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卷十二 隋本紀下第十二: 煬帝 恭帝

Volume 12 Sui Annals 2: Emperor Yang, Emperor Gong

Chapter 12 of 北史 · History of the Northern Dynasties
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1
Emperor Yang and Emperor Gong.
2
𡡉 姿
Emperor Yang, taboo name Guang, also called Ying, childhood name A-mo, was Gaozu's second son. His mother was Empress Wenxian, née Dugu. He was striking in appearance and clever even as a boy. Gaozu and the empress singled him out for special affection among the princes. In the Zhou period, thanks to Gaozu's achievements, he received the title Duke of Yanmen. In Kaihuang year one he became Prince of Jin, Pillar of State, and commander of Bing Province at thirteen. He was soon named Grand General of the Martial Guard, then Supreme Pillar of State and acting Hebei circuit commander, keeping his grand general rank. Gaozu appointed Duke Xin of Xiangcheng and Duke Li Che of Andao as his tutors. He studied eagerly, wrote well, and carried himself with solemn gravity; court and country alike pinned their hopes on him. Gaozu secretly sent the physiognomist Lai He to read each prince in turn. Lai said, "The Prince of Jin's brows show twin ridges rising—his rank is beyond telling." When Gaozu later visited his quarters, he found lutes with broken strings and dust on them, as though untouched, and concluded the prince scorned music and pleasure. He cultivated an air of restraint all the more, and men of the day called him benevolent and filial. Once, hunting in rain, his attendants brought an oiled cloak; he said, "The troops are drenched—shall I alone stay dry? He then had it carried off. In year six he became acting Huainan circuit commander. That same year he was recalled as Governor of Yong and Director of the Secretariat.
3
In winter of year eight the great assault on Chen began, with him as campaign commander-in-chief. After Chen's fall he took Shi Wenqing, inspector of Xiangzhou, Shen Keqing, regular attendant, Tang Huilang, market chief, Xu Qi, punishment supervisor, and Ji Hui, secretariat chief clerk, and because their treachery had harmed the people, executed them beneath the Stone Gate as amends to the Three Wu. He sealed the storehouses and touched none of the loot, and the empire praised his virtue. He was promoted to Grand Commandant and given a state carriage, horses, investiture robes, and paired black and white jade emblems. He was again made commander of Bing Province. Soon Gao Zhihui and other rebels rose south of the river; he was shifted to Yangzhou commander and posted at Jiangdu, coming to court once a year. When Gaozu worshipped at Mount Tai, he commanded the Martial Guard. The following year he went back to his domain; years later, when Turks struck the frontier, he again led the army out from Lingwu. He came back without meeting the foe. After Prince Yong was removed, he was made crown prince. That month he was due to be enfeoffed as heir. Gaozu said, "I won the throne as Duke of Daxing. He ordered the prince to quit the palace and stay at Daxing. That night a gale and blizzard rose, the ground shook and hills fell, houses collapsed by the score, and over a hundred people were buried alive. At the opening of the Renshou era he was commanded to tour the southeast. Thereafter, whenever Gaozu summered at Renshou Palace, he left the prince to govern.
4
沿 使 使
In the seventh month of year four Gaozu died, and the prince ascended at Renshou Palace. In the eighth month he brought the coffin home to the capital. Prince Liang of Han, commander of Bing, rebelled; the edict sent Left Vice Director Yang Su to crush him. On yisi of the ninth month, Palace Guard General Cui Peng became Left Commander of the Leading Army. On yiwei of the eleventh month he went to Luoyang. On bingshen he levied tens of thousands of men to dig trenches from Longmen east through Changping and Ji to Linqing Pass, across the river through Junyi and Xiangcheng to Shangluo, establishing border defenses. On guichou an edict read: Heaven's Way shifts, and yin and yang thereby exchange their signs; each creation differs, and living things thereby keep their place. Were Heaven's mind never to change, how could change fashion the four seasons? Were human affairs never to shift, how could rule profit the myriad folk? The Changes says, "Comprehend change and the people will not tire. Change yields penetration; penetration yields endurance. Virtue endures; merit grows great. I have heard too that dwelling in peace yet able to migrate—the people thereby transform deeply. Hence the Zhou had twin capitals at Zhou, as King Wu wished; the Yin moved five times, fulfilling the work begun after Cheng Tang. Without following the people and obeying Heaven, how is achievement shown in change? Who governs with love for the people and does not do likewise?
5
Yet Luoyang is the ancient capital, within the royal domain where Heaven and Earth meet and yin and yang join; held by the Three Rivers, barred by the Four Passes; with water and land routes open and tribute flowing equal from all quarters. So the Han founder said, "I have ranged the empire wide, and only Luoyang have I seen." Which sage king since antiquity has not noticed it? That they did not establish the throne there surely had cause. Some because the nine provinces were not yet united, some because the treasury was strained—building Luoyang therefore went untended.
6
便
From the founding of Sui I have wished to raise this plan at Huai and Luo, day upon day, until now. It fills my thoughts; when I speak of it, grief catches my throat. I reverently took the sacred succession and govern ten thousand realms, holding fast without fail to my predecessor's intent. Now Prince Liang of Han has turned traitor, and his poison has spread across Shandong; so that prefectures and counties have fallen to the wrong side. Because passes and rivers stand remote, armies could not reach the emergency in time. Moreover households of Bing were relocated, again to settle south of the river; when Zhou moved the Yin people, the purpose was the same. All the more when the south is distant and the eastern lands are vast—to move with the moment and follow the tide, the hour is now. Every minister and every office agrees as one in this counsel.
7
便 便 殿
Yet the folk of Cheng-Zhou groan and cannot bear to share one roof. Now we may raise the Eastern Capital on the Yi and Luo, and forthwith set offices and divide duties, to be the people's anchor. Palaces exist fundamentally to serve the living; beams above and walls below suffice to keep off wind and dew. Are high towers and vast halls called fitting forms? The Record says: frugality is virtue's reverence; extravagance is the greatest evil. Confucius said, "Better be sparing than be without modesty. Does he mean only jade towers and jeweled halls count as palaces? Earthen steps and plain rafters—are these not an emperor's hallmarks? Hence one knows: not that the world serves one man, but that one man holds the world in trust.
8
使
The people are the state's root; firm the root, secure the state. When the people are full, who is wanting? What we build now must follow thrift. Let no carved wall or towering house rise again in our day; but let low halls and plain fare be left to posterity. Let the responsible offices draw clear rules that match my intent.
9
On yichou of the twelfth month, Right Martial Guard General Lai Huer became Right Valiant Cavalry Commander. On wuchen, Pillar Li Jing became Right Martial Guard commander, and Right Guard colonel Zhou Luohou became Right Martial Guard commander.
10
使 使 使
In spring, first month, Daye year one, on renchen at the new moon, he proclaimed a general amnesty and changed the era name. He made Consort Xiao empress. Yu became Qin, and Luo became Yu. All prefectural area-commander offices were abolished. On bingshen, Prince Zhao of Jin was made crown prince. On dingyou, Supreme Pillar Yuwen Shu became Left Guard commander, Supreme Pillar Guo Yan Left Martial Guard commander, and Duke Yu Zhongwen of Yanshou Right Guard commander. On jihai, Prince Yang of Yuzhang became Governor of Yu. On wushen, he sent eight commissioners to tour local customs. An edict said: When sage kings ordered the world of old, was it not by loving the people? Enrich, then teach; when households had enough, custom grew pure and peace ran from far to near. When order stood firm and work was done, all followed this road. I reverently took the throne and nurture the people, trembling day and night as over a chasm. Though I follow my predecessor's path and dare not let it slip, in the art of rule much still falls short. All the more when the seas are wide and the myriad folk are many—I have not yet gone in person to ask their hardships. I fret that the obscure go unchosen, grievances go unheard, and a single loss of place wounds harmony. When the realm is guilty, the fault is mine—hence I wake sighing and keep vigil day and night. Now that rule begins anew, let mercy be kept. Send envoys abroad to tour local custom, spread civilizing teaching, lift the buried talent, and bring hidden wrongs to light. The filial, dutiful, and field-strong shall receive favorable exemption from corvée. Widowers, widows, orphans, and the alone who cannot live shall receive measured relief. Men of righteousness and women of chastity shall have their gates honored. The very old shall receive honorary staff and, by separate rule, grain and silk. For the gravely ill granted attendant labor, though support is named, relief is not given—inspect clearly so they may be kept alive.
11
便使
If reputation and conduct stand forth, and integrity is cultivated; or learning and talent, or any art worth taking—all should be sought and brought to court. The prefectures and counties of their residence shall dispatch them with ceremony. As for harmful corrupt rule inconvenient to the age, on return let a full memorial be submitted.
12
On jiyou, Wu commander Yuwen Bi became Minister of Punishments. On jimao of month two, Left Vice Director Yang Su became Director of the Secretariat.
13
輿 使 殿 便 西
On dingwei of month three, the edict ordered Director Yang Su, Counselor Yang Da, and Master of Works Yuwen Kai to build the Eastern Capital and move Yu Province townsmen to fill it. On wushen an edict said, "Hearing carriage songs and consulting the people, one judges the gains and losses of law. Hence thinking of rule before dawn is to make hidden wrongs heard and norms clear. Yet governors, bearing court commission, seek luck to pass review, falsely setting grades without truth. Discipline thereby failed, and wrongs went unspoken. Passes and rivers blocked the way, and none could reach me. I therefore raised the Eastern Capital and go in person to inquire. Now I shall tour Huai and sea and observe local custom. I seek loyal counsel, yet documents multiply, while village schools fall silent; fearful evening and morning, I toil waking and sleeping. If the people know any prefect or county officer harsh, injurious, partial, or inconvenient, let them bring sealed memorials to court. Thus perhaps the four listeners will hear, and the realm be without wrong." Moreover at Zao Ravine he built Xianren Palace and gathered strange birds, beasts, and plants from within the seas to fill the gardens. Tens of thousands of wealthy merchants from the realm were moved to the Eastern Capital. On xinhai, seven million men and women of Henan commanderies were levied to open the Tongji Canal, drawing Gu and Luo from Western Park to the river, and from Banzhu drawing the river to the Huai. On gengshen, Attendant Wang Hong and Upper Companion Yu Shicheng were sent south to gather timber and build dragon boats, phoenix barges, yellow dragon ships, red tower-ships, and tens of thousands more.
14
使 祿
In summer, month four, on guihai, Grand General Liu Zhongfang attacked and defeated Linyi. On gengxu of month five, Minister of Revenue, Marquis Wei Chong of Yifeng, died. On jiazi, Mars entered the Supreme Palace Enclosure. In autumn, month seven, on dingyou, a rule granted ten years' exemption to families of the battle-dead. On bingwu, Prince Lun of Teng and Prince Ji of Wei were both stripped of rank and banished. In intercalary month seven, on jiazi, Director Yang Su became Heir's Grand Tutor, Prince Xiong of Ande Heir's Grand Mentor, and Prince Hong of Hejian Heir's Grand Guardian. On bingzi an edict said: In founding state and ruling people, teaching comes first; to shift custom and change the vulgar must begin here. Yet speech has broken from meaning through many years, and advancing virtue and cultivating achievement have grown faint. After Han gathered what survived pits and burning, learning hung by a thread; Jin inherited turmoil and swept the ground nearly bare. From that time, army and state knew many troubles; though schoolhouses were sometimes built, showing love of ritual; lecture halls were sometimes opened, yet nearly became empty vessels. Thus purple sashes came not from learning's excellence; making brocade and wielding knives mostly faced blank walls. Superiors fell and inferiors rose, norms were not set, elegant learning waned—truly from this. I have succeeded to the great succession and think to spread great teaching. I wish to honor teachers and weight the Way, to open its course; to speak faith and cultivate harmony, to encourage famed teaching. Now the realm is one, script and wheels alike, and within ten paces fragrant grass must grow; within the four seas, how could there be no filial sons and cultivated talents? All at home or in schools—if any love antiquity steadfastly, immerse in classics, excel in conduct, and can meet the age—wherever found, report their names. At once by their capacity promote them out of turn. If they refine classics and do not seek office, by depth of craft and family privilege grant salary though not yet at court. Then earnest guidance will soon complete vessels, and the court brim full—how far is that? The National University and like schools should declare old rules, teach students, and set examination methods to exhaust grinding on the whetstone.
15
On renyin of month eight, the Emperor boarded the dragon boat for Jiangdu, Guo Yan of Left Martial Guard as vanguard and Li Jing of Right Martial Guard as rearguard. Civil and military officials of fifth rank and above received tower ships; ninth rank and above yellow bamboo rafts. Stern to stern they linked for more than two hundred li. On jichou of the tenth winter month, amnesty south of Jiang and Huai, and Yang Province five years' exemption; within the old area commands, three years' exemption. On jiwei of month eleven, Grand General Cui Zhongfang became Minister of Rites.
16
使 輿
In spring, month one, year two, on xinyou, the Eastern Capital was completed and supervisors rewarded in varying degrees. Court Review Grand Judge Liang Pi became Minister of Punishments. On dingmao, ten envoys were sent to tour and reduce prefectures and counties. On bingxu, the edict ordered Director Yang Su, Minister Niu Hong, Grand General Yuwen Kai, Attendant Yu Shiji, and Vice Minister Xu Shansin to fix chariots and robes. For the first time imperial carriages and the five seasonal secondary chariots were readied. The Emperor's regular dress was the leather cap with twelve jade beads. Civil officials wore cap dress with jade pendants; fifth rank and above received calf carts with barred hubs; the Three Dukes and imperial princes received oiled net canopies besides. Military officials wore flat headcloth and jacket-trousers; third rank and above received gourd-handled spears. Down to clerks and attendants, dress colors differed each from each. Commoners might not wear military dress. On wuxu, Commandant offices were established. On gengwu of month three, the imperial carriage left Jiangdu. Before this, Imperial Storehouse Vice Minister He Chou and Assistant Director Yun Dingxing had lavishly repaired ceremonial regalia, and commanderies and counties were charged to deliver feathers. The people sought to catch them; nets spread over water and land, and birds and beasts usable for felt and down were nearly exhausted.
17
祿
By this time it was completed. In summer, month four, on gengxu, the Emperor came from Yique, arrayed the law chariot with a thousand chariots and ten thousand riders, and entered the Eastern Capital. On xinhai, the Emperor faced the Duan Gate, proclaimed general amnesty, and remitted this year's rent and levies. On guichou, Ji Inspector Yang Wensi became Minister of the People. On jiayin of month five, Grand Master Li Tong of Splendid Happiness, Minister of War, was dismissed for an offense. On yimao an edict said, "To mark and honor former sages is the form of sacrifice. Thus one gives preferential rites to the worthy and makes lingering love manifest. I eternally mirror former cultivation and still think on famed virtue—how have I not sighed over the nine plains and cherished a thousand years? All worthy men and noble gentlemen from antiquity who established reputation, aided the age, spread merit, and benefited people should have shrines built and receive seasonal sacrifice. At tombs and mounds there must be no encroachment. Let responsible offices measure and set regulations that accord with my intent." In month six, on renzi, Director and Heir's Grand Tutor Yang Su became Minister of Education. Prince Yang of Yuzhang was advanced to Prince of Qi. In autumn, month seven, on guichou, Stud Commandant Xuan became Minister of Works. On gengshen, a rule forbade the hundred officials to advance rank by examination reckoning. Only if virtue and achievement stood clear and outstanding should they be promoted. On renxu, twenty-seven old fief retainers including Xianyu Luo were promoted, ranks and titles in varying degrees. On jiaxu, Crown Prince Zhao died. On yihai, Supreme Pillar, Minister of Education, Duke Yang Su of Chu, died. In month eight, on xinmao, Grandson Tan was made Prince of Yan, Tong Prince of Yue, and You Prince of Dai. On yichou of month nine, Prince Hao, son of Jun of Qin, was made Prince of Qin. In the tenth winter month, on wuzi, Ling Inspector Duan Wenzhen became Minister of War. On gengyin of month twelve, an edict said, "Former emperors founded states according to the times and ruled the people with ritual facing south. As fortunes shifted and years grew long, mounds were ruined and woodcutters and herdsmen hurried toward them; burial precincts were choked with weeds and marker trees could not be told apart. Speaking of their ruin, grief caught the heart. From antiquity at imperial tombs, ten nearby households may be granted, exempted from labor, to guard and watch."
18
使 竿 祿
In spring, month one, year three, on guihai, an order said Bing rebels banished who fled again should be beheaded wherever taken. On bingzi a long comet filled the sky from the Eastern Wall and stopped after twenty days. That month Wuyang Commandery reported the Yellow River clear. On jichou of month two, a comet appeared at the Well and Literary Glory; passing the Great Mound, Five Chariots, and North River, entering the Supreme Enclosure and sweeping the Emperor's Seat, stopping after more than a hundred days. On xinhai of month three, the imperial carriage returned to the capital. On renzi, Grand General Yao Bian became Left Guard General. On guichou, Feathered Cavalry Zhu Kuan was sent as envoy to Liuqiu. On yimao, Prince Hong of Hejian died. In summer, month four, on gengchen, an edict said, "In antiquity emperors observed local custom—all to toil for the myriad people and settle distant wilds. Since frontier tribes submitted, there has been no leisure to comfort them; Shandong suffered disorder and needs added care. Now I wish to settle Hebei and tour Zhao and Wei—the responsible offices shall follow regulations." On jiashen, laws were promulgated, general amnesty proclaimed, and the interior passes granted three years' exemption. On renchen, provinces were changed to commanderies. Weights and measures were changed to follow ancient forms. Officials from Supreme Pillar downward were changed to grand masters. On jiawu an edict said: The weight of the realm is not settled by governance alone; the achievement of an emperor is not the strategy of one man. From antiquity enlightened rulers establishing government—how have they not chosen the worthy and raised the submerged? Zhou was called rich in scholars, Han famed for gaining men—I still think on the former wind with reverent longing. I bear the throne and rise early, the imperial cap waiting for dawn. I stretch toward mountain valleys and place men in court ranks; I hope with all talent jointly to bring peace to the myriad achievements. Yet the thatched selection lies silent and the fishing pole rarely arrives. Is it that fine jade hides its luster and has not met the good craftsman; or that the unyielding stone lies in the breast and is firmly hard to pull? Eternally mirroring the wise, I rise sighing. All who hold office are like arms and legs; crossing a great stream, righteousness is sharing boat and oar. How can one keep favor and salary and hide what one knows, roaming idly through the year—this is far from what is meant. Qi Daifu's raising the good—the good historian took it as utmost fairness; Zang Wenzhong's hiding the worthy—Confucius mocked him for usurping place. Seeking it in antiquity, praise and blame were not lacking. You should think to advance the good and correct my thinness. Filial piety and brotherly duty heard of are the root of human relations; thick virtue and conduct are the foundation of the person. Or if integrity may be praised, or conduct is pure—all to stir greed, sharpen custom, and benefit civilizing influence. Strong, firm, upright, holding law without bending; excellent in learning, beautiful in literary talent; all are for hall and canopy use and truly ritual-vessel material. If talent suits generalship, raise them to repel insult; if strength has fierceness, assign them as claws and teeth. Extending to a single art worth taking, it too should be recorded; if all goods are together raised, none in the time will be discarded. By this to seek order, perhaps it is not far. Civil and military officials with duties, fifth rank and above, should recommend men in ten categories. Having one among these, completeness is not required. I shall treat them out of turn and promote according to talent. Those now holding office of ninth rank and above are not within the recommendation limit.
19
使輿
On bingshen, the imperial carriage toured north on imperial hunt. On dingyou, Minister of Punishments Yuwen Bi became Minister of Rites. On wuxu, an order said the hundred offices must not tread down grain in the fields. Where roads must be opened, responsible offices shall reckon the harvest taken and compensate from the nearest granary generously. On jihai, arriving at Red Bank Marsh, the greatest victims were offered to the late Grand Mentor Li Mu. On dingsi of month five, Qimin Khan of the Turks sent his son Tuotele to court. On wuwu, laborers from more than ten Hebei commanderies, from the Taihang Mountains to Bing Province, were drafted to open the imperial highway. On bingyin, Qimin Khan sent his elder brother's son Pilijia Tele to court. On xinwei, Qimin Khan asked to enter the cold himself to welcome the imperial carriage—the Emperor did not permit it. On guiyou, a comet appeared at Literary Glory; the Upper General and Constant stars all shook. On xinsi of month six, a hunt was held at Liangu. On dinghai an edict said: Pursuing filial sacrifice—virtue has nothing higher; raising sleeping temples is the greatest of rites. Yet substance and pattern differ by age, decrease and increase differ by time. Learning was extinguished in pits and burning, classics scattered; statutes sank, and hall and temple systems differed in masters' teachings. Therefore how many generations could not be corrected, and connected chambers and separate palaces had no fixed standard. I have served the ancestors, inheriting the glorious enterprise, ever thinking on solemn matching and hoping to elevate the great canon. Thereupon counsel was sought from those in office and Confucian arts broadly consulted. All considered that Emperor Wen the Cultured received Heaven's mandate and held the Middle Kingdom. He rescued the flocking birds throughout the four seas and changed carved decay among the hundred kings.
20
西
He eased prisons and slowed punishments, and living beings all followed their nature; he lightened corvée and thin levies, and every household rested secure in its work. He mowed the universe and unified chariots and script. East soaking and west covering, none but submitted; south campaigning and north complaining, all bore coming renewal. Driving plumed carts on the wind, what no age had reached; braided hair and left lapel, what transforming teaching rarely touched. None but presented horns at the passes and bowed foreheads at the court; interpreters never ceased, books never lacked a month. Spears were sheathed and weapons stilled, and the realm was tranquil; auspicious omens and blessed signs, blessing inside and out. Alas, how grand—there is no grasping it by name. I have also heard that thick virtue sheds flowing light, and clear principle makes ritual rich. Thus Zhou's Wen and Wu, Han's Gao and Guang—their statutes stood apart and posthumous titles were weighty. Is it not following feeling and giving expression, the meaning of exalted display? Emperor Wen the Cultured should separately have a temple built to manifest his towering virtue; still following monthly sacrifice to express deep steaming feeling.
21
Responsible offices shall create it in season, striving to match the canon. Moreover as name and position differ, ritual also has differing grades. The Son of Heaven has seven temples—this is set in former classics; feudal lords have two zhao—meaning has graded descent. Thus one knows taking many as honorable is a king's ritual—now it may be followed and bequeathed to later generations.
22
使
On wuzi, he halted at Yulin Commandery. On dingyou, Qimin Khan came to court. On jihai, Tuyuhun and Gaochang both sent envoys with tribute.
23
祿 西 輿 使
On jiachen, the Emperor mounted the North Tower, watched fishing on the river, and feasted the hundred officials. In autumn, month seven, on xinhai, Qimin Khan asked to change dress and adopt cap and belt. An edict said Qimin in congratulatory bow was not to be named, ranking above feudal princes. On jiayin, east of the commandery city the Emperor faced the great tent with full guards and banners, feasting Qimin and his tribe of three thousand five hundred. The hundred entertainments were played; Qimin and his tribe were rewarded in varying degrees. On bingzi, Grand Master He Kubu, Minister of Rites Yuwen Bi, and Grand Master Gao Feng were killed. Left Vice Director Su Wei was dismissed for an offense. More than a million laborers built the Long Wall from Yulin west to the Purple River east; after twenty days it stopped, and fifteen or sixteen in ten died. On renwu of month eight, the imperial carriage left Yulin. On yiyou, Qimin decorated his camp and cleared the road; the Emperor visited his tent. Qimin offered the cup and wished long life; feast and gifts were extremely generous. The Emperor told the Goguryeo envoy, "Tell your king to come to court early. If not, I shall tour that land with Qimin." The empress also visited Princess Yicheng's tent. On jichou, Qimin Khan returned to his domain. On guisi, he entered Loufan Pass. On renyin, he halted at Taiyuan; an edict ordered the Jinyang Palace built.
24
On jiwei of month nine, he halted at Jiyuan and visited Grand Master Zhang Heng's house, feasting with utmost joy. On jisi, he arrived at the Eastern Capital. On renshen, Prince Yang of Qi became Governor of Henan and Palace Attendant of the First Rank with equal ceremony. On guiyou, Minister Yang Wensi became Chief Counselor.
25
涿 殿 使 使 駿使 調 姿 沿
In spring, month one, year four, on yisi, an edict drafted more than a million from Hebei to open the Yongji Canal, drawing the Qin south to the river and north to Zhuo. On gengxu, the hundred officials held the great archery contest at Yunwu Hall. On dingmao, city residents each received ten shi of grain. On renshen, Storehouse Grand Master Yuan Shou became Director of the Secretariat, and Grand Herald Yang Xuanggan Minister of Rites. On guiyou, Minister Wei Xuan became Right Martial Guard commander, and Review Grand Judge Zhangsun Chi Minister of Revenue. On jimao of month two, Usher Cui Yi was sent to Turk Chuluo for blood-sweating horses. On xinyou of month three, Master of Works Yuwen Kai became Minister of Works. On renxu, Baekje, Wa, Chitu, and Karahan sent envoys with tribute. On yichou, the imperial carriage visited Wuyuan and went beyond the frontier to tour the Long Wall. On bingyin, Garrison Agriculture Chief Chang Jun was sent to Chitu with silk gauze. In summer, month four, on bingwu, Fenyuan and Linquan of Lishi and Xiurong of Yanmen became Loufan Commandery. The Fenyang Palace was raised. On guichou, Interior Governor Zhang Dinghe became Left Garrison Guard commander. On yimao an edict said, "Qimin Khan Yilibianzhen leads his tribe, clings to the passes, obeys court ritual, and wishes to change barbarian custom. He has repeatedly entered audience and often petitioned. Felt walls and feather curtains—affairs end in wilderness and baseness; rafters above and rooms below—he wishes to share the same houses. His sincere heart is earnest—this is what I weight. At Wanshou Fort a city and houses should be built; curtains, bedding, and more given by need, generously, as I intend." In month five, on renshen, Shu obtained a three-legged crow and Zhangye a black fox, one each. In autumn, month seven, on xinsi, more than two hundred thousand laborers built the Long Wall east from Yulin Valley. On yiwei, Left Wing Guard Commander Yuwen Shu defeated Tuyuhun at Mantou and Chishui. On xinyou, the Emperor sacrificed at Mount Heng; Hebei governors all gathered. General amnesty was proclaimed; commanderies the carriage passed were exempted one year's rent and levy. On xinwei of month nine, falconers from the realm were gathered at the Eastern Capital—more than ten thousand came. On wuyin, a comet came from the Five Chariots, swept Literary Glory, and vanished at Room. On xinsi, an edict remitted one year's rent for Long Wall laborers. On bingwu of the tenth winter month an edict said, "Confucius—sage virtue was in his person; heaven's gift was born in him, and he patterned the Way of Wen and Wu; he met the age destined to order the world and embodied the uncrowned king. Yet the sigh over Mount Tui suddenly passed a thousand years; the beauty of overflowing virtue was not confined to a hundred generations. Ever thinking on his fine model, he should receive preferential honor. Confucius's descendant may be installed as Marquis Who Continues the Sage; responsible offices shall seek his lineage and report." On xinhai an edict said, "In antiquity the Zhou king descended and first enfeoffed Tang and Yu's descendants; the Han emperor inherited the succession and also ordered Yin and Zhou's descendants. All were to praise former generations and take past statutes as model. I have succeeded to the glorious enterprise and seek elegant instruction; where there is broad benefit, I follow the worthy canon. I consider Zhou combined Xia and Yin and substance and pattern were complete; Han held the realm and chariots and writing were one; Wei and Jin followed and the current of culture was not far. All should have descendants established to continue the cut off. Responsible offices shall seek their lineages and report." On yimao, new forms were promulgated throughout the realm.
26
In spring, month one, year five, on bingzi, the Eastern Capital became the Eastern Metropolis. On guiwei an edict ordered equal-field distribution." On wuzi the Emperor returned from the Eastern Metropolis to the capital.
27
使 殿
On jichou, a statute forbade iron forks, hooks, and like bladed tools among the people. Each year governors secretly reported subordinates' conduct upward. On wuxu of month two, he halted at Wen Township. An edict ordered sacrifice at ancient emperors' tombs and Kaihuang meritorious ministers' tombs. On gengzi a statute said Han-Wei and Zhou offices could not receive privilege by descent. On xinchou, Chitu sent an envoy with tribute. On wushen, the imperial carriage reached the capital. On bingchen, four hundred elders were feasted at Wude Hall and rewarded in varying degrees.
28
殿西 西殿 西 西 使 西 西 祿 西 西 殿 殿
On jiwei the Emperor faced Chongde Hall's western courtyard, somber, and said to attendants, "This was my father's dwelling—it increases feeling, and the heart is not at ease. West of this courtyard let another hall be built." On renxu, a statute allowed parents to follow sons to office. On jisi of month three, the imperial carriage toured west along the river's right bank. On gengwu the offices reported Wugong man Shi Yongzun lived with paternal cousins; the Emperor praised him, gave one hundred bolts and two hundred shi of grain, and marked his gate. On yihai, he visited the old residence at Fufeng. In summer, month four, on jihai, a great hunt was held in Longxi. On renyin, Goguryeo, Tuyuhun, and Yiwu sent envoys to court. On yisi, he halted at Didao. The Dangxiang Qiang came with tribute. On guihai, he left Linjin Pass, crossed the Yellow River, reached Xiping, and arrayed troops for martial display. On yihai of month five, the Emperor held a great hunt on Yanshan. The long encirclement ran two thousand li round. On gengchen, he entered Changning Valley. On renwu, he crossed Star Ridge. On jiashen, commandery ministers were feasted atop Gold Mountain. On bingxu a beam at Haoyan collapsed; when the imperial horse crossed the bridge broke; Attendant Huang Heng and nine labor overseers were beheaded. The Tuyuhun ruler led his masses to hold Fuyuan River. The Emperor ordered Yuan Shou south at Gold Mountain, Duan Wenzhen north at Snow Mountain, Yang Yichen east at Pipa Gorge, and Zhang Shou west at Mud Ridge—surrounding on four sides. Ruler Fuyun escaped with tens of horsemen; he sent a named king falsely claiming to be Fuyun, holding Chewo True Mountain. On renchen, an edict ordered Right Garrison Commander Zhang Dinghe to capture him. Dinghe charged to challenge battle and was killed by bandits. Sub-general Liu Wujian routed them and beheaded several hundred. On jiawu, the Immortal Head King in extremity led more than one hundred thousand men and women to surrender. On dingyou of month six, Grand Master Liang Mo and General Li Qiong were sent to pursue the Tuyuhun ruler; all met bandits and died. On guimao, he passed Great Dipper Valley. The road was narrow; they filed out in a line; wind and sleet darkened the sky, and he lost the rear palace. More than half the soldiers froze to death. On bingwu, he halted at Zhangye. On xinhai an edict said: in commanderies—learning penetrating broadly and arts excelling; strength fierce and strong, surpassing peers; diligent in office, able to govern; upright, not avoiding the powerful—recommend men in four categories. On renzi, King Qu Boya of Gaochang came to court. Yiwu Tutan She and others presented thousands of li in the Western Regions; the Emperor was greatly pleased. On guichou, Western Sea, River Source, Shanshan, and Qimo commanderies were established. On bingchen, the Emperor faced the Wind-Watching Hall and displayed cultural objects in abundance; nine department musics were played and fish-dragon entertainments set; the King of Gaochang and Tutan She were feasted with special favor. Barbarian nations in rows numbered more than thirty. On wuwu, general amnesty was proclaimed. Those banished since Kaihuang were all sent home. Jinyang rebels were excepted. Longyou commanderies received three years' exemption. In autumn, month seven, on dingmao, horse pastures were set on Qinghai shoals to seek dragon stock; it failed and stopped. On guiwei of month nine, the imperial carriage entered Chang'an. In the tenth winter month, on guihai an edict said, "Honoring virtue and respecting age is in canon; honoring those who beg words shows meaning in the school of glue. Yuxiong as teacher took no account of muscle; Fangshu the elder statesman could strengthen his plans. I ever speak of examining antiquity to seek utmost principle. Therefore hoary brows and yellow hair are again gathered; striving for simple rank and generous treatment, with medicine and food, hoping they may govern lying down and await broad benefit. Elders who assemble this year may be placed in nearby commanderies. Those seventy and above too ill for office shall receive silk and return home. Those of seventh rank and above shall receive grain salary for life." On bingzi of month eleven, the imperial carriage visited the Eastern Capital.
29
In spring, month one, year six, at dawn on guihai at the new moon, tens of robbers in white caps and plain clothes, burning incense, called themselves Maitreya Buddha.
30
使
They entered Jianguo Gate; gate guards all bowed. Then they seized guards' weapons and were about to rebel. Prince Yang of Qi met them and beheaded them. A great capital search followed; more than a thousand households were implicated. On dingchou, great wrestling shows were held on Duanmen Street; strange arts gathered a full month. The Emperor often went in plain dress to watch. On jichou, Wa sent an envoy with tribute. On yisi of month two, Officer Chen Leng and Grand Master Zhang Zhenzhou defeated Liushui. Seventeen thousand captives were presented; the hundred officials were rewarded. On yimao an edict said, "Founding the throne and royal enterprise relied on ministers sharing one heart; by this they rescued failing fortune and grasped the throne. Then merit was ranked and rewards lush, founding states and inheriting houses; sworn on mountains and rivers, transmitted without perishing. In recent loss, the four seas were not one. Fief soil was falsely granted, name and reality opposed; through long years none could reform. At fortune's beginning, measures just began, still following old rule without leisure to change. Now the realm is peaceful and writing and wheels are one.
31
使 祿 祿 西
It is fitting to follow former canon and hand down great instruction. From now, only achievement may receive enfeoffment, sons and grandsons inheriting." On bingchen, Prince Xiong of Ande became Prince of Guan, and Prince Qing of Hejian's son became Prince of Xun. On gengshen, Wei, Qi, Zhou, and Chen musicians were conscripted to the Grand Music Office. On guihai of month three, he visited Jiangdu Palace. On jiazi, Grand Herald Shi Xiang became Left Valiant Cavalry commander. In summer, month four, on dingwei, elders south of Jiang and Huai were feasted and rewarded. On xinmao of month six, Shimo and Chitu sent envoys with tribute. On renchen, Yanmen bandit Wei Wentong held Mobi Valley with three thousand; Yang Boquan defeated them. On jiayin, Jiangdu governor's rank equaled the capital intendant. In the tenth winter month, on renshen, Minister Liang Pi died. On renzi, Minister Zhangsun Chi died. On jiwei of month twelve, Grand Master Niu Hong, Minister of Civil Office, died. On xinyou, Zhuyai Wang Wanchang rebelled; Longxi governor Han Hong pacified them.
32
祿 使 涿 涿 西 祿 涿
In spring, month one, year seven, on renyin, Commander Guo Yan of Zhending died. On jiwei of month two, the Emperor ascended the fishing terrace, faced Yangzi Ford, and feasted the hundred officials. On gengshen, Baekje sent an envoy to court. On yihai, from Jiangdu he boarded the dragon boat into the Tongji Canal and visited Zhuo Commandery. On renwu an edict said, "War has seven virtues, first settling the people; in government six roots, raising them through teaching and righteousness. Goguryeo failed vassal ritual; I shall question their crime east of Liao and spread strategy. Though bearing punitive war, still the matter saves labor. Now going to Zhuo to tour and comfort custom. Of Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong, those ninety and above receive honorary governor; eighty and above, honorary magistrate. On dinghai of month three, Grand Master Yao Bian died. In summer, month four, on gengwu, he visited Linshuo Palace of Zhuo. On wuzi of month five, Wuwei governor Fan Zigai became Minister of the People. In autumn, great floods; more than thirty Shandong and Henan commanderies flooded, and people sold one another as slaves. In the tenth winter month, on yimao, Mount Dizhu collapsed and water reversed tens of li. On wuwu, Dongping governor Tu Wanxu became Left Garrison Guard commander. On jiyou of month twelve, Turk Chuluo Dolikhan came to court; the Emperor received him with special ritual.
33
Liaodong soldiers and transport bearers clogged the road day and night. Those suffering forced labor first became bandits. On jiazi, commandants and valiant hawks with prefectures and counties should pursue and behead on capture.
34
涿
In spring, month one, year eight, on xinsi, the great army gathered at Zhuo. Minister Duan Wenzhen became Left Martial Guard commander. On renwu an edict said: Heaven and earth's great virtue sends heavy frost in autumn; the sage's utmost benevolence sets armor in the canon of punishments. Thus creation has stern killing, meaning lies in selflessness; an emperor's use of weapons is surely not by choice. At Banyuan and Danpu, all were campaigns of punishment; taking disorder and overthrowing darkness—all followed compliant movement.
35
At Sweet Marsh the host swore—Xia Qi inherited Yu's enterprise; at Shang's outskirts guilt was questioned—Zhou Fa completed Wen's aim. Eternally mirroring records, it falls on me. Our Sui was born receiving the numinous mandate. Joining three powers to establish the pole, six harmonies as one house. Where the border reaches, beyond Fine Willow and Flat Peach; transforming teaching extends to purple tongue and yellow branch lands. Far and near secure, all harmonized; achievement complete and order settled—there it lies.
36
西 使
Yet Goguryeo, a petty villain, is deluded and disrespectful. Massing between Bo and Jie, devouring Liao and Hui. Though Han and Wei exterminated them, nests were briefly disturbed; through disorder, tribes gathered again. gathering in rivers and marshes from former ages, sowing thick to now. Cherishing Hua soil, cutting it into barbarian kind. Years long, evil ripe and full; Heaven punishes excess, perishing omens appear; violating norms and ruining virtue—not fully plottable; hiding evil, never enough in a day. stern notices never received face to face; court audience, unwilling to attend in person. enticing fugitive rebels, knowing no limit; filling borders, repeatedly tiring beacons. passes unrestful, people lost their trades. Past thin campaigns already leaked Heaven's net. Slackened on birds caught before, not punishing later submission. They never cherished grace but turned long evil. Then they joined the Khitan faction. earnestly slaughtering coastal garrisons; accustomed to Mohe dress, raiding Liao west. Again beyond blue hills all repaired tribute; on the blue sea's edge, together received the calendar. then again seizing tribute, blocking coming and going; cruelty reaching innocents, sincerity meeting disaster. carriage envoys reached sea east; where banners halted, the route passed frontiers; yet they blocked roads and refused the king's men. No heart to serve the ruler—how is this ministers' ritual? If this can be borne, what cannot! Moreover laws are harsh, levies heavy. Powerful ministers hold the state balance; factions comparing, thereby custom. bribes like a market, wrongs unvoiced.
37
Added to years of disaster, every house hungry; weapons never ceasing, corvée without end. strength exhausted in transport, bodies filling gullies. The people sorrowful—whom should they follow? Within borders mournful, unable to bear ruin. Turning inward, each cherishing life; old and young alike sigh cruel poison. Observing custom, bending to dark north; consoling people, questioning guilt—no second carriage. Personally marshaling six hosts to declare nine punishments. rescuing brink peril, following Heaven; exterminating fleeing filth, completing former plan. Now give laws and march, divide banners and reach roads; covering Bo sea with thunder, reaching Fuyu with lightning. Resting armor, waiting for oath then marching; three orders five announcements—victory then battle. Left first army: Loufang circuit; second: Changcen; third: Haiming; fourth: Gaima; fifth: Jian'an; sixth: Nansu; seventh: Liaodong; eighth: Xuantu; ninth: Fuyu; tenth: Chaoxian; eleventh: Woju; twelfth: Lelang; Right first army: Nianchan circuit; second: Hanzhi; third: Hunmi; fourth: Lintun; fifth: Houcheng; sixth: Tixi; seventh: Tadun; eighth: Sushen; ninth: Jieshi; tenth: Dongshi; eleventh: Daifang; twelfth: Xiangping. All these hosts first received temple strategy. Continuously leading, all gathering at Pyongyang. All like wolves in courage, hundred victories in valor. A glance and mountains crumble; a shout and clouds surge. Heart and belly alike, claws and teeth present.
38
I personally drive the main army as controller. Crossing Liao east, following the sea's right. untying suspension in distant lands, asking hardship among survivors. Outside, light baggage roaming passes, following opportunity; rolled armor, gags in mouth, striking unexpected. Also Blue Sea army, ships a thousand li; high sails like lightning, great ships like clouds. crossing Ju River straight to Pyongyang. hope of islands cut off, pit roads ended. Rest with disheveled hair, bent bows awaiting; Wei, Lu, Peng, Pu hosts, not differing in words. Staff facing rebels, each a hundredfold brave—with such masses, momentum crushes dry wood. Yet a king's army—righteousness stops killing; a sage's teaching must overcome cruelty. Heaven's punishment has guilt; the root is the chief villain; many crimes—coerced followers without reason. If Gao Yuan mud head at the gate, surrendering, untie and burn palladium and spread grace. The rest wishing to submit, comfort and soothe, each secure, employed without barbarian-Hua barrier. Where camps halt, strive for order; Yao and Shun had prohibitions—violate not a hair. to spread grace, to show fortune and calamity. If aiding evil and resisting troops, constant punishment—leave none. Clearly announce, matching my intent!
39
使
In total 1,133,800; called two million; supply troops doubled it. On guiwei the first host departed; after forty days armies were out. Banners stretched a thousand li—such army grandeur never was. On yiwei, Right Martial Guard Commander Wei Xuan became Minister of Punishments. On jiachen, Director Yuan Shou died. On jiayin of month two an edict said, "I observe wind in Yan, question guilt at Liao—civil and martial join, claws eager; all holding weapons, leaving families for service. Few stored grain, also abandoning sowing. I evening-vigilant, fearing their want. Though long-fed troops forget private interest; those pleased in service deserve thick treatment.
40
使 祿 祿 西
Households from First Rank down, Rapid Flight up—commanderies should inquire. If grain is short, all should be relieved. If poor cannot plow, rich houses with many sons should assist. Let dwellers have stores, marchers not fear behind." On renxu, Minister of Works, Capital Intendant, Prince Xiong of Guan died. On xinmao of month three, Minister Duan Wenzhen died. On guisi, the Emperor faced the army. On jiawu, he approached the army at Liao River bridge. On wuxu the great army was blocked by bandits and could not cross. Right Garrison Commander Mai Tiezhang, Officers Qian Shixiong, Meng Jincha, and others died. On jiawu the carriage crossed Liao; battle on the east bank routed bandits, and the advance surrounded Liaodong. On yiwei, a major halt. Two great birds were seen, over a zhang tall, white with red feet, swimming at ease. The Emperor marveled and ordered them painted and eulogy erected. On wuwu of month five Counselor Yang Da died; each general received orders and dared not exceed his brief. Soon Goguryeo fortified each city; attacks failed. On jiwei of month six he visited Liaodong, rebuked generals, halted west of the city, and faced Liuhe City. On renwu of month seven Yuwen Shu was defeated at Sashui; General Xue Shixiong died. Nine armies fell; the host fled, losing over a thousand horsemen. On guimao, the army returned. On gengchen of month nine he reached the Eastern Capital; on jichou an edict said, "Army and state differ; saving peril, hegemon virtue rises; transforming people, then the kingly Way is honored. When settling disorder, butchers could enter court; when the age is peaceful, classics precede office. When Fengdu was founded, Confucian dress had no Zhou rank; in Jianwu, merit ministers did not join civil posts. Since three regions were not one, four seas contended; no leisure for civil teaching—only martial achievement honored. Offices rarely went by talent; court and government came from merit ordering. All were pulled from marching ranks, brave men.
41
調 祿 姿
Learning they did not practice; government methods had nothing to take. Right and wrong were dark; authority was monopolized by clerks. Greedy for bribes without limit; corrupt government harming people came from this. From now, merit offices may not receive civil or martial posts. Perhaps following restringing, like tuning a zither; seeking name and regulation without harming fine brocade. If Civil Office rashly proposes use, the censor should impeach." In the tenth winter month, on wuyin, Minister Yuwen Kai died. On jimao of month eleven, Princess Huarong married the King of Gaochang. On xinsi, Grand Master Han Shou died. On jiashen, defeated generals Yuwen Shu and Yu Zhongwen were stripped of rank; Vice Director Liu Shilong was beheaded. That year drought and plague killed many, especially in Shandong. A secret edict inspected fine girls in Jiang and Huainan; each year they were tribute.
42
涿
In spring, month one, year nine, on dingchou, soldiers were conscripted and valiant fruit gathered at Zhuo. On renwu, bandits Du Yanyong and Wang Run seized Pingyuan and plundered. On xinmao, colonel posts were established to command valiant fruit.
43
On yiwei, Li Deyi of Pingyuan gathered tens of thousands as Uncle Bandit and raided Shandong. Lingwu Bai Yu called himself Slave Bandit and raided horses; linking north with Turks, Longyou suffered. General Fan Gui attacked for years without success. On wuxu, general amnesty. On jihai, Prince You of Dai and Minister Wei Xuan guarded the capital. On xinchou, General Li Hun became Right Valiant Cavalry commander. On jiwei of month two, Han Jinluo of Jibei gathered tens of thousands. On renwu, Yuwen Shu was restored; soldiers again attacked Goguryeo. On bingzi of month three, Meng Haigong of Jibei raised troops, tens of thousands. On dingchou, a hundred thousand laborers walled Daxing. On wuyin, he visited Liaodong. Prince Tong of Yue and Minister Fan Zigai guarded the Eastern Capital. On gengzi, Guo Fangyu of Beihai gathered thirty thousand, called himself Duke Lu, seized the commandery, and plundered. In summer, month four, on gengwu, the carriage crossed Liao. On renshen, Yuwen Shu and Yang Yichen hurried to Pyongyang. On dingchou of month five, Mars entered the Southern Dipper. On jimao, Zhen Baoche of Jibei gathered ten thousand and raided cities.
44
祿
On yisi of month six, Minister Yang Xuanggan rebelled at Liyang. On bingchen, Xuanggan pressed the Eastern Capital. Henan Assistant Pei Hongce resisted but was defeated. On wuchen, Vice Minister Husiwenzheng fled to Goguryeo. On gengwu, the army returned. Goguryeo attacked the rear; Li Jing was rear guard; Yuwen Shu and Qu Tu Tong were sent to attack Xuanggan. In autumn, month seven, on jimao, people were sent to wall counties and posts. On guiwei, Liu Yuanjin of Yuhang raised tens of thousands. On renyin of month eight, Yuwen Shu defeated Yang Xuanggan at Wen Township and beheaded him. The remainder was pacified. On guimao, Zhu Xie and Guan Chong held a hundred thousand and raided the river left. On jiachen, valiant fruit households were exempted from tax. On dingwei, cities far from the road should be moved nearer. On wushen, bandit households were confiscated. On yimao, Chen Zhen and thirty thousand seized Xin'an. On xinyou, Minister Zhao Yuansu was executed.
45
On jimao of month nine, Wu Hailiu and Peng Xiaocai raised tens of thousands. On gengchen, Liang Huishang gathered forty thousand and seized Cangwu. On jiawu, the carriage halted at Shanggu. Supplies failed; the Emperor dismissed Governor Yu He and others.
46
On dingyou, Li Saner and Xiang Danzi raised over ten thousand. In the intercalary month, on jisi, he visited Boling. On gengwu he told attendants, "I followed the late court here at eight. Days do not stay; three cycles passed; the past cannot return. Before words ended, he sobbed. Attendants wept, soaking lapels. In the tenth winter month, on dingchou, Lu Mingxing surrounded Dong Commandery; Fei Qingnu beheaded him. On yiyou an edict said, "Boling was Ding Province, a vital point; the former king tested here, transformation far away. its Way crowns the Bin ode, above Yao's city. I tour the people and come here, cherishing halt. I think to spread favor below; exalt titles to glorify succession. Boling may become Gaoyang; amnesty and three years' exemption." Former Gaozu officials were summoned and appointed by talent. On renchen, Counselor Su Wei became Palace Attendant of the First Rank. Zhu Xie and Guan Chong made Liu Yuanjin emperor; Tu Wanxu attacked for years without success. Meng Rang and Wang Bo held Changbai Mountain with a hundred thousand. Zhang Jincheng, Ge Qian as Prince of Yan, and Sun Xuanya as Prince of Qi each had a hundred thousand; Shandong suffered. On dinghai, General Guo Rong became Right Martial Guard commander. On jiyou of month eleven, Feng Xiaoci attacked Zhang Jincheng at Qinghe, was defeated, and died. On jiachen of month twelve, Jishan and more than ten associates were quartered and their ashes scattered. On dinghai, Xiang Haiming of Fufeng rebelled, called himself emperor, era White Crow.
47
Grand Master Yang Yichen was sent and defeated them.
48
退 使 西 浿 便 便使
In spring, month one, year ten, on jiayin, a clanswoman became Princess of Trust and married the Turk Yisake Khan. On xinwei of month two, an edict ordered deliberation on Goguryeo; for days none spoke. On wuzi an edict said, "Exhausting strength in service, giving body to war—all from righteousness, all diligent. Life to grass, bones in the wild; speaking brings sighs; each holds pity. Former years questioning guilt, the army neared Liao; temple strategy had advance and halt. Yet Liang was deluded, not knowing success or failure; Gao Feng was obstinate, without strategy. Facing three armies as child's play, lives as grass; not following rules, causing retreat. The dead were many, unburied. Now envoys should collect and bury by routes. Establish sacrifice in Liaoxi and one ritual ground. Grace to mounds, easing poor souls; favor to dry bones, spreading kindness." On xinmao an edict said: The Yellow Emperor fought fifty-two battles, Cheng Tang twenty-seven campaigns, then orders ran through the realm; Lu Fang was petty, yet the Han Founder still fought; Wei Xiao's embers, yet Guangwu climbed Long himself. Did they not wish to end violence, toiling first and resting after? I have succeeded and face the realm; what sun and moon shine on, wind and rain moisten; who is not my minister—only separated from teaching. Tiny Goguryeo in remote wilds; owl-spreading, insulting and slow; raiding borders, pressing towns. Therefore last year the army questioned guilt at Liao; killing the serpent at Xuantu, the boar at Xiangping. Fuyu hosts, wind-fast; pursuing north, crossing the Pae River. Blue Sea ships struck the rebels' heart; burning walls, defiling palaces. Gao Yuan presented shackles, sending sincerity at the gate. Soon he asked to enter court and return guilt to law. Considering his reform, I ordered return. Yet he favored evil, feasting in poisoned ease. If this can be borne, what cannot. At once six hosts, a hundred routes advancing. I shall hold the martial baton and face all hosts; feed horses at Jiudu, display troops at Liao; following Heaven's punishment, saving people from inverted hanging. Campaign to correct; bright virtue to execute; only remove the chief villain, the rest not questioned. If any understand survival, turn north, they seek fortune. If aiding evil and resisting the royal host, punishment without pardon. Offices should announce so all know.
49
涿 使
On dingyou, Tang Bi of Fufeng rebelled with a hundred thousand, made Li Hong emperor, and called himself Prince of Tang. On renzi of month three, he traveled to Zhuo. On guihai, he halted at Linyu Palace. He wore martial dress, sacrificed to the Yellow Emperor, and beheaded rebels for the drums. In summer, month four, on xinwei, Zhang Dabiao held Boxian Mountain; Dong Chun defeated and beheaded him. On jiawu, the carriage halted at Beiping. On gengzi of month five, each commandery presented ten filial and honest men. On renyin, Song Shimou seized Langye. On gengshen, Liu Galun of Yan'an rebelled, era Great Age. On xinwei of month six, Zheng Wenya and Lin Baohu seized Jian'an; Governor Yang Jingxiang died. In autumn, month seven, on guichou, the carriage halted at Huaiyuan. On yimao, Cao sent tribute.
50
使 祿
On jiazi, Goguryeo requested surrender and sent Husiwenzheng bound. The Emperor was greatly pleased. On jisi of month eight, the army returned. Right Guard General Zheng Rong died. In the tenth winter month, on dingmao, he reached the Eastern Capital. On jichou, he returned to the capital. On bingshen of month eleven, Husiwenzheng was dismembered outside Golden Light Gate. On yisi, sacrifice was made at the southern suburb. On jiyou, Sima Chang'an broke Changping. On yimao, Liu Miaowang of Lishi rebelled, masses tens of thousands. General Pan Changwen could not overcome them. That month, Wang Deren held Linlu Mountain with tens of thousands. On renshen of month twelve, he went to the Eastern Capital; that day general amnesty. On wuzi, he entered the Eastern Capital. On gengyin, Meng Rang held Duliang Palace with a hundred thousand. Wang Shichong defeated them and captured all.
51
使
In spring, month one, year eleven, on jiawu at the new moon, the hundred officials were feasted. Turks, Silla, Mohe, Tukhara, Kucha, Khotan, An, Cao, Khitan, and other states sent envoys with tribute. On wuxu, Gao Jianpi defeated Yan Xuanzheng at Qi and captured thousands. On yimao, barbarians assembled; fish-dragon entertainments; rewards in varying degrees. On wuchen of month two, Yang Zhongxu attacked Beiping; Li Jing beheaded them.
52
使
On gengwu an edict said, "Setting barriers is in former classics; heavy gates repelling violence is in past plans. Therefore securing the state and strengthening the root. Yet in recent wars, dwellers scattered, walls unrepaired. Thus idleness multiplied and raids did not cease.
53
使 穿
Now the realm is one, the interior peaceful; order people to dwell in cities and fields by nearness. Let strong and weak aid each other; burglars have no place; reeds cannot gather fugitives. Offices shall make regulations so affairs obtain place." On bingzi, Wang Xuba rebelled, state Yan. Wei Daoer called himself Mountain Flying, each with a hundred thousand, linking Turks and raiding Zhao.
54
祿祿
On guimao, Li Hun and Li Min were killed and clans exterminated.
55
西 祿 輿 使
On guimao, Sima Chang'an broke Xihe. On jiyou, he visited Taiyuan and summered at Fenyang Palace. In autumn, month seven, on jihai, Zhang Qixu of Huainan raised thirty thousand. On xinchou, Grand Master Zhang Shou died. In month eight, on yimao, he toured the northern frontier. On wuchen, Shibi Khan led hundreds of thousands planning to strike the carriage; Princess Yicheng sent word of the plot. On renshen, the carriage galloped to Yanmen. On guiyou, Turks surrounded the city; troops fought without success. The Emperor wished to burst out with elite horsemen; Minister Fan Zigai remonstrated, and he stopped. Prince Yang of Qi held the rear at Guo County. On jiashen, an edict conscripted soldiers from all commanderies. Governors and magistrates each came to the crisis. On jiachen of month nine, Turks lifted the siege. On dingwei, partial amnesty for Taiyuan and Yanmen. In the tenth winter month, on renxu, he reached the Eastern Capital. On dingmao, Wei Qilin of Pengcheng raided Lu. On renshen, Lu Mingyue gathered a hundred thousand and raided Chen and Ru. Li Zitong crossed the Huai, called himself Prince of Chu, and raided Jiangdu. On yimao of month eleven, Wang Xuba broke Gaoyang. On wuyin of month twelve, a great meteor fell in Lu Mingyue's camp. On gengchen, Fan Zigai attacked Jing Pantuo and Chai Baochang for years without success. Zhu Can of Qiao held hundreds of thousands, called himself Emperor of Chu. Many commanderies south of the Han fell to him.
56
使 殿
In spring, month one, year twelve, on jiawu, Zhai Songbai of Yanmen raised tens of thousands. On jiwei of month two, Zhenla sent tribute. At midnight on jiazi, two great birds flew into the Hall of Great Accomplishment and departed at dawn.
57
祿 祿 退 西
On guihai, Lu Gongxuan of Donghai held Cang Mountain with ten thousand. In summer, month four, on dingsi, Xianyang Gate burned. On guihai, Zhen Zhai'er called himself Mountain Flying and raided Taiyuan. General Pan Changwen was defeated and died. On bingxu at the new moon of month five, total eclipse. On guisi, a great meteor fell in Wu and became stone. On renwu, at Jinghua Palace he sought fireflies and at night released them, light filling valleys. In autumn, month seven, on renxu, Minister Fan Zigai of Jibei died. On jiazi, he visited Jiangdu; Prince Tong, Duan Da, Yuan Wenzong, Wei Jin, Huangfu Wuyi, and Lu Chu were left in charge. Attendant Cui Minxiang memorialized at Jianguo Gate that touring was not fitting. The Emperor cut off his face, then beheaded him. On wuchen, Sun Hua of Fufeng raised troops. Defender Xi Bao'che rebelled; southern caves responded. On jisi, Mars guarded the Feathered Forest over a month. At Sishui, Wang Airen remonstrated to return west.
58
祿
The Emperor beheaded him and went on. On yisi of month eight, Zhao Wanhai from Hengshan raided Gaoyang. On renzi, a great meteor came from Wangliang, sound like a collapsing wall. On guichou, a great meteor like a jar came from the Feathered Forest. On dingyou of month nine, Du Fuwei and Shen Midiji made disorder; Chen Leng defeated them. On wuwu, two crooked arrows came from the Big Dipper toward the Southern Dipper. On renxu, Li Feishixiong of Anding rebelled and called himself general. In the tenth winter month, on jichou, Yuwen Shu died.
59
西
On guiwei of month twelve, Cao Tiancheng seized Yuzhang. On yiyou, Lai Hu'er became Palace Attendant, acting Left Wing Guard commander. On renchen, Lin Shihong called himself emperor of Chu, era Great Peace. He seized Jiujiang and Luling. The Duke of Tang defeated Zhen Zhai'er at Xihe and captured a thousand.
60
祿 祿
In spring, month one, year thirteen, on renzi, Du Fuwei seized Liyang. On bingchen, Dou Jiande called himself Prince of Changle at Lesou. On xinsi, Xu Yuanlang broke Dongping. Honghua man Dao Cheng gathered ten thousand as bandits; neighboring commanderies suffered. On renwu of month two, Liang Shidu killed Tang Shizong and rebelled as Grand Chancellor. Zhang Shilong was sent but defeated. On wuzi, Wang Ziying broke Shanggu. On jichou, Liu Wuzhou killed Wang Rengong, linked Turks, and called himself Dingyang Khan. On gengyin, Li Mi and Zhai Rang seized Xingluo Granary. Prince Tong sent Liu Changgong and Fang Zha; fifteen or sixteen in ten died. On gengzi, Li Mi called himself Duke of Wei, era year one; opened granaries to relieve masses, reaching hundreds of thousands. Henan commanderies in succession fell. On renyin, Liu Wuzhou defeated Wang Zhibian at Sanggan; Zhibian died. On wuwu of month three, Zhang Zilu rebelled; Chen Leng pacified them.
61
西 祿
On dingchou, Li Tongde raided Lujiang; Zhang Zhenzhou defeated them. In summer, month four, on guiwei, Xue Ju rebelled as Hegemon of Western Qin. He seized Longyou commanderies. On jichou, Meng Rang burned Fengdu Market at the Eastern Capital. On guisi, Li Mi seized Huiluo East Granary. On dingyou, Fang Xianbo seized Yiyin. That month, Pei Renji, Zhao Tuo, and others joined Li Mi. On xinyou night a meteor fell at Jiangdu; on jiazi the Duke of Tang raised army at Taiyuan. On bingyin, Turks raided Taiyuan; the Duke of Tang defeated them. In autumn, month seven, on renzi, Mars guarded Corpse Accumulation. On bingchen, Li Gui of Wuwei rebelled as Prince of Liang. On xinsi of month eight, the Duke of Tang defeated Song Laosheng at Huoyi and beheaded him. On jichou of month nine, the Emperor conscripted Jiangdu women and widows for followers. That month, Yuan Baozang of Wuyang rebelled with the commandery to Li Mi and seized Liyang Granary with Li Wenxiang. A comet appeared at the Encampment. In the tenth winter month, on dinghai, Yang Shiluo of Taiyuan gathered more than ten thousand. They raided walled towns.
62
On bingshen, Xiao Xian of Luo rebelled with the county; Dong Jingzhen of Poyang rebelled with the commandery, welcomed Xian at Luo, called him Prince of Liang, and seized neighboring commanderies.
63
殿
On wuxu, Officer Gao Pi defeated Zhen Baoche of Jibei at Jian Mountain. On bingchen of month eleven, the Duke of Tang entered the capital. He raised a palace at Danyang, intending to withdraw south. Crows nested on the canopy; driving failed. Mars violated the Supreme Palace Enclosure. A stone floated into the Yangzi; sunlight like blood; the Emperor hated it. In month three, year two, Yuwen Huaji, Sima Dekan, Yuan Li, Pei Qiantong, Yuwen Zhiqi, Zhao Xingshu, Meng Jing, Yuan Min, Li Fu, Ni Fangyu, Li Xiaoben, Xu Hongren, Xue Shiliang, Tang Fengyi, Zhang Kai, and others rebelled with valiant fruit and violated the palace. The Emperor died in the Warm Room at fifty. Empress Xiao ordered bed mats for a coffin. After Huaji left, Chen Leng buried him below Wu Gong Terrace. At encoffining, his appearance was as in life; all marveled. After Tang pacified Jiangnan, he was reburied at Leitang. At first, as frontier prince and second for succession, he feigned conduct for empty fame, secretly planning to seize the throne.
64
使 使
Gaozu valued Empress Wenxian, who was jealous of concubines; Crown Prince Yong had many favorites and lost love. Crown Prince Yong had many favorites and lost love. Sons in the rear court he did not raise, to win the empress. Great ministers in power he befriended. Palace envoys received thick gifts regardless of rank. Servants all called him benevolent and filial. He often secretly entered the inner palace and plotted with the empress. Yang Su and others fanned flames, completing deposing and installing. From Gaozu's grave illness through mourning, he was unrestrained. When the tomb was completed, he at once toured. Considering the realm long peaceful, horses and weapons full. He admired Qin Shi Huang and Han Wu Di. He lavishly ordered palaces to utmost extravagance. He recruited travelers and sent them to earth's ends. When barbarians arrived, he richly gifted; if disrespectful, he struck with troops. He raised garrison agriculture beyond Jade Gate and Willow City. He charged wealthy houses to market military horses at vast prices. Nine in ten rich households froze and starved.
65
西
His nature was much deceitful. Places he favored, he wished none to know; each favored place had several halt routes. Rare delicacies of the four seas were prepared. Market seekers came from afar. Officials competed to present food; the generous were promoted; the sparing were punished. Wicked clerks drained inside and outside; extortion left people no livelihood. Army and state had many affairs without leisure. The Emperor was arrogant, hating government; wrongs went unjudged; memorials rarely decided. He suspected ministers, specializing in none. If a minister displeased him, he framed guilt and exterminated clan. Gao Feng and He Ruobi planned in the tent; Zhang Heng and Li Jincai were old fief retainers. He hated their straight Way; seeking formless guilt, adding execution. The rest served with full ritual; innocents wrongly exterminated cannot be counted. Government lax, bribes open, none dared speak. Six armies did not rest, corvées flourished; marchers did not return, dwellers lost trades; people ate one another, settlements ruins, and he did not pity. Touring east and west without fixed dwelling; when supplies failed, he collected years of levies in advance. Where he arrived, only with the rear palace he indulged. He welcomed old women for ugly talk morning and evening. He brought youths to disorder with palace women. Unorthodox conduct he took as entertainment. Within the realm bandits swarmed; plundering attendants, slaughtering towns. Near ministers hid bandit numbers. If any spoke of many bandits, he was rebuked. Each sought escape; above and below deceived. Whenever armies went out, defeat followed. Soldiers gave full strength without reward; common people without guilt were slaughtered. Masses accumulated resentment; the realm collapsed; when captured, he still had not awakened.
66
Emperor Gong, taboo name You, was the Yuande Crown Prince's son. His mother was Consort Wei. He was intelligent, with bearing and capacity. In Daye year three he was made Prince of Chen. After years he became Prince of Dai. When the Emperor campaigned on Liaodong, he oversaw the capital. In year eleven he followed to Jinyang, became Taiyuan governor, and guarded the capital. When the righteous army entered Chang'an, Yang was Supreme Emperor and You succeeded.
67
殿 祿使 滿 西
In month eleven, Righteous Pacification year one, on renxu, the Emperor took the throne at the Hall of Great Accomplishment. An edict said, "The kingly Way is lost; Heaven's steps are not at peace; entrusted to me, I meet hundred calamities. In swaddling years I met loss; in infant years the Supreme Emperor was cast beyond. Speaking moves feeling; guilt lies in the breast. Grand Commandant the Duke of Tang gathered righteous troops and aided the house. He received the edict, assisted my infancy; Heaven's awesomeness near. Facing the honored title, grieving heart lost design; one man far away, three refusals failed; diligently facing south, no place to set the body. If it profits altars, none dares oppose; bowing to deliberation, I follow the sacred edict. General amnesty may be proclaimed. Change Daye year thirteen to Righteous Pacification year one. Before dawn on month eleven day sixteen, capital crimes and below are pardoned; regular amnesty exceptions stand outside." On jiazi, the Duke of Tang became acting Yellow Axe, area commander, Director, Great Chancellor, Prince of Tang. On bingyin an edict said, "I am an infant, not yet out of the deep palace; the Supreme Emperor tours afar. The time meets hardships; I am entrusted with the pole; refusal failed; I respectfully face court. As crossing a great river, I know not how; the people's truth I have never heard. Relying on arms joining, the chief minister worthy; assisting the young, mending lack. Army and state affairs, nothing small or large; civil and martial posts without rank barrier; statutes and punishments return to the chancellor. Many achievements congeal there." On jisi, Jian'cheng was made Heir of Tang; the Prince of Dunhuang became Intendant, changed to Prince of Qin; Yuanji was Prince of Qi.
68
Taiyuan had Fortress Pacifying the North established. On yihai, Kang Laohe of Zhangye rebelled. On guiwei of month twelve, Xue Ju raided Fufeng; the Prince of Qin defeated him. On dinghai, Cao Wuche of Guiyang rebelled, era Universal Sage. On dingyou, the army captured Qu Tu Tong at Wen Township. On yisi, Zhang Shian seized Lujiang.
69
殿
In spring, month one, year two, on dingwei, the Prince of Tang received sword in hall and full honors.
70
祿宿 西
On renxu, Wang Shichong was defeated by Li Mi; Meng Shanyi, Wang Bian, and others died. On gengxu, Dugu Wudu of Heyang surrendered to Li Mi. On bingchen of month three, Yuwen Huaji killed the Supreme Emperor at Jiangdu. Right Imperial Guard General Dugu Sheng died. Prince Yang of Qi, Prince Gao of Zhao, Prince Tan of Yan, Yuwen Xie, Yu Shiji, Pei Yun, and Xu Shansin were harmed. Huaji installed Prince Hao of Qin as emperor and called himself Grand Chancellor. Mai Cai and Shen Guang plotted against Huaji and were killed. On wuchen, the Nine Bestowals were prepared for the Prince of Tang. Tang set offices according to old forms. On yisi at the new moon of month five, the Prince of Tang's cap had twelve tassels and Son of Heaven banners; guard and prohibition, Golden Root carriage, five seasonal chariots; dance eight rows, set bells and music. Queen, princes, and princesses followed old canon. On wuwu an edict said, "Heaven's calamity—the Grand Emperor met bandits at Jiangdu. Pitying my infant self, revenge cannot be declared. Chancellor the Duke of Tang saves peril; from north to south, east and west campaign. gathering nine unifications, deciding a hundred victories. leading barbarian and Hua, sheltering the people; protecting my person, only the prince is relied on. Virtue equals creation, achievement reaches heaven; the myriad turn hearts, succession is here; forced to be minister, violating Heaven's mandate. Now fortune departs—please yield the worthy road. Privately I order the carriage to return to the fief. I was Prince of Dai; Heaven's abandonment was not expected. Perhaps relying on antiquity's sage to execute four villains; fortunate to meet renewal's grace, filling three guest ranks. Wash shame for the ancestor, guard sacrifices as filial grandson; hearing in the morning, dying at evening without regret. Now following story, yielding at the old residence. All officials should change service to Great Tang. Follow former canon and hurry the honored title. If releasing heavy burden, moved and at peace. By the true man's hand, let rebels be removed." Still ordering: memorials must not be heard. That day, the Emperor yielded to Great Tang. He was made Duke of Xi. In summer, month five, Wude year two, he died at fifteen.
71
The historiographer says: In youth he had high aim; south he pacified Wu and Hui, north he repelled Xiongnu—among brothers he alone showed achievement. He feigned feeling, displaying wickedness; he won the empress and moved Wen's deliberation. Heaven began disorder, and he rose to heir.
72
輿 鹿
He trod glorious foundation and received fine mandate. Land broad as three dynasties, awe shaking eight cords. The Shanyu bowed forehead; Yuechang sent translation. Red-deficit coins overflowed the capital; red-rotten grain filled below passes. Bearing rich resources, he unleashed insatiable desire. He narrowed Yin and Zhou, esteemed Qin and Han. Trusting talent, arrogant and fierce, bright virtue obscured. Within dangerous impatience; outward frozen simplicity. Lavish robes to block wickedness; removing remonstrance officials. Dissolute without measure, laws ever more manifest; teaching cut four bonds, punishments joined five cruelties. He executed flesh and blood and butchered the loyal. Those rewarded saw no achievement; those slaughtered heard no crime. Arrogant armies moved repeatedly; earth and wood did not cease. He frequently went to Shuofang and thrice drove to Liao. Banners ten thousand li, levies a hundred ends. Wicked clerks encroached; people could not bear mandate. Then violent levies, harsh law, and weapons supervised—thereafter none could live. Soon Xuanggan began at Liyang; Xiongnu besieged Yanmen. The Son of Heaven abandoned the middle land for Yang and Yue. Villains rode opportunity; strong overawed weak; passes closed; the carriage did not return. Added to armies and plague—seventeen or eighteen died in gullies. Thereupon they gathered like quail, bristling and rising. Great ones crossed provinces, calling themselves emperor; small ones raided cities in thousands. Blood became rivers; dead like hemp; those cooking could not dissect bones; those eating had no time to change children. Vast nine lands became a field for elk; trembling people became snake and boar's bait. Four directions, documents continued. Still he said rat theft, insufficient for worry; above and below deceived; none thought on disorder. He roused mayfly wings, exhausting night's pleasure. Earth collapsed; evil full and wicked ripe.
73
All under Heaven, none not enemy; left and right all became enemy states. In the end he did not awaken, like Wangyi; thus with ten thousand chariots' honor he died by a common man. Hundreds of millions had none grateful; nine provinces had no hastening troops. Sons met execution; bones abandoned unburied.
74
Altars overturned, root and branch extinguished. From records to now, never so extreme as this. The Documents says, "Heaven makes calamity, still it may be avoided; self-made calamity cannot be escaped." The Record says, "Fortune lies in men; prodigies do not arise in vain." It also says, "War is like fire; if not stilled it burns itself." Observing Sui's survival—this saying has proof. Emperor Gong was still young, meeting the house's metal hardship. One man lost virtue, earth collapsed; bandits rose, wolves filled the road; Southern Nest went, Liuxi did not return. Having reached the hundred-six's term, songs had their lord, pipes changed sound. Though wishing not to follow Yao and Shun, how could it be obtained.
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