizhen to hold Xuzhou. The rebel general Xie Qinrang held Chen. Weizhen was given acting appointment as prefect of Ying, beheaded an enemy commander, and accepted the surrender of ten thousand men. He was enfeoffed as Duke of Xiao with a substantive fief of one hundred households. When Li Guangbi fell ill, he memorialized recommending Weizhen as his successor. He was promoted to great general of the Left Victorious Army Guard, made commissioner of the Yingwu Army, and died in office. Yuchi Sheng had been king of Khotan. During the Tianbao era he came to court and presented famed jades and fine horses. Emperor Xuanzong gave him an imperial clanswoman in marriage and appointed him general of the Right Majestic Guard and military governor of Kucha. On returning home he joined Anxi military commissioner Gao Xianzhi in defeating Sabi and Boxian. He rose to Minister of the Imperial Clan.

安祿山反，勝使弟曜攝國事，身率兵五千赴難。國人固留勝，勝以少女為質而行。肅宗嘉之，拜特進，兼殿中監。廣德中，進驃騎大將軍，遣還，固請留宿衛。加開府儀同三司，封武都郡王，實封百戶。勝請授國於曜，詔可。勝既留，乃穿築池觀，厚賓客，士大夫多從之遊。從德宗至興元，為右領軍將軍，歷睦王傅。貞元初，曜上言：「國中以嫡承嗣，今勝讓國，請立其子銳。」帝欲遣銳襲王。勝固辭，以「曜久行國事，人安之；銳生京華，不習其俗，不可遣」。當是時，兄弟讓國，人莫不賢之。睦府除，徙原王傅。卒，贈涼州都督。尚可孤尚可孤，字可孤，東部鮮卑宇文之別種，世處松、漠間。天寶末，隸范陽節度使安祿山，復事史思明。上元中，自賊所歸，累授左、右威衛大將軍，封白水縣伯，為神策大將。以功試太常卿。徙封馮翊郡王，食寶戶一百五十。

When An Lushan rebelled, Sheng left his brother Yao to govern Khotan and personally led five thousand men to aid the Tang. His subjects tried hard to keep him, so he left a young daughter behind as hostage and set out. Emperor Suzong praised his loyalty and appointed him special advancement and palace supervisor. In the Guangde era he was promoted to general of agile cavalry and ordered home, but he begged to remain at court on palace guard duty. He was made Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal and Opening an Office of the Third Rank, enfeoffed as Prince of Wudu with a substantive fief of one hundred households. Sheng asked to pass the throne to Yao, and the emperor approved. Once he stayed at court, he built pools and pavilions, entertained guests lavishly, and many scholar-officials sought his company. He followed Emperor Dezong to Xingyuan, was made general of the Right Victorious Army, and served as tutor to the Prince of Mu. Early in Zhenyuan, Yao memorialized, "Succession in our kingdom follows the legitimate line. Since Sheng has yielded the throne, please install his son Rui. The emperor intended to send Rui to succeed as king. Sheng firmly objected: "Yao has governed for years and the people are content with him; Rui was born at court and does not know Khotan's ways—he must not be sent." At the time, men everywhere praised the brothers for yielding the throne to one another. When the household of the Prince of Mu was abolished, he was made tutor to the Prince of Yuan. He died and was posthumously made military governor of Liangzhou. Shang Kejiu, styled Kejiu, was a branch of the Eastern Xianbei Yuwen clan who had long lived between Songmo and the northern steppe. Late in Tianbao he served under Fanyang military commissioner An Lushan, and later under Shi Siming. In the Shangyuan era he defected from the rebels, was repeatedly made great general of the Left and Right Majestic Guards, enfeoffed as Earl of Baishui, and appointed a general of the Divine Strategy Army. For his merit he was given acting appointment as Minister of Ceremonies. He was transferred to Prince of Fengyi with a fief of one hundred fifty households.

魚朝恩主衛兵，器其勇，養為子，名智德。使將兵三千，屯扶風、武功，歷十余年，隊伍閑整。朝恩死，詔賜氏李，名嘉勛。李希烈叛，擢為招討，應援荊襄，使復本姓名，累戰有功。

Yu Chaoen, who commanded the palace guards, admired his courage, adopted him as a son, and named him Zhide. He was given command of three thousand men garrisoned at Fufeng and Wugong; for more than ten years his troops remained disciplined and well ordered. After Chaoen's death, an edict granted him the surname Li and the name Jiaxun. When Li Xilie rebelled, he was made punitive commissioner to reinforce Jing and Xiang, restored to his original name Shang Kejiu, and won repeated victories.

硃泚之難，召可孤，可孤率兵三千，道襄、鄧而西，屬賊兵銳，乃壁七盤。偽將仇敬忠等來寇，可孤擊卻之，遂收藍田。德宗將遷梁州，命引兵守灞上，拜神策、京畿、渭南、商州節度招討使。敬忠拒戰，可孤急擊斬之。進軍與李晟收長安，為先鋒。以功加檢校尚書右僕射，封馮翊郡王，食實戶二百。又會諸軍進討李懷光，次沙苑，卒於軍，贈司空。

During Zhu Ci's rebellion he was summoned to court. He led three thousand men west through Xiang and Deng, but finding the rebels strong, he fortified at Qipan. The rebel generals Qiu Jingzhong and others attacked; Kejiu repulsed them and recovered Lantian. When Emperor Dezong prepared to withdraw to Liangzhou, he ordered Kejiu to hold Bashang and appointed him punitive commissioner over the Divine Strategy Army, the capital region, Weinan, and Shangzhou. Jingzhong gave battle; Kejiu pressed the attack and slew him. He marched with Li Sheng to retake Chang'an and led the van. For his achievements he was made acting Right Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, created Prince of Fengyi, and granted a fief of two hundred households. He joined the combined armies against Li Huaiguang, encamped at Shayuan, and died in the field; the court posthumously made him Minister of Works.

可孤性謹審沈壯，既有勛勞，未嘗自論功，禦眾公嚴，晟數稱之。裴玢裴玢，五世祖糾，本王疏勒，武德中來朝，拜鷹揚大將軍，封天山郡公，留不去，遂籍京兆。

Kejiu was cautious, steady, and reserved. Despite his achievements he never boasted of them, ruled his men with impartial severity, and Li Sheng often spoke highly of him. Pei Fen was descended from Jiu, fifth-generation forebear and king of Shule. In the Wude era he came to court, was made General of the Soaring Hawk and Duke of Tianshan, stayed in China, and was registered as a resident of Jingzhao.

玢初事金吾將軍論惟明為傔力。德宗在奉天，以功封忠義郡王。從惟明鎮鄜坊，署牙將。後節度使王棲曜卒，中軍將何朝宗夜縱火作亂，玢獨匿不出。遲明，擒朝宗以待命。有詔並軍司馬崔輅斬之，以同州刺史劉公濟領節度，擢玢為司馬。逾年，公濟卒，乃授玢節度使。元和二年，徙山南西道。

Fen began as a personal attendant to Lun Weiming, General of the Golden Guards. While Dezong was besieged at Fengtian, Fen earned the title Prince of Zhongyi for his service. He followed Weiming to the Bin-Fang command and was made a guards officer. When Military Commissioner Wang Qiyao died, Central Army General He Chaozong burned the camp by night and rebelled. Fen alone kept out of sight. At daybreak he seized Chaozong and held him for the court's orders. The court ordered Vice Director Cui Luo to execute Chaozong. Liu Gongji of Tongzhou took over the command, and Fen was promoted to army vice director. A year later Gongji died, and Fen was appointed military commissioner in his place. In Yuanhe year two he was transferred to the Western Mountain-South Circuit.

玢為治嚴棱，畏遠權勢，不務貢奉。蔬食弊衣，居處取避風雨而已。倉庫完實，百姓安之，當世將帥未有及者。以疾辭位。入朝，不事騶仗。妻乘竹輿，二侍婢，黃碧縑服。七年卒，贈尚書左僕射，謚曰節。史評贊曰：夷狄性惇固，其能知義所在者，鷙挺不可遷，蓋巧不足而諒常有余。觀大柰等事君，皆一其誌，無有顧望，用能功績光明，為天子倚信。至渾瑊、趯跌、光顏輩，烈垂無窮，惟其諒有余故也。瑊、光顏自有傳，今類其人著之篇。

Fen ruled with austere rigor, kept his distance from the powerful, and refused to court favor with lavish tribute. He lived on vegetables and worn garments, and his house was no more than shelter from the weather. His granaries were full, the people were secure, and no commander of his day could equal him. Illness led him to resign his post. When he came to court he traveled without an escort of mounted attendants. His wife rode in a bamboo litter attended by two maids, all dressed in plain yellow-green silk. He died in year seven and was posthumously made Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing with the posthumous name Jie (Integrity). The historian comments: Barbarian peoples are by nature steadfast and sincere. Those among them who grasp where duty lies stand fierce and unbending; they may lack subtlety, but their integrity more than makes up for it. Consider Danai and his peers: in serving the throne they held one mind without wavering, and so their deeds shone clear and the emperor could lean on them in full trust. Men such as Hun Jian, the Tujue chiefs, and Li Guangyan left legacies of valor without end, all because their integrity ran so deep. Jian and Guangyan have biographies of their own; this chapter collects others of their kind.

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