1
世宗宣武帝
Emperor Shizong Xuanwu.
2
世宗宣武皇帝諱恪，孝文皇帝第二子也。 母曰高夫人。 初，夢為日所逐，避於床下。 日化為龍，繞己數匝，寤而驚悸，遂有娠。 太和七年閏四月，生帝於平城宮。
Emperor Xuanwu the Grand Successor, taboo name Ke, was Xiaowen's second son. His mother was Lady Gao. Before his birth she dreamed the sun chased her and she took refuge beneath the bed. The sun turned into a dragon and coiled about her many times; she woke in terror and soon carried the child. In the leap fourth month of Taihe year seven he was born in the Pingcheng palace.
3
二十一年正月丙申，立為皇太子。
In the first month of year twenty-one, on bingchen day, he was made crown prince.
4
二十三年四月丙午，孝文帝崩。 丁巳，太子即皇帝位。 諒暗，委政宰輔。 五月，高麗國遣使朝貢。 六月乙卯，分遣侍臣，巡行州郡，問人疾苦，考察守令，黜陟幽明，褒禮名賢。 戊辰，追尊皇妣曰文昭皇后。 秋八月戊申，遵遺詔，孝文皇帝三夫人已下，悉免歸家。 癸丑，增宮臣位一級。 冬十月癸未，鄧至國王象舒彭來朝。 丙戌，謁長陵。 丁酉，享太廟。 十一月，幽州人王惠定聚眾反，自稱明法皇帝。 刺史李肅捕斬之。 是歲，州鎮十八水饑，分遣使者，開倉振恤。
In the fourth month of year twenty-three, on bingwu day, Xiaowen died. On dingsi day the heir ascended the throne. He kept mourning seclusion and left rule to his chief ministers. In the fifth month Goguryeo sent tribute envoys. On yimao in the sixth month he sent courtiers through the provinces to hear the people's woes, judge the magistrates, purge the dim and raise the bright, and honor men of renown. On wuchen he raised his birth mother to Empress Wenzhao. On wushen in the eighth autumn month, obeying Xiaowen's deathbed order, every consort from the third rank down was released to her family. On guichou he raised every palace officer one step in rank. On guiwei in the tenth winter month Xiang Shupeng, king of Dengzhi, presented himself at court. On bingxu he went to Changling. On dingyou he sacrificed at the Imperial Temple. In the eleventh month Wang Huiding of Youzhou rose with a host and called himself Emperor Mingfa. Inspector Li Su seized and executed him. That year flood and famine struck eighteen districts; the court sent envoys to open storehouses and succor the hungry.
5
二年春正月丙申朔，謁長陵。 庚戌，帝始親政。 遵遺詔。 聽司徒、彭城王勰以老歸第。 進太尉、咸陽王禧位太保，以司空、北海王詳為大將軍、錄尚書事。 丁巳，引見群臣於太極前殿，告以覽政之意。 壬戌，以太保、咸陽王禧領太尉，以大將軍、廣陵王羽為司空。 分遣大使。 黜陟幽明。 二月庚午，進宿衛之官位一級。 甲戌，大赦。 三月乙未朔，詔以比年連有軍旅，正調之外，皆蠲罷。 壬戌，青、齊、徐、兗四州大饑，人死者萬餘口。 是月，齊雍州刺史蕭衍奉其南康王寶融為主，東赴建鄴。
In spring of year two, on the first day of the first month, bingshen, he visited Changling. On gengxu he took personal charge of government. He followed the testamentary edict. He allowed Minister of Education Xie, Prince of Pengcheng, to withdraw in old age. He promoted Grand Commandant Xi of Xianyang to Grand Tutor and named Minister of Works Xiang of Beihai Grand General with charge of the secretariat. On dingsi he received the ministers in the Hall of Supreme Ultimate and declared that he would govern himself. On renxu he named Grand Tutor Xi of Xianyang Grand Commandant and Grand General Yu of Guangling Minister of Works. He sent high commissioners abroad. He purged the unfit and advanced the worthy. On gengwu in the second month he raised the palace guard one rank. On jiaxu he pardoned the realm. On the first day of the third month, yimao, he ordered every extraordinary levy beyond the regular tax remitted for the years of war. On renxu famine in Qing, Qi, Xu, and Yan killed more than ten thousand souls. That month Xiao Yan of Qi set up Prince Bao Rong of Nankang and marched east on Jiankang.
6
詔洛陽令有大事，聽面敷奏。 乙酉，元英攻拔義陽。 辛卯，英又大破梁軍，仍清三關。 丁酉，封英為中山王。 九月，詔諸州蠲停徭役，不得橫有征發。 蠕蠕犯塞，詔左僕射源懷討之。 冬十月乙未，詔斷群臣白衣募吏。 十一月戊午，詔有司依漢、魏舊章，營繕國學。 十二月丙子，以苑牧公田分賜代遷戶。 己卯，詔群臣議定律令。
He decreed that the magistrate of Luoyang might present grave matters face to face. On yiyou Yuan Ying took Yiyang. On xinmao Ying smashed the Liang forces again and cleared the three passes. On dingyou Ying was made Prince of Zhongshan. In the ninth month he ordered the provinces to halt corvée and forbid arbitrary exactions. When the Rouran struck the border he sent Left Vice Minister Yuan Huai against them. On yimao in the tenth winter month he forbade ministers to hire private clerks in civilian dress. On wuwu in the eleventh month he ordered the offices to restore the National University by Han and Wei precedent. On bingzi in the twelfth month he granted the park herds' public fields to families moved from Dai. On jimao he charged the ministers to draft laws and ordinances.
7
閏月癸卯朔，行梁州事夏侯道遷據漢中來降。 乙丑，以高陽王雍為司空。 是歲，高麗遣使來朝貢。
On the first day of the leap month, guimao, Xiahou Daqian, holding Hanzhong for Liang Province, surrendered. On yichou Yong, Prince of Gaoyang, became Minister of Works. That year Goguryeo sent tribute envoys.
8
二年春正月丙子，封宕昌世子梁彌博為宕昌王。 二月，梁州氐、蜀反，絕漢中運路，州刺史邢巒頻大破之。 夏四月己未，城陽王鸞薨。 乙丑，詔曰：「中正所銓，但為門第，吏部彜倫，仍不才舉。 八坐可審議往代擢賢之禮，必令才學並申，資望兼致。」 邢巒遣統軍王足西伐，頻破梁諸軍，遂入劍閣。 秋七月戊子，王足擊破梁軍，因逼涪城。 八月壬寅，詔中山王英南討襄沔。 冬十一月戊辰朔，武興王楊紹先叔父集起謀反，詔光祿大夫楊椿討之。 王足圍涪城，益州諸郡戍降者十二三，送編籍者五萬餘戶。 既而足引軍退。 是歲，鄧至國遣使朝貢。
In the first month of year two, on bingzi day, Liang Mibo, heir of Dangchang, was made King of Dangchang. In the second month the Di and Shu of Liang rose and severed the road to Hanzhong; Inspector Xing Luan beat them again and again. On jiwei in the fourth summer month Luan, Prince of Chengyang, died. On yichou he proclaimed: "The Rectifiers judge only pedigree; the Ministry still advances men without talent. Let the Eight Ministers study how former ages chose the able, so that learning and office, merit and name, rise together. Xing Luan sent Wang Zu west; Zu broke the Liang hosts again and again and entered Jian Pass. On wuzi in the seventh autumn month Wang Zu routed the Liang army and closed on Fucheng. On renyin in the eighth month he sent Prince Ying of Zhongshan south against Xiang and Mian. On the first day of the eleventh winter month, wuchen, Jiqi, uncle of King Shaoxian of Wuxing, rebelled; the court sent Household Minister Yang Chun against him. Wang Zu invested Fucheng; a dozen Yizhou garrisons surrendered and fifty thousand households sent in their registers. Before long Zu drew his army back. That year Dengzhi sent tribute envoys.
9
三年春正月丁卯朔，皇子昌生，大赦。 壬申，梁、秦二州刺史邢巒連破氐賊，克武興。 秦州人王智等聚眾，自號王公，尋推秦州主簿呂茍兒為主，年號建明。 己卯，楊集起兄弟相率降。 二月丙辰，詔求讜言。 戊午，詔右衛將軍元麗等討呂茍兒。
On the first day of the third year, dingmao, Prince Chang was born and the realm was pardoned. On renshen Xing Luan, inspector of Liang and Qin, broke the Di rebels again and took Wuxing. Wang Zhi of Qinzhou raised a host as Duke and King, then set up Lü Gouer, Qinzhou chief clerk, as ruler under the era name Jianming. On jimao Yang Jiqi and his brothers surrendered in a body. On bingchen in the second month he called for blunt counsel. On wuwu he sent Right Guard General Yuan Li and others against Lü Gouer.
10
三月己巳，以戎旅興，詔停諸作。 己卯，樂良王長命坐殺人，賜死。 庚寅，平南將軍、曲江縣公陳伯之自梁城南奔。 夏四月丁未，詔罷鹽池禁。 五月丙寅，詔以時澤未降，春稼已旱，或有孤老餒疾無人贍救，因以致死，暴露溝塹者，令洛陽部尉，依法棺埋。 秋七月庚辰，元麗大破秦賊，降呂茍兒及其王公三十餘人，秦、涇二州平。 戊子，中山王英大破梁徐州刺史王伯敖於陰陵。 己丑，詔發定、冀、瀛、相、並、肆六州卒十萬，以濟南軍。 八月壬寅，安東將軍邢巒破梁將桓和於孤山。 諸將所在克捷，兗州平。 壬戌，曲赦涇、秦、岐、涼、河五州。 九月癸酉，邢巒大破梁軍於淮南，遂攻鐘離。 冬十一月甲子，帝為京兆王愉、清河王懌、廣平王懷、汝南王悅講《孝經》於式乾殿。 是歲，高麗、蠕蠕國並遣使朝貢。
On jisi in the third month, with war abroad, he stopped every building project. On jimao Prince Changming of Leliang was condemned for murder and ordered to die. On gengyin Chen Bozhi, General Who Pacifies the South and Duke of Qujiang, deserted from Liang to the south. On dingwei in the fourth summer month he ended the salt-pond monopoly. On bingyin in the fifth month he decreed: "Rains are late and the spring grain withers; wherever the aged alone, the sick and starving, lack care and perish in the open, the Luoyang commandant shall bury them by law." On gengchen in the seventh autumn month Yuan Li shattered the Qin rebels, took Lü Gouer and thirty-odd kings and dukes, and pacified Qin and Jing. On wuzi Prince Ying of Zhongshan crushed Wang Boao, Liang inspector of Xuzhou, at Yinling. On jichou he drafted a hundred thousand men from six provinces to strengthen the Jinan army. On renyin Xing Luan, General Who Establishes the East, beat the Liang commander Huan He at Gushan. Commanders everywhere prevailed and Yan was pacified. On renxu he pardoned Jing, Qin, Qi, Liang, and He in part. On guiyou in the ninth month Xing Luan smashed the Liang army south of the Huai and besieged Zhongli. On jiazi in the eleventh winter month he expounded the Classic of Filial Piety in the Hall of Form and Dryness for Princes Yu, Yi, Huai, and Yue. That year Goguryeo and the Rouran sent tribute envoys.
11
四年夏四月戊戌，鐘離大水，中山王英敗績而還。 六月己丑朔，詔有司準前式，置國子，立太學，樹小學於四門。 秋八月己亥，中山王英、齊王蕭寶夤坐鐘離敗，除名。 辛丑，敦煌人饑，詔開倉振恤。 九月己未，詔以徙正宮極，庸績未酬，以司空、高陽王雍為太尉，尚書令、廣陽王嘉為司空，百官悉進位一級。 庚申，夏州長史曹明謀反，伏誅。 甲子，開斜谷舊道。 丙戌，司州人饑，詔開倉振恤。 閏月甲午，禁大司馬門不得車馬出入。 冬十月丁卯，皇后於氏崩。 自碣石至於劍閣，東西七千里，置二十二郡尉。 是歲，西域、東夷四十餘國並遣使朝貢。
On wuxu in the fourth summer month of year four Zhongli flooded; Prince Ying of Zhongshan was beaten and withdrew. On the first day of the sixth month, jichou, he ordered the offices to found the Directorate of the Sons of the State, the Imperial Academy, and elementary schools at the four gates by former precedent. On jihai in the eighth autumn month Ying of Zhongshan and Baoyin of Qi were disgraced for Zhongli. On xinchou famine struck Dunhuang and the court opened the storehouses. On jiwei in the ninth month he proclaimed: "The capital has shifted to the center yet merit goes unrewarded"; Yong of Gaoyang became Grand Commandant, Jia of Guangyang Minister of Works, and every officer rose one rank. On gengshen Cao Ming, chief clerk of Xia, rebelled and was put to death. On jiazi the Xie Valley road was opened again. On bingxu Si Province starved and the court opened the granaries. On jiawu in the leap month he barred horses and carriages from the Great Sima Gate. On dingmao in the tenth winter month Empress Yu died. From Jieshi to Jian Pass, seven thousand li across, he set twenty-two commandery commandants. That year more than forty Western Region and Eastern Yi states sent tribute.
12
永平元年春三月戊子，皇子昌薨。 丙午，以去年旱儉，遣使者所在振恤。 夏五月辛卯，帝以旱故，減膳徹懸。 六月壬申，詔依洛陽舊圖，修聽訟觀。 秋七月甲午，立夫人高氏為皇后。 八月壬子朔，日有蝕之。 癸亥，冀州刺史、京兆王愉據州反。
In the third month of Yongping year one, on wuzi day, Prince Chang died. On bingwu, for last year's drought and famine, he sent envoys to relieve the people everywhere. On xinmao in the fifth summer month, for drought, he ate sparingly and silenced the music. On renshen in the sixth month he ordered the Hall for Hearing Litigation rebuilt to the old Luoyang design. On jiawu in the seventh autumn month Lady Gao was made empress. On the first day of the eighth month, renzi, the sun was eclipsed. On guihai Yu, Prince of Jingzhao and inspector of Ji, rebelled and held the province.
13
丁卯，大赦，改元。 九月丙戌，復前中山王英本封。 戊戌，殺太師、彭城王勰。 癸卯，假鎮北將軍李平克信都，冀州平。 冬十月，豫州彭城人白早生殺刺史司馬悅，據城南叛。 十二月己未，尚書邢巒克懸瓠，斬早生，禽梁將齊茍兒等。 是歲，北狄、東夷、西域十八國並遣使朝貢。 高昌國王曲嘉表求內徙。
On dingmao he pardoned the realm and changed the reign title. On bingxu in the ninth month Ying of Zhongshan was given back his former princely title. On wuxu Xie, Grand Preceptor and Prince of Pengcheng, was put to death. On guimao Li Ping, acting General Who Pacifies the North, took Xindu and pacified Ji. In the tenth winter month Bai Zaosheng of Pengcheng in Yuzhou slew Inspector Sima Yue and rebelled in the southern city. On jiwei in the twelfth month Xing Luan took Xuanhu, killed Zaosheng, and seized the Liang commanders Qi Gouer and others. That year eighteen Northern Di, Eastern Yi, and Western Region states sent tribute. King Qu Jia of Gaochang asked to move his people inward.
14
二年春正月，涇州沙門劉慧汪聚眾反，詔華州刺史奚康生討之。 夏四月己酉，武川鎮饑，詔開倉振恤。 甲子，詔緣邊州鎮，自今一不聽寇盜境外，犯者罪同境內。
In the first month of year two the monk Liu Huiwang of Jing raised a host; the court sent Xi Kangsheng, inspector of Hua, against him. On jiyou in the fourth summer month Wuchuan starved and the court opened the storehouses. On jiazi he forbade frontier districts to plunder abroad on pain of the same penalty as at home.
15
五月辛丑，帝以旱故，減膳徹懸，禁斷屠殺。 甲辰，幸華林都亭錄囚徒，死罪以下，降一等。 六月辛亥，詔曰：「江海方同，車書宜一，諸州軌轍，南北不等。 今可申敕四方，遠近無二。」 秋八月丙午朔，日有蝕之。 戊申，以鄧至國世子像覽蹄為其國王。 九月辛巳，封故北海王子顥為北海王。 壬午，詔定諸門闥名。 冬十月癸丑，以司空、廣陽王喜為司徒。 庚午，郢州獻七寶床，詔不納。 冬十一月甲申，詔禁屠殺含孕，以為永制。 己丑，帝於式乾殿為諸僧、朝臣講《維摩詰經》。 冬十二月，詔五等諸侯，其同姓者出身：公，正六下； 侯，從六上； 伯，從六下； 子，正七上； 男，正七下。 異族出身：公，從七上； 侯，從七下； 伯，正八上； 子，正八下； 男，從八上。 清修出身：公，從八下； 侯，正九上； 伯，正九下； 子，從九上； 男，從九下。 是歲，西域、東夷二十四國並遣使朝貢。
On xinchou in the fifth month, for drought, he ate sparingly, silenced the music, and banned killing. On jiachen he sat in the Hualin pavilion and reviewed prisoners, lowering every sentence below death one grade. On xinhai in the sixth month he proclaimed: "River and sea are one realm; carriage and script must be one; north and south still use different gauges. Let every quarter be told that near and far shall follow a single standard. On the first day of the eighth autumn month, bingwu, the sun was eclipsed. On wushen Xiang Lan Ti, heir of Dengzhi, was made king of his state. On xinsi Hao, son of the late Prince of Beihai, was made Prince of Beihai. On renwu he fixed the names of the palace gates. On guichou in the tenth winter month Xi of Guangyang became Minister of Education. On gengwu Yingzhou sent a bed of seven treasures; he refused it. On jiashen in the eleventh winter month he banned killing the gravid as a standing law. On jichou in the Hall of Form and Dryness he expounded the Vimalakirti Sutra for monks and ministers. In the twelfth winter month he fixed starting ranks for the five grades of nobility: for imperial clansmen, a duke began at lower sixth rank; a marquis at upper seventh from rank; an earl at lower seventh from rank; a viscount at upper seventh proper; a baron at lower seventh proper. For other surnames: a duke at upper seventh from rank; a marquis at lower seventh from rank; an earl at upper eighth proper; a viscount at lower eighth proper; a baron at upper eighth from rank. For men of pure cultivation: a duke at lower eighth from rank; an earl at lower ninth proper; a viscount at upper ninth from rank; a baron at lower ninth from rank. That year twenty-four Western Region and Eastern Yi states sent tribute.
16
延昌元年春正月乙巳，以頻年水旱，百姓饑弊，分遣使者，開倉振恤。 丙辰，以尚書令高肇為司徒，清河王懌為司空。 三月甲午，州郡十一大水，詔開倉振恤。
In the first month of Yanxi year one, on yisi, after years of flood and drought he sent envoys to open storehouses and succor the hungry. On bingchen Gao Zhao became Minister of Education and Yi of Qinghe Minister of Works. On jiawu in the third month flood struck eleven provinces and commanderies and the court opened the granaries.
17
以京師谷貴，出倉粟八十萬石以振恤貧者。 己未，安樂王詮薨。 夏四月，詔以旱故，斷食粟之畜。 丁卯，詔曰：「遷京嵩縣，年將二紀，博士端然虛祿。 靖言念之，有兼愧慨。 可嚴敕有司，國子學，孟冬使成。 太學、四門，明年暮春令就。」 戊辰，以旱故，詔尚書與群司鞫理獄訟。 辛未，詔饑人就谷六鎮。 丁丑，帝以旱故，減膳徹懸。 癸未，詔曰：「肆州地震陷裂，死傷甚多。 亡者不可復追，生病宜加療救。
With grain dear in the capital he released eight hundred thousand piculs for the poor. On jiwei Quan, Prince of Anle, died. In the fourth summer month, for drought, he forbade feeding grain to livestock. On dingmao he proclaimed: "Nearly twenty years since we moved to Song County, yet the Erudites draw pay without teaching. The thought shames me. Let the offices be charged to finish the Directorate by mid-winter, the Academy and the four gate schools by late spring next year. On wuchen, for drought, he ordered the secretariat and every office to review lawsuits. On xinwei he let the hungry seek grain at the six garrisons. On dingchou, for drought, he ate sparingly and silenced the music. On guiwei he proclaimed: "Sizhou has split in an earthquake and many lie dead or hurt. The dead cannot return, but the living must be healed.
18
可遣太醫、折傷醫並給所須藥就療。」 乙酉，大赦，改元。 詔立理訴殿、申訟車，以盡冤窮之理。 五月丙午，詔天下有粟之家，供年之外，悉貸饑人。 自二月不雨至於是月。 己未晦，日有蝕之。 六月壬申，澍雨大洽。 戊寅，通河南牝馬之禁。 庚辰，詔出太倉粟五十萬石，以振京師及州郡饑人。 冬十月乙亥，立皇子詡為皇太子。 十一月丙申，詔以東宮建，賜天下為父後者爵一級。 孝子順孫廉夫節婦旌表門閭，量給粟帛。 十二月己巳，詔守宰為御史彈赦免者，及考在中第，皆代之。 是歲，西域、東夷十國並遣使朝貢。
Send the Chief Physician and bone-setters with medicines to treat them." On yiyou he pardoned the realm and changed the reign title. He founded the Hall for Settling Grievances and the carriage for presenting suits to reach every wrong. On bingwu in the fifth month he ordered every household with surplus grain to lend it to the hungry. No rain had fallen since the second month. On the last day of the month, jiwei, the sun was eclipsed. On renshen the long-awaited rain came in torrents. On wuyin he lifted the ban on breeding mares south of the river. On gengchen he released five hundred thousand piculs from the Grand Storehouse for the capital and the provinces. On yihai in the tenth winter month Prince Xu was made crown prince. On bingshen in the eleventh month, for the crown prince's installation, every sole heir received one noble rank. Filial sons, obedient grandsons, honest men, and chaste women had their gates honored and grain and cloth bestowed. On jisi in the twelfth month he ordered every magistrate impeached by the censor or graded in the middle rank replaced. That year ten Western Region and Eastern Yi states sent tribute.
19
二年春正月戊戌，帝御申訟車，親理冤訟。 二月丙辰朔，振恤京師貧人。 甲戌，以六鎮大饑，開倉拯贍。 己卯，進太尉、高陽王雍位太保。 閏月辛丑，以苑牧地賜代遷人無田者。 是春，人饑，死者數萬口。 夏四月庚子，以絹十五萬疋振河南郡人。
In the first month of year two, on wuxu, he rode the suit carriage and judged wrongs himself. On the first day of the second month, bingchen, the capital poor were relieved. On jiaxu, with the six garrisons starving, he opened the granaries to sustain them. On jimao Yong of Gaoyang was promoted to Grand Tutor. In the leap month, on xinchou, park land went to Dai migrants without fields. That spring famine killed tens of thousands. On gengzi in the fourth summer month he gave a hundred fifty thousand bolts of silk to Henan.
20
五月甲寅朔，日有蝕之。 是月，壽春大水。 遣平東將軍奚康生等步騎數千赴之。 六月乙酉，青州人饑，詔使者開倉振恤。 甲午，曲赦揚州。 辛亥，帝御申訟車，親理冤訟。 是夏，十三郡大水。 秋八月辛卯，詔以水旱饑儉，百姓多陷罪辜，降死以下刑。 九月丙辰，以貴族豪門，崇習奢侈，詔尚書嚴立限級，節其流宕。 冬十月，詔以恒、肆地震，人多死傷，重丐一年租賦。 十二月丙戌，丐洛陽、河陰二縣租賦。
On the first day of the fifth month, jiayin, the sun was eclipsed. That month Shouchun flooded. He sent Xi Kangsheng, General Who Pacifies the East, with thousands of horse and foot to the scene. On yiyou in the sixth month Qing starved and envoys opened the storehouses. On jiawu he pardoned Yang in part. On xinhai he rode the suit carriage and judged wrongs himself. That summer flood struck thirteen commanderies. On xinmao in the eighth autumn month, for flood, drought, and famine, he lowered every sentence below death. On bingchen in the ninth month he charged the secretariat to curb the luxury of great houses. In the tenth winter month, for the Heng and Xi earthquakes, he remitted a year of tax. On bingxu he remitted the land tax of Luoyang and Heyin.
21
乙巳，詔以恒、肆地震，人多離災，其有課丁沒盡，老幼單立，家無受復者，各賜廩粟，以接來稔。 是歲，東夷、西域十餘國並遣使朝貢。
On yisi, for the Heng and Xi earthquakes, households stripped of corvée men received relief grain until the next harvest. That year more than ten Eastern Yi and Western Region states sent tribute.
22
三年春二月乙未，詔曰：「肆州秀容郡敷城縣、雁門郡原平縣並自去年四月以來，山鳴地震，於今不已。 告譴彰咎，朕甚懼焉。 可恤瘼寬刑，以答災譴。」 夏四月，青州人饑。 辛巳，開倉振恤。 乙巳，上御申訟車，親理冤訟。 秋八月甲申，帝臨朝堂，考百司而加黜陟。 冬十一月辛亥，詔司徒高肇為大將軍、平蜀大都督，步騎十五萬，西伐益州。 丁巳，幽州沙門劉僧紹聚眾反，自號凈居國明法王。 州郡捕斬之。 十二月庚寅，詔立明堂。 是歲，東夷、西域八國並遣使朝貢。
On yimao in the second month of year three he proclaimed: "In Fucheng of Xiurong and Yuanping of Yanmen mountains have thundered and the earth shaken since last fourth month without cease. Heaven's warning fills me with fear. Let distress be eased and punishments lightened to answer the omen. In the fourth summer month Qing starved. On xinsi the storehouses were opened. On yisi he rode the suit carriage and judged wrongs himself. On jiashen in the eighth autumn month he sat in the Hall of Audience, judged the hundred offices, and promoted and demoted. On xinhai in the eleventh winter month he made Gao Zhao Grand General and commander of a hundred fifty thousand men to invade Yizhou. On dingsi the monk Liu Sengshao of Youzhou rebelled as King Mingfa of the Pure Dwelling State. The province seized and executed him. On gengyin in the twelfth month he ordered the Bright Hall built. That year eight Eastern Yi and Western Region states sent tribute.
23
四年春正月甲寅，帝不豫。 丁巳，崩於式乾殿，時年三十三。 二月甲戌朔，上尊謚曰宣武皇帝，廟號世宗。 甲午，葬景陵。
In the first month of year four, on jiayin day, the Emperor fell ill. On dingsi he died in the Hall of Form and Dryness, aged thirty-three. On the first day of the second month, jiaxu, he received the posthumous title Emperor Xuanwu and the temple name Shizong. On jiawu he was buried at Jingling.
24
帝幼有大度，喜怒不形於色，雅性儉素。 初，孝文欲觀諸子誌尚，大陳寶物，任其所取。 京兆王愉等皆競取珍玩，帝唯取骨如意而已。 孝文大奇之。 及庶人恂失德，孝文謂彭城王勰曰：「吾國疑此兒有非常誌相，今果然矣！」 乃見立為儲貳。 雅愛經史，尤長釋氏之義，每至講論，連夜忘疲。 善風儀，美容貌，臨朝深默，端嚴若神，有人君之量矣。
From boyhood he was large-minded; pleasure and anger never showed on his face, and he loved plain living. Once Xiaowen spread out treasures to see what his sons would choose. Yu of Jingzhao and the rest seized gems and curios; he alone took a bone ruyi. Xiaowen was deeply struck. When the heir Xun fell, Xiaowen told Xie of Pengcheng: "I feared this son carried an uncommon fate; now it has proved true!" Then he was named crown prince. He loved the classics and excelled in Buddhist teaching, debating through the night without tiring. Graceful in bearing, handsome in face, he sat at court in deep silence, stern as a god, with a true king's presence.
25
肅宗孝明帝
Emperor Suzong Xiaoming.
26
肅宗孝明皇帝諱詡，宣武皇帝之第二子也。 母曰胡充華。 永平三年三月丙戌，生於宣光殿之東北，有光照於庭中。 延昌元年十月乙亥，立為皇太子。
Emperor Xiaoming the Filial and Bright, taboo name Xu, was Xuanwu's second son. His mother was Hu Chonghua. On bingxu in the third month of Yongping year three he was born in the northeast of Xuanguang Hall, and light filled the courtyard. On yihai in the tenth month of Yanxi year one he was made crown prince.
27
四年正月丁巳，宣武帝崩。 是夜，太子即皇帝位。 戊午，大赦。 己未，征下西討東防諸軍。 庚申，詔太保、高陽王雍入居西栢堂決庶政，以任城王澄為尚書令，百官總己以聽二王。 二月庚辰，尊皇后高氏為皇太后。 辛巳，司徒高肇至京師，以罪賜死。 癸未，進太保、高陽王雍位太傅，領太尉。 以司空、清河王懌為司徒，以驃騎大將軍、廣平王懷為司空。 乙亥，尊胡充華為皇太妃。 三月甲辰朔，皇太后出俗為尼，徙禦金墉城。 丙辰，詔進宮臣位一級。 乙丑，進文武群官位一級。 夏六月，沙門法慶聚眾反於冀州，殺阜城令，自稱大乘。 秋八月乙亥，領軍於忠矯詔殺左僕射郭祚、尚書裴植，免太傅、高陽王雍官，以王還第。 丙子，尊皇太妃為皇太后。
On dingsi in the first month of year four Xuanwu died. That night the heir ascended the throne. On wuwu he pardoned the realm. On jiwei he mobilized the western and eastern armies. On gengshen he put Grand Tutor Yong of Gaoyang in the Western Cypress Hall to govern, made Cheng of Rencheng Director of the Masters of Writing, and ordered all officers to obey the two princes. On gengchen in the second month Empress Gao became empress dowager. On xinsi Gao Zhao reached the capital, was condemned, and ordered to die. On guiwei Yong of Gaoyang was promoted to Grand Preceptor and Grand Commandant. Yi of Qinghe became Minister of Education and Huai of Guangping Minister of Works. On yihai Hu Chonghua was made grand imperial consort. On the first day of the third month, jiachen, the empress dowager took the tonsure and moved to Jinyong. On bingchen he raised palace officers one rank. On yichou he raised civil and military officers one rank. In the sixth summer month the monk Fajing rebelled in Ji, killed the magistrate of Fucheng, and called himself Mahayana. On yihai in the eighth autumn month Yu Zhong forged an edict, killed Guo Zuo and Pei Zhi, and stripped Yong of Gaoyang of office. On bingzi the grand imperial consort became empress dowager.
28
戊子，帝朝太后於宣光殿。 大赦。 己丑，進司徒、清河王懌為太傅，領太尉。 以司空、廣平王懷為太保，領司徒。 任城王澄為司空。 庚寅，以車騎大將軍於忠為尚書令，特進崔光為車騎大將軍，並儀同三司。 壬辰，復江陽王繼本國，復濟南王彧先封為臨淮王。 群臣奏請皇太后臨朝稱制。 九月乙巳，皇太后親覽萬機。 甲寅，征西大將軍元遙破斬法慶，傳首京師。 安定王燮薨。 冬十二月辛丑，以高陽王雍為太師。
On wuzi the emperor visited the empress dowager at Xuanguang Hall. He pardoned the realm. On jichou Yi of Qinghe was made Grand Tutor and Grand Commandant. Huai of Guangping became Grand Tutor and Minister of Education. Cheng of Rencheng became Minister of Works. On gengyin Yu Zhong became Director of the Masters of Writing and Cui Guang Rapid Cavalry General, each with privilege equal to the Three Excellencies. On renchen Ji of Jiangyang received his state again and Yu of Jinan was restored as Prince of Linhuai. The ministers asked the empress dowager to rule from court. On yisi in the ninth month the empress dowager took power. On jiayin Yuan Yao, General Who Conquers the West, killed Fajing and sent his head to the capital. Xie, Prince of Anding, died. On xinchou in the twelfth winter month Yong of Gaoyang became Grand Preceptor.
29
己酉，鎮南將軍崔亮破梁將趙祖悅軍，遂圍硤石。 丁卯，帝、皇太后謁景陵。 是歲，東夷、西域、北狄十八國並遣使朝貢。
On jiyou Cui Liang, General Who Guards the South, routed Zhao Zuyue of Liang and besieged Xiashi. On dingmao the emperor and empress dowager visited Jingling. That year eighteen Eastern Yi, Western Region, and Northern Di states sent tribute.
30
熙平元年春正月戊辰朔，大赦，改元。 荊沔都督元誌大破梁軍。 以吏部尚書李平為行臺，節度討硤石諸軍。 二月乙巳，鎮東將軍蕭寶夤大破梁將於淮北。 癸亥，初聽秀才對策，第中上已上敘之。 乙丑，鎮南崔亮、鎮軍李平等克硤石，斬趙祖悅，傳首京師，盡俘其眾。 三月戊辰朔，日有蝕之。 夏四月戊戌，以瀛州人饑，開倉振恤。 五月丁卯朔，以炎旱，命厘察獄訟，權停作役。 庚午，詔放華林野獸於山澤。
On the first day of the first month of Xiping year one, wuchen, he pardoned the realm and changed the reign title. Yuan Zhi, commander of Jing and Mian, crushed the Liang army. Li Ping, Director of the Ministry of Personnel, was made acting commander against Xiashi. On yisi in the second month Baoyin of Qi, General Who Establishes the East, routed the Liang generals north of the Huai. On guihai licentiates were first examined in policy; those graded upper middle and above received office. On yichou Cui Liang and Li Ping took Xiashi, killed Zhao Zuyue, sent his head to the capital, and captured his host. On the first day of the third month, wuchen, the sun was eclipsed. On wuxu in the fourth summer month, with Ying starving, the court opened the storehouses. On the first day of the fifth month, dingmao, for heat and drought he ordered prisons reviewed and corvée halted. On gengwu he released the wild beasts of Hualin Park to mountain and marsh.
31
秋七月庚午，重申殺牛禁。 八月丙午，詔古帝諸陵四面各五十步，勿聽耕稼。 九月丁丑，淮堰破，梁緣淮城戍村落十餘萬口，皆漂入海。 是歲，吐谷渾、宕昌、鄧至、高昌、陰平等國並遣使朝貢。
On gengwu in the seventh autumn month he reaffirmed the ban on killing cattle. On bingwu he forbade cultivation within fifty paces of ancient imperial tombs. On dingchou the Huai dike broke and more than a hundred thousand Liang households along the river were swept to sea. That year Tuyuhun, Dangchang, Dengzhi, Gaochang, Yinping, and others sent tribute.
32
二年春正月，大乘余賊，復相聚攻瀛州，刺史宇文福討平之。 甲戌，大赦。 庚寅，詔遣大使巡行四方，問疾苦，恤孤寡，黜陟幽明。 二月丁未，封御史中尉元匡為東平王。 三月丁亥，太保、領司徒、廣平王懷薨。 夏四月丁酉，詔京尹所統年高者，板賜郡各有差。 戊申，以開府儀同三司胡國珍為司徒。 乙卯，皇太后幸伊闕石窟寺，即日還宮。 改封安定王超為北平王。 五月庚辰，重申天文禁，犯者以大辟論。
In the first month of year two Mahayana remnants attacked Ying; Inspector Yuwen Fu put them down. On jiaxu he pardoned the realm. On gengyin he sent great envoys to tour the realm, hear hardship, succor orphans and widows, and judge the magistrates. On dingwei in the second month Yuan Kuang, Imperial Censor, was made Prince of Dongping. On dinghai Huai of Guangping, Grand Tutor and Minister of Education, died. On dingyou in the fourth summer month he granted nominal commandery posts to the aged of the capital, by rank. On wushen Hu Guozhen, Privy Treasurer with Three Excellencies privilege, became Minister of Education. On yimao the empress dowager visited the Yique cave temple and returned the same day. Chao of Anding was made Prince of Beiping. On gengchen in the fifth month he reaffirmed the ban on astronomy; violators faced the death penalty.
33
秋七月乙亥，儀同三司、汝南王悅坐殺人免官，以王還第。 己巳，享太廟。 八月戊戌，宴道武以來宗室年十五以上於顯陽殿，申家人禮。 己亥，詔庶族子弟年未十五，不聽入仕。 庚子，詔咸陽、京兆二王子女，還附屬籍。 丁未，詔太師、高陽王雍入居門下，參決尚書奏事。 冬十月，以幽、冀、滄、瀛、光五州饑，遣使巡撫，開倉振恤。 是歲，東夷、西域、氐、羌等十一國並遣使朝貢。
On yihai in the seventh autumn month Yu of Runan was condemned for murder, stripped of office, and sent home. On jisi he sacrificed at the Imperial Temple. On wuxu in the eighth month he feasted imperial clansmen fifteen and older from Daowu onward in Xuanyang Hall as kin. On jihai he forbade commoners' sons under fifteen to take office. On gengzi he returned the children of the princes of Xianyang and Jingzhao to their registers. On dingwei he ordered Grand Preceptor Yong of Gaoyang into the Gate Department to decide secretariat memorials. In the tenth winter month, with five provinces starving, he sent envoys to tour and open the storehouses. That year eleven Eastern Yi, Western Region, Di, and Qiang states sent tribute.
34
神龜元年春正月甲子，詔以氐酋楊定為陰平王。 壬申，詔給京畿及諸州老人板郡縣各有差，及賜鰥寡孤獨粟帛。 庚辰，詔以雜役戶或冒入清流，所在職人，皆令五人相保。 無人任保者，奪官還役。 乙酉，秦州羌反。 幽州大饑，死者三千七百九十人。 詔刺史開倉振恤。 二月己酉，詔以神龜表瑞，大赦，改元。 東益州氐反。 三月，南秦州氐反。 夏四月丁酉，司徒胡國珍薨。 甲辰，改封江陽王繼為京兆王。 六月，自正月不雨，是月辛卯，澍雨乃降。 秋七月，河州人卻鐵匆聚眾反，自稱水池王。 閏月甲辰，開恒州銀山禁。 八月癸丑朔，詔京師見囚殊死以下，悉減一等。 甲子，卻鐵匆詣行臺源子恭降。 九月戊申，皇太后高氏崩於瑤光寺。 冬十月丁卯，以尼禮葬高太后於芒山。 十二月辛未，詔曰：「人生有終，下歸兆域。 京邑隱振，口盈億萬，貴賤攸憑，未有定所。 今制幹脯山以西，擬為九原。」 是歲，東夷、西域、北狄十一國並遣使朝貢。
On jiazi in the first month of Shengui year one he made the Di chieftain Yang Ding King of Yinping. On renshen he granted nominal posts to the aged of the capital and provinces and gave grain and cloth to widowers, orphans, and the alone. On gengchen he ordered every five local officials to guarantee one another against corvée men entering the pure stream. Men without guarantors lost office and returned to corvée. On yiyou the Qiang of Qin rebelled. Famine in You killed three thousand seven hundred ninety people. The inspector opened the storehouses. On jiyou in the second month, for the tortoise omen, he pardoned the realm and changed the reign title. The Di of Eastern Yizhou rose. In the third month the Di of Southern Qin rose. On dingyou in the fourth summer month Hu Guozhen died. On jiachen Ji of Jiangyang was made Prince of Jingzhao. In the sixth month, with no rain since the first month, timely rain fell on xinmao. In the seventh autumn month Que Tiecang of Hezhou rebelled as King of the Water Pool. In the leap month, on jiachen, he lifted the ban on Yinshan silver in Heng. On the first day of the eighth month, guichou, he lowered every capital sentence below death one grade. On jiazi Que Tiecang surrendered to Yuan Zigong, acting commander. On wushen in the ninth month Empress Dowager Gao died at Yaoguang Temple. On dingmao in the tenth winter month she was buried on Mang Mountain with a nun's rites. On xinwei in the twelfth month he proclaimed: "Life ends and all return to the grave. The capital mourns in silence; mouths beyond counting, high and low alike, still lack a fixed resting place. He designated the land west of Ganpo Mountain as Jiuyuan. That year eleven Eastern Yi, Western Region, and Northern Di states sent tribute.
35
二年春正月辛巳朔，日有蝕之。 丁亥，詔曰：「皇太后捴挹自居，稱號弗備。
On the first day of the second year, xinsi, the sun was eclipsed. On dinghai he proclaimed: "The empress dowager lived in restraint and her title was incomplete.
36
正光元年春正月乙亥朔，日有蝕之。 夏四月丙辰，詔尚書長孫承業巡撫北蕃，觀察風俗。 五月辛巳，以炎旱故，詔八坐鞫見囚，申枉濫。 秋七月丙子，侍中元叉、中常侍劉騰奉帝幸前殿，矯皇太后詔，歸政遜位。 乃幽皇太后北宮，殺太傅、清河王懌，總勒禁旅，決事殿中。 辛卯，帝加元服，大赦，改元。 內外百官進位一等。
On the first day of Zhengguang year one, yihai, the sun was eclipsed. On bingchen in the fourth summer month he sent Yuan Chengye, Director of the Masters of Writing, to tour the northern marches. On xinsi in the fifth month, for heat and drought, he ordered the Eight Ministers to review prisons and right wrongs. On bingzi in the seventh autumn month Yuan Cha and Liu Teng took the emperor to the front hall and forged an edict returning rule to him. They locked the empress dowager in the Northern Palace, killed Yi of Qinghe, seized the guards, and ruled from the inner palace. On xinmao he came of age, pardoned the realm, and changed the reign title. Every civil and military officer rose one rank.
37
八月甲寅，相州刺史、中山王熙舉兵欲誅騰。 不果，見殺。 九月壬辰，蠕蠕主阿那瑰來奔。 戊戌，以太師、高陽王雍為丞相。 冬十月乙卯，以儀同三司、汝南王悅為太尉。 十一月己亥，封阿那瑰為朔方郡公、蠕蠕王。 十二月壬子，詔送蠕蠕王阿那瑰歸北。 辛酉，以司空、京兆王繼為司徒。
On jiayin in the eighth month Xi of Zhongshan, inspector of Xiang, raised troops to kill Teng. He failed and was put to death. On renchen in the ninth month the Rouran ruler Anagui fled to the court. On wuxu Yong of Gaoyang became Chancellor. On yihai in the tenth winter month Yu of Runan became Grand Commandant. On jihai in the eleventh month Anagui was made Duke of Shuofang and King of the Rouran. On renzi in the twelfth month he sent Anagui back north. On xinyou Ji of Jingzhao became Minister of Education.
38
二年春正月，南秦州氐反。 二月，車駕幸國子學，講《孝經》。 三月庚午，幸國子學，祠孔子，以顏回配。 甲午，右衛將軍奚康生於禁中將殺元叉，不果，為叉所害。 以儀同三司劉騰為司空。 夏四月庚子，進司徒、京兆王繼位太保。 壬寅，以儀同三司崔光為司徒。 五月丁酉朔，日有蝕之。 秋七月己丑，以旱故，詔有司修案舊典，祗行六事。 八月己巳，蠕蠕後主郁久閭侯匿代來奔懷朔鎮。 十二月甲戌，詔司徒崔光、安豐王延明等議定服章。 庚辰，以東益、南秦州氐反，詔河間王琛討之，失利。 是歲，烏萇、居密、波斯、高昌、勿吉、伏羅、高車等國並遣使朝貢。
In the first month of year two the Di of Southern Qin rose. In the second month he visited the Directorate and lectured on the Classic of Filial Piety. On gengwu he visited the Directorate, sacrificed to Confucius, and paired Yan Hui with him. On jiawu Xi Kangsheng tried to kill Yuan Cha in the palace, failed, and was killed by Cha. Liu Teng, with Three Excellencies privilege, became Minister of Works. On gengzi in the fourth summer month Ji of Jingzhao was promoted to Grand Tutor. On renyin Cui Guang, with Three Excellencies privilege, became Minister of Education. On the first day of the fifth month, dingyou, the sun was eclipsed. On jichou in the seventh autumn month, for drought, he ordered the six drought rites by old statute. On jisi the former Rouran ruler Houyidai fled to Huaishuo Garrison. On jiaxu in the twelfth month he charged Cui Guang and Yanming of Anfeng to fix robes and insignia. On gengchen, with the Di of Eastern Yi and Southern Qin in revolt, he sent Chen of Hejian against them; Chen was beaten. That year Wusan, Persia, Gaochang, Gaoche, and others sent tribute.
39
三年春正月辛亥，耕籍田。 夏四月庚辰，以高車國主覆羅伊匐為鎮西將軍、西海郡公、高車國王。 五月壬辰朔，日有蝕之。 六月己巳，以旱故，詔分遣有司馳祈嶽瀆及諸山川百神能興雲雨者。 命理冤獄，止土功，減膳徹懸，禁止屠殺。 冬十一月己丑朔，日有蝕之。 己巳，祀圓丘。 丙午，詔班歷，大赦。 十二月癸酉，以太保、京兆王繼為太傅，司徒崔光為太保。 是歲，波斯、不溪、龜茲、吐谷渾並遣使朝貢。
On xinhai in the first month of year three he plowed the sacred field. On gengchen in the fourth summer month Fuluo Yifu of Gaoche was made General Who Guards the West, Duke of Xihai, and King of Gaoche. On the first day of the fifth month, renchen, the sun was eclipsed. On jisi in the sixth month, for drought, he sent envoys to pray at rivers, mountains, and rain spirits. He judged wrongful suits, halted earthworks, ate sparingly, silenced music, and banned killing. On the first day of the eleventh winter month, jichou, the sun was eclipsed. On jisi he sacrificed at the Round Altar. On bingwu he promulgated the calendar and pardoned the realm. On guiyou in the twelfth month Ji of Jingzhao became Grand Preceptor and Cui Guang Grand Tutor. That year Persia, Buxi, Kucha, and Tuyuhun sent tribute.
40
四年春二月壬申，追封故咸陽王禧為敷城王，京兆王愉為臨洮王，清河王懌為范陽王，以禮加葬。 丁丑，河間王琛、章武王融並以貪汙削爵除名。 己卯，蠕蠕主阿那瑰率眾犯塞。 遣尚書左丞元孚為北道行臺，持節喻之。 蠕蠕後主郁久閭侯匿代來朝。 司空劉騰薨。 夏四月，阿那瑰執元孚北遁。 秋八月癸未，追復故范陽王懌為河間王。 九月丁酉，詔太尉、汝南王悅入居門下，與丞相、高陽王雍參決尚書奏事。
On renshen in the second month of year four Xi of Xianyang was posthumously made Prince of Fucheng, Yu of Jingzhao Prince of Lintao, and Yi of Qinghe Prince of Fanyang, with full burial rites. On dingchou Chen of Hejian and Rong of Zhangwu were disgraced for corruption. On jimao Anagui of the Rouran raided the border with his host. Yuan Fu, Left Assistant Director, was sent north with authority to instruct him. The former Rouran ruler Houyidai came to court. Liu Teng, Minister of Works, died. In the fourth summer month Anagui seized Yuan Fu and fled north. On guiwei in the eighth autumn month the late Yi of Fanyang was restored as Prince of Hejian. On dingyou in the ninth month he ordered Yu of Runan into the Gate Department with Chancellor Yong of Gaoyang to decide secretariat memorials.
41
冬十一月癸未朔，日有蝕之。 丙申，趙郡王謐薨。 丁酉，太保崔光薨。 十二月，以太尉、汝南王悅為太保。 徐州刺史、北海王顥坐貪汙，削爵除官。 是歲，宕昌、庫莫奚國並遣使朝貢。
On the first day of the eleventh winter month, guiwei, the sun was eclipsed. On bingshen Mi, Prince of Zhao, died. On dingyou Grand Tutor Cui Guang died. In the twelfth month Yu of Runan became Grand Tutor. Hao of Beihai, inspector of Xuzhou, was disgraced for corruption. That year Dangchang and the Kumo Xi sent tribute.
42
五年春正月辛丑，祀南郊。 三月，沃野鎮人破六韓拔陵反，聚眾殺鎮將，號真王元年。 夏四月，高平酋長胡琛反，自稱高平王，攻鎮以應拔陵。 別將盧祖遷擊破之。 五月，都督北征諸軍事、臨淮王彧攻討，敗於五原，削除官爵。 壬申，詔尚書令李崇為大都督，率廣陽王淵等北討。 六月，秦州城人莫折大提據城反，自稱秦王，殺刺史李彥。 大提尋死，子念生代立，僭稱天子，年號天建，置立百官。 丁酉，大赦。 秋七月戊午，復河間王琛、臨淮王彧本封。 是月，涼州幢帥於菩提、呼延雄執刺史宋潁，據州反。 念生遣其兄高陽王天生下隴東寇。 八月甲午，雍州刺史元誌西討，大敗於隴東，退守岐州。 丙申，詔諸州鎮軍元非犯配者，悉免為編戶。 改鎮為州，依舊立稱。 九月壬申，詔尚書左僕射、齊王蕭寶夤為西道行臺、大都督。 復撫軍、北海王顥官爵，為都督。 並率諸將西討。 乙亥，帝幸明堂，餞寶夤等。 吐谷渾主伏連籌遣兵討涼州。 於菩提走，追斬之。 城人趙天安復推宋潁為刺史。 冬十月，營州城人劉安定、就德興據城反，執刺史李仲遵。 城人王惡兒斬安定以降。 德興東走，自號燕王。 十二月，詔太傅、京兆王繼為太師、大將軍，率諸將西討。 汾州正平、平陽胡叛逆，詔復征東將軍、章武王融封爵，為大都督，率眾討之。 莫折念生遣兵攻涼州，城人趙天安復執刺史以應之。 是歲，嚈噠、契丹、地豆幹、庫莫奚等國並遣使朝貢。
On xinchou in the first month of year five he sacrificed at the southern suburb. In the third month Baling of Woye Garrison rebelled, killed the commander, and declared the era True King. In the fourth summer month Hu Chen of Gaoping rebelled as King of Gaoping and struck the garrison for Baling. Lu Zuqian, separate commander, beat him. In the fifth month Yu of Linhuai, northern commander, was beaten at Wuyuan and disgraced. On renshen he made Li Chong, Director of the Masters of Writing, Grand Commander with Yuan of Guangyang and others to march north. In the sixth month Moqi Datí of Qinzhou seized the city as King of Qin and killed Inspector Li Yan. Datí soon died; his son Niansheng succeeded as emperor under the era Tianjian and set up a full court. On dingyou he pardoned the realm. On wuwu in the seventh autumn month Chen of Hejian and Yu of Linhuai received their titles again. That month Puti and Xiong of Liang seized Inspector Song Ying and held the province. Niansheng sent his brother Tiansheng of Gaoyang east down Long to raid. On jiawu Yuan Zhi of Yong marched west, was crushed east of Long, and withdrew to Qi. On bingshen he freed non-capital military exiles in provinces and garrisons to common registers. Garrisons became provinces under their old names. On renshen in the ninth month Baoyin of Qi was made western commander with Grand Commander's staff. Hao of Beihai, Army-quelling General, was restored and made commander. They led the generals west together. On yihai he feasted Baoyin and the others at the Bright Hall. Fulian Chou of Tuyuhun sent troops against Liang. Puti fled and was pursued and killed. The city men again made Song Ying inspector. In the tenth winter month Liu Anding and Jiudexing of Yingzhou seized the city and took Inspector Li Zhongzun. Wang E'er of the city killed Anding and surrendered. Dexing fled east and called himself King of Yan. In the twelfth month Ji of Jingzhao was made Grand Preceptor and Grand General and marched west. The Hu of Fenzhou rebelled; Rong of Zhangwu was restored and sent as Grand Commander against them. Niansheng attacked Liang; the city men again seized the inspector for him. That year the Hephthalites, Khitan, Didougan, Kumo Xi, and others sent tribute.
43
二月，詔追復故樂良王長命爵，以其子忠紹之。 戊戌，大赦。 三月甲戌，詔五品以上，各薦所知。 夏四月辛卯，皇太后復臨朝攝政，引群臣面陳得失。 壬辰，征西將軍、都督崔延伯大敗於涇川，戰歿。 六月癸未，大赦，改元。 蠕蠕主阿那瑰大破拔陵。 是月，諸將逼彭城，蕭綜夜潛出降，梁諸將奔退，眾軍追躡，免者十一二。 秋八月癸酉，詔斷遠近貢獻珍麗，違者免官。 柔玄鎮人杜洛周反於上谷，年號真王。
In the second month the late Changming of Leliang was restored and his son Zhong succeeded. On wuxu he pardoned the realm. On jiaxu in the third month he ordered every officer of the fifth rank and above to recommend talent. On xinmao in the fourth summer month the empress dowager ruled again and summoned ministers to speak face to face. On renchen Cui Yanbo, General Who Conquers the West, was crushed at Jingchuan and died. On guiwei in the sixth month he pardoned the realm and changed the reign title. That month Anagui of the Rouran routed Baling. That month the generals closed on Pengcheng; Zong of Liang slipped out by night and surrendered; the Liang commanders fled; pursuers left only one or two in ten. On guiyou in the eighth autumn month he forbade tribute of rare luxuries on pain of dismissal. Du Luozhou of Rouxuan rebelled at Shanggu as True King.
44
九月乙卯，詔減天下諸調之半。 壬戌，詔五品以上，各舉所知。 辛未，曲赦南北秦州。 冬十月，蠕蠕遣使朝貢。 十一月辛亥，詔父母年八十以上者，皆聽居官。 時四方多事，諸蠻復反。 十二月，山胡劉蠡升反，自稱天子。
On yimao in the ninth month he halved every levy in the realm. On renxu he ordered every officer of the fifth rank and above to present known talent. On xinwei he pardoned Southern and Northern Qin in part. In the tenth winter month the Rouran sent tribute envoys. On xinhai in the eleventh month he let every man whose parents were eighty or older stay in office near home. Trouble spread in every quarter and the barbarians rose again. In the twelfth month Liu Lisheng of the Mountain Hu rebelled as Son of Heaven.
45
二年春正月庚戌，封廣平王懷長子誨為范陽王。 壬子，以太保、汝南王悅領太尉。 是月，五原鮮于修禮反於定州，年號魯興。 二月庚申，帝及皇太后臨大夏門，親覽冤訟。 三月庚子，追復中山王熙本爵，以其子叔仁紹之。 夏四月，大赦。 戊申，北討都督河間王琛、長孫承業失利奔還，詔並免官爵。 五月丁未，車駕將北討，內外戒嚴。 前給事黃門侍郎元略自梁還朝，封義陽王。 以丞相、高陽王雍為大司馬。
In the first month of year two, on gengxu day, Hui, eldest son of Huai of Guangping, was made Prince of Fanyang. On renzi Yu of Runan became Grand Commandant. That month Xiuli of Wuyuan rebelled in Ding under the era Luxing. On gengshen in the second month the emperor and empress dowager sat at the Daxia Gate and judged wrongs. On gengzi in the third month Xi of Zhongshan was restored posthumously and his son Shuren succeeded. In the fourth summer month he pardoned the realm. On wushen Chen of Hejian and Yuwen Chengye, northern commanders, were beaten and fled; both were disgraced. On dingwei in the fifth month the emperor prepared a northern campaign and the realm was put on alert. Yuan Lue, former Yellow Gate attendant, returned from Liang and was made Prince of Yiyang. Yong of Gaoyang became Grand Marshal.
46
六月己巳，曲赦齊州。 絳蜀陳雙熾聚眾反，自號始建王。 曲赦平陽、建興、正平三郡。 詔假鎮西將軍、都督長孫承業討雙熾，平之。 丙子，改封義陽王略為東平王。
On jisi in the sixth month he pardoned Qi in part. Chen Shuangchi of Jiang and Shu rebelled as King Shijian. He pardoned Pingyang, Jianxing, and Zhengping in part. He sent Yuwen Chengye, acting General Who Guards the West, against Shuangchi and pacified him. On bingzi Lue of Yiyang was made Prince of Dongping.
47
戊寅，詔復京兆王繼本封江陽王。 戊子，詔曰：「自運屬艱棘，歷載於茲。 朕威德不能遐被，經略無以及遠，何以茍安黃屋，無愧黔黎！ 今便避居正殿，蔬食素服。
On wuyin Ji of Jingzhao was restored as Prince of Jiangyang. On wuzi he proclaimed: "Since fortune turned harsh, years have heaped upon us. My power cannot reach far nor my plans extend; how can I sit beneath the yellow canopy unashamed before the people! Henceforth I withdraw to the main hall, eat vegetables, and wear plain dress.
48
當親自招募，收集忠勇。 其有直言正諫之士，敢決徇義之夫，二十五日，悉集華林東門。 人別引見，共論得失。」 秋八月丙子，進封廣川縣公元為常山王。 戊子，進武城縣公子攸為長樂王。 癸巳，賊帥元洪業斬鮮于修禮請降，為賊黨葛榮所殺。 九月辛亥，葛榮敗都督廣陽王深、章武王融於博野白牛邏。 融歿於陣。 榮自稱天子，國號齊，年稱廣安。 冬十一月戊戌，杜洛周攻陷幽州，執刺史王延年及行臺常景。
I shall recruit the loyal and brave myself. Let every man who speaks straight or dies for justice gather at the east gate of Hualin on the twenty-fifth. Each shall be received alone to debate what is right and wrong. On bingzi in the eighth autumn month Yuan of Guangchuan was made Prince of Changshan. On wuzi You of Wucheng was made Prince of Changle. On guisi the bandit Yuan Hongye killed Xiuli and offered surrender, but Ge Rong killed him. On xinhai in the ninth month Ge Rong crushed Shen of Guangyang and Rong of Zhangwu at the White Ox Pasture of Boye. Rong died on the field. Rong called himself Son of Heaven, named his state Qi, and took the era Guang'an. On wuxu in the eleventh winter month Du Luozhou took You, seized Inspector Wang Yannian and Acting Commander Chang Jing.
49
丙午，稅京師田租，畝五升。 借賃公田者，畝一斗。 閏月，稅市，人出入者，各一錢，店舍為五等。 梁將元樹逼壽春，揚州刺史李憲力屈而降。 初留州縣及長史、司馬、戍主副質子於京師。 詔：「頃舊京淪覆，中原喪亂，宗室子女屬籍在七廟內為雜戶濫門拘辱者，悉聽離絕。」 是歲，疊伏羅、庫莫奚國並遣使朝貢。
On bingwu he levied the capital land tax at five sheng per mu. Tenants of public fields paid one dou per mu. In the leap month he taxed the markets: one cash per person in or out, and shops in five grades. Yuan Shu of Liang pressed Shouchun; Li Xian of Yang, strength spent, surrendered. At first provincial and garrison officers were held as hostages in the capital. He proclaimed: "Since the old capital fell, clansmen held as base household slaves may all go free. That year Diefuluo and the Kumo Xi sent tribute.
50
三年春正月甲戌，以司空皇甫度為司徒，儀同三司蕭寶夤為司空。 辛巳，葛榮陷殷州，刺史崔楷固節死之。 甲申，詔峻鑄錢之制。 蕭寶夤大敗於涇州，北海王顥尋亦敗走。 曲赦關西及正平、平陽、建興。 戊子，以司徒皇甫度為太尉。 己丑，以四方未平，詔內外戒嚴，將親征。 二月丁酉，詔開輸賞格。 輸粟入瀛、定、岐、雍四州者，官鬥二百斛賞一階； 入二華州者，五百石賞一階。 不限多少，粟畢授官。
On jiaxu in the first month of year three Huangfu Du became Minister of Education and Baoyin of Qi, with Three Excellencies privilege, Minister of Works. On xinsi Ge Rong took Yin; Inspector Cui Kai died holding his post. On jiashen he tightened the coinage. Baoyin of Qi was crushed in Jing; Hao of Beihai soon fled in defeat. He pardoned Guanxi, Zhengping, Pingyang, and Jianxing in part. On wuzi Huangfu Du became Grand Commandant. On jichou, with the realm still unsettled, he put the court on alert and prepared to campaign himself. On dingyou in the second month he opened rewards for grain contributions. Grain into Ying, Ding, Qi, and Yong bought one rank per two hundred office hu; into the two Hua provinces, one rank per five hundred piculs. Office followed the grain without limit.
51
虜賊據潼關。 三月甲子，詔將西討，中外戒嚴。 虜賊走，復潼關。 秋七月，相州刺史、安樂王鑒據州反。 己丑，大赦。 八月，都督源子邕、李神軌、裴衍攻鄴。 丁未，斬鑒，相州平。 九月己未，東豫州刺史元慶和以城南叛。 秦州城人杜粲殺莫折念生，自行州事。 冬十月戊申，曲赦恒農已西河北、正平、平陽、邵郡及關西諸州。 甲寅，雍州刺史蕭寶夤據州反，自號齊，年稱隆緒。 十一月己丑，葛榮攻陷冀州，執刺史元孚，逐出居人，凍死者十六七。 十二月戊申，都督源子邕、裴衍與榮戰，敗於陽平東北，並歿。 是月，杜粲為駱超所殺。 超遣使歸罪。 是歲，蠕蠕遣使朝貢。
Barbarian rebels held Tong Pass. On jiazi in the third month he ordered a western campaign and put the realm on alert. The rebels fled and Tong Pass was recovered. In the seventh autumn month Jian of Anle, inspector of Xiang, rebelled and held the province. On jichou he pardoned the realm. In the eighth month Yuan Ziyong, Li Shengui, and Pei Yan besieged Ye. On dingwei Jian was beheaded and Xiang pacified. On jiwei in the ninth month Yuan Qinghe of Eastern Yu rebelled in the southern city. Du Can of Qinzhou killed Moqi Niansheng and took the province. On wushen in the tenth winter month he pardoned west of Hengnong through Hebei, Zhengping, Pingyang, Shao, and Guanxi. On jiayin Baoyin of Yong rebelled, called his state Qi, and took the era Longxu. On jichou in the eleventh month Ge Rong took Ji, seized Yuan Fu, expelled the people, and sixteen or seventeen in ten froze to death. On wushen in the twelfth month Yuan Ziyong and Pei Yan fought Ge Rong northeast of Yangping and both fell. That month Luo Chao killed Du Can. Chao sent envoys to confess guilt. That year the Rouran sent tribute envoys.
52
武泰元年春正月乙丑，生皇女，秘言皇子。 丙寅，大赦，改元。 丁丑，雍州人侯終德相率攻蕭寶夤。 寶夤度渭走，雍州平。 二月癸丑，帝崩於顯陽殿，時年十九。
On yichou in the first month of Wutai year one a princess was born, but the court announced a prince. On bingyin he pardoned the realm and changed the reign title. On dingchou Hou Zhongde of Yong and others attacked Baoyin together. Baoyin crossed the Wei and fled; Yong was pacified. On guichou in the second month the emperor died in Xuanyang Hall, aged nineteen.
53
幼主釗
The infant ruler Zhao.
54
甲寅，皇子即位，大赦。 皇太后詔曰：「皇家握歷受圖，年將二百，祖宗累聖，社稷載安。 高祖以文思先天，世宗以下武繼世。 大行在御，重以寬仁奉養，率由溫明恭順。 實望穹靈降佑，麟趾眾繁。 自潘充華有孕椒宮，冀誕儲兩，而熊羆無兆，唯虺遂彰。 於時直以國步未康，假稱統胤。 欲以底定物情，系仰宸極。 何圖一旦弓劍莫追！ 皇曾孫故臨洮王寶暉世子釗，體自高祖，天表卓異。 大行平日養愛特深，義齊若子，事符當璧，允膺大寶。 即日踐祚。 可班宣遠邇，咸使知之。」 乙卯，幼主即位。 儀同三司、大都督爾朱榮抗表請入奔赴，勒兵而南。 是月，杜洛周為葛榮所並。 三月甲申，上尊謚曰孝明皇帝。 乙酉，葬於定陵，廟號肅宗。 四月戊戌，爾朱榮濟河。 庚子，皇太后、幼主崩。
On jiayin the prince ascended the throne and the realm was pardoned. The empress dowager proclaimed: "Our house has held the mandate nearly two hundred years; sage ancestors have kept the altars secure. Gaozu led with civil virtue; Shizong followed with martial worth. The late emperor ruled with breadth and kindness, warm, clear, respectful, and obedient. We hoped Heaven would bless us with many heirs. When Lady Pan conceived in the Pepper Palace we hoped for an heir, but no bear appeared and only the serpent was shown. Because the realm was still unsettled we falsely named a prince. We meant to steady the realm and bind all eyes to the throne. Who thought that in one morning bow and sword would be beyond recall! The late emperor's great-grandson Zhao, heir of the late Prince of Lintao, is of Gaozu's line and bears a surpassing countenance. The late emperor cherished him as a son; he is fit for the great treasure. That day he ascended the throne. Let it be proclaimed far and near. On yimao the infant ruler ascended the throne. Erzhu Rong, with Three Excellencies privilege and as Grand Commander, asked to attend the funeral and marched south. That month Ge Rong absorbed Du Luozhou. On jiashen in the third month the posthumous title Emperor Xiaoming was granted. On yiyou he was buried at Dingling with the temple name Suzong. On wuxu in the fourth month Erzhu Rong crossed the river. On gengzi the empress dowager and infant ruler died.
55
論曰：宣武承聖考德業，天下想望風化，垂拱無為，邊僥稽服。 而寬以攝下，從容不斷，太和之風替矣。 比之漢世，元、成、安、順之儔歟。 宣武之後，繼以元成，孝明沖齡統業，靈后婦人專制，任用非人，賞罰乖舛。 於是釁起宇內，禍延邦畿。 卒於享國不長，抑亦淪胥之始也。
The judgment says: Xuanwu inherited his father's sage enterprise; the realm looked to his transforming rule, he governed without strain, and the frontier submitted. Yet he was lenient below, slow and indecisive, and the Taihe age passed. Among the Han he would rank with Yuan, Cheng, An, and Shun. After Xuanwu came the Yuans and the Chengs; Xiaoming ruled as a child; the empress dowager, a woman, held sole power, used unfit men, and rewards and punishments went awry. Strife rose within the realm and disaster reached the capital. In the end his reign was brief; this was the beginning of ruin.