1
起旃蒙協洽，盡柔兆敦牂，凡十二年。
From Zhanmeng Xiehe through Rouzhao Dunjiang—twelve years in all.
2
1夏，益州夷二十四邑、三萬餘人皆反。 遣水衡都尉呂辟胡募吏民及發犍為、蜀郡奔命往擊，大破之。 ----2秋，七月，赦天下。 ----3大雨，至於十月，渭橋絕。 ----4武帝初崩，賜諸侯王璽書。 燕王旦得書不肯哭，曰：「璽書封小，京師疑有變。」 遣幸臣壽西長、孫縱之、王孺等之長安，以問禮儀為名，陰刺候朝廷事。 及有詔褒賜旦錢三十萬，益封萬三千戶，旦怒曰：「我當為帝，何賜也！」 遂與宗室中山哀王子長、齊孝王孫澤等結謀，詐言以武帝時受詔，得職吏事，修武備，備非常。 郎中成軫謂旦曰：「大王失職，獨可起而索，不可坐而得也。 大王壹起，國中雖女子皆奮臂隨大王。」 旦即與澤謀，為奸書，言：「少帝非武帝子，大臣所共立； 天下宜共伐之！」 使人傳行郡國以搖動百姓。 澤謀歸發兵臨菑，殺青州刺史雋不疑。 旦招來郡國奸人，賦斂銅鐵作甲兵，數閱其車騎、材官卒，發民大獵以講士馬，須期日。 郎中韓義等數諫旦，旦殺義等凡十五人。 會缾侯成知澤等謀，以告雋不疑。 八月，不疑收捕澤等以聞。 天子遣大鴻臚丞治，連引燕王。 有詔，以燕王至親，勿治； 而澤等皆伏誅。 遷雋不疑為京兆尹。
1. In summer the Yi of Yizhou—twenty-four settlements and more than thirty thousand people—all rebelled. Chief Steward for Water and Parks Lü Pihu was sent to recruit officials and commoners and raise emergency levies from Qianwei and Shu to attack them; he won a crushing victory. ----2 In autumn, the seventh month, an amnesty was proclaimed for all under Heaven. ----3 Heavy rain lasted until the tenth month; the Wei River bridge was washed out. ----4 When Emperor Wu first died, imperial-seal letters of appointment were sent to the feudal kings. Prince Dan of Yan received the letter and refused to mourn, saying, "The seal on the letter is small—the capital may suspect something has changed." He sent favored retainers Shou Xichang, Sun Zongzhi, Wang Ru, and others to Chang'an, ostensibly to inquire about ritual, but secretly to spy on affairs at court. When an edict came praising and rewarding Dan with three hundred thousand cash and an additional enfeoffment of thirteen thousand households, Dan raged, "I ought to be emperor—what is this reward!" He thereupon conspired with the imperial clansman Chang, son of King Ai of Zhongshan, Sun Ze, grandson of King Xiao of Qi, and others, falsely claiming that in Emperor Wu's time he had received an edict empowering him to manage officials, repair armaments, and guard against the unexpected. Palace Gentleman Cheng Zhen told Dan, "Your Highness has lost your place; you can only rise and demand it—you cannot sit and obtain it. If Your Highness rises once, throughout the state even women will take up arms and follow you." Dan at once plotted with Ze and forged a seditious letter, saying, "The young emperor is not Emperor Wu's son; the great ministers jointly established him; all under Heaven ought jointly to attack him!" He sent men to circulate it through the commanderies and kingdoms to stir up the people. Ze plotted to return, raise troops, advance on Zi, and kill Qingzhou Inspector Juan Buyi. Dan gathered wicked men from the commanderies and kingdoms, levied copper and iron for armor and weapons, repeatedly reviewed his chariots, cavalry, and skilled troops, and mobilized the people for great hunts to drill men and horses, awaiting the appointed day. Palace Gentlemen Han Yi and others repeatedly admonished Dan; Dan killed Yi and fourteen others—fifteen in all. Marquis of Ping Cheng learned of Ze's plot and reported it to Juan Buyi. In the eighth month Buyi arrested Ze and the others and reported it. The emperor sent the Grand Herald's assistant to investigate, implicating the Prince of Yan in succession. An edict stated that because the Prince of Yan was a close kinsman, he was not to be prosecuted; but Ze and the others were all executed. Juan Buyi was transferred to Metropolitan Commandant.
3
不疑為京兆尹，吏民敬其威信。 每行縣、錄囚徒還，其母輒問不疑：「有所平反？ 活幾何人？」 即不疑多有所平反，母喜笑異於他時； 或無所出，母怒，為不食。 故不疑為吏，嚴而不殘。 ----5九月，丙子，秺敬侯金日磾薨。 初，武帝病，有遺詔，封金日磾為秺侯，上官桀為安陽侯，霍光為博陸侯； 皆以前捕反者馬何羅等功封。 日磾以帝少，不受封，光等亦不敢受。 及日磾病困，光白封，日磾臥受印綬； 一日薨。 日磾兩子賞、建俱侍中，與帝略同年，共臥起。 賞為奉車，建駙馬都尉。 及賞嗣侯，佩兩綬，上謂霍將軍曰：「金氏兄弟兩人，不可使俱兩綬邪？」 對曰：「賞自嗣父為侯耳。」 上笑曰：「侯不在我與將軍乎？」 對曰：「先帝之約，有功乃得封侯。」 遂止。 ----6閏月，遣故廷尉王平等五人持節行郡國，舉賢良，問民疾苦、冤、失職者。 ----7冬，無冰。----
As Metropolitan Commandant, Buyi won respect from officials and commoners for his authority and trustworthiness. Whenever he toured the counties and returned from reviewing prisoners, his mother would ask Buyi, "Were any cases reversed? How many people were spared?" If Buyi had reversed many cases, his mother would laugh with joy unlike at other times; if there were none, his mother grew angry and refused to eat. For this reason Buyi as an official was stern but not cruel. ----5 In the ninth month, on bingzi, Marquis Jing of Di Jin Midi died. At the outset, when Emperor Wu was ill, a testamentary edict enfeoffed Jin Midi as Marquis of Di, Shangguan Jie as Marquis of Anyang, and Huo Guang as Marquis of Bolu; all were enfeoffed for their former merit in capturing the rebel Ma Heluo and others. Midi, because the emperor was young, did not accept the enfeoffment; Guang and the others also did not dare accept. When Midi's illness grew critical, Guang reported and enfeoffed him; Midi received the seal and ribbon while lying down; and died the next day. Midi's two sons Shang and Jian were both Palace Attendants, roughly the emperor's age, sharing bed and rising with him. Shang was Director of the Imperial Carriage; Jian was Commandant of the Palace Steeds. When Shang succeeded to the marquisate and wore two ribbons, the emperor said to General Huo, "The two Jin brothers—could they not both wear two ribbons?" He replied, "Shang has merely succeeded his father as marquis." The emperor laughed and said, "Are marquisates not in my hands and yours?" He replied, "The former emperor's covenant: only with merit may one be enfeoffed as marquis." The matter thereupon ceased. ----6 In the intercalary month, former Minister of Justice Wang Ping and five others were sent with credentials to tour the commanderies and kingdoms, recommend the worthy and good, and inquire into popular suffering, wrongs, and dereliction of duty. ----7 In winter there was no ice.
4
1春，正月，封大將軍光為博陸侯，左將軍桀為安陽侯。 ----2或說霍光曰：「將軍不見諸呂之事乎？ 處伊尹、周公之位，攝政擅權，而背宗室，不與共職，是以天下不信，卒至於滅亡。 今將軍當盛位，帝春秋富，宜納宗室，又多與大臣共事，反諸呂道。 如是，則可以免患。」 光然之，乃擇宗室可用者，遂拜楚元王孫辟疆及宗室劉長樂皆為光祿大夫，辟疆守長樂衛尉。 ----3三月，遣使者振貸貧民無種、食者。 ----4秋，八月，詔曰：「往年災害多，今年蠶、麥傷，所振貸種、食勿收責，毋令民出今年田租。」 ----5初，武帝征伐匈奴，深入窮追，二十餘年，匈奴馬畜孕重墮殰，罷極，苦之。 常有欲和親意，未能得。 狐鹿孤單于有異母弟為左大都尉，賢，國人鄉之，母閼氏恐單于不立子而立左大都尉也，乃私使殺之。 左大都尉同母兄怨，遂不肯復會單于庭。 是歲，單于病且死，謂諸貴人：「我子少，不能治國，立弟右谷蠡王。」 及單于死，衛律等與顓渠閼氏謀，匿其喪，矯單于令，更立子左谷蠡王為壺衍鞮單于。 左賢王、右谷蠡王怨望，率其眾欲南歸漢，恐不能自致，即脅盧屠王，欲與西降烏孫。 盧屠王告之單于，使人驗問，右谷蠡王不服，反以其罪罪盧屠王，國人皆冤之。 於是二王去居其所，不復肯會龍城，匈奴始衰。----
1. In spring, the first month, Grand General Guang was enfeoffed as Marquis of Bolu and Left General Jie as Marquis of Anyang. ----2 Someone said to Huo Guang, "General, have you not seen what befell the Lü clan? Occupying the positions of Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou, holding regency and monopolizing power, yet turning your back on the imperial clan and not sharing office with them—for this reason the realm did not trust them, and they ended in extinction. Now you occupy a flourishing position and the emperor is still young; you ought to bring in the imperial clan and share many affairs with the great ministers—reversing the Lü path. If so, you may escape calamity." Guang assented; he selected usable members of the imperial clan and appointed King Yuan of Chu's grandson Pijiang and clansman Liu Changle both Palace Grandees, with Pijiang serving as Commandant of the Guards for Changle. ----3 In the third month envoys were sent to relieve and lend to poor commoners without seed or food. ----4 In autumn, the eighth month, an edict said, "Disasters were many in former years; this year silkworms and wheat were harmed. Do not collect repayment for the seed and food that were relieved and lent; do not make the people pay this year's field tax." ----5 At the outset Emperor Wu campaigned against the Xiongnu, driving deep in relentless pursuit for more than twenty years; Xiongnu horses and livestock, pregnant and heavy, miscarried and perished; exhausted to the limit, they suffered bitterly. They often wished for heqin peace but could not achieve it. Chanyu Hulu Gu had a younger half-brother who was Left Grand Commandant and worthy; the people looked toward him. The chanyu's mother, the Yanzhi consort, feared the chanyu would not establish his son but would establish the Left Grand Commandant, and secretly had him killed. The Left Grand Commandant's elder brother by the same mother bore resentment and refused to attend the chanyu's court again. That year the chanyu was ill and near death; he told the nobles, "My son is young and cannot govern the state; establish my younger brother, the Right Guli King." When the chanyu died, Wei Lü and others plotted with Zhuanqu Yanzhi, concealed his death, forged the chanyu's command, and instead established his son, the Left Guli King, as Chanyu Huyandi. The Left Worthy King and the Right Guli King harbored resentment; they led their followers wishing to return south to Han, fearing they could not reach it on their own, and coerced the Lutu King, intending to surrender west to the Wusun. The Lutu King reported it to the chanyu; investigators were sent. The Right Guli King would not submit and instead charged the Lutu King with that very crime; the people all considered it unjust. Thereupon the two kings departed to their own territories and would no longer attend at Dragon City; the Xiongnu began to decline.
5
1春，二月，有星孛於西北。 ----2冬，十一月，壬辰朔，日有食之。 ----3初，霍光與上官桀相親善。 光每休沐出，桀常代光入決事。 光女為桀子安妻，生女，年甫五歲，安欲因光內之宮中； 光以為尚幼，不聽。 蓋長公主私近子客河間丁外人，安素與外人善，說外人曰：「安子容貌端正，誠因長主時得入為-{后}-，以臣父子在朝而有椒房之重，成之在於足下。 漢家故事，常以列侯尚主，足下何憂不封侯乎！」 外人喜，言於長主。 長主以為然，詔召安女入為倢伃，安為騎都尉。----
1. In spring, the second month, a comet appeared in the northwest. ----2 In winter, the eleventh month, on the first day renchen of the month, there was a solar eclipse. ----3 At the outset Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie were close and on good terms. Whenever Guang took leave and went out, Jie would regularly enter in his place to decide affairs. Guang's daughter was wife to Bo Zi'an; she bore a daughter just five years old. An wished through Guang to bring her into the palace; Guang thought her still too young and refused. The Elder Princess of Gai privately favored her retainer Ding Wairen of Hejian; An had long been friendly with Wairen and told him, "An's son is handsome; if he could truly enter the palace as -{the cited text}- through the Elder Princess's favor, with my father and son in court holding empress-chamber weight, success lies with you. Han precedent often makes a ranked marquis marry a princess—why worry you will not be enfeoffed as marquis!" Wairen was pleased and spoke of it to the Elder Princess. The Elder Princess agreed; by edict An's daughter was summoned to enter as Lady Jieyu, and An was made Commandant of the Cavalry.
6
1春，三月，甲寅，立皇后上官氏，赦天下。 ----2西南夷姑繒、葉榆復反，遣水衡都尉呂辟胡將益州兵擊之。 辟胡不進，蠻夷遂殺益州太守，乘勝與辟胡戰，士戰及溺死者四千餘人。 冬，遣大鴻臚田廣明擊之。 ----3廷尉李種坐故縱死罪棄市。 ----4是歲，上官安為車騎將軍。----
1. In spring, the third month, on jiayin, Empress Shangguan was established and an amnesty was proclaimed for all under Heaven. ----2 The southwestern Yi of Guzhang and Yeyu rebelled again; Chief Steward for Water and Parks Lü Pihu was sent with Yizhou troops to attack them. Pihu did not advance; the barbarians killed the Governor of Yizhou and, pressing their advantage, fought Pihu; more than four thousand soldiers were killed in battle or drowned. In winter Grand Herald Tian Guangming was sent to attack them. ----3 Minister of Justice Li Zhong, convicted of knowingly releasing a capital offender, was executed in the marketplace. ----4 That year Shangguan An was made General of Chariots and Cavalry.
7
1春，正月，追尊帝外祖趙父為順成侯。 順成侯有姊君姁，賜錢二百萬、奴婢、第宅以充實焉。 諸昆弟各以親疏受賞賜，無在位者。 ----2有男子乘黃犢車詣北闕，自謂衛太子； 公車以聞。 詔使公、卿、將軍、中二千石雜識視。 長安中吏民聚觀者數萬人。 右將軍勒兵闕下以備非常。 丞相、御史、中二千石至者並莫敢發言。 京兆尹不疑後到，叱從吏收縛。 或曰：「是非未可知，且安之。」 不疑曰：「諸君何患於衛太子！ 昔蒯聵違命出奔，輒距而不納，《春秋》是之。 衛太子得罪先帝，亡不即死，今來自詣，此罪人也！」 遂送詔獄。 天子與大將軍霍光聞而嘉之曰：「公卿大臣當用有經術、明於大誼者。」 繇是不疑名聲重於朝廷，在位者皆自以不及也。 廷尉驗治何人，竟得奸詐，本夏陽人，姓成，名方遂，居湖，以卜筮為事。 有故太子舍人嘗從方遂卜，謂曰：「子狀貌甚似衛太子。」 方遂心利其言，冀得以富貴。 坐誣罔不道，要斬。 ----3夏，六月，封上官安為桑樂侯。 安日以驕淫，受賜殿中，對賓客言：「與我婿飲，大樂！」 見其服飾，使人歸，欲自燒物。 子病死，仰而罵天。 其頑悖如此。 ----4罷儋耳、真番郡。 ----5秋，大鴻臚廣明、軍正王平擊益州，斬首、捕虜三萬餘人，獲畜產五萬餘頭。 ----6諫大夫杜延年見國家承武帝奢侈、師旅之後，數為大將軍光言：「年歲比不登，流民未盡還，宜修孝文時政，示以儉約、寬和，順天心，說民意，年歲宜應。」 光納其言。 延年，故御史大夫周之子也。----
1. In spring, the first month, the emperor's maternal grandfather, Father Zhao, was posthumously honored as Marquis of Shuncheng. Marquis of Shuncheng had an elder sister, Junxu; she was granted two million cash, slaves and maidservants, and a mansion to enrich her establishment. The various siblings each received rewards according to closeness of kin; none held office. ----2 A man riding a yellow calf-drawn carriage came to the Northern Gate Tower and declared himself Crown Prince Wei; the Imperial Carriage Office reported it. An edict ordered dukes, ministers, generals, and officials at two thousand bushels and above jointly to identify and examine him. Tens of thousands of Chang'an officials and commoners gathered to watch. The Right General arrayed troops below the gate tower to guard against the unexpected. The chancellor, censor, and officials at two thousand bushels and above who arrived all dared not speak. Metropolitan Commandant Buyi arrived later and shouted at his clerks to seize and bind him. Someone said, "Whether this is true or false is not yet known; for now let him be." Buyi said, "Why do you gentlemen worry about Crown Prince Wei! In former times Kuai Kui disobeyed orders and fled abroad; Ji Zhe barred him and would not admit him—the Spring and Autumn Annals approves this. Crown Prince Wei offended the former emperor, fled and did not die at once; now he has come of his own accord—this man is a criminal!" He was thereupon sent to the imperial prison under edict. The emperor and Grand General Huo Guang heard of it and praised him, saying, "Dukes, ministers, and great officials ought to employ those versed in the classics and clear on great principle." From this Buyi's reputation weighed heavy at court; those in office all considered themselves his inferior. The Minister of Justice investigated: who was this man? At last the fraud was exposed. He was originally from Xiayang, surname Cheng, personal name Fang Sui, living at Hu, who made his living by divination. A former crown prince's palace attendant had once had Fang Sui divine for him and said, "Your appearance greatly resembles Crown Prince Wei." Fang Sui's heart seized on his words and hoped thereby to gain wealth and rank. Convicted of false accusation and impiety, he was beheaded at the waist. ----3 In summer, the sixth month, Shangguan An was enfeoffed as Marquis of Sangle. An grew daily more arrogant and dissolute; receiving gifts in the palace hall, he said to guests, "Drink with my son-in-law—what joy!" Seeing their clothing and adornments, he had people go home, intending to burn their possessions. When his son died of illness, he looked up and cursed Heaven. His obstinate perversity was like this. ----4 The Dan'er and Zhenfan commanderies were abolished. ----5 In autumn, Grand Herald Guangming and Army Rectifier Wang Ping attacked Yizhou, beheading and capturing more than thirty thousand men and taking more than fifty thousand head of livestock. ----6 Remonstrance Grandee Du Yannian, seeing the state inherit Emperor Wu's extravagance and campaigns, repeatedly told Grand General Guang, "Harvests have failed year after year and displaced people have not all returned. It is fitting to restore Emperor Wen's policies, show frugality, restraint, lenience, and harmony, accord with Heaven's heart, please the people, and the years ought to respond." Guang accepted his counsel. Yannian was a son of the former Censor-in-Chief Du Zhou.
8
1春，二月，詔有司問郡國所舉賢良、文學，民所疾苦、教化之要，皆對：「願罷鹽、鐵、酒榷、均輸官，毋與天下爭利，示以儉節，然後教化可興。」 桑弘羊難，以為：「此國家大業，所以制四夷，安邊足用之本，不可廢也。」 於是鹽鐵之議起焉。 ----2初，蘇武既徙北海上，稟食不至，掘野鼠、去草實而食之。 杖漢節牧羊，臥起操持，節旄盡落。 武在漢，與李陵俱為侍中； 陵降匈奴，不敢求武。 久之，單于使陵至海上，為武置酒設樂，因謂武曰：「單于聞陵與子卿素厚，故使來說足下，虛心欲相待，終不得歸漢，空自苦； 亡人之地，信義安所見乎！ 足下兄弟二人，前皆坐事自殺； 來時，太夫人已不幸； 子卿婦年少，聞已更嫁矣； 獨有女弟二人、兩女、一男，今復十餘年，存亡不可知。 人生如朝露，何久自苦如此！ 陵始降時，忽忽如狂，自痛負漢，加以老母系保宮。 子卿不欲降，何以過陵！ 且陛下春秋高，法令無常，大臣無罪夷滅者數十家。 安危不可知，子卿尚復誰為乎！」 武曰：「武父子無功德，皆為陛下所成就，位列將，爵通侯，兄弟親近，常願肝腦塗地。 今得殺身自效，雖斧鉞、湯鑊，誠甘樂之！ 臣事君，猶子事父也。 子為父死，無所恨。 願勿復再言！」 陵與武飲數日，復曰：「子卿壹聽陵言！」 武曰：「自分已死久矣，王必欲降武，請畢今日之歡，效死於前！」 陵見其至誠，喟然歎曰：「嗟乎，義士！ 陵與衛律之罪上通於天！」 因泣下沾衿，與武決去。 賜武牛羊數十頭。
1 In spring, the second month, an edict had the responsible offices question the worthy and learned men recommended by commanderies and kingdoms on the people's hardships and the essentials of moral instruction. All replied, "We wish to abolish the salt, iron, wine monopoly, and equalizing transport offices, stop contending with all under Heaven for profit, show frugality and restraint, and only then can moral instruction flourish." Sang Hongyang objected, saying, "This is the state's great enterprise, the foundation for controlling the four barbarians and securing the borders with sufficient resources—it cannot be abolished." Thereupon the salt-and-iron debate arose. ----2 At first, after Su Wu had been relocated to the North Sea coast, allotted food did not arrive; he dug up wild rats and stripped grass seeds to eat. Leaning on the Han staff of office he herded sheep; whether lying down or rising he held it in hand, until the tassels on the staff had all fallen off. In Han, Wu and Li Ling had both served as Palace Attendants; Ling surrendered to the Xiongnu and did not dare seek out Wu. After a long time the Chanyu sent Ling to the sea coast, set out wine and music for Wu, and said to him, "The Chanyu heard that Ling and Ziqing were always close, and therefore sent me to persuade you, my lord. His heart is open and he wishes to treat you well, but in the end you cannot return to Han and only suffer in vain; in a land of lost men, where is faith and righteousness to be shown! Your lordship's two brothers were both earlier convicted of offenses and killed themselves; when you came, your mother had already died; Ziqing's wife is young—I hear she has already remarried; only two younger sisters, two daughters, and one son remain; now more than ten years have passed again, and whether they live or die cannot be known. Human life is like morning dew—why long suffer yourself like this! When Ling first surrendered, he was restless as if mad, pained at having failed Han, and moreover his old mother was detained in the protection palace. Ziqing does not wish to surrender—how are you better than Ling! Moreover the emperor is advanced in years, laws and orders are erratic, and several tens of families of guiltless great ministers have been exterminated root and branch. Safety and danger cannot be known—for whom do you still act, Ziqing!" Wu said, "Wu father and son had no merit—all was accomplished by Your Majesty. We ranked as generals, were enfeoffed as full marquises, and as close brothers constantly wished to lay down our lives. Now to be able to give my life in service, though it be axe and halberd or boiling cauldron, I would truly and gladly accept it! A subject serving his lord is like a son serving his father. A son dying for his father has nothing to regret. Please do not speak of this again!" Ling drank with Wu for several days, then again said, "Ziqing, please wholly heed my words!" Wu said, "I have long considered myself dead. If you must have Wu surrender, please finish today's pleasure and I will die before you!" Ling saw his utmost sincerity and sighed with emotion, "Alas, a man of righteousness! Ling's and Wei Lü's guilt reaches up to Heaven!" Thereupon tears fell and soaked his collar; he took leave of Wu and departed. He bestowed on Wu several tens of cattle and sheep.
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後陵復至北海上，語武以武帝崩。 武南鄉號哭歐血，旦夕臨，數月。 及壺衍鞮單于立，母閼氏不正，國內乖離，常恐漢兵襲之，於是衛律為單于謀，與漢和親。 漢使至，求蘇武等，匈奴詭言武死。 後漢使復至匈奴，常惠私見漢使，教使者謂單于，言：「天子射上林中，得雁，足有系帛書，言武等在某澤中。」 使者大喜，如惠語以讓單于。 單于視左右而驚，謝漢使曰：「武等實在。」 乃歸武及馬宏等。 馬宏者，前副光祿大夫王忠使西國，為匈奴所遮； 忠戰死，馬宏生得，亦不肯降。 故匈奴歸此二人，欲以通善意。 於是李陵置酒賀武曰：「今足下還歸，揚名於匈奴，功顯於漢室，雖古竹帛所載，丹青所畫，何以過子卿！ 陵雖駑怯，令漢貰陵罪，全其老母，使得奮大辱之積志，庶幾乎曹柯之盟，此陵宿昔之所不忘也。 收族陵家，為世大戮，陵尚復何顧乎！ 已矣，令子卿知吾心耳！」 陵泣下數行，因與武決。
Later Ling again came to the North Sea coast and told Wu that Emperor Wu had died. Wu faced south and wailed until he vomited blood; morning and evening he faced south in mourning for several months. When Chanyu Huyanshidi was established, the queen mother's position was irregular, the state was divided within, and they constantly feared Han troops would strike; thereupon Wei Lü schemed for the Chanyu and sought peace kinship with Han. Han envoys arrived and sought Su Wu and the rest; the Xiongnu falsely claimed Wu was dead. Later Han envoys again reached the Xiongnu; Chang Hui privately met the Han envoy and taught him to tell the Chanyu, saying, "The emperor shot in Shanglin Park and obtained a wild goose; on its foot was tied a silk message saying Wu and the rest are in a certain marsh." The envoy was greatly pleased and, as Hui had said, reproached the Chanyu. The Chanyu looked left and right in alarm and apologized to the Han envoy, "Wu and the rest truly still live." Thereupon he returned Wu and Ma Hong and the rest. Ma Hong had formerly been deputy to Palace Illustrious Grandee Wang Zhong on a mission to western states and was intercepted by the Xiongnu; Zhong died in battle; Ma Hong was taken alive and also would not surrender. Therefore the Xiongnu returned these two men, wishing thereby to signal good intent. Thereupon Li Ling set out wine to congratulate Wu, saying, "Now your lordship returns home, your fame raised among the Xiongnu and your merit displayed in the Han house—even what ancient bamboo and silk record and paintings depict, how could they surpass Ziqing! Ling is dull and timid, but if Han would pardon Ling's guilt, preserve his old mother, and let him exert the will long accumulated from great disgrace, perhaps like the covenant at Cao Ke—this Ling has never forgotten from of old. His clan was gathered and exterminated—the age's great punishment—what does Ling still care for! It is done—let Ziqing know my heart!" Ling wept several lines of tears and thereupon took leave of Wu.
10
單于召會武官屬，前已降及物故，凡隨武還者九人。 既至京師，詔武奉一太牢謁武帝園廟，拜為典屬國，秩中二千石，賜錢二百萬，公田二頃，宅一區。 武留匈奴凡十九歲，始以強壯出，及還，鬚髮盡白。 霍光、上官桀與李陵素善，遣陵故人隴西任立政等三人俱至匈奴招之。 陵曰：「歸易耳，丈夫不能再辱！」 遂死於匈奴。 ----3夏，旱。 ----4秋，七月，罷榷酤官，從賢良、文學之議也。 武帝之末，海內虛耗，戶口減半，霍光知時務之要，輕徭薄賦，與民休息。 至是匈奴和親，百姓充實，稍復文、景之業焉。 ----5詔以鉤町侯毋波率其邑君長、人民擊反者有功，立以為鉤町王。 賜田廣明爵關內侯。----
The Chanyu summoned and assembled Wu's official subordinates; counting those who had earlier surrendered and those who had died, in all nine followed Wu back. Once they reached the capital, an edict had Wu offer a grand sacrificial victim and visit Emperor Wu's park temple; he was appointed Director of Dependent States at rank of middle two thousand dan, bestowed two million cash, two qing of public fields, and one residence. Wu remained among the Xiongnu nineteen years in all; he had gone forth in his prime, and on return his beard and hair were all white. Huo Guang, Shangguan Jie, and Li Ling had always been on good terms; they sent Ling's old acquaintance Ren Lizheng of Longxi and three others together to the Xiongnu to summon him. Ling said, "Returning is easy, but a man cannot suffer disgrace twice!" Thereupon he died among the Xiongnu. ----3 In summer, there was drought. ----4 In autumn, the seventh month, the wine monopoly offices were abolished, following the counsel of the worthy and learned. At the end of Emperor Wu's reign the realm was depleted and household registers were halved; Huo Guang knew the essentials of the times, lightened corvée and reduced levies, and gave the people rest. By this time the Xiongnu made peace kinship, the common people were prosperous, and the realm slightly restored the achievements of Emperors Wen and Jing. ----5 An edict, because Marquis of Goujing Wubo had led his town chiefs, elders, and people to strike rebels with merit, established him as King of Goujing. Tian Guangming was bestowed the noble rank of Marquis within the Passes.
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1春，武都氐人反，遣執金吾馬適建、龍額侯韓增、大鴻臚田廣明將三輔、太常徒，皆免刑，擊之。 ----2夏，六月，赦天下。 ----3秋，七月，乙亥晦，日有食之，既。 ----4八月，改元。 ----5上官桀父子既尊，盛德長公主，欲為丁外人求封侯，霍光不許。 又為外人求光祿大夫，欲令得召見，又不許。 長主大以是怨光，而桀、安數為外人求官爵弗能得，亦慚。 又桀妻父所幸充國為太醫監，闌入殿中，下獄當死； 冬月且盡，蓋主為充國入馬二十匹贖罪，乃得減死論。 於是桀、安父子深怨光而重德蓋主。 自先帝時，桀已為九卿，位在光右，及父子並為將軍，皇后親安女，光乃其外祖，而顧專制朝事，由是與光爭權。 燕王旦自以帝兄不得立，常懷怨望。 及御史大夫桑弘羊建造酒榷、鹽、鐵，為國興利，伐其功，欲為子弟得官，亦怨恨光。 於是蓋主、桀、安、弘羊皆與旦通謀。
1 In spring, the Di of Wudu rebelled; he sent Commandant of Justice Ma Shi Jian, Marquis of Long'e Han Zeng, and Grand Herald Tian Guangming to lead Metropolitan Area and Grand Master of Ceremonies convicts, all exempted from punishment, to attack them. ----2 In summer, the sixth month, amnesty was proclaimed throughout the realm. ----3 In autumn, the seventh month, on the last day of the month yihai, there was a total solar eclipse. ----4 In the eighth month, the era name was changed. ----5 After Shangguan Jie father and son had been honored, they greatly indebted the Princess of Gai and sought enfeoffment as marquis for Ding the outsider; Huo Guang refused. Again they sought Palace Illustrious Grandee for the outsider, wishing to let him obtain audience, and were again refused. The princess greatly resented Guang for this, while Jie and An repeatedly sought offices and noble ranks for the outsider without success and were also ashamed. Moreover Jie's wife's father, the favored Chongguo, was Grand Physician Superintendent and unlawfully entered the palace hall; imprisoned, he was liable to death; the winter month was nearly ended; the Princess of Gai presented twenty horses on Chongguo's behalf to redeem his guilt, and only then obtained a reduced sentence short of death. Thereupon Jie and An father and son deeply resented Guang and were deeply indebted to the Princess of Gai. From the former emperor's time Jie was already one of the Nine Ministers, ranked above Guang; when father and son together were generals, the empress was close kin to An's daughter and Guang was their maternal grandfather—yet he turned to monopolize court affairs; because of this he contended for power with Guang. Prince Dan of Yan, considering himself the emperor's elder brother and not established as heir, constantly harbored resentment. When Censor-in-Chief Sang Hongyang built the wine monopoly, salt, and iron to raise profit for the state, he boasted of his merit and wished his sons and younger brothers to obtain offices, and also resented Guang. Thereupon the Princess of Gai, Jie, An, and Hongyang all entered into conspiracy with Dan.
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旦遣孫縱之等前後十餘輩，多賫金寶、走馬賂遺蓋主、桀、弘羊等。 桀等又詐令人為燕王上書，言：「光出都肄郎、羽林，道上稱蹕，太官先置。」 又引「蘇武使匈奴二十年不降，乃為典屬國； 大將軍長史敞無功，為搜粟都尉； 又擅調益莫府校尉。 光專權自恣，疑有非常。 臣旦願歸符璽，入宿衛，察奸臣變。」 候司光出沐日奏之，桀欲從中下其事，弘羊當與諸大臣共執退光。 書奏，帝不肯下。 明旦，光聞之，止畫室中不入。 上問：「大將軍安在？」 左將軍桀對曰：「以燕王告其罪，故不敢入。」 有詔：「召大將軍。」 光入，免冠、頓首謝。 上曰：「將軍冠！ 朕知是書詐也，將軍無罪。」 光曰：「陛下何以知之？」 上曰：「將軍之廣明都郎，近耳； 調校尉以來，未能十日，燕王何以得知之！ 且將軍為非，不須校尉。」 是時帝年十四，尚書、左右皆驚。 而上書者果亡，捕之甚急。 桀等懼，白上：「小事不足遂。」 上不聽。 後桀黨與有譖光者，上輒怒曰：「大將軍忠臣，先帝所屬以輔朕身，敢有毀者坐之！」 自是桀等不敢復言。
Dan sent Sun Zongzhi and others in more than ten parties before and after, mostly bearing gold, treasures, and swift horses as bribes to the Princess of Gai, Jie, Hongyang, and the rest. Jie and the rest also had someone falsely submit a memorial in the Prince of Yan's name, saying, "When Guang leaves the capital he drills Gentlemen of the Palace and the Feathered Forest; on the road he proclaims the imperial progress halt, and the Grand Provisioner is set out first." He also cited, "Su Wu was envoy to the Xiongnu twenty years without surrendering, yet was made Director of Dependent States; the Grand General's chief clerk Chang had no merit, yet was made Searcher of Grain Commandant; again on his own authority transferred and increased Grand Marshal's Office colonels. Guang monopolizes power and indulges himself—I suspect irregular intent. Your subject Dan wishes to return the tallies and seals, enter palace guard service, and investigate wicked ministers' plots." They waited to memorialize on the day Guang went out to bathe; Jie wished to have the matter handled from the Central Secretariat down, and Hongyang was to join the various great ministers in seizing and removing Guang. The memorial was submitted; the emperor would not release it downward. The next morning Guang heard of it and stopped in the painted chamber, not entering court. The emperor asked, "Where is the Grand General?" Left General Jie replied, "Because the Prince of Yan reported his crimes, he does not dare enter." There was an edict, "Summon the Grand General." Guang entered, removed his cap, and bowed his head in thanks. The emperor said, "General, put on your cap! I know this memorial is fraudulent—General, you are without guilt." Guang said, "Your Majesty, how do you know it?" The emperor said, "The general's appointment of Guangming as Metropolitan Commandant of Gentlemen was recent; and since transferring colonels not ten days have passed—how could the Prince of Yan know it! Moreover if the general did wrong, colonels would not be needed." At this time the emperor was fourteen; Masters of Writing and attendants left and right were all startled. The memorial-writer indeed fled; pursuit of him was very urgent. Jie and others were afraid and reported to the emperor, "A small matter is not worth pursuing to the end." The emperor would not heed it. Later when Jie's faction had someone who slandered Guang, the emperor at once angrily said, "The Grand General is a loyal minister, whom the late emperor entrusted to assist my person—whoever dares slander him shall be punished!" From this Jie and others did not dare speak again.
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:李德裕論曰：人君之德，莫大於至明，明以照奸，則百邪不能蔽矣。 漢昭帝是也。 周成王有慚德矣； 高祖、文、景俱不如也。 成王聞管、蔡流言，遂使周公狼跋而東。 漢高聞陳平去魏背楚，欲捨腹心臣。 漢文惑季布使酒難近，罷歸股肱郡； 疑賈生擅權紛亂，復疏賢士。 景帝信誅晁錯兵解，遂戮三公。 所謂「執狐疑之心，來讒賊之口」。 使昭帝得伊、呂之佐，則成、康不足侔矣。 ----6桀等謀令長公主置酒請光，伏兵格殺之，因廢帝，迎立燕王為天子。 旦置驛書往來相報，許立桀為王，外連郡國豪桀以千數。 旦以語相平，平曰：「大王前與劉澤結謀，事未成而發覺者，以劉澤素誇，好侵陵也。 平聞左將軍素輕易，車騎將軍少而驕，臣恐其如劉澤時不能成，又恐既成反大王也。」 旦曰：「前日一男子詣闕，自謂故太子，長安中民趣鄉之，正讙不可止。 大將軍恐，出兵陳之，以自備耳。 我，帝長子，天下所信，何憂見反！」 後謂群臣：「蓋主報言，獨患大將軍與右將軍王莽。 今右將軍物故，丞相病，幸事必成，征不久。」 令群臣皆裝。
: Li Deyu's discourse says: Of a ruler's virtue none is greater than utmost clarity; clarity to illuminate treachery—then the hundred evils cannot screen it. Emperor Zhao of Han was such. King Cheng of Zhou had a virtue to be ashamed of; Gaozu, Wen, and Jing were all not as good. King Cheng heard Guan and Cai's slanderous words and thereupon sent the Duke of Zhou off east in troubled haste. Han Gaozu heard Chen Ping had left Wei and turned against Chu and wished to abandon his trusted inner minister. Emperor Wen of Han was confused by Ji Bu's wine-drinking and difficulty of approach, dismissed him and sent him back to a limb-and-trunk commandery; suspected Jia Yi of monopolizing power and stirring disorder, and again kept worthy scholars at a distance. Emperor Jing believed the execution of Chao Cuo would dissolve the army and thereupon executed the Three Excellencies. What is called "holding a fox-suspicious heart, inviting the mouths of slanderous villains." If Emperor Zhao had Yi and Lü as assistants, then Cheng and Kang would not be worth matching. ----6 Jie and others plotted to have the Eldest Princess set out wine and invite Guang, with hidden troops strike and kill him, thereby depose the emperor, and welcome and establish the King of Yan as Son of Heaven. Dan set up relay-post letters going back and forth reporting to each other, promised to establish Jie as king, and outward connected with powerful men of commanderies and states by the thousands. Dan told Chancellor Ping; Ping said, "Your Highness formerly with Liu Ze formed a plot; the affair did not succeed and was discovered—because Liu Ze was by nature boastful and fond of encroaching and bullying. Ping has heard the Left General is by nature frivolous and easy, the Commandant of Cavalry and Chariots young and arrogant—your subject fears they will be like Liu Ze's time and not succeed, and also fears that if they succeed they will turn against Your Highness." Dan said, "The other day a man came to the palace gate and called himself the former crown prince; the people of Chang'an rushed to go toward him—the clamor could not be stopped. The Grand General was afraid, sent out troops and arrayed them—that was only to prepare himself. I am the emperor's eldest son, trusted by all under Heaven—what worry of being turned against!" Later he told the ministers, "Princess Gaishan reports that she alone worries over the Grand General and Right General Wang Mang. Now the Right General is deceased, the Chancellor is ill—fortunately the affair is sure to succeed; the expedition will not be long." He ordered the ministers all to pack.
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安又謀誘燕王至而誅之，因廢帝而立桀。 或曰：「當如皇后何？」 安曰：「逐麋之狗，當顧菟邪！ 且用皇后為尊，一旦人主意有所移，雖欲為家人亦不可得。 此百世之一時也！」 會蓋主舍人父稻田使者燕倉知其謀，以告大司農楊敞。 敞素謹，畏事，不敢言，乃移病臥，以告諫大夫杜延年； 延年以聞。 九月，詔丞相部中二千石逐捕孫縱之及桀、安、弘羊、外人等，並宗族悉誅之； 蓋主自殺。 燕王旦聞之，召相平曰：「事敗，遂發兵乎？」 平曰：「左將軍已死，百姓皆知之，不可發也。」 王憂懣，置酒與群臣、妃妾別。 會天子以璽書讓旦，旦以綬自絞死，-{后}-、夫人隨旦自殺者二十餘人。 天子加恩，赦王太子建為庶人，賜量謚曰剌王。 皇后以年少，不與謀，亦霍光外孫，故得不廢。 ----7庚午，右扶風王訢為御史大夫。 ----8冬，十月，封杜延年為建平侯； 燕倉為宜城侯； 故丞相征事任宮捕得桀，為弋陽侯； 丞相少史王山壽誘安入府，為商利侯。 久之，文學濟陰魏相對策，以為：「日者燕王為無道，韓義出身強諫，為王所殺。 義無比干之親而蹈比干之節，宜顯賞其子以示天下，明為人臣之義。」 乃擢義子延壽為諫大夫。 ----9大將軍光以朝無舊臣，光祿勳張安世自先帝時為尚書令，志行純篤，乃白用安世為右將軍兼光祿勳以自副焉。 安世，故御史大夫湯之子也。 光又以杜延年有忠節，擢為太僕、右曹、給事中。 光持刑罰嚴，延年常輔之以寬。 吏民上書言便宜，輒下延年平處復奏。 言可官試者，至為縣令； 或丞相、御史除用，滿歲，以狀聞； 或抵其罪法。 ----10是歲匈奴發左、右部二萬騎為四隊，並入邊為寇。 漢兵追之，斬首、獲虜九千人，生得甌脫王； 漢無所失亡。 匈奴見甌脫王在漢，恐，以為道擊之，即西北遠去，不敢南逐水草； 發人民屯甌脫。----
An again plotted to lure the King of Yan to come and execute him, thereby depose the emperor and establish Jie. Someone said, "What about the empress?" An said, "A dog chasing elk—should it look back at a rabbit! Moreover, using the empress as honored—once the ruler's intent shifts, even if one wishes to be family one cannot obtain it. This is a once-in-a-hundred-generations moment!" It happened Princess Gaishan's house retainer's father, Paddy-Field Envoy Yan Cang, knew their plot and reported it to Grand Minister of Agriculture Yang Chang. Chang was by nature cautious, feared affairs, and did not dare speak; he then pleaded illness and lay abed, and told Remonstrance Grandee Du Yanian; Yanian reported it. In the ninth month, an edict ordered the Chancellor's department officials of two thousand bushels to pursue and capture Sun Zongzhi and Jie, An, Hongyang, Wairen, and others, and together with their clans all were executed; Princess Gaishan killed herself. The King of Yan Dan heard it and summoned Chancellor Ping, saying, "The affair has failed—shall we at once raise troops?" Ping said, "The Left General is already dead; the common people all know it—it cannot be raised." The king in worry and distress set out wine and took leave of ministers, consorts, and concubines. It happened the Son of Heaven with a seal-letter reproached Dan; Dan with his ribbon strangled himself-over twenty -{the cited text}- and ladies who followed Dan in suicide. The Son of Heaven added grace, pardoned the king's crown prince Jian as a commoner, and granted Liang the posthumous title Spur King. The empress because she was young and had not joined the plot, and was also Huo Guang's maternal grandson's daughter, therefore was not deposed. ----7 On gengwu, Wang Xin of Right Fufeng was appointed Grand Counsellor. ----8 In winter, the tenth month, Du Yanian was enfeoffed as Marquis of Jianping; Yan Cang as Marquis of Yicheng; former Chancellor's investigating officer Ren Gong captured Jie and was made Marquis of Yiyang; Chancellor's junior clerk Wang Shanshou lured An into the office and was made Marquis of Shangli. After a long time, Erudite Wei Xiang of Jiyin in his policy response thought, "Recently the King of Yan was without the Way; Han Yi from his person strongly remonstrated and was killed by the king. Yi had not Bi Gan's kinship yet trod Bi Gan's integrity—his son should be prominently rewarded to show all under Heaven and clarify the righteousness of being a minister." Thereupon Yi's son Yanshou was promoted to Remonstrance Grandee. ----9 The Grand General Guang, because the court had no old ministers, and Palace Chamberlain Zhang Anshi from the late emperor's time had been Master of Writing, his will and conduct pure and sincere, thereupon reported to employ Anshi as Right General concurrently Palace Chamberlain to assist himself. Anshi was the son of former Grand Counsellor Tang. Guang also because Du Yanian had loyal integrity promoted him to Grand Coachman, Right Bureau, and Palace Attendant. Guang held punishments strict; Yanian often assisted him with leniency. When officials and people memorialized on convenient measures, he at once sent them down to Yanian to balance and settle and then memorialize again. Those whose words could be tried in office reached as far as county magistrate; or the Chancellor and Grand Counsellor appointed and employed them; when a full year was complete, they reported the circumstances; or they were charged according to the penal law. ----10 This year the Xiongnu sent twenty thousand horsemen of the left and right divisions in four columns, together entering the border as raiders. Han troops pursued them, beheaded and captured nine thousand; they took alive King Ouduo; Han had no losses. The Xiongnu saw King Ouduo was in Han and were afraid, thinking Han would strike along the road; they at once went far northwest and did not dare south to pursue water and pasture; they sent the people to garrison Ouduo.
15
1夏，四月，上自建章宮徙未央宮。 ----2六月，赦天下。 ----3是歲，匈奴復遣九千騎屯受降城以備漢，北橋余吾水，令可度，以備奔走； 欲求和親，而恐漢不聽，故不肯先言，常使左右風漢使者。 然其侵盜益希，遇漢使愈厚，欲以漸致和親。 漢亦羈縻之。----
1 In summer, the fourth month, the emperor moved from Jianzhang Palace to Weiyang Palace. ----2 In the sixth month, there was an amnesty for all under Heaven. ----3 This year the Xiongnu again sent nine thousand horsemen to garrison Shoujiang city to prepare against Han, bridged north across Yuwu River so it could be crossed, to prepare for flight; they wished to seek heqin peace marriage but feared Han would not listen, therefore would not speak first, and often had those close to them hint to Han envoys. Yet their raids and plunder grew ever rarer, and meeting Han envoys they were ever more generous—wishing by degrees to bring about heqin. Han also held them with bridles and reins.
16
1春，正月，泰山有大石自起立； 上林有柳樹枯僵自起生； 有蟲食其葉成文，曰「公孫病已立」。 符節令魯國眭弘上書，言：「大石自立，僵柳復起，當有匹庶為天子者。 枯樹復生，故廢之家公孫氏當復興乎？ 漢家承堯之後，有傳國之運，當求賢人禪帝位，退自封百里，以順天命。」 弘坐設妖言惑眾伏誅。 ----2匈奴單于使犁汙王窺邊，言酒泉、張掖兵益弱，出兵試擊，冀可復得其地。 時漢先得降者，聞其計，天子詔邊警備。 後無幾，右賢王、犁汙王四千騎分三隊，入日勒、屋蘭、番和。 張掖太守、屬國都尉發兵擊，大破之，得脫者數百人。 屬國義渠王射殺犁汙王，賜黃金二百斤，馬二百匹，因封為犁汙王。 自是後，匈奴不敢入張掖。 ----3燕、蓋之亂，桑弘羊子遷亡，過父故吏侯史吳，後遷捕得，伏法。 會赦，侯史吳自出繫獄。 廷尉王平、少府徐仁雜治反事，皆以為「桑遷坐父謀反而侯史吳臧之，非匿反者，乃匿為隨者也」，即以赦令除吳罪。 後侍御史治實，以「桑遷通經術，知父謀反而不諫爭，與反者身無異。 侯史吳故三百石吏，首匿遷，不與庶人匿隨從者等，吳不得赦。」 奏請覆治，劾廷尉、少府縱反者。 少府徐仁，即丞相車千秋女婿也，故千秋數為侯史吳言； 恐大將軍光不聽，千秋即召中二千石、博士會公車門，議問吳法。 議者知大將軍指，皆執吳為不道。 明日，千秋封上眾議。 光於是以千秋擅召中二千石以下，外內異言，遂下廷尉平、少府仁獄。 朝廷皆恐丞相坐之。 太僕杜延年奏記光曰：「吏縱罪人，有常法。 今更詆吳為不道，恐於法深。 又，丞相素無所守持而為好言於下，盡其素行也。 至擅召中二千石，甚無狀。 延年愚以為丞相久故及先帝用事，非有大故，不可棄也。 間者民頗言獄深，吏為峻詆； 今丞相所議，又獄事也，如是以及丞相，恐不合眾心，群下讙嘩，庶人私議，流言四布。 延年竊重將軍失此名於天下也。」 光以廷尉、少府弄法輕重，卒下之獄。 夏，四月，仁自殺，平與左馮翊賈勝胡皆要斬。 而不以及丞相，終與相竟。 延年論議持平，合和朝廷，皆此類也。 ----4冬，遼東烏桓反。 初，冒頓破東胡，東胡餘眾散保烏桓及鮮卑山為二族，世役屬匈奴。 武帝出破匈奴左地，因徙烏桓於上谷、漁陽、右北平、遼東塞外，為漢偵察匈奴動靜。 置護烏桓校尉監領之，使不得與匈奴交通。 至是，部眾漸強，遂反。
1 In spring, the first month, on Mount Tai a great stone by itself stood up; in Shanglin a willow tree, dead and stiff, by itself rose and lived; insects ate its leaves forming characters saying "Gongsun Bingyi established." Staff-and-tally Director Sui Hong of Lu submitted a memorial, saying, "The great stone stood by itself, the stiff willow revived—there ought to be a commoner who becomes Son of Heaven. A dead tree revives—perhaps the Gongsun clan of the abolished house should revive? The House of Han succeeds after Yao and has the fortune to transmit the state—one should seek a worthy man and yield the imperial throne, retire and enfeoff oneself with a hundred li, to accord with Heaven's mandate." Hong was punished for setting up freakish words to delude the masses and was executed. ----2 The Xiongnu Chanyu sent King Liwu to spy on the border, saying Jiuquan and Zhangye troops were growing weaker—send troops to try striking, hoping to recover their territory. At this time Han first obtained surrenderers and heard their plan; the Son of Heaven issued an edict the border to warn and prepare. Not long after, the Wise King of the Right and King Liwu with four thousand horsemen divided into three columns and entered Rile, Wulan, and Fanhe. The Administrator of Zhangye and Commandant of the Dependent State raised troops and struck, greatly defeated them; those who escaped were several hundred. King Yiqu of the Dependent State shot and killed King Liwu; he was granted two hundred jin of gold and two hundred horses, and thereby enfeoffed as King Liwu. From this afterward the Xiongnu did not dare enter Zhangye. ----3 In the Yan and Gaishan disorder, Sang Hongyang's son Qian fled, passed his father's old clerk Marquis-History Wu; later Qian was captured and punished by law. An amnesty occurred; Marquis-History Wu of himself came out of imprisonment. Director of Justice Wang Ping and Privy Treasurer Xu Ren jointly tried the rebellion affair; all thought "Qian sat under his father's plotting rebellion and Marquis-History Wu hid him—not hiding a rebel but hiding a follower"—and thereby by the amnesty edict removed Wu's crime. Later the attendant censor investigated the facts and held that "Qian mastered the classics, knew his father plotted rebellion yet did not remonstrate and contend—in person no different from rebels. Marquis-History Wu was formerly an official of three hundred bushels who first hid Qian—not equal to commoners hiding followers—Wu could not receive amnesty." The memorial requested renewed trial and impeached the Director of Justice and Privy Treasurer for indulging rebels. Privy Treasurer Xu Ren was Chancellor Che Qianqiu's son-in-law; therefore Qianqiu repeatedly spoke for Marquis-History Wu; fearing Grand General Guang would not listen, Qianqiu then summoned officials of the middle two thousand bushels and erudites to meet at the Public Carriage Gate and discuss and question Wu's law. The discussants knew the Grand General's intent and all held Wu as lawless. The next day Qianqiu sealed and sent up the collective discussion. Guang thereupon because Qianqiu on his own authority summoned middle two thousand bushels and below, with outer and inner differing words, sent down Director of Justice Ping and Privy Treasurer Ren to prison. The court all feared the Chancellor would be implicated. Grand Coachman Du Yanian submitted a note to Guang, saying, "Officials who indulge criminals have a regular law. Now again denouncing Wu as lawless—I fear it is deep in the law. Moreover, the Chancellor by nature has nothing he holds to and speaks kindly to those below—that is fully his usual conduct. As for on his own authority summoning middle two thousand bushels—that is very lawless. Yanian foolishly thinks the Chancellor is long in office and served the late emperor—without a great cause he cannot be abandoned. Of late the people have often said the prisons are harsh and officials make severe accusations; now what the Chancellor discusses is again a prison matter; if it extends to the Chancellor in this fashion, I fear it will not accord with popular sentiment—the officials will clamor, commoners will gossip privately, and rumors will spread everywhere. Yannian privately fears the General will lose this reputation throughout the realm." Guang, because the Director of Justice and the Minister Steward had manipulated the law regarding severity, finally sent them to prison. In summer, the fourth month, Ren committed suicide; Ping and Left Governor of Anding Jia Shenghu were all executed by waist chop. Yet he did not extend the matter to the Chancellor; in the end he still came to a final contest with the Chancellor. Yannian's discussions were even-handed and harmonized the court—all were of this sort. ----4 In winter, the Wuhuan of Liaodong rebelled. Initially Modun defeated the Eastern Hu; the Eastern Hu remnant peoples scattered and took refuge on the Wuhuan and Xianbei mountains as two peoples, for generations subject to corvée and allegiance to the Xiongnu. When Emperor Wu campaigned and broke the Xiongnu's left territory, he moved the Wuhuan beyond the passes of Shanggu, Yuyang, Right Beiping, and Liaodong to spy on Xiongnu movements for Han. He appointed a Colonel Protecting the Wuhuan to oversee them, so they could not communicate with the Xiongnu. By this time their tribes had gradually grown strong, and they rebelled.
17
先是，匈奴三千餘騎入五原，殺略數千人； 後數萬騎南旁塞獵，行攻塞外亭障，略取吏民去。 是時漢邊郡烽火候望精明，匈奴為邊寇者少利，希復犯塞。 漢復得匈奴降者，言烏桓嘗發先單于塚，匈奴怨之，方發二萬騎擊烏桓。 霍光欲發兵邀擊之，以問護軍都尉趙充國，充國以為：「烏桓間數犯塞，今匈奴擊之，於漢便。 又匈奴希寇盜，北邊幸無事，蠻夷自相攻擊而發兵要之，招寇生事，非計也。」 光更問中郎將范明友，明友言可擊，於是拜明友為度遼將軍，將二萬騎出遼東。 匈奴聞漢兵至，引去。 初，光誡明友：「兵不空出； 即後匈奴，遂擊烏桓。」 烏桓時新中匈奴兵，明友既後匈奴，因乘烏桓敝，擊之，斬首六千餘級，獲三王首。 匈奴由是恐，不能復出兵。----
Earlier, more than three thousand Xiongnu horsemen entered Wuyuan and killed and plundered several thousand people; later tens of thousands of horsemen came south along the border passes to hunt, attacked border towers and barriers beyond the passes, and carried off officials and civilians. At this time Han border commanderies' beacon fires and watch posts were keen; when the Xiongnu raided the border they gained little and rarely again violated the passes. Han again obtained Xiongnu surrenderers who said the Wuhuan had once desecrated the former chanyu's tombs; the Xiongnu resented this and were about to send twenty thousand horsemen to attack the Wuhuan. Huo Guang wished to dispatch troops to intercept them and asked Colonel Director of Retainers Zhao Chongguo. Chongguo thought, "The Wuhuan have repeatedly violated the passes of late; now the Xiongnu are attacking them—this is convenient for Han. Moreover the Xiongnu rarely raid; the northern border is fortunately quiet—if barbarians attack one another and we dispatch troops to intercept them, we invite trouble; this is not sound policy." Guang again asked Palace Gentleman Fan Mingyou; Mingyou said they could be attacked. Thereupon he appointed Mingyou General Crossing the Liao, leading twenty thousand horsemen out from Liaodong. The Xiongnu heard Han troops had arrived and withdrew. Initially Guang admonished Mingyou, "Troops must not go out empty-handed; immediately follow the Xiongnu, then strike the Wuhuan." The Wuhuan had just been struck by Xiongnu troops; Mingyou, having followed the Xiongnu, took advantage of the Wuhuan's exhaustion, attacked them, cut off more than six thousand heads, and obtained the heads of three kings. The Xiongnu were thereby fearful and could not again dispatch troops.
18
1春，正月，丁亥，帝加元服。 ----2甲戌，富民定侯田千秋薨。 時政事壹決大將軍光； 千秋居丞相位，謹厚自守而已。 ----3夏，五月，丁丑，孝文廟正殿火。 上及群臣皆素服，發中二千石將五校作治，六日，成。 太常及廟令丞、郎、吏，皆劾大不敬； 會赦，太常轑陽侯德免為庶人。 ----4六月，赦天下。 ----5初，杅冞遣太子賴丹為質於龜茲； 貳師擊大宛還，將賴丹入至京師。 霍光用桑弘羊前議，以賴丹為校尉，將軍田輪台。 龜茲貴人姑翼謂其王曰：「賴丹本臣屬吾國，今佩漢印綬來，迫吾國而田，必為害。」 王即殺賴丹而上書謝漢。
1 In spring, the first month, on dinghai, the emperor performed the capping ceremony. ----2 On jiaxu, Marquis Ding of Enriching the People Tian Qianqiu died. At this time all government affairs were decided solely by Grand General Guang; Qianqiu held the chancellorship and was merely careful, generous, and self-restrained. ----3 In summer, the fifth month, on dingchou, the main hall of Emperor Wen's temple caught fire. The emperor and ministers all wore plain mourning dress; he dispatched two-thousand-bushel officials to lead the Five Commandants in repairs—in six days it was completed. The Grand Minister of Ceremonies and the temple directors, assistants, gentlemen, and clerks were all impeached for great irreverence; there was an amnesty; Grand Minister Marquis Liaoyang De was demoted to commoner status. ----4 In the sixth month, an amnesty for all under Heaven. ----5 Initially Chijmi sent the heir Lai Dan as hostage to Kucha; the General of the Ershi, returning from attacking Dayuan, brought Lai Dan to the capital. Huo Guang followed Sang Hongyang's former proposal, making Lai Dan a colonel to lead troops farming at Luntai. Kucha's noble Gu Yi said to its king, "Lai Dan was originally a subject of our state; now wearing Han seals and cords he has come to press upon our state with farming—he will surely bring harm." The king immediately killed Lai Dan and memorialized apologizing to Han.
19
樓蘭王死，匈奴先聞之，遣其質子安歸歸，得立為王。 漢遣使詔新王令入朝，王辭不至。 樓蘭國最在東垂，近漢，當白龍堆，乏水草，常主發導，負水擔糧，送迎漢使； 又數為官吏卒所寇，懲艾，不便與漢通。 後復為匈奴反間，數遮殺漢使。 其弟尉屠耆降漢，具言狀。 駿馬監北地傅介子使大宛，詔因令責樓蘭、龜茲。 介子至樓蘭、龜茲，責其王，皆謝服。 介子從大宛還，到龜茲，會匈奴使從烏孫還，在龜茲，介子因率其吏士共誅斬匈奴使者。 還，奏事，詔拜介子為中郎，遷平樂監。
The king of Loulan died; the Xiongnu heard first and sent their hostage An Guigui back; he was installed as king. Han dispatched an envoy ordering the new king to attend court; the king declined and did not come. Loulan lay farthest on the eastern frontier, near Han, facing the White Dragon Mound; lacking water and grass, it constantly took the lead in guiding, carrying water and grain to receive and send off Han envoys; moreover it was repeatedly harassed by officials and soldiers and disciplined, and found communication with Han inconvenient. Later, through Xiongnu subversion, it repeatedly intercepted and killed Han envoys. His younger brother Weituqi surrendered to Han and fully reported the circumstances. Stud-Horse Supervisor Fu Jiezi of Beidi was sent to Dayuan; an edict also ordered him to reprove Loulan and Kucha. Jiezi reached Loulan and Kucha, reproved their kings, and both apologized and submitted. Jiezi returned from Dayuan and reached Kucha; a Xiongnu envoy returning from Wusun was there; Jiezi led his officials and soldiers to execute the Xiongnu envoy. On his return he reported; an edict appointed Jiezi Palace Attendant and transferred him to Supervisor of Pingle.
20
介子謂大將軍霍光曰：「樓蘭、龜茲數反覆，而不誅，無所懲艾。 介子過龜茲時，其王近就人，易得也； 願往刺之，以威示諸國。」 大將軍曰：「龜茲道遠，且驗之於樓蘭。」 於是白遣之。 介子與士卒俱賫金幣，揚言以賜外國為名，至樓蘭。 樓蘭王意不親介子，介子陽引去，至其西界，使譯謂曰：「漢使者持黃金、錦繡行賜諸國。 王不來受，我去之西國矣。」 即出金、幣以示譯。 譯還報王，王貪漢物，來見使者。 介子與坐飲，陳物示之，飲酒皆醉。 介子謂王曰：「天子使我私報王。」 王起，隨介子入帳中屏語，壯士二人從後刺之，刃交匈，立死； 其貴人、左右皆散走。 介子告諭以王負漢罪，「天子遣我誅王，當更立王弟尉屠耆在漢者。 漢兵方至，毋敢動，自令滅國矣！」 介子遂斬王安歸首，馳傳詣闕，縣首北闕下。
Jiezi said to Grand General Huo Guang, "Loulan and Kucha have repeatedly turned traitor, yet if they are not punished there is no discipline. When Jiezi passed through Kucha, the king's attendants were close at hand—he would be easy to reach; your servant wishes to go assassinate him, to display authority to the various states." The Grand General said, "Kucha is far; first test it on Loulan." Thereupon he reported to the throne and dispatched him. Jiezi went with soldiers carrying gold and coins, publicly declaring he was bestowing gifts on foreign states, and reached Loulan. The king of Loulan was not disposed to be friendly toward Jiezi; Jiezi pretended to leave and reached its western border, sending an interpreter to say, "The Han envoy holds gold and brocade traveling to bestow gifts on the various states. If the king does not come to receive them, I am going to the western states." He immediately produced gold and coins to show the interpreter. The interpreter returned and reported to the king; greedy for Han goods, the king came to see the envoy. Jiezi sat drinking with him, displayed the goods, and all became drunk. Jiezi said to the king, "The Son of Heaven sent me to report privately to the king." The king rose and followed Jiezi into the tent for private speech; two stalwarts stabbed him from behind, blades crossing in his chest—he died instantly; his nobles and attendants all scattered and fled. Jiezi announced that the king had offended Han: "The Son of Heaven sent me to execute the king; the king's younger brother Weituqi, who is in Han, ought to be installed instead. Han troops are just arriving—do not dare move, or you will destroy your state yourselves!" Jiezi beheaded An Guigui, sped by relay post to the palace, and exposed the head below the Northern Gate.
21
乃立尉屠耆為王，更名其國為鄯善，為刻印章； 賜以宮女為夫人，備車騎、輜重。 丞相率百官送至橫門外，祖而遣之。 王自請天子曰：「身在漢久，今歸單弱，而前王有子在，恐為所殺。 國中有伊循城，其地肥美，願漢遣一將屯田積穀，令臣得依其威重。」 於是漢遣司馬一人、吏士四十人田伊循以填撫之。
He installed Weituqi as king, renamed the state Shanshan, and had a seal carved; he was given a palace woman as consort and provided with chariots, horsemen, and baggage train. The chancellor led the officials to send him off outside Heng Gate, performed the sending-off libation, and dispatched him. The king himself requested of the Son of Heaven, "I have long been in Han; now returning I am alone and weak, while the former king's son remains—I fear he will kill me. Within the state is Yixun city, whose land is fertile; I wish Han would dispatch one general to garrison-farm and store grain, so I may rely on his authority." Thereupon Han dispatched one major and forty officials and soldiers to farm at Yixun to garrison and pacify it.
22
秋，七月，乙巳，封范明友為平陵侯，傅介子為義陽侯。
In autumn, the seventh month, on yisi, Fan Mingyou was enfeoffed Marquis of Pingling and Fu Jiezi Marquis of Yiyang.
23
:臣光曰：王者之於戎狄，叛則討之，服則捨之。 今樓蘭王既服其罪，又從而誅之，後有叛者，不可得而懷矣。 必以為有罪而討之，則宜陳師鞠旅，明致其罰。 今乃遣使者誘以金幣而殺之，後有奉使諸國者，復可信乎！ 且以大漢之強而為盜賊之謀於蠻夷，不亦可羞哉！ 論者或美介子以為奇功，過矣！----
: Minister Guang said: Toward the Rong and Di, if they rebel, chastise them; if they submit, release them. Now the king of Loulan had already submitted for his offense, yet they again executed him—later rebels cannot be won by forbearance. If one must deem them guilty and chastise them, one ought to display the army and muster troops, clearly inflicting punishment. Now they sent an envoy to lure him with gold and coins and kill him—later can envoys sent to the various states still be trusted! Moreover, for mighty Great Han to use bandit stratagems among the barbarians—is it not shameful! Those who praise Jiezi as having a marvelous achievement go too far!
24
1夏，大旱。 ----2秋，罷象郡，分屬鬱林、牂柯。 ----3冬，十一月，大雷。 ----4十二月，庚戌，宜春敬侯王訴薨。----
1 In summer, there was a great drought. ----2 In autumn, Xiang commandery was abolished and divided between Yulin and Zangke. ----3 In winter, the eleventh month, there was great thunder. ----4 In the twelfth month, on gengxu, Marquis Jing of Yichun Wang Su died.
25
1春，正月，募郡國徒築遼東、玄菟城。 ----2夏，赦天下。 ----3烏桓復犯塞，遣度遼將軍范明友擊之。 ----4冬，十一月，乙丑，以楊敞為丞相，少府河內蔡義為御史大夫。
1 In spring, the first month, convicts from commanderies and kingdoms were recruited to build the walls of Liaodong and Xuantu. ----2 In summer, an amnesty for all under Heaven. ----3 The Wuhuan again violated the passes; General Crossing the Liao Fan Mingyou was dispatched to attack them. ----4 In winter, the eleventh month, on yichou, Yang Chang was made chancellor and Minister Steward Cai Yi of Henei was made censor-in-chief.