1
劉蕡,字去華,幽州昌平人,客梁、汴間。 明《春秋》,能言古興亡事,沈健於謀,浩然有救世意。 擢進士第。 元和後,權綱馳遷,神策中尉王守澄負弒逆罪,更二帝不能討,天下憤之。 文宗即位,思洗元和宿恥,將翦落支黨。 方宦人握兵,橫制海內,號曰「北司」,兇醜朋挻,外脅群臣,內掣侮天子,蕡常痛疾。
Liu Fen, whose courtesy name was Quhua, came from Changping in Youzhou and had long resided as a guest in the Liang and Bian regions. He mastered the Spring and Autumn Annals, could speak at length on the rise and fall of ancient states, was steady and resolute in planning, and carried within him a vast determination to rescue the age. He passed the jinshi civil examination. After the Yuanhe period the axes of power shifted violently; Wang Shoucheng, the Shence Army commandant, carried the guilt of regicide, yet two successive emperors could not bring him to account, and the empire seethed with outrage. When Emperor Wenzong came to the throne, he meant to wash away the old humiliation of the Yuanhe years and to cut down their factional networks. Meanwhile the eunuchs held the armies and lorded it over the realm under the name "Northern Office"; brutal and hideous, they swarmed in factions, outwardly intimidating the officials and inwardly restraining and humiliating the Son of Heaven — a wrong Fen felt as a constant wound.
2
大和二年,舉賢良方正能直言極諫,帝引諸儒百餘人於廷,策曰:
In the second year of Taihe he was nominated for the Worthy and Upright examination with license to speak frankly and remonstrate without reserve; the Emperor called more than a hundred scholars to court and set this policy question:
3
朕聞古先哲王之治也,玄默無為,端拱司契,陶氓心以居簡,凝日用於不宰,厚下以立本,推誠而建中,繇是天人通,陰陽和,俗躋仁壽,物無疵癘。 噫! 盛德之所臻,敻乎其不可及已。 三代令主,質文叠救,百氏滋熾,風流浸微,自漢以降,足言蓋寡。
I have heard that the ancient sage-kings governed in deep silence and without contrivance, sitting upright while they held the seals of rule; they shaped the people's hearts toward simplicity and gathered the day's business into non-interference; they enriched those below to lay the foundation and extended sincerity to build the Mean — and so Heaven and humanity were in accord, yin and yang harmonized, custom rose to benevolence and long life, and nothing suffered flaw or plague. Alas! The heights that supreme virtue reaches are so far beyond us that we cannot even approach them. The enlightened rulers of the Three Dynasties saw substance and ornament rescue one another in turn, while the hundred schools swelled without restraint and refined culture slowly faded; from the Han onward, what is truly worth saying has grown ever thinner.
4
朕顧唯昧道,祗荷丕構,奉若謨訓,不敢怠荒,任賢惕厲,宵衣旰食,詎追三五之遐軌,庶紹祖宗之鴻緒。 而心有未達,行有未孚,由中及外,闕政斯廣。 是以人不率化,氣或堙厄,災旱竟歲,播植愆時。 國廩罕蓄,乏九年之儲; 吏道多端,微三載之績。 京師,諸夏之本也,將以觀治,而豪猾逾檢; 太學,明教之源也,期於變風,而生徒惰業。 列郡在乎頒條,而幹禁或未絕; 百工在乎按度,而淫巧或未息。 俗恬風靡,積訛成蠹。 其擇官濟治也,聽人以言則枝葉難辨,禦下以法則恥格不形; 其阜財發號也,生之寡而食之眾,煩於令而鮮于治。 思所以究此繆盩,致之治平,茲心浩然,若涉淵冰。 故前詔有司,博延群彥,佇啟宿懵,冀臻時雍。
Looking back, I see only how dim my grasp of the Way remains; reverently I shoulder this great edifice, heed the counsels of old, and dare not lapse into idleness; I place the worthy in office with vigilance, rise before dawn and eat after dusk, hoping to follow the far-off tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and to carry on the great thread of my ancestors' work. Yet what I intend in the heart has not been realized, what I enact has not won trust; from within outward, the failures of government spread ever wider. For this reason the people do not follow our transforming influence, the vital energies are sometimes choked and distressed, drought and disaster run through the year, and sowing and planting fall out of season. The state granaries seldom fill, and we lack even the nine years' reserve; the paths of officialdom branch in every direction, with scarcely three years of real achievement to show. The capital is the root of the realm, meant to display how we govern, yet the powerful and cunning overstep every restraint; the Imperial Academy is the fountainhead of enlightened teaching, where we look for custom to change, yet the students are slack in their work. the commanderies depend on issuing regulations, yet breaches of prohibition are not ended; the hundred crafts depend on keeping to standards, yet extravagant artifice has not been stilled. Custom has grown complacent and fashion dissolute; errors piled up have turned into rot. In choosing officials to aid governance, if we listen only to men's words the branches and leaves are hard to tell apart; if we control subordinates by law alone, shame and restraint never take visible form; in enriching the treasury and issuing commands, producers are few and consumers many; ordinances multiply while real governance grows rare. I search for how to probe this confusion and bring the realm to peace; my heart is vast with care, as though I were walking over deep ice. Therefore I earlier commanded the offices to gather the assembled worthies, awaiting that they dispel long-held ignorance and bring the age to harmony.
5
子大夫皆識達古今,誌在康濟,造廷待問,副朕虛懷,必當箴治之闕,辨政之疵,明綱條之致紊,稽富庶之所急。 何施革於前弊? 何澤惠於下土? 何脩而治古可近? 何道而和氣克充? 推之本源,著於條對。 至若夷吾輕重之權,孰輔於治? 嚴尤底定之策,孰葉於時? 元凱之考課何先? 叔子之克平何務? 惟此龜鑒,擇乎中庸,斯在洽聞,朕將親覽。
You gentlemen all understand past and present, your hearts set on bringing peace to the realm; you come to court to await my questions and to meet my open mind — you must point out what is lacking in governance, distinguish flaws in policy, show where statutes fall into disorder, and examine what the people urgently need for prosperity. What measures will reform the abuses of the past? What bounty will reach the people below? What cultivation will bring the governance of antiquity within reach? What Way will fully fill the realm with harmonious qi? Trace each matter to its root and set it forth in your written replies. As for Guan Zhong's power to weigh light and heavy, which of these aids governance? Yan You's policies for securing the realm — which accord with our times? In the performance review of Yuan Kai, what should come first? In Shuzi's achievement of peace, what is the essential task? Take these as your tortoise mirrors, choose the Mean among them; this depends on thorough knowledge — I shall read your answers myself.
6
蕡對曰:
Fen replied:
7
臣誠不佞,有正國致君之術,無位而不得行; 有犯顏敢諫之心,無路而不得達。 懷憤郁抑,思有時而發。 常欲與庶人議於道、商賈謗於市,得通上聽,一悟主心,雖被襖言之罪無所悔。 況逢陛下詢求過闕,咨訪嘉謀,制詔中外,舉直言極諫。 臣辱斯舉,專承大問,敢不悉意以言? 至於上所忌,時所禁,權幸所諱惡,有司所與奪,臣愚不識,伏惟陛下少加優容,不使聖時有讜言受戮者,天下之幸也。 謹昧死以對:
Your subject is truly without talent, yet possesses methods to set the state right and perfect the sovereign — but without office I cannot put them into practice; I have a heart willing to offend your countenance and speak frankly, yet without a path my words cannot reach you. I bore my indignation pent up within, waiting for a moment when it might burst forth. I often wished to debate with commoners on the road and hear merchants speak freely in the markets, so that word might reach your ears and awaken your heart once — even if condemned for seditious speech I would feel no regret. How much more now, when Your Majesty inquires after faults and oversights, seeks excellent counsel, issues edicts throughout the realm, and calls for frank speech and utmost remonstrance. Your subject is honored to be chosen for this, entrusted with your great question — how could I dare not speak with all my heart? As for what the sovereign taboos, what the age forbids, what the powerful and favored detest, what the offices control — your foolish subject cannot know them all; I beg Your Majesty to show a little gracious tolerance, that in this sage age no one who speaks forthrightly should die for it — that would be the fortune of the realm. I respectfully risk death in answering:
8
伏以聖策有思古先之治,念玄默之化,將欲通天地以濟俗,和陰陽以煦物,見陛下慮道之深也。 臣以為哲王之治,其則不遠,惟致之之道何如耳。 伏以聖策有祗荷丕構而不敢荒寧,奉若謨訓而罔有怠忽,見陛下憂勞之至也。 若夫任賢惕厲,宵衣旰食,宜絀左右之纖佞,進股肱之大臣。 若夫追縱三五,紹復祖宗,宜鑒前古之興亡,明當代之成敗。 心有未達,以下情蔽而不得上通; 行有未孚,以上澤壅而不得下浹。 欲人之化,在脩己以先之; 欲氣之和,在遂性以導之。 救災旱在致精誠,廣播殖在視食力。 國廩罕畜,本乎冗食尚繁; 吏道多端,本乎選用失當。 豪猾逾檢,繇中外之法殊; 生徒惰業,繇學校之官廢; 列郡幹禁,繇授任非人; 百工淫巧,繇制度不立。 伏以聖策有擇官濟治之心,阜財發號之嘆,見陛下教化之本也。 且進人以行,則枝葉安有難辨乎? 防下以禮,則恥格安有不形乎? 念生寡而食眾,可罷斥惰遊; 念令煩而治鮮,要察其行否。 博延群彥,願陛下必納其言; 造廷待問,則小臣安敢愛死? 伏以聖策有求賢箴闕之言,審政辨疵之令,見陛下咨訪之勤也。 遂小臣斥奸豪之誌,則弊革於前; 守陛下念康濟之心,則惠敷於下。 邪正之道分,而治古可近; 禮樂之方著,而和氣克充。 至若夷吾之法,非皇王之權; 嚴尤所陳,無最上之策; 元凱之所先,不若唐堯考績; 叔子之所務,不若虞舜舞幹。 且非大德之中庸、上聖之龜鑒,又何足為陛下道之哉? 或有以系安危之機、兆存亡之變者,臣請披肝膽為陛下別白而重言之。
I note that your sage question reflects on the governance of antiquity and the transformation of profound silence, intending to join Heaven and Earth to aid the people and harmonize yin and yang to warm all things — this shows how deeply Your Majesty ponders the Way. I believe the standard of the wise king's governance is not far off; the question is only how to attain it. I note that your sage question shows you reverently bearing this great edifice without daring idleness, heeding the counsels of old without negligence — this shows the depth of Your Majesty's worry and labor. As for employing the worthy with vigilance and rising before dawn to eat after dusk — you should dismiss the petty flatterers at your side and advance the great ministers who are your arms and thighs. As for following the tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and continuing your ancestors' work — you should take as your mirror the rise and fall of former ages and see clearly the successes and failures of our own day. what the heart has not attained is because conditions below are blocked and cannot reach you; what in conduct has not won trust is because your favor above is clogged and cannot soak the realm below. If you wish the people to be transformed, cultivate yourself first to lead them; if you wish the vital energies to harmonize, follow their nature to guide them. Relief from drought and disaster lies in utmost sincerity; to broaden sowing and planting, look to the people's productive strength. that the state granaries seldom fill — the root cause is that redundant consumption remains too great; that official paths branch in every direction — the root cause is mistaken selection and appointment. that the powerful and cunning overstep bounds — because laws at court and in the provinces differ; that students are slack in their studies — because school officials have been neglected; that commanderies violate prohibitions — because the wrong men are appointed; that the crafts turn to extravagant artifice — because institutions are not firmly established. I note that your sage question shows the heart to choose officials and aid governance, the sigh over enriching the treasury and issuing commands — this shows where Your Majesty's transforming work must begin. Moreover, if you advance men by their conduct, how could branches and leaves be hard to tell apart? If you guard subordinates with ritual, how could shame and restraint fail to take visible form? Seeing that producers are few and consumers many, dismiss the idle and wandering; seeing that ordinances multiply while governance grows rare, examine whether they are actually carried out. In broadly gathering the worthies, I beg Your Majesty to accept their words; in coming to court to await your questions, how could this petty subject dare hold back his life? I note that your sage question calls for seeking the worthy and admonishing what is lacking, for examining governance and distinguishing flaws — this shows how diligently Your Majesty consults. if your subject then carries out his will to denounce treacherous grandees, former abuses will be reformed; if I hold to Your Majesty's heart set on bringing peace to the realm, bounty will spread to the people below. if the paths of the wicked and the upright are divided, the governance of antiquity may be approached; if the methods of ritual and music are made manifest, harmonious qi can fully fill the realm. As for Guan Zhong's methods, they are not the authority of the sage-king; what Yan You presented offers no policy of the highest order; what Yuan Kai puts first cannot match Tang Yao's performance review; what Shuzi makes his task cannot match Yu Shun's dancing with shields and axes. Moreover, if they are not the Mean of great virtue or the tortoise mirror of the supreme sage, how are they worth mentioning to Your Majesty? If there are matters that touch the pivot of security and danger and foretoken survival or extinction, I beg to lay bare my heart and speak of them plainly and at length for Your Majesty.
9
臣前所謂「哲王之治,其則不遠」者,在陛下慎思之、力行之、始終不懈而已。 謹按《春秋》:元者,氣之始也; 春者,歲之元也。 《春秋》以元加於歲,以春加於王,明王者當奉若天道,以謹其始也。 又舉時以終歲,舉月以終時,《春秋》雖無事,必書首月以存時,明王者當承天之道,以謹其終也。 王者動作終始必法於天者,以其運行不息也。 陛下能謹其始,又能謹其終,懋而脩之,勤而行之,則執契而居簡,無為而不宰,廣立本之大業,崇建中之盛德,安有三代循環之弊,百偽滋熾之漸乎? 臣故曰:「唯致之之道何如耳。」
What I meant when I said "the standard of the wise king's governance is not far" is simply that Your Majesty must think on it carefully, practice it vigorously, and never slacken from beginning to end. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: yuan is the beginning of qi; spring is the beginning of the year. The Spring and Autumn adds yuan to the year and spring to the king — showing that the king must follow Heaven's Way and be scrupulous at the beginning. Again it raises the season to conclude the year and the month to conclude the season — though the Annals record no events, they always note the first month to preserve the season, showing that the king must undertake Heaven's Way and be scrupulous at the end. The king's actions at beginning and end must take Heaven as their model because Heaven's movement never ceases. If Your Majesty can be scrupulous at the beginning and at the end, strive to cultivate yourself and practice diligently, then holding the seals while dwelling in simplicity, acting without contrivance yet never failing to govern, broadly establishing the foundation's great work and exalting the flourishing virtue of the Mean — how could the cycling abuses of the Three Dynasties or the gradual spread of a hundred falsities remain? I therefore say again: "The question is only how to attain it."
10
臣前所謂「若夫任賢惕厲,宵衣旰食,宜絀左右之纖佞,進股肱之大臣」,實以陛下憂勞之至也。 臣聞不宜憂而憂者,國必衰; 宜憂而不憂者,國必危。 陛下不以國家存亡、社稷安危之策而降於清問,臣未知陛下以布衣之臣不足與定大計耶? 或萬機之勤有所未至也? 不然,何宜憂而不憂乎? 臣以為陛下所先憂者,宮闈將變,社稷將危,天下將傾,四海將亂。 此四者,國家已然之兆,故臣謂聖慮宜先及之。 夫帝業艱難而成之,固不可容易而守之。 太祖肇其基,高祖勤其績,太宗定其業,玄宗繼其明,至於陛下,二百餘載,其間聖明相因,擾亂繼作,未有不用賢士、近正人而能興者。 或一日不念,則顛覆大器,宗廟之恥,萬古為恨。 臣謹按《春秋》,人君之道,在體元以居正。 昔董仲舒為漢武帝言之略矣,有未盡者,臣得為陛下備論之。 夫繼故必書即位,所以正其始也; 終必書所終之地,所以正其終也。 故為君者,所發必正言,所履必正道,所居必正位,所近必正人。 《春秋》:「閽弒吳子余祭。」 書其名,譏疏遠賢士,昵刑人,有不君之道。 伏惟陛下思祖宗開國之勤,念《春秋》繼故之誡。 明法度之端,則發正言,履正道; 杜篡弒之漸,則居正位,近正人。 遠刀鋸之殘,親骨鯁之直,輔相得以顓其任,庶寮得以守其官。 奈何以褻近五六人總天下大政,外專陛下之命,內竊陛下之權,威懾朝廷,勢傾海內,群臣莫敢指其狀,天子不得制其心,禍稔蕭墻,奸生帷幄,臣恐曹節、侯覽復生於今日,此宮闈將變也。 臣謹按《春秋》:「定公元年春王。」 不言正月者,《春秋》以為先君不得正其終,則後君不得正其始,故曰「定無正」也。 今忠賢無腹心之寄,閽寺專廢立之權,陷先帝不得正其終,致陛下不得正其始,況太子未立,郊祀未脩,將相之職不歸,名器之宜不定,此社稷將危也。 臣謹按《春秋》:「王劄子殺召伯、毛伯。」 《春秋》之義,兩下相殺不書。 此書者,重其顓王命也。 夫天之所授者在命,君之所存者在令。 操其命而失之者,是不君也; 侵其命而專之者,是不臣也。 君不君,臣不臣,此天下所以將傾也。 臣謹按《春秋》,晉趙鞅以晉陽之兵叛入於晉,書其歸者,能逐君側之惡以安其君,故《春秋》善之。 今威柄陵夷,藩臣跋扈。 有不達人臣大節,而首亂者將以安君為名; 不究《春秋》之微,稱兵者在逐惡為義。 則典刑不繇天子,征伐必自諸侯,此海內之將亂也。 故樊噲排闥而雪涕,袁盎當車而抗辭,京房發憤以殞身,竇武不顧而畢命,此皆陛下明知之矣。 臣謹按《春秋》,晉狐射姑殺陽處父,書襄公殺之者,以其君漏言也。 襄公不能固陰重之機,處父所以及殘賊之禍,故《春秋》非之。 夫上漏其情,則下不敢盡意; 上泄其事,則下不敢盡言。 故《傳》有造膝詭辭之文,《易》有失身害成之戒。 今公卿大臣,非不欲為陛下言之,慮陛下不能用也。 忽而不用,必泄其言,臣下既言而不行,必嬰其禍; 適足鉗直臣之口,而重奸臣之威。 是以欲盡其言則有失身之懼,欲盡其意則有害成之憂,裴回郁塞,以須陛下感悟,然後盡其啟沃。 陛下何不聽朝之餘,時禦便殿,召當世賢相老臣,訪持變扶危之謀,求定傾救亂之術,塞陰邪之路,屏褻狎之臣,制侵陵迫脅之心,復門戶掃除之役,戒其所宜戒,憂其所宜憂。 既不得治其前,當治於後; 不得正其始,當正其終。 則可以虔奉典謨,克承丕構,終任賢之效,無宵旰之憂矣。
What I meant when I said you should employ the worthy with vigilance, rise before dawn and eat after dusk, dismiss the petty flatterers at your side, and advance your great ministers as arms and thighs — is that Your Majesty's worry and labor have reached an extreme. I have heard that when a ruler worries over what he should not worry about, the state must decline; when a ruler fails to worry over what he should worry about, the state must be in peril. Your Majesty does not lower your clear inquiry to policies for the state's survival, the realm's security and danger — I do not know whether Your Majesty thinks a man in plain cloth insufficient to settle the great plan? Or is it that your diligence over the myriad affairs has not yet reached everywhere? If not, why do you fail to worry over what you should worry about? I believe what Your Majesty should worry over first is this: the inner palace is about to change, the altars of state are about to be endangered, the realm is about to topple, and the four seas are about to fall into chaos. These four are omens already manifest in the state; therefore I say Your Majesty's concern should reach them first. The imperial enterprise was won only with difficulty; it certainly cannot be held with ease. Taizu laid its foundation, Gaozu labored at its achievements, Taizong fixed its enterprise, Xuanzong continued its brilliance — down to Your Majesty, more than two hundred years have passed; through that span sage rulers succeeded one another and turmoil followed in turn — never yet has a dynasty flourished without employing worthy men and drawing near the upright. Neglect it for a single day and the great vessel is overturned — shame upon the ancestral temples, a regret for ten thousand ages. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: the ruler's Way lies in embodying the beginning to dwell in correctness. Long ago Dong Zhongshu spoke of it to Emperor Wu of Han in outline; what he left unsaid, your subject may now set forth fully for Your Majesty. In succeeding a predecessor, the Annals must record enthronement — thereby to set the beginning right; At the end one must record where it ends — thereby to set the conclusion right. Therefore for a ruler: what he speaks must be upright words, what he walks must be the upright Way, where he dwells must be the upright position, and whom he draws near must be upright men. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "A gate guard murdered Prince Yuji of Wu." It records his name, condemning how he kept worthy scholars at a distance, favored men of punishment, and conducted himself unlike a true ruler. I beg Your Majesty to reflect on the toil of the ancestors in founding the state and heed the Spring and Autumn's admonition on succeeding a predecessor. Clarify the foundations of law and institution, then speak upright words and walk the upright Way; block the gradual advance of usurpation and regicide, then dwell in the upright position and draw near upright men. Keep far from the cruelty of torture, draw near the blunt integrity of true remonstrators; then chief ministers can fully carry out their duties and the myriad offices can keep to their posts. Yet how can five or six men of intimate proximity monopolize the great affairs of the realm — outwardly monopolizing your commands, inwardly stealing your authority, their might terrifying the court and their power overturning the empire; the ministers dare not point to their conduct, the Son of Heaven cannot control their hearts; disaster ripens within the courtyard wall and treachery arises within the curtain — I fear Cao Jie and Hou Lan are reborn in our day: this is the inner palace about to change. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "In spring of the first year of Duke Ding, the King." It does not speak of the first month because the Annals hold that if the former ruler could not set his end right, the later ruler cannot set his beginning right — therefore it says "Ding has no correctness." Now the loyal and worthy have no trust at your side; gatekeepers and eunuchs monopolize the power to depose and establish, trapping the former emperor so he could not set his end right and causing you not to set your beginning right — moreover the heir is not established, suburban sacrifices are not performed, the duties of generals and ministers do not return to their places, and titles and regalia are not fixed: this is how the altars of state are about to be endangered. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "Prince Zha of Zhou murdered the Earl of Shao and the Earl of Mao." The principle of the Annals: when two sides kill each other, it is not recorded. That it is recorded here emphasizes how he monopolized the royal command. What Heaven bestows lies in the mandate; what the ruler preserves lies in his commands. to grasp the mandate yet lose it — that is not to be a ruler; to encroach on the mandate and monopolize it — that is not to be a minister. When the ruler is no ruler and the minister no minister — this is why the realm is about to topple. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: Zhao Yang of Jin led the troops of Jinyang in rebellion and entered Jin; the Annals record his return because he drove out the wicked at the ruler's side to secure his lord — therefore the Annals commend him. Now royal authority declines and frontier lords grow overbearing. there are those who do not comprehend a minister's great integrity, yet those who first raise chaos will take securing the ruler as their pretext; without investigating the subtlety of the Annals, those who raise armies will claim that driving out the wicked is righteous. then canonical punishments will not come from the Son of Heaven and campaigns will necessarily come from the feudal lords — this is how the empire is about to fall into chaos. Therefore Fan Kuai pushed through the door with tears streaming, Yuan Ang blocked the carriage with defiant words, Jing Fang gave vent to indignation and lost his life, Dou Wu paid no heed and gave his life — all these Your Majesty clearly knows. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: Hu Shegu of Jin murdered Yang Chufu; the Annals record that Duke Xiang murdered him because his ruler leaked a secret. Duke Xiang could not keep a weighty secret; Chufu therefore met a cruel end — therefore the Annals condemn it. When those above leak their feelings, those below dare not speak their full intent; when those above disclose their affairs, those below dare not speak their full mind. Therefore the Commentary has texts of knee-to-knee deceptive words, and the Changes warns of losing one's person and harming what is accomplished. Now the great ministers — it is not that they do not wish to speak to you; they fear you cannot employ their words. if you suddenly do not employ them, they will surely leak their words; if subordinates speak yet nothing is done, they will surely meet disaster; this only clamps shut the mouths of upright ministers and adds weight to the might of treacherous ministers. Therefore if they wish to speak fully they fear for their lives; if they wish to speak their full mind they worry of harming what is accomplished; they hesitate, depressed and blocked, awaiting your awakening — only then do they fully offer their counsel. Why do you not, after court affairs, from time to time proceed to the side hall, summon the worthy chief ministers and elder statesmen of the age, inquire after plans to uphold change and support peril, seek methods to settle what topples and rescue chaos, block the paths of perverse influence, dismiss intimate favorites, restrain hearts that encroach and coerce, restore the work of sweeping clear the gates and households, warn against what should be warned, and worry over what should be worried? If you cannot set right what came before, set right what comes after; if you cannot set the beginning right, set the end right. Then you can reverently follow the canonical counsels, fully inherit the great edifice, finally achieve the effect of employing the worthy, and be free of the worry of rising before dawn and eating after dusk.
11
臣前所謂「追縱三五,紹復祖宗,宜鑒前古之興亡,明當時之成敗」者。 臣聞堯、禹之為君而天下大治者,以能任九官、四嶽、十二牧,不失其舉,不貳其業,不侵其職,居官唯其能,左右唯其賢,元凱在下雖微而必舉,四兇在朝雖強而必誅,考其安危,明其取舍。 至秦二世、漢元成,鹹願措國如唐、虞,致身如堯、舜,而終敗亡者,以其不見安危之機,不知取舍之道,不任大臣,不辨奸人,不親忠良,不遠讒佞也。 伏惟陛下察唐、虞之所以興,而景行於前; 鑒秦、漢之所以亡,而戒懼於後。 陛下無謂廟堂無賢相,庶官無賢士,今紀綱未絕,典刑猶在,人誰不欲致身為王臣,致時為升平? 陛下何忽而不用邪? 又有居官非其能,左右非其賢,惡如四兇,詐如趙高,奸如恭、顯,陛下何憚而不去邪? 神器固有歸,天命固有分,祖宗固有靈,忠臣固有心,陛下其念之哉! 昔秦之亡也,失於強暴; 漢之亡也,失於微弱。 強暴則奸臣畏死而害上,微弱則強臣竊權而震主。 臣伏見敬宗不虞亡秦之禍,不翦其萌。 伏惟陛下深軫亡漢之憂,以杜其漸,則祖宗之洪業可紹,三五之遐軌可追矣。
What I meant when I said you should follow the tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and continue your ancestors' work — take as your mirror the rise and fall of former ages and see clearly the successes and failures of our own time. I have heard that Yao and Yu brought the realm to great order because they could employ the Nine Officers, the Four Peaks, and the Twelve Pastors — never missing the right appointment, never duplicating tasks, never encroaching on duties; in office only by ability, at their side only the worthy; worthy men below though slight were always raised, the Four Evils in court though strong were always executed; they examined security and danger and clarified what to take and what to discard. As for Qin Ershi and the Han emperors Yuan and Cheng — all wished to set the state like Tang and Yu and make themselves like Yao and Shun, yet in the end were defeated and perished — because they did not see the pivot of security and danger, did not know what to take and what to discard, did not employ great ministers, did not distinguish treacherous men, did not draw near the loyal, and did not keep far from slanderous flatterers. I beg Your Majesty to examine why Tang and Yu flourished and take their bright conduct as your model; take as your mirror why Qin and Han perished and be warned and fearful thereafter. Your Majesty must not say the court has no worthy chief minister or the offices no worthy scholar — the statutes are not yet severed and canonical punishments still exist; who among men does not wish to serve as your minister and bring the age to peace? Why do you suddenly not employ them? Moreover there are those in office beyond their ability, at your side not the worthy — wicked as the Four Evils, deceitful as Zhao Gao, treacherous as Gong and Xian — why do you shrink from removing them? The sacred vessel has its rightful place, the mandate of Heaven has its allotment, the ancestors have their spirits, loyal ministers have their hearts — Your Majesty, think on these! Formerly Qin perished through violent severity; Han perished through feebleness. Violent severity makes treacherous ministers fear death and harm their superiors; feebleness lets powerful ministers steal authority and shake their lord. I see that Emperor Jingzong did not guard against Qin's disaster, did not cut away its sprout. I beg Your Majesty deeply to grieve Han's disaster and block its gradual advance — then the ancestors' great enterprise can be continued and the distant tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors can be pursued.
12
臣前所謂陛下「心有所未達,以下情塞而不能上通; 行有所未孚,以上澤壅而不得下浹」; 且百姓有塗炭之苦,陛下無繇而知; 陛下有子惠之心,百姓無繇而信。 臣謹按《春秋》書「梁亡」不書「取」者,梁自亡也,以其思慮昏而耳目塞,上出惡政,人為寇盜,皆不知其所以,終自取其滅亡也。 臣聞國君之所以尊者,重其社稷也; 社稷之所以重者,存其百姓也。 茍百姓不存,則雖社稷不得固其重; 社稷不重,則人君不得保其尊。 故治天下者,不可不知百姓之情。 夫百姓者,陛下之赤子,陛下宜令慈仁者視育之,如保傅焉,如乳哺焉,如師之教導焉。 故人之於上也,恭之如神明,愛之如父母。 今或不然,陛下親近貴幸,分曹建署,補除卒吏,召致賓客,因其貨賄,假以聲勢; 大者統藩方,小者為守牧,居上無清惠之政而有饕餮之害,居下無忠誠之節而有奸欺之罪。 故人之於上也,畏之如豺狼,惡之如仇敵。 今海內困窮,處處流散,饑者不得食,寒者不得衣,鰥寡孤獨不得存,老幼疾病不得養,加以國權兵柄顓於左右,貪臣聚斂以固寵,奸吏因緣而弄法,冤痛之聲,上達於九天,下入於九泉,鬼神為之怨怒,陰陽為之愆錯。 君門萬重,不得告訴,士人無所歸化,百姓無所歸命。 官亂人貧,盜賊並起,土崩之勢,憂在旦夕。 即不幸因之以病癘,繼之以兇荒,陳勝、吳廣不獨起於秦,赤眉、黃巾不獨生於漢,臣所以為陛下發憤扼腕、痛心泣血也。 如此則百姓有塗炭之苦,陛下何繇而知之乎? 陛下有子惠之心,百姓安得而信之乎? 使陛下行有所未孚,心有所未達,固其然也。 臣聞漢元帝即位之初,更制七十餘事,其心甚誠,其稱甚美。 然紀綱日紊,國祚日衰,奸宄日強,黎元日困,繇不能擇賢明而任之,失其操柄也。 自陛下即位,憂勤兆庶,屢降德音,四海之內,莫不抗首而長息,自喜復生於死亡之中也。 伏惟陛下慎終如始,以塞四方之望。 誠能揭國柄以歸於相,持兵柄以歸於將,去貪臣聚斂之政,除奸吏因緣之害,惟忠賢是近,惟正直是用,內寵便僻無所聽焉。 選清慎之官,擇仁惠之長,敏之以利,煦之以和,教之以孝慈,導之以德義,去耳目之塞,通上下之情,俾萬國歡康,兆庶蘇息,即心無不達,而行無不孚矣。
What I said earlier — Your Majesty, "what you intend in the heart has not been realized because conditions below are blocked and cannot reach you; "what you enact has not won trust because your favor above is clogged and cannot soak the realm below"; moreover the people suffer as if in fire and coals, yet you have no means to know; Your Majesty has a heart of fatherly kindness, yet the people have no means to believe it. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: it records "Liang perished" and does not record "taken" — Liang destroyed itself because its thought was muddled and its ears and eyes blocked, above issued wicked government and men became bandits, none knowing why — in the end it brought on its own extinction. I have heard that what makes a ruler honored is valuing his altars of state; what makes the altars valued is preserving the people. If the people do not survive, then even the altars cannot secure their weight; if the altars are not valued, then the ruler cannot preserve his honor. Therefore one who governs the realm cannot fail to know the feelings of the people. The people are Your Majesty's infants; you should have the kind and benevolent regard and nurture them — as a guardian and tutor, as nursing with milk, as a teacher's instruction and guidance. Therefore men's attitude toward those above should be: revering them as spirits, loving them as parents. Now it is perhaps not so: you draw near the honored and favored, divide offices and establish bureaus, appoint and dismiss clerks, summon guests — relying on their bribes and lending them reputation and power; the great ones command frontier regions, the small ones serve as prefects and governors — above there is no clear and gracious government but the harm of gluttonous greed; below there is no loyalty but the crime of treachery and deceit. Therefore men's attitude toward those above becomes: fearing them as jackals and wolves, hating them as enemies. Now the empire is distressed and impoverished, people scatter everywhere — the hungry cannot obtain food, the cold cannot obtain clothing, widowers and orphans cannot survive, the old and sick cannot be cared for; added to this, state authority and military power are monopolized by those at your side, greedy ministers gather levies to secure favor, treacherous officials seize opportunities to manipulate the law — cries of wrongful pain reach up to the nine heavens and sink down to the nine springs; spirits and ghosts are angered, yin and yang are disordered. The ruler's gate is ten thousand layers deep — they cannot lodge complaints; scholars have nowhere to turn, the people have nowhere to place their trust. Officials in chaos, people in poverty, bandits rising together — the momentum of earth collapsing, worry within morning and evening. If misfortune adds plague upon this, followed by fierce famine — Chen Sheng and Wu Guang did not arise only in Qin, the Red Eyebrows and Yellow Turbans did not arise only in Han; this is why I vent indignation for you, clench my fists, and grieve to the point of weeping blood. If it is thus, the people suffer as if in fire and coals — how can you have means to know? Your Majesty has a heart of fatherly kindness — how can the people obtain belief in it? That your conduct has not won trust and what you intend has not been realized — it is solidly so. I have heard that at the beginning of Emperor Yuan of Han's accession, he changed more than seventy institutions — his heart was very sincere, his reputation very fine. Yet day by day the statutes were tangled, day by day the dynastic fortune declined, day by day treacherous villains grew strong, day by day the people were distressed — because he could not select the worthy and employ them, he lost his grip on power. Since your accession, worry and diligence for the myriad masses, repeatedly issuing virtuous pronouncements — throughout the four seas none failed to raise their heads and sigh with relief, rejoicing that they were reborn from among the dead. I beg Your Majesty to be careful at the end as at the beginning, to satisfy the hopes of the four directions. If you can truly return state authority to the chancellor and military authority to the generals, remove the government of greedy ministers gathering levies, eliminate the harm of treacherous officials seizing opportunities, draw near only the loyal and worthy and employ only the upright — hear none of the words of inner favorites and convenient flatterers. Select officials who are clear and cautious, choose leaders who are benevolent and gracious, quicken them with benefit, warm them with harmony, teach them filial piety and kindness, guide them with virtue and righteousness, remove the blockage of ears and eyes, connect the feelings of above and below — then make the ten thousand states joyful and at peace and the myriad masses revive and rest; then what you intend will reach everywhere and what you enact will win trust everywhere.
13
臣前所謂「欲人之化也,在脩己以先之」,臣聞德以脩己,教以導人。 脩之也,則人不勸而自立; 導之也,則人不教而率從。 君子欲政之必行也,故以身先之; 欲人之從化也,故以道禦之。 今陛下先之以身而政未必行,禦之以道而人未從化,豈立教之旨未盡其方邪? 夫立教之方,在乎君以明制之,臣以忠行之。 君以知人為明,臣以正時為忠。 知人在任賢而去邪,正時則固本而守法。 賢不任則重賞不足以勸善,邪不去則嚴刑不足以禁非,本不固則人流,法不守則政散,而欲教之必至,化之必行,不可得也。 陛下能斥奸邪而不私其左右,舉賢正而不遺其疏遠,則化浹朝廷矣。 愛人而敦本,分職而奉法,脩其身以及其人,始於中而成於外,則化行天下矣。
What I said earlier — "if you wish the people to be transformed, cultivate yourself first to lead them" — I have heard: virtue is for cultivating the self, teaching is for guiding others. cultivate it, then men without exhortation stand of themselves; guide it, then men without teaching broadly follow. The noble man wishes government to be carried out, therefore he takes the lead with his own person; wishes men to follow transformation, therefore he governs them with the Way. Now you take the lead with your person yet government is not necessarily carried out, govern with the Way yet men have not followed transformation — is it that the aim of establishing teaching has not exhausted its methods? The method of establishing teaching lies in the ruler clearly regulating it and the minister loyally carrying it out. The ruler takes knowing men as clarity; the minister takes correcting the times as loyalty. Knowing men lies in employing the worthy and removing the perverse; correcting the times lies in securing the foundation and keeping to the law. If the worthy are not employed, heavy rewards are insufficient to encourage good; if the perverse are not removed, severe punishments are insufficient to prohibit wrong; if the foundation is not secure, people scatter; if the law is not kept, government disperses — yet wishing teaching to arrive and transformation to be carried out cannot be obtained. If you can repel treacherous perversity without favoring those at your side, raise the worthy and upright without neglecting the distant — then transformation will soak the court. Love others and enrich the foundation, divide duties and keep to the law, cultivate yourself and extend to others, begin within and accomplish without — then transformation will travel the realm.
14
臣前所謂「欲氣之和也,在遂其性以導之」者,當納人於仁壽也。 夫欲人之仁壽也,在立制度,脩教化。 夫制度立則財用省,財用省則賦斂輕,賦斂輕則人富矣; 教化脩則爭競息,爭競息則刑罰清,刑罰清則人安矣。 既富矣,則仁義興焉; 既安矣,則壽考至焉。 仁義之心感於下,和平之氣應於上,故災害不作,休祥存臻,四方底寧,萬物鹹遂矣。
What I said earlier — "if you wish the vital energies to harmonize, follow their nature to guide them" — one should bring the people into benevolence and longevity. If one wishes the people benevolent and long-lived, it lies in establishing institutions and cultivating transformation. When institutions are established, expenditures are economized; when expenditures are economized, levies are light; when levies are light, the people grow wealthy; when transformation is cultivated, contention ceases; when contention ceases, punishments are clear; when punishments are clear, the people are at peace. once wealthy, then benevolence and righteousness arise; once at peace, then longevity arrives. Hearts of benevolence and righteousness are moved below, qi of peace and harmony respond above — therefore disasters do not arise, auspicious omens arrive, the four directions reach tranquility, and the ten thousand things all succeed.
15
臣前所謂「救災旱在乎致精誠」者。 臣謹按《春秋》,魯僖公一年之中,三書「不雨」者,以其人君有恤人之誌也; 文公三年之中,一書「不雨」者,以其人君無閔人之心也。 故僖致誠而旱不害物,文無恤閔而變則成災。 陛下有閔人之誌,則無成災之變矣。
What I said earlier — that relieving drought and famine lies in attaining utmost sincerity. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: within a single year of Duke Xi of Lu, "no rain" is recorded three times — because that ruler had a mind to care for the people; across three years of Duke Wen, it is recorded only once — because that ruler had no heart of compassion for the people. Therefore when Xi attained sincerity, drought did not harm the crops; when Wen lacked care and compassion, a change in conditions became true disaster. If Your Majesty has a mind to care for the people, there will be no change that becomes disaster.
16
臣前所謂「廣播殖在乎視食力」者。 臣謹按《春秋》:「君人者必時視民之所勤。 民勤於力則功築罕,民勤於財則貢賦少,民勤於食則百事廢。」 今財食與力皆勤矣,願陛下廢百事之用,以廣三時之務,則播植不愆矣。
What I said earlier — that broad sowing and planting depend on observing the people's capacity to produce food. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "A ruler must constantly observe what the people labor at. When the people labor at physical strength, public works grow scarce; when they labor at wealth, tribute and levies shrink; when they labor at securing food, the hundred affairs are abandoned." Today wealth, food, and strength are all overstrained. I beg Your Majesty to set aside the hundred affairs and broaden the work of the three farming seasons — then sowing and planting will not fail.
17
臣前所謂「國廩罕蓄,本乎冗食尚繁」者。 臣謹按《春秋》:「臧孫辰告糴於齊。」 《春秋》譏其無九年之蓄,一年不登而百姓饑。 臣願斥遊惰之人以篤耕殖,省不急之費以贍黎元,則廩蓄不乏矣。
What I said earlier — that the state's granaries hold little, because redundant consumption remains excessive. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "Zangsun Chen requested grain from Qi." The Annals condemn him for lacking nine years' stores — one year of poor harvest and the common people went hungry. I beg to expel idle wanderers to deepen farming, cut non-urgent expenditures to nourish the people — then granary stores will not run dry.
18
臣前所謂「吏道多端,本乎選用失當」者,繇國家取人不盡其材、任人不明其要故也。 今陛下之用人也,求其聲而不求其實,故人之趨進也,務其末而不務其本。 臣願核考課之實,定遷序之制,則多端之吏息矣。
What I said about the officials' paths multiplying, rooted in wrongful selection and appointment — this is because the state does not draw on men's full talents, and appointments do not clarify what truly matters. Today in appointing men, Your Majesty seeks reputation but not substance; therefore those who advance attend to show but not to substance. I beg to examine the substance of performance evaluations and fix the system of advancement — then the multiplied paths of officials will subside.
19
臣前所謂「豪猾逾檢,繇中外之法殊」者,以其官禁不一也。 臣謹按《春秋》,齊桓公盟諸侯不日,而葵丘之盟特以日者,美其能宣明天子之禁,率奉王官之法,故《春秋》備而書之。 然則官者,五帝、三王之所建也; 法者,高祖、太宗之所制也。 法宜畫一,官宜正名。 今又分外官、中官之員,立南司、北司之局,或犯禁於南則亡命於北,或正刑於外則破律於中,法出多門,人無所措,繇兵農勢異,而中外法殊也。 臣聞古者因井田以制軍賦,間農事以脩武備,提封約卒乘之數,命將在公卿之列,故兵農一致,而文武同方,以保乂邦家,式遏亂略。 太宗置府兵臺省軍衛,文武參掌,閑歲則櫜弓力穡,有事則釋耒荷戈,所以脩復古制,不廢舊物。 今則不然。 夏官不知兵籍,止於奉朝請; 六軍不主武事,止於養階勛。 軍容合中官之政,戎律附內臣之職。 首一戴武弁,疾文吏如仇讎; 足一蹈軍門,視農夫如草芥。 謀不足以翦除奸兇,而詐足以抑揚威福; 勇不足以鎮衛社稷,而暴足以侵害閭裏。 羈紲藩臣,幹陵宰輔,隳裂王度,汩亂朝經。 張武夫之威,上以制君父; 假天子之命,下以禦英豪。 有藏奸觀釁之心,無伏節死難之誼。 豈先王經文緯武之旨邪! 臣願陛下貫文武之道,均兵農之功,正貴賤之名,一中外之法,還軍衛之職,脩省署之官; 近崇貞觀之風,遠復成周之制:自邦畿以刑下國,始天子而達諸侯,可以制猾奸之強,無逾檢之患矣。
What I said about the powerful and cunning overstepping bounds, because inner and outer law differ — this is because official prohibitions are not one. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: when Duke Huan of Qi covenanted with the feudal lords, dates were usually omitted; yet the covenant at Kuiqiu is specially dated — praising his ability to proclaim the Son of Heaven's prohibitions and lead the states in keeping to the royal laws; therefore the Annals record it in full. Thus offices were what the Five Emperors and Three Kings established; laws were what Gaozu and Taizong enacted. Laws should be unified; offices should have correct titles. Now again outer and inner officials are divided in posts, and Southern Bureau and Northern Bureau offices are established — violate a prohibition in the south and flee to the north; be punished outside and break the law within; laws issue from many gates and men have nowhere to turn — because military and agricultural power diverge, inner and outer law are separate. I have heard that in antiquity the well-field system regulated military levies, agricultural seasons were interwoven with military training, fiefs were tallied for chariot and foot numbers, and commanders were appointed from among the chief ministers — thus military and agriculture were one, civil and martial shared one direction, to secure the state and check rebellion. Taizong established the fubing militia, Terrace offices, and army guards — civil and martial jointly administered; in peaceful years they sheathed bows and labored in the fields; when trouble arose they set aside plows and took up arms — thereby restoring the ancient system without abandoning the old institutions. Now it is not so. the Minister of War does not know the military registers, and attends court only as a formality; the Six Armies do not preside over military affairs, and exist only to nurture ranks and honors. military affairs are merged with inner eunuch government; military regulations are attached to inner attendants' offices. one head dons the military cap and hates civil officials like sworn enemies; one foot steps through the army gate and regards farmers as nothing. their stratagems are insufficient to cut down treacherous villains, yet their cunning suffices to raise and lower authority and favor; their courage is insufficient to guard the altars of state, yet their violence suffices to prey on lanes and hamlets. They bind feudal ministers, overawe chief ministers, shatter the royal measure, and muddy the constants of court governance. They display the might of warriors to control the ruler and father above; they borrow the Son of Heaven's command to repel heroes below. They harbor treachery and watch for openings, but have no principle of bowing to duty and dying in hardship. Is this the purpose of the former kings in weaving civil and martial together! I beg Your Majesty to thread civil and martial Ways together, equalize military and agricultural achievement, correct titles of noble and base, unify inner and outer law, restore the duties of army guards, and repair the provincial offices; near at hand honor the spirit of the Zhenguan reign, far off restore the institutions of the accomplished Zhou: from the capital domain discipline the subordinate states, from the Son of Heaven down to the feudal lords — then you can restrain the strong among cunning villains, and there will be no calamity of overstepping bounds.
20
臣前所謂「生徒惰業,繇學校之官廢」者,蓋國家貴其祿,賤其能,先其事,後其行,故庶官乏通經之學,諸生無脩業之心矣。
What I said about students growing idle because school offices are abandoned — broadly the state values their stipends and despises their ability, puts position before conduct; therefore the myriad offices lack mastery of the classics, and students have no heart to cultivate their studies.
21
臣前所謂「列郡幹禁,繇授任非人」者,臣以為刺史之任,治亂之根本系焉,朝廷之法制在焉,權可以禦豪強,恩可以惠孤寡,強可以禦奸寇,政可以移風俗。 其將校曾更戰陣,及功臣子弟,請隨宜酬賞。 茍無治人之術者,不當任此官,即絕幹禁之患矣。
What I said about the commanderies interfering with prohibitions because the wrong men are appointed — I hold that the post of regional inspector is where the root of order and disorder lies and where the court's laws and institutions reside; with authority one can repel overbearing strongmen, with kindness benefit orphans and widows, with strength repel treacherous bandits, and with government shift customs and mores. As for commanders and officers who have seen battle, and the sons and younger brothers of meritorious ministers — I ask that they be rewarded as appropriate. If one lacks the art of governing men, he should not hold this office — then the calamity of interfering with prohibitions will end.
22
臣前所謂「百工淫巧,繇制度不立」者,臣請以官位祿秩制其器用車服,禁以金銀珠玉,錦繡雕鏤。 不蓄於私室,則無蕩心之巧矣。
What I said about the hundred crafts growing excessive in cleverness because institutions are not established — I ask to regulate implements, vehicles, and dress by office rank and stipend grade, and prohibit gold, silver, pearls, jade, brocade, embroidery, and carving and inlay. If such things are not hoarded in private chambers, there will be no cleverness that unsettles the heart.
23
臣前所謂「辨校葉」者,繇考言以詢行也; 臣前所謂「形於恥格」者,繇道德而齊禮也; 臣前所謂「念生寡而食眾,可罷斥惰遊」者,已備於前矣。 臣前所謂「令煩而治鮮,要察其行否」者,臣聞號令者,治國之具也。 君審而出之,臣奉而行之,或虧益止留,罪在不赦。 今陛下令煩而治鮮,得非持之者有所蔽欺乎?
What I called distinguishing and comparing branches and leaves — this is because examining words inquires into conduct; what I called taking form in shame and regulation — this is because through virtue and the Way one aligns ritual; what I said about reflecting that producers are few and consumers many, and that idle wanderers may be dismissed — has already been set forth above. What I said about orders being numerous yet governance rare, and that the essential is to examine whether they are carried out — I have heard that commands are the instruments of governing the state. The ruler examines and issues them; ministers receive and carry them out — to diminish, add, stop, or detain them is an unpardonable crime. Today Your Majesty's orders are numerous yet governance is rare — can it be that those who hold them conceal and deceive?
24
臣前謂「博延群彥,願陛下必納其言; 造廷待問,則小臣其敢愛死」者。 昔晁錯為漢削諸侯,非不知禍之將至,忠臣之心,壯夫之節,茍利社稷,死無悔焉。 臣非不知言發而禍應,計行而身僇,蓋痛社稷之危,哀生人之悔,豈忍姑息時忌,竊陛下一命之寵哉? 昔龍逄死而啟商,比幹死而啟周,韓非死而啟漢,陳蕃死而啟魏。 今臣之來也,有司或不敢薦臣之言,陛下又無以察臣之心,退必戮於權臣之手,臣幸得從四子遊於地下,固臣之願也。 所不知殺臣者,臣死之後,將孰為啟之哉!
What I said earlier — "broadly gather worthy men, and I beg Your Majesty to accept their words; come to court and await inquiry — then would this petty official dare cherish his life." Formerly Chao Cuo reduced the feudal lords for Han — it was not that he did not know disaster was coming; the loyal minister's heart, the stalwart's integrity: if it profits the altars of state, death brings no regret. I am not unaware that when words issue disaster follows, and when plans are carried out the body is punished — I grieve the altars' peril and mourn the people's suffering: how could I bear to temporize with the times' taboos and steal one life of Your Majesty's favor? Formerly Long Feng died and Shang was awakened; Bi Gan died and Zhou was awakened; Han Fei died and Han was awakened; Chen Fan died and Wei was awakened. Now in my coming, the responsible offices perhaps dare not recommend my words; Your Majesty again has no means to discern my heart — on retiring I will surely be executed at the hands of powerful ministers; I would be fortunate to wander underground with the Four — that is indeed my wish. What I do not know is: when I am killed, after my death, who will awaken them!
25
至如人主之闕,政教之疵,前日之弊,臣既言之矣。 若乃流下土之惠、脩近古之治而致和平者,在陛下行之而已。 然上之所陳者,實以臣親承聖問,敢不條對。 雖臣之愚,以為未極教化之大端、皇王之要道。 伏惟陛下事天地以教人恭,奉宗廟以教人孝,養高年以教人悌長,字百姓以教人慈幼,調元氣以煦育,扇大和以仁壽,可以消搖無為,垂拱成化。 至若念陶鈞之道,在擇宰相以任之,使權造化之柄; 念保定之功,在擇將帥以任之,使脩閫外之寄; 念百度之求正,在擇庶官面任之,使顓職業之守; 念百姓之怨痛,在擇良吏以任之,使明惠養之術。 自然言足以為天下教,動足以為天下法,仁足以勸善,義足以禁非,又何必宵衣旰食,勞神惕慮,然後致治哉!
As for the ruler's faults, the flaws in government and teaching, and the abuses of former days — I have already spoken of them. As for spreading benefit to the lower lands, cultivating governance like that of near antiquity to attain peace — it lies in Your Majesty's carrying it out, nothing more. Yet what was set forth above was truly because I personally received the sage inquiry — how could I not respond item by item. Though I am foolish, I hold that it has not reached the great beginning of transformation and teaching, the essential Way of the august kings. I beg Your Majesty to serve Heaven and Earth to teach reverence, attend the ancestral temples to teach filial piety, nurture the aged to teach respect for elders, cherish the people to teach kindness to the young, harmonize the vital energies to warm and nurture, fan the great harmony toward benevolence and longevity — then you may roam free in non-action, fold your arms, and let transformation be accomplished. As for reflecting on the potter's wheel — it lies in selecting chief ministers to entrust with it, letting them wield the handle of creation and transformation; reflecting on securing and stabilizing the realm — it lies in selecting generals and commanders to entrust with it, letting them fulfill the trust outside the frontier passes; reflecting on the hundred measures' need for correctness — it lies in selecting the myriad offices and personally entrusting them, letting them focus on keeping to their duties; reflecting on the people's grievance and pain — it lies in selecting good officials to entrust with it, letting them clarify the arts of kindness and nurturing. Then naturally your words suffice to teach the realm, your movements suffice to model it, your benevolence suffices to encourage good, your righteousness suffices to prohibit wrong — why must you rise at midnight and dine at dusk, toil your spirit and be ever vigilant, only then attain governance!
26
是時,第策官左散騎常侍馮宿、太常少卿賈餗、庫部郎中龐嚴見蕡對嗟伏,以為過古晁、董,而畏中官眥睚,不敢取。 士人讀其辭,至感概流涕者。 諫官御史交章論其直。
At that time the examination graders — Left Regular Attendant of the Cavalry Feng Su, Vice Minister of Rites Jia Su, and Bureau Director of the Storehouses Pang Yan — seeing Fen's answers sighed in admiration, holding them to surpass the ancient Chao Cuo and Dong Zhongshu; yet fearing the inner eunuchs' resentment, they dared not select him. Scholars reading his text were moved to sighing and shedding tears. Remonstrating officials and investigating censors submitted memorial after memorial praising his straightforwardness.
27
於時,被選者二十有三人,所言皆冗齪常務,類得優調。 河南府參軍事李郃曰:「蕡逐我留,吾顏其厚邪!」 乃上疏曰:「陛下禦正殿求直言,使人得自奮。 臣才誌懦劣,不能質今古是非,使陛下聞未聞之言,行未行之事,忽忽內思,愧羞神明。 今蕡所對,敢空臆盡言,至皇王之成敗,陛下所防閑,時政之安危,不私所料,又引《春秋》為據,漢、魏以來,無與蕡比。 有司以言涉訐忤,不敢聞。 自詔書下,萬口籍籍,嘆其誠鯁,至於垂泣,謂蕡指切左右,畏近臣銜怒,變興非常,朝野惴息,誠恐忠良道窮,綱紀遂絕,季漢之亂,復興於今。 以陛下仁聖,近臣故無害忠良之謀; 以宗廟威嚴,近臣故無速敗亡之禍。 指事取驗,何懼直言? 且陛下以直言召天下士,蕡以直言副陛下所問,雖訐必容,雖過當獎,書於史策,千古光明。 使萬有一蕡不幸死,天下必曰陛下陰殺讜直,結讎海內,忠義之士,皆憚誅夷,人心一搖,無以自解。 況臣所對,不及蕡遠甚,內懷愧恥,自謂賢良,奈人言何! 乞回臣所授,以旌蕡直。 臣逃茍且之慚,朝有公正之路,陛下免天下之疑,顧不美哉!」 帝不納。 郃字子玄,後歷賀州刺史。
At that time twenty-three were selected; what they said was all redundant routine — most received favorable assignments. Li He, staff officer of Henan Prefecture, said: "Fen is expelled and I remain — how thick is my face!" Thereupon he submitted a memorial saying: "Your Majesty held court in the main hall seeking straightforward words, enabling men to exert themselves. My talent and resolve are timid and inferior; I cannot verify right and wrong in past and present, cause Your Majesty to hear words never heard or carry out affairs never carried out — inwardly I am restless in thought, ashamed before the spirits. Now in Fen's answers he dared empty his breast and speak fully — reaching the august kings' success and failure, what Your Majesty should guard against, the present government's safety and peril, without private calculation; again citing the Spring and Autumn Annals as evidence — since Han and Wei, none compares with Fen. The responsible offices, because the words touched offense against superiors, dared not report them. Since the edict was issued, ten thousand mouths clamored, sighing at his sincere bluntness, even to shedding tears — saying Fen's finger pointed at those at Your Majesty's side, fearing intimate ministers would harbor anger and extraordinary change arise; court and countryside held their breath, truly fearing the loyal and good had reached a dead end, law and order were cut off, and the chaos of late Han would revive in our day. Because Your Majesty is benevolent and sage, intimate ministers therefore have no plot to harm the loyal and good; because the ancestral temples are august and stern, intimate ministers therefore have no swift calamity of defeat and ruin. Point to affairs and take verification — why fear straightforward words? Moreover Your Majesty summoned scholars of the realm with a call for straightforward words; Fen answered what Your Majesty asked with straightforward words — though offensive, surely tolerate; though excessive, surely reward; written in the historical records, bright for a thousand ages. If by ten thousand to one Fen unfortunately dies, the realm will surely say Your Majesty secretly killed the bluntly honest and knotted enmity across the empire — men of loyalty and righteousness will all fear execution; when hearts shake once, there is no means of self-explanation. Moreover my answers fall far short of Fen's; inwardly I harbor shame, calling myself worthy — yet what of men's words! I beg to return what was conferred on me, to display Fen's straightforwardness. I escape the shame of temporizing; the court has a path of fairness; Your Majesty frees the realm's doubts — is it not beautiful!" The emperor did not accept. He was styled Zixuan; later he served as prefect of He Prefecture.
28
蕡對後七年,有甘露之難。 令狐楚、牛僧孺節度山南東西道,皆表蕡幕府,授秘書郎,以師禮禮之。 而宦人深嫉蕡,誣以罪,貶柳州司戶參軍,卒。
Seven years after Fen's answers came the Sweet Dew calamity. Linghu Chu and Niu Sengru, as military commissioners of the eastern and western circuits south of the mountains, both memorialized for Fen to join their staffs, appointed him Secretary Gentleman, and treated him with the rites due a teacher. Yet the eunuchs deeply resented Fen, falsely charged him with a crime, demoted him to Revenue Assistant of Liuzhou, and he died.
29
始,帝恭儉求治,誌除兇人,然懦而不睿,臣下畏禍不敢言,故蕡對極陳晉襄公殺陽處父以戒帝,又引閽弒吳子,陰贊帝決。 帝後與宋申錫謀誅守澄不克,守澄廢帝弟漳王而斥申錫,帝依違其間,不敢主也。 賈餗與王涯、李訓、舒元輿位宰相,以謀敗,皆為中官夷其宗,而宦者益橫,帝以憂崩。
At the beginning the emperor was respectful and frugal in seeking governance, resolved to remove vicious men — yet timid and not perspicacious; ministers feared disaster and dared not speak; therefore in his answers Fen fully set forth how Duke Xiang of Jin killed Yang Chufu to warn the emperor, and again cited how a gate guard murdered the Prince of Wu, secretly urging the emperor's resolve. Later the emperor with Song Shenxi plotted to execute Shoucheng but did not succeed; Shoucheng deposed the emperor's younger brother the Prince of Zhang and expelled Shenxi — the emperor wavered between them and dared not take the lead. Jia Su with Wang Ya, Li Xun, and Shu Yuanyu held the chief ministership; when the plot failed, all were exterminated in their clans by the eunuchs — and the eunuchs grew more overbearing; the emperor died of grief.
30
及昭宗誅韓全誨等,左拾遺羅袞上言:「蕡當太和時,宦官始熾,因直言策請奪爵土,復掃除之役,遂罹譴逐,身死異土,六十餘年,正人義夫切齒飲泣。 比陛下幽東內,幸西州,王室幾喪。 使蕡策早用,則杜漸防萌,逆節可消,寧殷憂多難,遠及聖世耶! 今天地反正,枉魄憤胔,有望於陛下。」 帝感悟,贈蕡左諫議大夫,訪子孫授以官雲。
When Emperor Zhaozong executed Han Quanhui and others, Left Reminder Luo Gun submitted words: "In the Taihe era, when eunuchs were just growing fierce, Fen in his straightforward examination answers asked to strip them of noble ranks and fiefs and restore the task of sweeping them away — thereby he suffered reprimand and exile and died in a foreign land; for more than sixty years upright men and men of righteousness gnashed their teeth and wept. Compared with Your Majesty confined in the eastern inner quarters and fortunate to reach the western capital — the royal house nearly perished. If Fen's policy had been used early, gradual advance would have been blocked and sprouts prevented, rebellious conduct could have been eliminated — how could deep sorrow and many hardships extend so far as to reach a sage age! Now Heaven and Earth have returned to correctness; wronged souls rage in their flesh — they look to Your Majesty." The emperor was moved to understanding, posthumously conferred on Fen the title Left Remonstrator of the Palace, sought out his descendants and conferred offices on them.
31
贊曰:漢武帝三策董仲舒,仲舒所對,陳天人大概,緩而不切也。 蕡與諸儒偕進,獨譏切宦官,然亦太疏直矣。 戒帝漏言,而身誦語於廷,何邪? 其後宋申錫以謀泄貶,李訓以計不臧死,宦者遂強,可不戒哉! 意蕡之賢,當先以忠結上,後為帝謀天下所以安危者,庶其紓患耶!
The encomium says: Emperor Wu of Han thrice examined Dong Zhongshu; what Dong answered set forth the great outline of Heaven and man — leisurely and not incisive. Fen advanced together with the other scholars, alone speaking sharply against the eunuchs — yet he was also too blunt and direct. He warned the emperor against leaking secrets, yet himself spoke his full mind in open court — how contradictory? Afterward Song Shenxi was demoted when his plot leaked, Li Xun died when his scheme failed — the eunuchs then grew strong; should this not serve as a warning! One thinks that with Fen's talent, he ought first to win the sovereign's trust through loyalty, then counsel the emperor on what secures or endangers the realm — perhaps then he might have eased the calamity!