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卷一百七十八 列傳第一百零三 劉蕡

Volume 178 Biographies 103: Liu Fen

Chapter 178 of 新唐書 · New Book of Tang
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Chapter 178
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1
宿
Liu Fen, whose courtesy name was Quhua, came from Changping in Youzhou and had long resided as a guest in the Liang and Bian regions. He mastered the Spring and Autumn Annals, could speak at length on the rise and fall of ancient states, was steady and resolute in planning, and carried within him a vast determination to rescue the age. He passed the jinshi civil examination. After the Yuanhe period the axes of power shifted violently; Wang Shoucheng, the Shence Army commandant, carried the guilt of regicide, yet two successive emperors could not bring him to account, and the empire seethed with outrage. When Emperor Wenzong came to the throne, he meant to wash away the old humiliation of the Yuanhe years and to cut down their factional networks. Meanwhile the eunuchs held the armies and lorded it over the realm under the name "Northern Office"; brutal and hideous, they swarmed in factions, outwardly intimidating the officials and inwardly restraining and humiliating the Son of Heaven — a wrong Fen felt as a constant wound.
2
In the second year of Taihe he was nominated for the Worthy and Upright examination with license to speak frankly and remonstrate without reserve; the Emperor called more than a hundred scholars to court and set this policy question:
3
I have heard that the ancient sage-kings governed in deep silence and without contrivance, sitting upright while they held the seals of rule; they shaped the people's hearts toward simplicity and gathered the day's business into non-interference; they enriched those below to lay the foundation and extended sincerity to build the Mean — and so Heaven and humanity were in accord, yin and yang harmonized, custom rose to benevolence and long life, and nothing suffered flaw or plague. Alas! The heights that supreme virtue reaches are so far beyond us that we cannot even approach them. The enlightened rulers of the Three Dynasties saw substance and ornament rescue one another in turn, while the hundred schools swelled without restraint and refined culture slowly faded; from the Han onward, what is truly worth saying has grown ever thinner.
4
宿
Looking back, I see only how dim my grasp of the Way remains; reverently I shoulder this great edifice, heed the counsels of old, and dare not lapse into idleness; I place the worthy in office with vigilance, rise before dawn and eat after dusk, hoping to follow the far-off tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and to carry on the great thread of my ancestors' work. Yet what I intend in the heart has not been realized, what I enact has not won trust; from within outward, the failures of government spread ever wider. For this reason the people do not follow our transforming influence, the vital energies are sometimes choked and distressed, drought and disaster run through the year, and sowing and planting fall out of season. The state granaries seldom fill, and we lack even the nine years' reserve; the paths of officialdom branch in every direction, with scarcely three years of real achievement to show. The capital is the root of the realm, meant to display how we govern, yet the powerful and cunning overstep every restraint; the Imperial Academy is the fountainhead of enlightened teaching, where we look for custom to change, yet the students are slack in their work. the commanderies depend on issuing regulations, yet breaches of prohibition are not ended; the hundred crafts depend on keeping to standards, yet extravagant artifice has not been stilled. Custom has grown complacent and fashion dissolute; errors piled up have turned into rot. In choosing officials to aid governance, if we listen only to men's words the branches and leaves are hard to tell apart; if we control subordinates by law alone, shame and restraint never take visible form; in enriching the treasury and issuing commands, producers are few and consumers many; ordinances multiply while real governance grows rare. I search for how to probe this confusion and bring the realm to peace; my heart is vast with care, as though I were walking over deep ice. Therefore I earlier commanded the offices to gather the assembled worthies, awaiting that they dispel long-held ignorance and bring the age to harmony.
5
You gentlemen all understand past and present, your hearts set on bringing peace to the realm; you come to court to await my questions and to meet my open mind — you must point out what is lacking in governance, distinguish flaws in policy, show where statutes fall into disorder, and examine what the people urgently need for prosperity. What measures will reform the abuses of the past? What bounty will reach the people below? What cultivation will bring the governance of antiquity within reach? What Way will fully fill the realm with harmonious qi? Trace each matter to its root and set it forth in your written replies. As for Guan Zhong's power to weigh light and heavy, which of these aids governance? Yan You's policies for securing the realm — which accord with our times? In the performance review of Yuan Kai, what should come first? In Shuzi's achievement of peace, what is the essential task? Take these as your tortoise mirrors, choose the Mean among them; this depends on thorough knowledge — I shall read your answers myself.
6
Fen replied:
7
使
Your subject is truly without talent, yet possesses methods to set the state right and perfect the sovereign — but without office I cannot put them into practice; I have a heart willing to offend your countenance and speak frankly, yet without a path my words cannot reach you. I bore my indignation pent up within, waiting for a moment when it might burst forth. I often wished to debate with commoners on the road and hear merchants speak freely in the markets, so that word might reach your ears and awaken your heart once — even if condemned for seditious speech I would feel no regret. How much more now, when Your Majesty inquires after faults and oversights, seeks excellent counsel, issues edicts throughout the realm, and calls for frank speech and utmost remonstrance. Your subject is honored to be chosen for this, entrusted with your great question — how could I dare not speak with all my heart? As for what the sovereign taboos, what the age forbids, what the powerful and favored detest, what the offices control — your foolish subject cannot know them all; I beg Your Majesty to show a little gracious tolerance, that in this sage age no one who speaks forthrightly should die for it — that would be the fortune of the realm. I respectfully risk death in answering:
8
I note that your sage question reflects on the governance of antiquity and the transformation of profound silence, intending to join Heaven and Earth to aid the people and harmonize yin and yang to warm all things — this shows how deeply Your Majesty ponders the Way. I believe the standard of the wise king's governance is not far off; the question is only how to attain it. I note that your sage question shows you reverently bearing this great edifice without daring idleness, heeding the counsels of old without negligence — this shows the depth of Your Majesty's worry and labor. As for employing the worthy with vigilance and rising before dawn to eat after dusk — you should dismiss the petty flatterers at your side and advance the great ministers who are your arms and thighs. As for following the tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and continuing your ancestors' work — you should take as your mirror the rise and fall of former ages and see clearly the successes and failures of our own day. what the heart has not attained is because conditions below are blocked and cannot reach you; what in conduct has not won trust is because your favor above is clogged and cannot soak the realm below. If you wish the people to be transformed, cultivate yourself first to lead them; if you wish the vital energies to harmonize, follow their nature to guide them. Relief from drought and disaster lies in utmost sincerity; to broaden sowing and planting, look to the people's productive strength. that the state granaries seldom fill — the root cause is that redundant consumption remains too great; that official paths branch in every direction — the root cause is mistaken selection and appointment. that the powerful and cunning overstep bounds — because laws at court and in the provinces differ; that students are slack in their studies — because school officials have been neglected; that commanderies violate prohibitions — because the wrong men are appointed; that the crafts turn to extravagant artifice — because institutions are not firmly established. I note that your sage question shows the heart to choose officials and aid governance, the sigh over enriching the treasury and issuing commands — this shows where Your Majesty's transforming work must begin. Moreover, if you advance men by their conduct, how could branches and leaves be hard to tell apart? If you guard subordinates with ritual, how could shame and restraint fail to take visible form? Seeing that producers are few and consumers many, dismiss the idle and wandering; seeing that ordinances multiply while governance grows rare, examine whether they are actually carried out. In broadly gathering the worthies, I beg Your Majesty to accept their words; in coming to court to await your questions, how could this petty subject dare hold back his life? I note that your sage question calls for seeking the worthy and admonishing what is lacking, for examining governance and distinguishing flaws — this shows how diligently Your Majesty consults. if your subject then carries out his will to denounce treacherous grandees, former abuses will be reformed; if I hold to Your Majesty's heart set on bringing peace to the realm, bounty will spread to the people below. if the paths of the wicked and the upright are divided, the governance of antiquity may be approached; if the methods of ritual and music are made manifest, harmonious qi can fully fill the realm. As for Guan Zhong's methods, they are not the authority of the sage-king; what Yan You presented offers no policy of the highest order; what Yuan Kai puts first cannot match Tang Yao's performance review; what Shuzi makes his task cannot match Yu Shun's dancing with shields and axes. Moreover, if they are not the Mean of great virtue or the tortoise mirror of the supreme sage, how are they worth mentioning to Your Majesty? If there are matters that touch the pivot of security and danger and foretoken survival or extinction, I beg to lay bare my heart and speak of them plainly and at length for Your Majesty.
9
What I meant when I said "the standard of the wise king's governance is not far" is simply that Your Majesty must think on it carefully, practice it vigorously, and never slacken from beginning to end. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: yuan is the beginning of qi; spring is the beginning of the year. The Spring and Autumn adds yuan to the year and spring to the king — showing that the king must follow Heaven's Way and be scrupulous at the beginning. Again it raises the season to conclude the year and the month to conclude the season — though the Annals record no events, they always note the first month to preserve the season, showing that the king must undertake Heaven's Way and be scrupulous at the end. The king's actions at beginning and end must take Heaven as their model because Heaven's movement never ceases. If Your Majesty can be scrupulous at the beginning and at the end, strive to cultivate yourself and practice diligently, then holding the seals while dwelling in simplicity, acting without contrivance yet never failing to govern, broadly establishing the foundation's great work and exalting the flourishing virtue of the Mean — how could the cycling abuses of the Three Dynasties or the gradual spread of a hundred falsities remain? I therefore say again: "The question is only how to attain it."
10
便殿
What I meant when I said you should employ the worthy with vigilance, rise before dawn and eat after dusk, dismiss the petty flatterers at your side, and advance your great ministers as arms and thighs — is that Your Majesty's worry and labor have reached an extreme. I have heard that when a ruler worries over what he should not worry about, the state must decline; when a ruler fails to worry over what he should worry about, the state must be in peril. Your Majesty does not lower your clear inquiry to policies for the state's survival, the realm's security and danger — I do not know whether Your Majesty thinks a man in plain cloth insufficient to settle the great plan? Or is it that your diligence over the myriad affairs has not yet reached everywhere? If not, why do you fail to worry over what you should worry about? I believe what Your Majesty should worry over first is this: the inner palace is about to change, the altars of state are about to be endangered, the realm is about to topple, and the four seas are about to fall into chaos. These four are omens already manifest in the state; therefore I say Your Majesty's concern should reach them first. The imperial enterprise was won only with difficulty; it certainly cannot be held with ease. Taizu laid its foundation, Gaozu labored at its achievements, Taizong fixed its enterprise, Xuanzong continued its brilliance — down to Your Majesty, more than two hundred years have passed; through that span sage rulers succeeded one another and turmoil followed in turn — never yet has a dynasty flourished without employing worthy men and drawing near the upright. Neglect it for a single day and the great vessel is overturned — shame upon the ancestral temples, a regret for ten thousand ages. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: the ruler's Way lies in embodying the beginning to dwell in correctness. Long ago Dong Zhongshu spoke of it to Emperor Wu of Han in outline; what he left unsaid, your subject may now set forth fully for Your Majesty. In succeeding a predecessor, the Annals must record enthronement — thereby to set the beginning right; At the end one must record where it ends — thereby to set the conclusion right. Therefore for a ruler: what he speaks must be upright words, what he walks must be the upright Way, where he dwells must be the upright position, and whom he draws near must be upright men. The Spring and Autumn Annals records: "A gate guard murdered Prince Yuji of Wu." It records his name, condemning how he kept worthy scholars at a distance, favored men of punishment, and conducted himself unlike a true ruler. I beg Your Majesty to reflect on the toil of the ancestors in founding the state and heed the Spring and Autumn's admonition on succeeding a predecessor. Clarify the foundations of law and institution, then speak upright words and walk the upright Way; block the gradual advance of usurpation and regicide, then dwell in the upright position and draw near upright men. Keep far from the cruelty of torture, draw near the blunt integrity of true remonstrators; then chief ministers can fully carry out their duties and the myriad offices can keep to their posts. Yet how can five or six men of intimate proximity monopolize the great affairs of the realm — outwardly monopolizing your commands, inwardly stealing your authority, their might terrifying the court and their power overturning the empire; the ministers dare not point to their conduct, the Son of Heaven cannot control their hearts; disaster ripens within the courtyard wall and treachery arises within the curtain — I fear Cao Jie and Hou Lan are reborn in our day: this is the inner palace about to change. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "In spring of the first year of Duke Ding, the King." It does not speak of the first month because the Annals hold that if the former ruler could not set his end right, the later ruler cannot set his beginning right — therefore it says "Ding has no correctness." Now the loyal and worthy have no trust at your side; gatekeepers and eunuchs monopolize the power to depose and establish, trapping the former emperor so he could not set his end right and causing you not to set your beginning right — moreover the heir is not established, suburban sacrifices are not performed, the duties of generals and ministers do not return to their places, and titles and regalia are not fixed: this is how the altars of state are about to be endangered. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "Prince Zha of Zhou murdered the Earl of Shao and the Earl of Mao." The principle of the Annals: when two sides kill each other, it is not recorded. That it is recorded here emphasizes how he monopolized the royal command. What Heaven bestows lies in the mandate; what the ruler preserves lies in his commands. to grasp the mandate yet lose it — that is not to be a ruler; to encroach on the mandate and monopolize it — that is not to be a minister. When the ruler is no ruler and the minister no minister — this is why the realm is about to topple. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: Zhao Yang of Jin led the troops of Jinyang in rebellion and entered Jin; the Annals record his return because he drove out the wicked at the ruler's side to secure his lord — therefore the Annals commend him. Now royal authority declines and frontier lords grow overbearing. there are those who do not comprehend a minister's great integrity, yet those who first raise chaos will take securing the ruler as their pretext; without investigating the subtlety of the Annals, those who raise armies will claim that driving out the wicked is righteous. then canonical punishments will not come from the Son of Heaven and campaigns will necessarily come from the feudal lords — this is how the empire is about to fall into chaos. Therefore Fan Kuai pushed through the door with tears streaming, Yuan Ang blocked the carriage with defiant words, Jing Fang gave vent to indignation and lost his life, Dou Wu paid no heed and gave his life — all these Your Majesty clearly knows. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: Hu Shegu of Jin murdered Yang Chufu; the Annals record that Duke Xiang murdered him because his ruler leaked a secret. Duke Xiang could not keep a weighty secret; Chufu therefore met a cruel end — therefore the Annals condemn it. When those above leak their feelings, those below dare not speak their full intent; when those above disclose their affairs, those below dare not speak their full mind. Therefore the Commentary has texts of knee-to-knee deceptive words, and the Changes warns of losing one's person and harming what is accomplished. Now the great ministers — it is not that they do not wish to speak to you; they fear you cannot employ their words. if you suddenly do not employ them, they will surely leak their words; if subordinates speak yet nothing is done, they will surely meet disaster; this only clamps shut the mouths of upright ministers and adds weight to the might of treacherous ministers. Therefore if they wish to speak fully they fear for their lives; if they wish to speak their full mind they worry of harming what is accomplished; they hesitate, depressed and blocked, awaiting your awakening — only then do they fully offer their counsel. Why do you not, after court affairs, from time to time proceed to the side hall, summon the worthy chief ministers and elder statesmen of the age, inquire after plans to uphold change and support peril, seek methods to settle what topples and rescue chaos, block the paths of perverse influence, dismiss intimate favorites, restrain hearts that encroach and coerce, restore the work of sweeping clear the gates and households, warn against what should be warned, and worry over what should be worried? If you cannot set right what came before, set right what comes after; if you cannot set the beginning right, set the end right. Then you can reverently follow the canonical counsels, fully inherit the great edifice, finally achieve the effect of employing the worthy, and be free of the worry of rising before dawn and eating after dusk.
11
What I meant when I said you should follow the tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors and continue your ancestors' work — take as your mirror the rise and fall of former ages and see clearly the successes and failures of our own time. I have heard that Yao and Yu brought the realm to great order because they could employ the Nine Officers, the Four Peaks, and the Twelve Pastors — never missing the right appointment, never duplicating tasks, never encroaching on duties; in office only by ability, at their side only the worthy; worthy men below though slight were always raised, the Four Evils in court though strong were always executed; they examined security and danger and clarified what to take and what to discard. As for Qin Ershi and the Han emperors Yuan and Cheng — all wished to set the state like Tang and Yu and make themselves like Yao and Shun, yet in the end were defeated and perished — because they did not see the pivot of security and danger, did not know what to take and what to discard, did not employ great ministers, did not distinguish treacherous men, did not draw near the loyal, and did not keep far from slanderous flatterers. I beg Your Majesty to examine why Tang and Yu flourished and take their bright conduct as your model; take as your mirror why Qin and Han perished and be warned and fearful thereafter. Your Majesty must not say the court has no worthy chief minister or the offices no worthy scholar — the statutes are not yet severed and canonical punishments still exist; who among men does not wish to serve as your minister and bring the age to peace? Why do you suddenly not employ them? Moreover there are those in office beyond their ability, at your side not the worthy — wicked as the Four Evils, deceitful as Zhao Gao, treacherous as Gong and Xian — why do you shrink from removing them? The sacred vessel has its rightful place, the mandate of Heaven has its allotment, the ancestors have their spirits, loyal ministers have their hearts — Your Majesty, think on these! Formerly Qin perished through violent severity; Han perished through feebleness. Violent severity makes treacherous ministers fear death and harm their superiors; feebleness lets powerful ministers steal authority and shake their lord. I see that Emperor Jingzong did not guard against Qin's disaster, did not cut away its sprout. I beg Your Majesty deeply to grieve Han's disaster and block its gradual advance — then the ancestors' great enterprise can be continued and the distant tracks of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors can be pursued.
12
使 便
What I said earlier — Your Majesty, "what you intend in the heart has not been realized because conditions below are blocked and cannot reach you; "what you enact has not won trust because your favor above is clogged and cannot soak the realm below"; moreover the people suffer as if in fire and coals, yet you have no means to know; Your Majesty has a heart of fatherly kindness, yet the people have no means to believe it. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: it records "Liang perished" and does not record "taken" — Liang destroyed itself because its thought was muddled and its ears and eyes blocked, above issued wicked government and men became bandits, none knowing why — in the end it brought on its own extinction. I have heard that what makes a ruler honored is valuing his altars of state; what makes the altars valued is preserving the people. If the people do not survive, then even the altars cannot secure their weight; if the altars are not valued, then the ruler cannot preserve his honor. Therefore one who governs the realm cannot fail to know the feelings of the people. The people are Your Majesty's infants; you should have the kind and benevolent regard and nurture them — as a guardian and tutor, as nursing with milk, as a teacher's instruction and guidance. Therefore men's attitude toward those above should be: revering them as spirits, loving them as parents. Now it is perhaps not so: you draw near the honored and favored, divide offices and establish bureaus, appoint and dismiss clerks, summon guests — relying on their bribes and lending them reputation and power; the great ones command frontier regions, the small ones serve as prefects and governors — above there is no clear and gracious government but the harm of gluttonous greed; below there is no loyalty but the crime of treachery and deceit. Therefore men's attitude toward those above becomes: fearing them as jackals and wolves, hating them as enemies. Now the empire is distressed and impoverished, people scatter everywhere — the hungry cannot obtain food, the cold cannot obtain clothing, widowers and orphans cannot survive, the old and sick cannot be cared for; added to this, state authority and military power are monopolized by those at your side, greedy ministers gather levies to secure favor, treacherous officials seize opportunities to manipulate the law — cries of wrongful pain reach up to the nine heavens and sink down to the nine springs; spirits and ghosts are angered, yin and yang are disordered. The ruler's gate is ten thousand layers deep — they cannot lodge complaints; scholars have nowhere to turn, the people have nowhere to place their trust. Officials in chaos, people in poverty, bandits rising together — the momentum of earth collapsing, worry within morning and evening. If misfortune adds plague upon this, followed by fierce famine — Chen Sheng and Wu Guang did not arise only in Qin, the Red Eyebrows and Yellow Turbans did not arise only in Han; this is why I vent indignation for you, clench my fists, and grieve to the point of weeping blood. If it is thus, the people suffer as if in fire and coals — how can you have means to know? Your Majesty has a heart of fatherly kindness — how can the people obtain belief in it? That your conduct has not won trust and what you intend has not been realized — it is solidly so. I have heard that at the beginning of Emperor Yuan of Han's accession, he changed more than seventy institutions — his heart was very sincere, his reputation very fine. Yet day by day the statutes were tangled, day by day the dynastic fortune declined, day by day treacherous villains grew strong, day by day the people were distressed — because he could not select the worthy and employ them, he lost his grip on power. Since your accession, worry and diligence for the myriad masses, repeatedly issuing virtuous pronouncements — throughout the four seas none failed to raise their heads and sigh with relief, rejoicing that they were reborn from among the dead. I beg Your Majesty to be careful at the end as at the beginning, to satisfy the hopes of the four directions. If you can truly return state authority to the chancellor and military authority to the generals, remove the government of greedy ministers gathering levies, eliminate the harm of treacherous officials seizing opportunities, draw near only the loyal and worthy and employ only the upright — hear none of the words of inner favorites and convenient flatterers. Select officials who are clear and cautious, choose leaders who are benevolent and gracious, quicken them with benefit, warm them with harmony, teach them filial piety and kindness, guide them with virtue and righteousness, remove the blockage of ears and eyes, connect the feelings of above and below — then make the ten thousand states joyful and at peace and the myriad masses revive and rest; then what you intend will reach everywhere and what you enact will win trust everywhere.
13
What I said earlier — "if you wish the people to be transformed, cultivate yourself first to lead them" — I have heard: virtue is for cultivating the self, teaching is for guiding others. cultivate it, then men without exhortation stand of themselves; guide it, then men without teaching broadly follow. The noble man wishes government to be carried out, therefore he takes the lead with his own person; wishes men to follow transformation, therefore he governs them with the Way. Now you take the lead with your person yet government is not necessarily carried out, govern with the Way yet men have not followed transformation — is it that the aim of establishing teaching has not exhausted its methods? The method of establishing teaching lies in the ruler clearly regulating it and the minister loyally carrying it out. The ruler takes knowing men as clarity; the minister takes correcting the times as loyalty. Knowing men lies in employing the worthy and removing the perverse; correcting the times lies in securing the foundation and keeping to the law. If the worthy are not employed, heavy rewards are insufficient to encourage good; if the perverse are not removed, severe punishments are insufficient to prohibit wrong; if the foundation is not secure, people scatter; if the law is not kept, government disperses — yet wishing teaching to arrive and transformation to be carried out cannot be obtained. If you can repel treacherous perversity without favoring those at your side, raise the worthy and upright without neglecting the distant — then transformation will soak the court. Love others and enrich the foundation, divide duties and keep to the law, cultivate yourself and extend to others, begin within and accomplish without — then transformation will travel the realm.
14
What I said earlier — "if you wish the vital energies to harmonize, follow their nature to guide them" — one should bring the people into benevolence and longevity. If one wishes the people benevolent and long-lived, it lies in establishing institutions and cultivating transformation. When institutions are established, expenditures are economized; when expenditures are economized, levies are light; when levies are light, the people grow wealthy; when transformation is cultivated, contention ceases; when contention ceases, punishments are clear; when punishments are clear, the people are at peace. once wealthy, then benevolence and righteousness arise; once at peace, then longevity arrives. Hearts of benevolence and righteousness are moved below, qi of peace and harmony respond above — therefore disasters do not arise, auspicious omens arrive, the four directions reach tranquility, and the ten thousand things all succeed.
15
What I said earlier — that relieving drought and famine lies in attaining utmost sincerity. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: within a single year of Duke Xi of Lu, "no rain" is recorded three times — because that ruler had a mind to care for the people; across three years of Duke Wen, it is recorded only once — because that ruler had no heart of compassion for the people. Therefore when Xi attained sincerity, drought did not harm the crops; when Wen lacked care and compassion, a change in conditions became true disaster. If Your Majesty has a mind to care for the people, there will be no change that becomes disaster.
16
What I said earlier — that broad sowing and planting depend on observing the people's capacity to produce food. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "A ruler must constantly observe what the people labor at. When the people labor at physical strength, public works grow scarce; when they labor at wealth, tribute and levies shrink; when they labor at securing food, the hundred affairs are abandoned." Today wealth, food, and strength are all overstrained. I beg Your Majesty to set aside the hundred affairs and broaden the work of the three farming seasons — then sowing and planting will not fail.
17
What I said earlier — that the state's granaries hold little, because redundant consumption remains excessive. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: "Zangsun Chen requested grain from Qi." The Annals condemn him for lacking nine years' stores — one year of poor harvest and the common people went hungry. I beg to expel idle wanderers to deepen farming, cut non-urgent expenditures to nourish the people — then granary stores will not run dry.
18
What I said about the officials' paths multiplying, rooted in wrongful selection and appointment — this is because the state does not draw on men's full talents, and appointments do not clarify what truly matters. Today in appointing men, Your Majesty seeks reputation but not substance; therefore those who advance attend to show but not to substance. I beg to examine the substance of performance evaluations and fix the system of advancement — then the multiplied paths of officials will subside.
19
What I said about the powerful and cunning overstepping bounds, because inner and outer law differ — this is because official prohibitions are not one. I respectfully examine the Spring and Autumn Annals: when Duke Huan of Qi covenanted with the feudal lords, dates were usually omitted; yet the covenant at Kuiqiu is specially dated — praising his ability to proclaim the Son of Heaven's prohibitions and lead the states in keeping to the royal laws; therefore the Annals record it in full. Thus offices were what the Five Emperors and Three Kings established; laws were what Gaozu and Taizong enacted. Laws should be unified; offices should have correct titles. Now again outer and inner officials are divided in posts, and Southern Bureau and Northern Bureau offices are established — violate a prohibition in the south and flee to the north; be punished outside and break the law within; laws issue from many gates and men have nowhere to turn — because military and agricultural power diverge, inner and outer law are separate. I have heard that in antiquity the well-field system regulated military levies, agricultural seasons were interwoven with military training, fiefs were tallied for chariot and foot numbers, and commanders were appointed from among the chief ministers — thus military and agriculture were one, civil and martial shared one direction, to secure the state and check rebellion. Taizong established the fubing militia, Terrace offices, and army guards — civil and martial jointly administered; in peaceful years they sheathed bows and labored in the fields; when trouble arose they set aside plows and took up arms — thereby restoring the ancient system without abandoning the old institutions. Now it is not so. the Minister of War does not know the military registers, and attends court only as a formality; the Six Armies do not preside over military affairs, and exist only to nurture ranks and honors. military affairs are merged with inner eunuch government; military regulations are attached to inner attendants' offices. one head dons the military cap and hates civil officials like sworn enemies; one foot steps through the army gate and regards farmers as nothing. their stratagems are insufficient to cut down treacherous villains, yet their cunning suffices to raise and lower authority and favor; their courage is insufficient to guard the altars of state, yet their violence suffices to prey on lanes and hamlets. They bind feudal ministers, overawe chief ministers, shatter the royal measure, and muddy the constants of court governance. They display the might of warriors to control the ruler and father above; they borrow the Son of Heaven's command to repel heroes below. They harbor treachery and watch for openings, but have no principle of bowing to duty and dying in hardship. Is this the purpose of the former kings in weaving civil and martial together! I beg Your Majesty to thread civil and martial Ways together, equalize military and agricultural achievement, correct titles of noble and base, unify inner and outer law, restore the duties of army guards, and repair the provincial offices; near at hand honor the spirit of the Zhenguan reign, far off restore the institutions of the accomplished Zhou: from the capital domain discipline the subordinate states, from the Son of Heaven down to the feudal lords — then you can restrain the strong among cunning villains, and there will be no calamity of overstepping bounds.
20
祿
What I said about students growing idle because school offices are abandoned — broadly the state values their stipends and despises their ability, puts position before conduct; therefore the myriad offices lack mastery of the classics, and students have no heart to cultivate their studies.
21
What I said about the commanderies interfering with prohibitions because the wrong men are appointed — I hold that the post of regional inspector is where the root of order and disorder lies and where the court's laws and institutions reside; with authority one can repel overbearing strongmen, with kindness benefit orphans and widows, with strength repel treacherous bandits, and with government shift customs and mores. As for commanders and officers who have seen battle, and the sons and younger brothers of meritorious ministers — I ask that they be rewarded as appropriate. If one lacks the art of governing men, he should not hold this office — then the calamity of interfering with prohibitions will end.
22
祿
What I said about the hundred crafts growing excessive in cleverness because institutions are not established — I ask to regulate implements, vehicles, and dress by office rank and stipend grade, and prohibit gold, silver, pearls, jade, brocade, embroidery, and carving and inlay. If such things are not hoarded in private chambers, there will be no cleverness that unsettles the heart.
23
What I called distinguishing and comparing branches and leaves — this is because examining words inquires into conduct; what I called taking form in shame and regulation — this is because through virtue and the Way one aligns ritual; what I said about reflecting that producers are few and consumers many, and that idle wanderers may be dismissed — has already been set forth above. What I said about orders being numerous yet governance rare, and that the essential is to examine whether they are carried out — I have heard that commands are the instruments of governing the state. The ruler examines and issues them; ministers receive and carry them out — to diminish, add, stop, or detain them is an unpardonable crime. Today Your Majesty's orders are numerous yet governance is rare — can it be that those who hold them conceal and deceive?
24
退
What I said earlier — "broadly gather worthy men, and I beg Your Majesty to accept their words; come to court and await inquiry — then would this petty official dare cherish his life." Formerly Chao Cuo reduced the feudal lords for Han — it was not that he did not know disaster was coming; the loyal minister's heart, the stalwart's integrity: if it profits the altars of state, death brings no regret. I am not unaware that when words issue disaster follows, and when plans are carried out the body is punished — I grieve the altars' peril and mourn the people's suffering: how could I bear to temporize with the times' taboos and steal one life of Your Majesty's favor? Formerly Long Feng died and Shang was awakened; Bi Gan died and Zhou was awakened; Han Fei died and Han was awakened; Chen Fan died and Wei was awakened. Now in my coming, the responsible offices perhaps dare not recommend my words; Your Majesty again has no means to discern my heart — on retiring I will surely be executed at the hands of powerful ministers; I would be fortunate to wander underground with the Four — that is indeed my wish. What I do not know is: when I am killed, after my death, who will awaken them!
25
調 使 使 使 使
As for the ruler's faults, the flaws in government and teaching, and the abuses of former days — I have already spoken of them. As for spreading benefit to the lower lands, cultivating governance like that of near antiquity to attain peace — it lies in Your Majesty's carrying it out, nothing more. Yet what was set forth above was truly because I personally received the sage inquiry — how could I not respond item by item. Though I am foolish, I hold that it has not reached the great beginning of transformation and teaching, the essential Way of the august kings. I beg Your Majesty to serve Heaven and Earth to teach reverence, attend the ancestral temples to teach filial piety, nurture the aged to teach respect for elders, cherish the people to teach kindness to the young, harmonize the vital energies to warm and nurture, fan the great harmony toward benevolence and longevity — then you may roam free in non-action, fold your arms, and let transformation be accomplished. As for reflecting on the potter's wheel — it lies in selecting chief ministers to entrust with it, letting them wield the handle of creation and transformation; reflecting on securing and stabilizing the realm — it lies in selecting generals and commanders to entrust with it, letting them fulfill the trust outside the frontier passes; reflecting on the hundred measures' need for correctness — it lies in selecting the myriad offices and personally entrusting them, letting them focus on keeping to their duties; reflecting on the people's grievance and pain — it lies in selecting good officials to entrust with it, letting them clarify the arts of kindness and nurturing. Then naturally your words suffice to teach the realm, your movements suffice to model it, your benevolence suffices to encourage good, your righteousness suffices to prohibit wrong — why must you rise at midnight and dine at dusk, toil your spirit and be ever vigilant, only then attain governance!
26
宿
At that time the examination graders — Left Regular Attendant of the Cavalry Feng Su, Vice Minister of Rites Jia Su, and Bureau Director of the Storehouses Pang Yan — seeing Fen's answers sighed in admiration, holding them to surpass the ancient Chao Cuo and Dong Zhongshu; yet fearing the inner eunuchs' resentment, they dared not select him. Scholars reading his text were moved to sighing and shedding tears. Remonstrating officials and investigating censors submitted memorial after memorial praising his straightforwardness.
27
調 殿使 使 使
At that time twenty-three were selected; what they said was all redundant routine — most received favorable assignments. Li He, staff officer of Henan Prefecture, said: "Fen is expelled and I remain — how thick is my face!" Thereupon he submitted a memorial saying: "Your Majesty held court in the main hall seeking straightforward words, enabling men to exert themselves. My talent and resolve are timid and inferior; I cannot verify right and wrong in past and present, cause Your Majesty to hear words never heard or carry out affairs never carried out — inwardly I am restless in thought, ashamed before the spirits. Now in Fen's answers he dared empty his breast and speak fully — reaching the august kings' success and failure, what Your Majesty should guard against, the present government's safety and peril, without private calculation; again citing the Spring and Autumn Annals as evidence — since Han and Wei, none compares with Fen. The responsible offices, because the words touched offense against superiors, dared not report them. Since the edict was issued, ten thousand mouths clamored, sighing at his sincere bluntness, even to shedding tears — saying Fen's finger pointed at those at Your Majesty's side, fearing intimate ministers would harbor anger and extraordinary change arise; court and countryside held their breath, truly fearing the loyal and good had reached a dead end, law and order were cut off, and the chaos of late Han would revive in our day. Because Your Majesty is benevolent and sage, intimate ministers therefore have no plot to harm the loyal and good; because the ancestral temples are august and stern, intimate ministers therefore have no swift calamity of defeat and ruin. Point to affairs and take verification — why fear straightforward words? Moreover Your Majesty summoned scholars of the realm with a call for straightforward words; Fen answered what Your Majesty asked with straightforward words — though offensive, surely tolerate; though excessive, surely reward; written in the historical records, bright for a thousand ages. If by ten thousand to one Fen unfortunately dies, the realm will surely say Your Majesty secretly killed the bluntly honest and knotted enmity across the empire — men of loyalty and righteousness will all fear execution; when hearts shake once, there is no means of self-explanation. Moreover my answers fall far short of Fen's; inwardly I harbor shame, calling myself worthy — yet what of men's words! I beg to return what was conferred on me, to display Fen's straightforwardness. I escape the shame of temporizing; the court has a path of fairness; Your Majesty frees the realm's doubts — is it not beautiful!" The emperor did not accept. He was styled Zixuan; later he served as prefect of He Prefecture.
28
西
Seven years after Fen's answers came the Sweet Dew calamity. Linghu Chu and Niu Sengru, as military commissioners of the eastern and western circuits south of the mountains, both memorialized for Fen to join their staffs, appointed him Secretary Gentleman, and treated him with the rites due a teacher. Yet the eunuchs deeply resented Fen, falsely charged him with a crime, demoted him to Revenue Assistant of Liuzhou, and he died.
29
輿
At the beginning the emperor was respectful and frugal in seeking governance, resolved to remove vicious men — yet timid and not perspicacious; ministers feared disaster and dared not speak; therefore in his answers Fen fully set forth how Duke Xiang of Jin killed Yang Chufu to warn the emperor, and again cited how a gate guard murdered the Prince of Wu, secretly urging the emperor's resolve. Later the emperor with Song Shenxi plotted to execute Shoucheng but did not succeed; Shoucheng deposed the emperor's younger brother the Prince of Zhang and expelled Shenxi — the emperor wavered between them and dared not take the lead. Jia Su with Wang Ya, Li Xun, and Shu Yuanyu held the chief ministership; when the plot failed, all were exterminated in their clans by the eunuchs — and the eunuchs grew more overbearing; the emperor died of grief.
30
西 使
When Emperor Zhaozong executed Han Quanhui and others, Left Reminder Luo Gun submitted words: "In the Taihe era, when eunuchs were just growing fierce, Fen in his straightforward examination answers asked to strip them of noble ranks and fiefs and restore the task of sweeping them away — thereby he suffered reprimand and exile and died in a foreign land; for more than sixty years upright men and men of righteousness gnashed their teeth and wept. Compared with Your Majesty confined in the eastern inner quarters and fortunate to reach the western capital — the royal house nearly perished. If Fen's policy had been used early, gradual advance would have been blocked and sprouts prevented, rebellious conduct could have been eliminated — how could deep sorrow and many hardships extend so far as to reach a sage age! Now Heaven and Earth have returned to correctness; wronged souls rage in their flesh — they look to Your Majesty." The emperor was moved to understanding, posthumously conferred on Fen the title Left Remonstrator of the Palace, sought out his descendants and conferred offices on them.
31
The encomium says: Emperor Wu of Han thrice examined Dong Zhongshu; what Dong answered set forth the great outline of Heaven and man — leisurely and not incisive. Fen advanced together with the other scholars, alone speaking sharply against the eunuchs — yet he was also too blunt and direct. He warned the emperor against leaking secrets, yet himself spoke his full mind in open court — how contradictory? Afterward Song Shenxi was demoted when his plot leaked, Li Xun died when his scheme failed — the eunuchs then grew strong; should this not serve as a warning! One thinks that with Fen's talent, he ought first to win the sovereign's trust through loyalty, then counsel the emperor on what secures or endangers the realm — perhaps then he might have eased the calamity!
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