1
陳書卷三十五
Book of Chen, Volume 35
2
列傳第二十九
Biography 29
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Xiong Tanlang came from Nanchang in Yuzhang; for generations his house had been a leading clan of the commandery. Tanlang was wild and ungoverned, powerfully built, and striking in looks. In the Hou Jing uprising he slowly gathered youths, took Fengcheng county for a stockade, and fierce raiders flocked to him. Emperor Yuan of Liang made him administrator of Bashan. After Jingzhou fell his forces grew; he raided neighboring counties, bound commoners and sold them, and was the worst plague in the hills.
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When Hou Zhen held Yuzhang, Tanlang feigned obedience while plotting against him in secret. When Hou Fang'er turned on Zhen, Tanlang masterminded it; after Zhen's defeat Tanlang took a great haul of horses, arms, women, and children. When Xiao Bo crossed the range, Ouyang Wei led the van; Tanlang tricked Wei into a joint strike on Huang Fading in Bashan while telling Fading they would crush Wei together, with the bargain, "If we win, the horses and gear are mine." On campaign he moved in concert with Wei, then lied again: "Yu Xiaoqing means to ambush you—we must keep a hidden reserve; with so little armor I fear we cannot manage." Wei sent three hundred suits of armor to help. At the walls, about to engage, Tanlang pretended flight; Fading pressed in; Wei lost his support and broke in disorder; Tanlang seized the horses and arms and went home. Chen Ding of Bashan also held men in a fort; Tanlang falsely offered his daughter to Ding's son. He told Ding, "Zhou Di and Yu Xiaoqing both oppose this match—you must send a strong escort to fetch the bride." Ding sent three hundred elite troops and twenty local magnates to escort her; when they came Tanlang seized them, took horse and gear, and set a ransom.
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In Shaotai year 2 (556), as a southern-river strongman he was made roaming-cavalry general by precedent. Soon he received the credential staff, was made fierce-whirlwind general with acting authority as inspector of Gui, held Fengcheng as magistrate, and in turn governed Yixin and Yuzhang. Wang Lin sent Li Xiaoqin and others with Yu Xiaoqing to strike Zhou Di at Linchuan; Tanlang marched to their aid. That year, for merit, he was made credential-bearing fast-track regular attendant and pacifying-the-distance general, enfeoffed as Marquis of Yonghua with a thousand-household fief, and given pipes and drums. For resisting Wang Lin he was further made pacifying-the-west general and opener equal to the three dukes; other posts stood unchanged. When Zhou Wenyu attacked Yu Xiaomou at Yuzhang, Tanlang came out to join him; Wenyu lost, and Tanlang killed Wenyu to answer Wang Lin—as told in Wenyu's biography. He then seized all Wenyu's generals, held Xingan county, and walled the river line for a city.
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When Wang Lin marched east, Emperor Wen summoned troops from the southern rivers. Zhou Di, Inspector of Jiangzhou, and Huang Fading, Inspector of Gaozhou, meant to sail with the current and answer the call, but Tanlang occupied the city and arrayed ships to block them. Di and Fading then led southern troops to fortify and besiege him, cutting off his couriers to Lin. When Wang Lin was broken and fled, Tanlang's allies lost heart; Di stormed the city and took more than ten thousand men and women. Tanlang fled into a hamlet; villagers cut off his head; it was sent to the capital and hung at the Vermilion Bird Observatory. [1] His whole clan was then seized; young and old alike were executed in the market.
8
Zhou Di came from Nancheng in Linchuan. As a youth he lived in the hills, was powerfully built, could draw heavy crossbows, and lived by the hunt. In the Hou Jing turmoil Di's kinsman Zhou Xu raised men in Linchuan; Liang's Prince of Shixing, Xiao Yi, yielded the commandery to Xu; Di gathered neighbors to follow, and in every fight his courage led the host. Xu's subordinate chiefs were all commandery magnates and grew proud; Xu checked them, and they turned resentful, killed Xu together, and set up Di; Di then held Linchuan and walled Gongtang. Emperor Yuan of Liang made Di credential-bearing fast-track regular attendant and stalwart-martial general, inspector of Gao, and Marquis of Linru with five hundred households.
9
In Shaotai year 2 (556) he was made interior administrator of Linchuan. Soon he received envoy credentials, scattered-cavalry regular attendant, trustworthy-prestige general, and the inspectorship of Heng while still governing Linchuan within. When Zhou Wenyu attacked Xiao Bo, Di kept his men in camp and guarded his borders, watching the outcome. Wenyu sent chief clerk Lu Shan'cai to win Di over; Di then poured out grain and stores to feed Wenyu's army. When Bo was pacified, for merit he was raised to quelling-the-distance general and made inspector of Jiang.
10
When the Founder took the throne and Wang Lin went east, Di meant to keep the southern rivers; he called the eight commandery heads to swear alliance, saying he would march to answer the summons; the court feared revolt and soothed him generously. When Wang Lin reached Pencheng, Yu Xiaoqing, lord of the Xinwu cave settlement, raised troops in support of him. Lin judged the southern commanderies would fall to a proclamation and sent Li Xiaoqin, Fan Meng, and others south for grain. Meng joined Yu Xiaoqing; together they neared twenty thousand men and pressed Gongtang, chaining eight forts against Di. Di sent Zhou Fu to hold the old Linchuan seat and choke the river mouth, then sallied and crushed them, razed the eight forts, and sent Li Xiaoqin, Fan Meng, and Yu Xiaoqing alive to court; arms and stores heaped like hills—and men and horses Di kept. In Yongding year 2 (558), for merit he was made pacifying-the-south general and opener equal to the three dukes, with fifteen hundred more households and pipes and drums.
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When Emperor Wen took the throne, Di was advanced to pacifying-the-south general. [2] When Xiong Tanlang rebelled, Di with Zhou Fu and Huang Fading jointly besieged him, destroyed him, and absorbed all his men. After Wang Lin's defeat, Emperor Wen called Di to garrison Pencheng and his son to court; Di wavered and would not come—neither of them. Yuzhang administrator Zhou Fu had once served Di; now he and Huang Fading brought their troops to court; Emperor Wen credited their part in breaking Tanlang and heaped honors on them; Di, hearing it, burned with resentment and secretly allied with Liu Yi. When the court moved on Liu Yi, Di, uneasy with fear, sent his brother Fangxing against Zhou Fu; Fu met him and broke him. He also sent another force against Hua Jiao at Pencheng; the plot came out and Jiao seized them all. In spring of Tianjia year 3 (562), Emperor Wen pardoned the southern-river people who had been misled by Di and ordered Jiangzhou inspector Wu Mingche to command all forces, together with Gaozhou inspector Huang Fading and Yuzhang administrator Zhou Fu, in a campaign against Di. The Masters of Writing then issued a warrant, saying:
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逆賊周迪，本出輿臺，有梁喪亂，暴掠山谷。 我高祖躬率百越，師次九川，濯其泥沙，假以毛羽，裁解豚佩，仍剖獸符，[4]卵翼之恩，方斯莫喻。 皇運肇基，頗布誠款，國步艱阻，竟微效力。 龍節繡衣，藉王爵而御下，熊旗組甲，因地險而陵上。 日者王琳始貳，蕭勃未夷，西結三湘，南通五嶺，衡、廣戡定，既安反側，江、郢紛梗，復生攜背，擁據一郡，苟且百心，志貌常違，言跡不副。 特以新吳未靜，地遠兵彊，互相兼并，成其形勢。 收獲器械，俘虜士民，並曰私財，曾無獻捷。 時遣一介，終持兩端。 朝廷光大含弘，引納崇遇，遂乃位等三槐，任均四嶽，富貴隆赫，超絕功臣。 加以出師逾嶺，遠相響援，按甲斷江，翻然猜拒。 故司空愍公，敦以宗盟，情同骨肉，城池連接，勢猶脣齒，彭亡之禍，坐觀難作，階此舋故，結其黨與。 于時北寇侵軼，西賊憑陵，屝屨糇糧，悉以資寇，爵號軍容，一遵偽黨。 及王師凱振，大定區中，天網恢弘，棄之度外，璽書綸誥，撫慰綢繆，冠蓋縉紳，敦授重疊。 至於熊曇朗勦滅，豐城克定，蓋由儀同法𣰋之元功，安西周敷之效力，司勳有典，懋賞斯舊，惡直醜正，自為仇讎，悖禮姦謀，因此滋甚。 徵出湓城，歷年不就，求遣侍子，累載未朝。 外誘逋亡，招集不逞，中調京輦，規冀非常。 擅斂征賦，罕歸九府，擁遏二賈，害及四民。 潛結賊異，共為表裏，同惡相求，密加應援。 謂我六軍薄伐，三越未寧，屠破述城，虜縛妻息，分襲湓鎮，稱兵蠡邦，拘逼酋豪，攻圍城邑，幸國有備，應時衄殄。
The rebel Zhou Di sprang from humble ranks; in Liang's collapse he plundered the hills. Our Founder himself led the hundred Yue, halted at the nine rivers, washed mud from them and lent them feather and down, cut the pig tally and split the beast seal—[4]—a brooding kindness none could match. When the dynasty's fortune began he showed good faith, yet in the state's distress he barely served. Dragon tally and embroidered robe let him rule from borrowed rank; bear banner and mail let him tower from rugged ground over his betters. When Wang Lin first wavered and Xiao Bo still stood, he tied to the three Xiang westward and the five ranges southward; Heng and Guang were quieted and rebels steadied, yet Jiang and Ying stirred again—he clutched one commandery with a hundred fickle hearts, face and deed ever at odds, word and trail never aligned. Only while Xinwu stayed unsettled and distant ground bred strong arms did mutual swallowing build his strength. Arms he gathered, people he seized, and called it all private spoil—never once reporting victory to the throne. When the court sent one envoy, he still straddled both sides. The court, broad in mercy, drew him close with honor until he ranked with the Three Hushes and shared the Four Peaks' burden—wealth and title towering above every merit-holder. When armies crossed the hills he answered from afar; he held his men and barred the river, then turned sudden and defiant. The late lamented Minister of Works treated him as sworn kin, bone to bone; their walls touched, strength like lips and teeth—yet at Pengwang's ruin he only watched trouble grow, and on that grudge knit his faction. Northern raiders then pressed the frontier and western rebels leaned on the land; sandals and grain he fed the foe; rank and martial show he copied the rebel host. When the imperial host returned victorious and the realm was largely settled, heaven's net was wide and set him outside it—yet edict on edict soothed him, honors on honors from the girdled ranks. The fall of Xiong Tanlang and Fengcheng came chiefly from Fading's founding merit and Fu's exertion—the Ministry of Awards keeps its rule and rich reward is ancient custom—yet he hated the upright, made enemies of the true, and against ritual and in secret plot grew worse still. Called from Pencheng, he would not come for years; asked for a son at court, the boy stayed away for years. Outside he lured fugitives and gathered rowdies; inside he stirred the capital, scheming the unthinkable. He taxed on his own and seldom sent coin to the nine treasuries; he choked the two trade roads and hurt the four orders of folk. He secretly joined rebel Liu Yi, outer and inner as one coat; alike in evil, they answered each other in secret. He judged our six hosts' light campaign and the three Yue still restless—yet when we broke Shucheng, seized wives and children, and struck the Pencheng garrison separately, he raised arms in the Li lands, coerced chiefs, and besieged towns; the state was ready, and he was crushed at once.
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Acting-credential fast-track regular attendant, humane-martial general, Xunyang administrator, Marquis of Huairen Hua Jiao, and bright-prestige general, Luling administrator, Viscount of Yiyang Lu Zilong, both broke the rebels and restored their commanderies entire. Credential-bearing scattered-cavalry regular attendant, pacifying-the-west general, Ding inspector, [5] and Yuzhang administrator, Marquis of Xifeng Zhou Fu, manned ditch and wall and stood in the arrow storm; with loyal courage and few men he broke many—tens of thousands slain, thousands taken. Di was gathering embers and clinging again to wall and tower. Envoy-credential pacifying-the-south general, opener equal to the three dukes, Gao inspector, Marquis of Xinjian Fading, had shown heroism early and loyalty long; before royal orders he led loyal troops, aided Fu, and saved Zilong whole—grain wrapped, armor on, still chasing the flying foe; bear-beating hosts outran lightning; mountain-shaking warriors shouted hills aside—by such pursuit none should escape.
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雖復朽株將拔，非待尋斧，落葉就殞，無勞烈風； 但去草絕根，在於未蔓，撲火止燎，貴乎速滅，分命將帥，寔資英果。 今遣鎮南儀同司馬、湘東公相劉廣德，兼平西司馬孫曉，北新蔡太守魯廣達，持節、安南將軍、吳州刺史彭澤縣侯魯悉達，甲士萬人，步出興口。 又遣前吳興太守胡鑠，樹功將軍、前宣城太守錢法成，天門、義陽二郡太守樊毅，雲麾將軍、合州刺史南固縣侯焦僧度，嚴武將軍、建州刺史辰縣子張智達，持節、都督江吳二州諸軍事、安南將軍、江州刺史安吳縣侯吳明徹，樓艦馬步，直指臨川。 前安成內史劉士京，巴山太守蔡僧貴，南康內史劉峰，廬陵太守陸子隆，安成內史闕慎，並受儀同法𣰋節度，同會故郡。 又命尋陽太守華皎，光烈將軍、巴州刺史潘純陀，平西將軍、郢州刺史欣樂縣侯章昭達，並率貔豹，逕造賊城。 使持節、散騎常侍、鎮南將軍、開府儀同三司、湘州刺史湘東郡公度，分遣偏裨，相繼上道，戈船蔽水，彀騎彌山。 又詔鎮南將軍、開府儀同三司歐陽頠，率其子弟交州刺史盛、新除太子右率邃、衡州刺史侯曉等，[6]以勁越之兵，踰嶺北邁。 千里同期，百道俱集，如脫稽誅，更淹旬晦，司空、大都督安都已平賊異，凱歸非久，飲至禮畢，乘勝長驅，勦撲凶醜，如燎毛髮。 已有明詔，罪唯迪身，黎民何辜，一皆原宥。 其有因機立功，賞如別格； 執迷不改，刑茲罔赦。 吳明徹至臨川，令眾軍作連城攻迪，相拒不能剋，世祖乃遣高宗總督討之，迪眾潰，妻子悉擒，乃脫身踰嶺之晉安，依于陳寶應。 寶應以兵資迪，留異又遣第二子忠臣隨之。
Though a rotten stump will fall without a second axe, and fallen leaves will die without a gale wind; yet weeds are uprooted before they spread, and fire is quenched while the blaze is small—orders divided among generals truly need heroic fruit. We now dispatch Liu Guangde, army marshal to the general who guards the south and chancellor to the Duke of Xiangdong; Sun Xiao, concurrently army marshal to the general who pacifies the west; Lu Guangda, administrator of northern Xincai; and Lu Xida, bearer of credentials, general who pacifies the south, inspector of Wuzhou, and Marquis of Pengze, with ten thousand armored men marching from Xingkou. We also send former Wu Xing administrator Hu Shuo, merit-establishing general and former Xuancheng administrator Qian Facheng, Tianmen and Yiyang administrators Fan Yi, cloud-banner general and He inspector Marquis of Nangu Jiao Sengdu, stern-martial general and Jian inspector Viscount of Chen Zhang Zhida, and credential-bearing commander of Jiang and Wu, pacifying-the-south general, Jiang inspector Marquis of Anwu Wu Mingche, with tower ships and horse and foot straight at Linchuan. Former Ancheng interior administrator Liu Shijing, Bashan administrator Cai Senggui, Nankang interior administrator Liu Feng, Luling administrator Lu Zilong, and Ancheng interior administrator Que Shen all take Fading's orders and meet at the old commandery seat. We also order Xunyang administrator Hua Jiao, bright-blaze general and Ba administrator Pan Chuntuo, and pacifying-the-west general and Ying inspector Marquis of Xinle Zhang Zhaoda, each leading tiger troops straight to the rebel city. Envoy-credential scattered-cavalry regular attendant, pacifying-the-south general, opener equal to the three dukes, Xiang inspector, Duke of Xiangdong Du, sends wing after wing on the road—war boats blanket the water, armored riders the hills. We also command pacifying-the-south general and opener equal to the three dukes Ouyang Wei to lead his sons—Jiao inspector Sheng, the newly made crown-prince right leader Sui, Heng inspector Hou Xiao, and others—[6]—with hard Yue troops over the ranges north. A thousand li on one timetable, a hundred roads converging—if we linger on punishment another fortnight, the Minister of Works and grand commander will already have pacified Liu Yi and soon return victorious; when the drinking rite ends we drive the victory straight on and stamp the vicious out like singeing hair. A clear edict already states: guilt is Di's alone; what fault have the people? All are forgiven. Whoever seizes the moment for merit will be rewarded by separate statute; whoever clings to error unchanged, the law knows no mercy. Wu Mingche reached Linchuan and ordered linked siegeworks against Di; they faced each other without victory; Emperor Wen then sent Emperor Gaozong to command the campaign overall; Di's men collapsed, wife and children all taken; he alone fled over the ranges to Jin'an and clung to Chen Baoying. Baoying armed Di with troops and stores; Liu Yi also sent his second son Zhongchen to follow.
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明年秋，復越東興嶺，東興、南城、永成縣民，皆迪故人，復共應之。 世祖遣都督章昭達征迪，迪又散于山谷。 初，侯景之亂也，百姓皆棄本業，群聚為盜，唯迪所部，獨不侵擾，並分給田疇，督其耕作，民下肆業，各有贏儲，政教嚴明，徵斂必至，餘郡乏絕者，皆仰以取給。 迪性質朴，不事威儀，冬則短身布袍，夏則紫紗袜腹，居常徒跣，雖外列兵衛，內有女伎，挼繩破篾，傍若無人。 然輕財好施，凡所周贍，毫釐必鈞，訥於言語，而襟懷信實，臨川人皆德之。 至是並共藏匿，雖加誅戮，無肯言者。 昭達仍度嶺，頓于建安，與陳寶應相抗，迪復收合出東興。 時宣城太守錢肅鎮東興，以城降迪。 吳州刺史陳詳，率師攻迪，詳兵大敗，虔化侯陳訬、陳留太守張遂並戰死，於是迪眾復振。 世祖遣都督程靈洗擊破之，迪又與十餘人竄于山穴中，日月轉久，相隨者亦稍苦之。 後遣人潛出臨川郡市魚鮭，足痛，舍於邑子，邑子告臨川太守駱牙，牙執之，令取迪自效。 因使腹心勇士隨入山中，誘迪出獵，伏兵於道傍，斬之，傳首京都，梟于朱雀觀三日。
Next autumn he crossed Dongxing Pass again; people of Dongxing, Nancheng, and Yongcheng were all his old ties and rose for him once more. Emperor Wen sent commander Zhang Zhaoda against Di; Di again melted into the hills. In the Hou Jing turmoil commoners had abandoned their trades and banded as robbers; only under Di was there no looting—he parceled fields, oversaw farming, and folk worked their trades with surplus in every storehouse; rule was strict, levies sure, and needy commanderies lived on his grain. Di was plain by nature and cared nothing for display; in winter a short cloth coat, in summer a purple gauze belly-wrap; usually barefoot; though guards stood without, singers within, he twisted rope and split bamboo as if alone. Yet he was free with wealth and loved to give; every gift he weighed to the hair; slow of tongue but faithful in heart—the people of Linchuan all honored him. Now they hid him together; though execution pressed them, none would tell. Zhaoda crossed the pass and camped at Jian'an against Chen Baoying; Di gathered men again and came out at Dongxing. Xuancheng administrator Qian Su then held Dongxing and surrendered the city to Di. Wu prefect Chen Xiang marched against Di and was routed. Marquis of Qianhua Chen Xu and Chenliu prefect Zhang Sui fell in battle, and Di's forces rallied again. Emperor Wen sent area commander Cheng Lingxi to break them. Di fled into the hills with a dozen men. Time wore on, and even his companions began to suffer. Later he sent men secretly to buy fish at the Linchuan market. His feet pained him, and he stayed with a villager, who told Linchuan prefect Luo Ya. Ya seized him and ordered him to deliver Di alive. He sent trusted warriors into the hills to lure Di out hunting, ambushed him on the road, and beheaded him. The head went to the capital and hung three days at Vermilion Bird Observatory.
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Liu Yi came from Changshan in Dongyang. For generations his clan ranked among the commandery's leading families. Yi carried himself well and spoke with polished ease; he was a local magnate. He gathered ruffians and bullied the poor; every magistrate feared him. Under Liang he was garrison chief at Xiepu and magistrate of Jin'an and Angu in turn. When Hou Jing rebelled he went home and raised troops. The Dongyang commandery aide, who hated him, led soldiers to kill Yi and his family. Prefect Shen Xun went to relieve the capital and yielded the commandery to Yi. Yi set his nephew Chao to run the commandery and marched with Xun to the capital.
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When the capital fell Yi followed Prince of Lincheng Xiao Dalian, who made him marshal and gave him the army. Yi was cruel and shortsighted; he squeezed Dalian's commanders and used favorites to build private power, and all hated him. When Hou Jing's general Song Zixian crossed the Zhe, Yi fled home and soon surrendered his troops to him. Dalian was also hurrying toward Xin'an Ridge in Dongyang, bound for Poyang. Yi guided Zixian and had him seize Dalian. Hou Jing made Yi Dongyang prefect and held his wife and children hostage. Jing's field secretariat chief Liu Shenmao turned against him. Yi pretended to join Shenmao but secretly kept faith with Jing. When Shenmao was beaten Jing killed him; Yi alone was spared.
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After Hou Jing was crushed Wang Sengbian sent Yi to reassure Dongyang, but Yi still rallied the countryside and held the passes. His following was huge, and the region feared him. Emperor Yuan made him magistrate of Xin'an. When Jingzhou fell Wang Sengbian made him Dongyang prefect. When Emperor Wen took Kuaiji, Yi sent grain but still kept the whole commandery in his grip, with power and favor his alone. In Shaotai year 2 (556), for aiding the court, he was made bearer of credentials, direct regular attendant of scattered cavalry, general who inspires martial might, inspector of Jinzhou, and concurrently administrator of Dongyang; he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yongxing County with five hundred households. That year he rose to scattered-cavalry regular attendant and trust-prestige general, with three hundred more households in the fief; other posts were unchanged. Emperor Wen also gave his eldest daughter, Princess Feng'an, to Yi's third son Zhenchen. In Yongding year 2 he was summoned as bearer of credentials, scattered-cavalry regular attendant, commander-in-chief of South Xuzhou, pacify-north general, and inspector of South Xuzhou. Yi stalled and never came.
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When Shizu took the throne, Yi was instead appointed commander of military affairs in Jinzhou, General Who Pacifies the South, and inspector of Jinzhou, while also serving as administrator of Dongyang. Yi repeatedly sent his chief steward Wang Si to court as envoy. Si always reported that the court was weak, and Yi believed him; though he outwardly observed a subject's duties, he kept two minds and secretly exchanged messengers with Wang Lin by way of Xin'an Ridge at Poyang. Wang Lin also sent envoys to Dongyang to appoint local officials. After Wang Lin was defeated, Shizu sent General of the Left Guard Shen Ke to replace Yi in the commandery, in effect sending troops against him. Yi marched out to Xiahuai to resist him. Shen Ke fought, was defeated, and withdrew to Qiantang, after which Yi sent in a deferential apology. At the time the armies were busy with Xiang and Ying, so the court issued an edict soothing him and temporarily holding him in place. Yi knew the court would eventually come for him, and garrisoned Xiahuai and Jiande to guard the river route. Once Xiangzhou was pacified, Shizu issued an edict: "In antiquity, the Four Crimes could not be broadly pardoned, and Great Gui showed them no mercy; when the Nine Li corrupted virtue, Shaohao had to punish them."
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自古皇王，不貪征伐，苟為時蠹，事非獲已。
Since antiquity kings have not loved war; when a man is the age's pest, they act because they must.
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The rebel Yi should long since have perished; for years he has kept armor bright and hosts gathered. Coming forward he refused the court's grace yet sprang a thousand li; drawing back he played the wavering rat and kept a hundred schemes. In mid-life he secretly tied himself to Panyu. The court spread the heavenly net, gave him rank and a princess marriage—had he listened, he might still have turned his face. Wang Lin held the middle Yangtze and answered him in turn. He opened another mountain route south and made himself master of the eastern road, clinging to villains and welcoming chaos. When the rebels were crushed his spirit sank and he stood alone—like a bird still flinching at the bow, like a beast at bay planning one last rush. Though he again sent his family as hostages, his manner grew only fiercer, like Ziyang; and when the hostage son returned to court his heart burned hotter still, like Wei Xiao.
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We meant to nurture him to completion, overlooking every fault, opening our breast and speaking with all earnestness. His owl eyes shone the brighter; his owl cry never changed. He set troops at the river mouth and strict guards below the Huai—open rebellion that could not be concealed. Jing was rich land and south Kuaiji teemed with people, yet he forever withheld the royal tax and choked the folk. Fine bamboo never reached the capital; petty bandits plundered with him. To think of those who remained is to sigh twice. Western tribes knelt at the passes; Qin came over and returned seized lands; the three marches are quiet and the four quarters secure—only this petty demon should be destroyed. Let bearer of credentials, commander-in-chief of South Xuzhou, campaign-north general, minister of works, inspector of South Xuzhou, and founding duke of Guiyang Andu go to seize and kill him. Guilt rests on Yi alone; no one else will be punished.
24
Yi expected the imperial army up the Qiantang. Andu marched overland through Kuaiji and Zhuji instead. Hearing the army had come, Yi was terrified, left the commandery, and fled to Taozhi Ridge, where he walled the pass. Next spring Andu smashed the palisades. Yi and his second son Zhongchen fled to Chen Baoying. Several thousand followers, men and women, were taken. In Tianjia year 5, when Chen Baoying fell, Yi was seized, sent to the capital, and beheaded in the Jiankang market. Sons, nephews, and allies of every age were killed; only the third son Zhenchen was spared because he had married the princess.
25
Chen Baoying came from Houguan in Jin'an. For generations his clan was one of Min's four great surnames. His father Yu was capable and a commandery magnate. Baoying was fickle and steeped in deceit. Under Liang Jin'an rose repeatedly and killed its prefects. Yu first stirred the rebels, then guided government troops to crush them, and from then on held the commandery's military power.
26
When Hou Jing rebelled, Jin'an prefect Marquis of Binhua Xiao Yun yielded the commandery to Yu. Yu was old and ran civil affairs while Baoying commanded the troops. The east was starving; Kuaiji was worst, with seven or eight in ten dead. Families sold themselves, yet Jin'an alone stayed rich. Baoying raided by sea at Linhai [8], Yongjia, Kuaiji, Yuyao, and Zhuji, and traded rice and grain for silks, jades, and women. On [8]: Lin'an in the base text should be Linhai. Whoever could sail a boat joined him, and he grew very rich and strong. When Hou Jing was crushed Emperor Yuan made Yu Jin'an prefect.
27
When Gaozu was regent, Yu asked to retire because of age and to pass the commandery to Baoying; Gaozu allowed it. In Shaotai 1, Baoying was appointed General of Mighty Valor and administrator of Jin'an, and was soon additionally made Extra Regular Cavalier Attendant. In the second year, he was made Marquis of Houguan County with a five-hundred-household fief. At the time, bandits blocked the eastern and western ridge roads, so Baoying went by sea to Kuaiji to deliver tribute. When Gaozu accepted the abdication, Baoying was appointed Bearer of the Staff, Cavalier Attendant, General of Trustworthy Valor, and inspector of Minzhou, while also serving as administrator of Kuaiji. When Shizu came to the throne, Baoying was advanced to General Who Proclaims Resolve, and his father was additionally made Grand Master for Splendid Happiness. The imperial-clan office was ordered to record his lineage and enroll it among the imperial house, and envoys listed his children so that all of them, regardless of age, received noble rank.
28
Baoying married Liu Yi's daughter. When Hou Andu attacked Yi, Baoying sent troops to help and supplied Zhou Di with grain, then raided Linchuan. When Zhang Zhaoda beat Di at Dongxing and Nancheng, Emperor Wen put Zhaoda over all forces crossing south by the Jian'an road and ordered Yizhou inspector Yu Xiaoqing, also Xinyi prefect, to strike from the east through Kuaiji, Dongyang, Linhai, and Yongjia. The clan director was told to erase Baoying from the register. The Masters of Writing then issued a warrant, saying:
29
To the people of Jin'an: Longxi once resisted and Han did not delay punishment; Liaodong rebelled and Wei laid down a great plan. Wu Ru served Han; Youhu shared Xia's kinship; one took Wu Pi's son and raised the armies of the Four Seas; another defied Si Qi and met the oath of Gan— how much more when a clan is not bound to the royal house, its name not listed among the worthy, yet plainly commits three rebellions and guilt as deep as the four crimes?
30
We find the Min bandits Chen Baoying and his father—savage dress, a side branch—who from the first forgot love and respect. Liang fell into chaos and Min was cut off. The father was bold and stirred the hill tribes; with topknots they sat as chiefs, knowing no rites, trusting only flattery, then cast off the seal. The Han line was ending; the net let great fish through; time passed and they were left outside the law. Southeastern royal qi marked the new throne; Dipper and Ox stars matched the royal trace. Though they seemed to come over mountains and seas in submission, they kept gems for themselves and barely paid tribute. The court nurtured and bore with them, heaping favor: from home to commandery with brocade glory by day; land split into a province and a commander's banner lent. Households were enfeoffed at once, with Liyang still in the fief; ten men rode fine carriages while ten-thousand-bushel pay guarded poor roofs. As Han ruled all, favor spread like Lou Jing's; as Zhou held court Teng was made long marquis—purple edicts and blue paper came from afar, tortoise seals from district and village even to infants.
31
From low to high, what could match it—yet he hid poison and dared wolfish outrage. He joined Liu Yi and Zhou Di, oath and marriage making them lip and teeth, strong in the hills year after year. When our cavalry held the mountains and took Qinwang's western flank, and war-boats swept Huize's southern streams, they still raised the axe to aid the rebels—every one broke at the string and the whole wicked band was killed. Each time guilt lay with the chiefs we pitied those they drove; captives were ordered released. We still sent palace envoys with edicts; the heavenly net was wide and still allowed repentance. Yi had fled to the hills and Di had escaped justice. They mocked the king's officers and made a mountain lair—like Yuan Xi asking for a mat and sighing at Touxing far away, like Ma Yuan watching frogs content in a well. They cut off the nine taxes, plundered the four orders, seized all wealth in the region and stripped every house, and every bondservant was taken from the people. Bandits stirred one another and again crossed the sea, raided Jia mouth, struck the passes, stormed Shucheng, bound officials and people, and burned government temples—if this is allowed, what is not?
32
Now Shazhou inspector Yu Wenjiong, bright-prestige general Cheng Wenji, acting credential-bearer and fierce-assault general Gan Ta of Chengzou, acting credential-bearer and cloud-banner general Tan Zhen, acting credential-bearer and fierce-assault general Chen Sijing, former overseer of Linhai, vanguard general Xu Zhiyuan, bright-resolve general and founding marquis of Yihuang Huaiji, open-distance general and new Jin'an prefect Zhao Can, credential-bearer and direct regular attendant Lin Feng of Dingzhou, and acting credential-bearer Yu Xiaoqing of Yizhou, commander of the eastern campaign, lead twenty thousand guards. War-junks cover the sea to sweep the nest clean. They know shame and teach war; at Ruxu they drill [9], followed Yang Pu again and again, chased Sun En repeatedly, cut the flood-dragon midstream and ordered Feng Yi to drum, drove turtle and alligator as chariot and raised banners over Fanghu. On [9]: the Ruxu camp reference is not corrupt.
33
Yi'an prefect Zhang Shaobin came in loyalty and begged for troops again and again. Nankang interior administrator Pei Ji, new light-chariot general Liu Feng, and Donghengzhou inspector Qian Daozhi all sent men and arms to march with him.
34
The late minister of works Lord Ouyang once memorialized for a limited campaign; his intent matched ours across the distance, like Fubo's talk of war. Dead, he left a charge like Ziyan's "do not spare." The campaign-south lord is gone, but the upper plan is not forgotten. Zhounan's remaining regret—the heir will not fail it. Guangzhou inspector Ouyang He keeps the family name and follows the broad plan. Twenty thousand men by river and land hurry forward; on water he blocks the long whale, on land he reins the great boar, leading Heng and Guang to join our six armies.
35
Tongzhou inspector Li La [10], Mingzhou inspector Dai Huang, Xinzhou inspector Qu Baishou [11], stalwart-military general Xiu Xingshi, Chenliu prefect Zhang Sui, former Angu interior administrator Que Shen, former Luling prefect Lu Zilong, former Yuning prefect Ren Mannu [12], Bashan prefect Huang Fahui, martial-display general and heir of Duke of Xiangdong Xu Jingcheng, Wu prefect Lu Guangda, former Wu prefect and founding marquis of Suixing Xiang, and credential-bearer Zhang Zhaoda, protector general and commander of the campaign, lead five thousand brocade cavalry and twenty thousand mailed men across at Shaowu and camp at Jin'an. On [10]: Li La is also written Ji La or Li Du, doubtful. On [11]: Baishou is probably Baihu (Tiger), a Tang taboo change. On [12]: Yuning, not Yuzhang, is correct here. Holding reins and raising banners, leveling mountains and filling valleys, they set a day to pinch the corner and catch the fugitives.
36
Former Xuan (wei) Collation variant: cheng; adopted reading: Former Xuancheng prefect Qian Su [13], Linchuan prefect Luo Ya, left leader of the crown prince's guard Sun Xu, Xunyang prefect Mo Jinglong, and Yuzhang prefect Liu Guangde all garrison as occasion demands, relays on every road. On [13]: Zhou Di's biography reads Xuancheng for Xuanwei.
37
使持節、散騎常侍、鎮南將軍、開府儀同三司、江州刺史新建縣開國侯法𣰋，戒嚴中流，以為後殿。
Credential-bearer Huang Fading, scattered-cavalry regular attendant, pacify-south general with a mansion equal to the three dukes, Jiangzhou inspector, and founding marquis of Xinjian, stands alert midstream as rear guard.
38
Where the axe reaches, guilt rests only on the chief villain and Liu Yi and his son. Their chiefs, though some clung to Hangu or turned like Huaiyin, if they change course and win merit at once will not only be pardoned, (nai) He was also rewarded and promoted. [14] The people of Jian and Jin long driven by force—the great army will comfort them plainly, each to his trade; those displaced return home. Other rewards for merit are already set out in the regulations. If they cling to error, share the crime, and hesitate, when the axe comes none will be spared.
39
Zhaoda, having beaten Di, crossed Dongxing Ridge and camped at Jian'an. Yu Xiaoqing also struck Jin'an from the Linhai road. Baoying held the lake shore at Jian'an and met the royal army behind water and land palisades. Zhaoda dug deep moats and high walls and would not fight, only ordering men to cut wood for rafts. Soon the water rose. They rode the flood, smashed the water palisades, and closed in by river and land. Baoying's army broke. He fled into the hills, was caught, and with twenty sons and younger brothers was sent to the capital and beheaded in the Jiankang market.
40
The historian says: At Liang's end calamity bred rebels everywhere. Cave chiefs and stockade heroes grew strong by plunder and great by bullying. The Founder met the age, quelled disorder, and brought peace. Xiong Tanlang, Zhou Di, Liu Yi, and Chen Baoying met the rising fortune yet still chose rebellion. Tanlang's treachery turned again and again; to destroy him was fortune indeed. Baoying and Yi—Emperor Wen sometimes bound them by marriage or treated them as kin. Could he not have overawed them? He meant to win them by virtue. Thereupon they betrayed kindness and broke faith, each plotting his own course; their lands were no Huainan, yet they nursed an emperor's ambition; their strength was no Yong or Shu, yet they roused the heart of kingship. Alas—since their own blindness brought it on, the slaughter of five clans was only fitting!