1
孝文皇帝，高祖中子也，母曰薄姬。 高祖十一年，誅陳豨，定代地，立為代王，都中都。 十七年秋，高后崩，諸呂謀為亂，欲危劉氏。 丞相陳平、太尉周勃、朱虛侯劉章等共誅之，謀立代王。 語在高后紀、高五王傳。
Emperor Xiaowen was the middle son of Emperor Gaozu, born to Lady Bo. In the eleventh year of Emperor Gaozu's reign, after executing Chen Xi and pacifying the Dai region, he was established as King of Dai with his capital at Zhongdu. In the autumn of the seventeenth year, Empress Gao passed away, and the Lü clan plotted rebellion in an attempt to threaten the Liu family. Chancellor Chen Ping, Grand Commandant Zhou Bo, the Marquis of Zhuxu Liu Zhang, and others joined together to execute the Lü clan and plotted to establish the King of Dai on the throne. The full account appears in the Annals of Empress Gao and the Biographies of the Five Kings of Gao.
2
大臣遂使人迎代王。 郎中令張武等議，皆曰：「漢大臣皆故高帝時將，習兵事，多謀詐，其屬意非止此也，特畏高帝、呂太后威耳。 今已誅諸呂，新喋血京師，以迎大王為名，實不可信。 願稱疾無往，以觀其變。」 中尉宋昌進曰：「群臣之議皆非也。 夫秦失其政，豪傑並起，人人自以為得之者以萬數，然卒踐天子位者，劉氏也，天下絕望，一矣。 高帝王子弟，地犬牙相制，所謂盤石之宗也，天下服其彊，二矣。 漢興，除秦煩苛，約法令，施德惠，人人自安，難動搖，三矣。 夫以呂太后之嚴，立諸呂為三王，擅權專制，然而太尉以一節入北軍，一呼士皆袒左，為劉氏，畔諸呂，卒以滅之。 此乃天授，非人力也。 今大臣雖欲為變，百姓弗為使，其黨寧能專一邪？ 內有朱虛、東牟之親，外畏吳、楚、淮南、琅邪、齊、代之彊。 方今高帝子獨淮南王與大王，大王又長，賢聖仁孝，聞於天下，故大臣因天下之心而欲迎立大王，大王勿疑也。」 代王報太后，計猶豫未定。 卜之，兆得大橫。 占曰：「大橫庚庚，余為天王，夏啟以光。」 代王曰：「寡人固已為王，又何王乎？」 卜人曰：「所謂天王者，乃天子也。」 於是代王乃遣太后弟薄昭見太尉勃，勃等具言所以迎立王者。 昭還報曰：「信矣，無可疑者。」 代王笑謂宋昌曰：「果如公言。」 乃令宋昌驂乘，張武等六人乘六乘傳詣長安。 至高陵止，而使宋昌先之長安觀變。
The ministers then dispatched envoys to welcome the King of Dai. The Commandant of the Imperial Household Zhang Wu and his colleagues discussed the matter and all said: 'The Han ministers are all veteran generals from Emperor Gao's era, skilled in military affairs and full of treacherous schemes. Their ambitions extend far beyond this—they only fear the intimidating authority of Emperor Gao and Empress Lü.' Now that the Lü clan has been executed and the capital still runs with fresh blood, their claim of welcoming Your Majesty is utterly untrustworthy. We urge Your Majesty to feign illness and decline to go, so that we may observe how the situation develops.' Song Chang, the Superintendent of the Imperial Household, stepped forward and declared: 'All the ministers' advice is mistaken.' When Qin lost its grip on power, countless heroes rose up, each believing they could claim the throne—numbering in the tens of thousands. Yet in the end, it was the Liu clan who ascended the imperial throne. The world had given up all hope—that is the first reason. Emperor Gao's sons and brothers hold territories that interlock like jagged teeth, creating what is known as an unbreakable clan foundation. The world submits to their power—that is the second reason. Since the Han dynasty rose to power, it has abolished Qin's burdensome harshness, simplified the laws and regulations, and extended benevolence and favor to all. The people live in security, making the regime difficult to overthrow—that is the third reason. Despite Empress Lü's iron-fisted rule in establishing three Lü kings and monopolizing power with dictatorial control, the Grand Commandant Zhou Bo entered the Northern Army with just one imperial tally. With a single command, all the soldiers bared their left arms in loyalty to the Liu clan, rebelled against the Lü faction, and ultimately destroyed them. This was a gift from Heaven, not something accomplished through human endeavor. Even if the ministers wanted to rebel, the common people wouldn't follow their orders. How could such a faction ever unite? Within the court they have the support of the Zhuxu and Dongmu marquises, while externally they fear the military power of Wu, Chu, Huainan, Langya, Qi, and Dai. Of Emperor Gaozu's surviving sons, only the King of Huainan and Your Majesty remain. You are the elder brother, renowned throughout the empire for your virtue, wisdom, benevolence, and filial piety. The ministers, following the will of the people, wish to welcome you as emperor. Do not doubt this.' The King of Dai informed the Empress Dowager, but his plans remained uncertain and unresolved. He consulted the oracle, and received the omen of 'great horizontal.' The diviner interpreted: 'Great horizontal omen, bright and clear—I shall become the heavenly king, radiant like Xia Qi.' The King of Dai replied: 'I am already a king—what greater kingship could there be?' The diviner explained: 'The heavenly king of which I speak is none other than the emperor himself.' At this the King of Dai dispatched Bo Zhao, the Empress Dowager's younger brother, to meet with Grand Commandant Zhou Bo. Zhou Bo and his colleagues explained in detail the reasons for welcoming and enthroning the king. Bo Zhao returned and reported: 'It is trustworthy indeed—nothing to doubt.' The King of Dai smiled and told Song Chang: 'Just as you predicted.' He then commanded Song Chang to serve as his chariot companion, while Zhang Wu and five others rode six relay carriages to Chang'an. They halted at Gaoling and sent Song Chang ahead to Chang'an to assess the situation.
3
昌至渭橋，丞相已下皆迎。 昌還報，代王乃進至渭橋。 群臣拜謁稱臣，代王下拜。 太尉勃進曰：「願請間。」 宋昌曰：「所言公，公言之； 所言私，王者無私。」 太尉勃乃跪上天子璽。 代王謝曰：「至邸而議之。」
When Song Chang reached Wei Bridge, the chancellor and all the officials came out to welcome him. Song Chang returned with his report, and the King of Dai then proceeded to Wei Bridge. The assembled ministers bowed low and acknowledged him as their sovereign. The King of Dai returned the courtesy with a bow. Grand Commandant Zhou Bo stepped forward and said: 'I request a private audience.' Song Chang replied: 'If what you wish to discuss concerns public affairs, speak of it publicly;' 'If it concerns private matters—a sovereign has no private affairs.' Grand Commandant Zhou Bo then knelt and presented the imperial seal. The King of Dai politely declined, saying: 'Let us discuss this matter once we reach the residence.'
4
十二月，立趙幽王子遂為趙王，徙琅邪王澤為燕王。 呂氏所奪齊楚地皆歸之。 盡除收帑相坐律令。
In the twelfth month, they enthroned Sui, son of the late King You of Zhao, as King of Zhao, and transferred King Ze of Langya to become King of Yan. All territories that the Lü clan had taken from Qi and Chu were restored to their rightful owners. They entirely abolished the laws concerning property confiscation and collective punishment by association.
5
正月，有司請蚤建太子，所以尊宗廟也。 詔曰：「朕既不德，上帝神明未歆饗也，天下人民未有轺志。 今縱不能博求天下賢聖有德之人而嬗天下焉，而曰豫建太子，是重吾不德也。 謂天下何？ 其安之。」 有司曰：「豫建太子，所以重宗廟社稷，不忘天下也。」 上曰：「楚王，季父也，春秋高，閱天下之義理多矣，明於國家之體。 吳王於朕，兄也； 淮南王，弟也：皆秉德以陪朕，豈為不豫哉！ 諸侯王宗室昆弟有功臣，多賢及有德義者，若舉有德以陪朕之不能終，是社稷之靈，天下之福也。 今不選舉焉，而曰必子，人其以朕為忘賢有德者而專於子，非所以憂天下也。 朕甚不取。」 有司固請曰：「古者殷周有國，治安皆且千歲，有天下者莫長焉，用此道也。 立嗣必子，所從來遠矣。 高帝始平天下，建諸侯，為帝者太祖。 諸侯王列侯始受國者亦皆為其國祖。 子孫繼嗣，世世不絕，天下之大義也。 故高帝設之以撫海內。 今釋宜建而更選於諸侯宗室，非高帝之志也。 更議不宜。 子啟最長，敦厚慈仁，請建以為太子。」 上乃許之。 因賜天下民當為父後者爵一級。 封將軍薄昭為軹侯。
In the first month, the officials petitioned to establish the crown prince without delay, in order to honor the ancestral temples. The imperial edict stated: 'Lacking virtue as I do, I have not yet won the acceptance of the gods above for my offerings. The people of the realm have not yet found peace of mind.' 'Even if I cannot seek out the worthy sages and virtuous men of the world to entrust the realm to them, to speak of establishing a crown prince prematurely would only compound my lack of virtue.' 'What would the people of the world think?' 'Let the matter rest.' The officials replied: 'Establishing the crown prince in advance honors the ancestral temples and the altars of state, and shows concern for the welfare of the world.' The emperor replied: 'The King of Chu is my uncle. Advanced in years and experienced in the world's moral principles, he understands the proper order of the state.' 'The King of Wu is like an elder brother to me;' 'The King of Huainan is like a younger brother to me. All of them uphold virtue to support me—how could they not be worthy!' 'Among the feudal kings and imperial clansmen who have served as meritorious ministers, there are many worthy and virtuous individuals. If we select those with virtue to compensate for my deficiencies, this would be a blessing to the altars of state and bring fortune to the world.' 'Now if we refuse to select from among them and insist it must be my own son, people will think I disregard the worthy and virtuous while favoring my own child—this is not how to show concern for the world.' 'I find this most unacceptable.' The officials persisted in their petition, saying: 'In ancient times, the Yin and Zhou dynasties possessed their realms, and their peace and stability lasted nearly a thousand years. No rulers who possessed the world lasted longer than they did, and this was the method they used.' 'Establishing heirs must be one's own sons—this tradition stretches far back in time.' 'When Emperor Gaozu first pacified the world and established the feudal lords, he became the great ancestor for all emperors.' 'The feudal kings and marquises who first received their fiefs also all became the founding ancestors of their states.' 'Sons and grandsons succeeding one another, generation after generation without interruption—this is the supreme moral principle of the world.' 'Therefore Emperor Gaozu established this system to pacify the empire.' 'Now to abandon what should rightfully be established and instead select from among the feudal kings and imperial clansmen—this was not Emperor Gaozu's intention.' 'Further debate would be inappropriate.' 'Prince Qi is the eldest son, honest and sincere, kind and benevolent. We petition to establish him as crown prince.' The emperor then gave his approval. Therefore he granted one rank of nobility to all people throughout the empire who were designated to succeed their fathers as heirs. He enfeoffed General Bo Zhao as the Marquis of Zhi.
6
三月，有司請立皇后。 皇太后曰：「立太子母竇氏為皇后。」
In the third month, the officials petitioned to establish an empress. The Empress Dowager declared: 'Establish Lady Dou, mother of the crown prince, as empress.'
7
詔曰：「方春和時，草木群生之物皆有以自樂，而吾百姓鰥寡孤獨窮困之人或阽於死亡，而莫之省憂。 為民父母將何如？ 其議所以振貸之。」 又曰：「老者非帛不煖，非肉不飽。 今歲首，不時使人存問長老，又無布帛酒肉之賜，將何以佐天下子孫孝養其親？ 今聞吏稟當受鬻者，或以陳粟，豈稱養老之意哉！ 具為令。」 有司請令縣道，年八十已上，賜米人月一石，肉二十斤，酒五斗。 其九十已上，又賜帛人二疋，絮三斤。 賜物及當稟鬻米者，長吏閱視，丞若尉致。 不滿九十，嗇夫、令史致。 二千石遣都吏循行，不稱者督之。 刑者及有罪耐以上，不用此令。
The imperial edict stated: 'In this season of spring harmony, all living things that grow in abundance have ways to enjoy themselves, yet among my people—widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the impoverished—some hover on the brink of death, and no one attends to their suffering.' 'As parents to the people, how should we act?' 'Let them deliberate on ways to relieve and assist them.' He also declared: 'The elderly cannot stay warm without silk garments, cannot be satisfied without meat.' 'Now at the start of the year, if we do not send people promptly to visit and inquire after the elderly, and moreover provide no gifts of cloth, silk, wine, or meat—how then can we help the sons and grandsons of the world fulfill their filial duty to care for their parents?' 'Now I hear that officials distributing rations to those who should receive them sometimes give old grain—how does this befit our intention to care for the elderly!' 'Issue a comprehensive decree on this matter.' The officials petitioned that the counties and prefectures be commanded to grant those aged eighty and above one stone of rice per person per month, twenty catties of meat, and five dou of wine. For those aged ninety and above, additionally grant each person two bolts of silk cloth and three catties of cotton wadding. For the distribution of gifts and the rice rations that should be provided, the senior officials shall oversee the inspection, and the deputy or lieutenant shall handle the delivery. For those under ninety years of age, the agricultural superintendent and the clerk shall handle the delivery. Officials of two thousand shi rank shall dispatch metropolitan officials to inspect the districts, and supervise those who fail to comply. This edict shall not apply to criminals or those convicted of offenses requiring hard labor or more severe punishments.
8
四月，齊楚地震，二十九山同日崩，大水潰出。
In the fourth month, earthquakes struck Qi and Chu, causing twenty-nine mountains to collapse on the same day with floodwaters bursting forth.
9
六月，令郡國無來獻。 施惠天下，諸侯四夷遠近驩洽。 乃脩代來功。 詔曰：「方大臣誅諸呂迎朕，朕狐疑，皆止朕，唯中尉宋昌勸朕，朕已得保宗廟。 已尊昌為衛將軍，其封昌為壯武侯。 諸從朕六人，官皆至九卿。」 又曰：「列侯從高帝入蜀漢者六十八人益邑各三百戶。 吏二千石以上從高帝潁川守尊等十人食邑六百戶，淮陽守申屠嘉等十人五百戶，衛尉足等十人四百戶。」 封淮南王舅趙兼為周陽侯，齊王舅駟鈞為靖郭侯，故常山丞相蔡兼為樊侯。
In the sixth month, he issued a command prohibiting the commanderies and kingdoms from presenting tribute. He bestowed benevolence upon the empire, and the feudal lords and the four barbarian tribes, both near and far, lived in harmonious concord. He then recompensed the merits earned during his time as King of Dai. The imperial edict stated: 'When the ministers executed the Lü clan and came to welcome me, I was filled with hesitation and doubt. All tried to dissuade me, but only Superintendent Song Chang urged me forward. Thus I was able to preserve the ancestral temples.' I have already honored Song Chang as General of the Guard. Now I enfeoff him as the Marquis of Zhuangwu. The six men who accompanied me shall all be appointed to the rank of the Nine Ministers.' He further declared: 'The marquises who followed Emperor Gaozu into Shu and Han—sixty-eight men in total—shall each have their fiefs increased by three hundred households.' For officials of two thousand shi rank and above who followed Emperor Gaozu: Governor Zun of Yingchuan and nine others shall receive food revenues of six hundred households each; Governor Shen Tu Jia of Huaiyang and nine others shall receive five hundred households each; Guard Commander Zu and nine others shall receive four hundred households each.' He enfeoffed Zhao Jian, uncle of the King of Huainan, as Marquis of Zhouyang; Si Jun, uncle of the King of Qi, as Marquis of Jingguo; and Cai Jian, former chancellor of Changshan, as Marquis of Fan.
10
十一月癸卯晦，日有食之。 詔曰：「朕聞之，天生民，為之置君以養治之。 人主不德，布政不均，則天示之災以戒不治。 乃十一月晦，日有食之，適見于天，災孰大焉！ 朕獲保宗廟，以微眇之身託于士民君王之上，天下治亂，在予一人，唯二三執政猶吾股肱也。 朕下不能治育群生，上以累三光之明，其不德大矣。 令至，其悉思朕之過失，及知見之所不及，饨以啟告朕。 及舉賢良方正能直言極諫者，以匡朕之不逮。 因各敕以職任，務省繇費以便民。 朕既不能遠德，故贳然念外人之有非，是以設備未息。 今縱不能罷邊屯戍，又飭兵厚衛，其罷衛將軍軍。 太僕見馬遺財足，餘皆以給傳置。」
On the last day of the eleventh month, the day Renzi, there was a solar eclipse. The imperial edict declared: 'I have heard that Heaven brings forth the people and establishes rulers to nurture and govern them.' When sovereigns lack virtue and their policies are unfair, Heaven manifests disasters to admonish their poor governance. Thus on the last day of the eleventh month, a solar eclipse occurred, clearly visible in the heavens—what calamity could be more grave! I have been fortunate enough to preserve the ancestral temples, with my humble person placed above scholars, commoners, and kings. The peace or turmoil of the world depends entirely on me alone; only my two or three chief ministers serve as my arms and legs. Below I have failed to properly govern and nurture all living creatures; above I have burdened the radiance of the sun, moon, and stars—my lack of virtue is truly profound. When this edict reaches you, carefully reflect on my faults and what my wisdom and perception fail to encompass, and candidly inform me of them. And recommend virtuous, upright men who speak directly and remonstrate forcefully, to rectify my deficiencies. Each shall be instructed in their duties, diligently reducing forced labor and expenditures to benefit the people. Since my virtue cannot reach far, I am constantly anxious about foreigners harboring resentments, which is why military preparations have not been relaxed. Although I cannot yet abolish the frontier garrisons and border guards, I can at least trim the troops and reduce the palace guard. Let the Guard General's army be disbanded. The Grand Coachman has adequate horses and surplus funds; use the remainder to supply the postal relay stations.'
11
春正月丁亥，詔曰：「夫農，天下之本也，其開藉田，朕親率耕，以給宗廟粢盛。 民謫作縣官及貸種食未入、入未備者，皆赦之。」
On the Dinghai day of the first month of spring, the imperial edict declared: 'Agriculture is the foundation of the world. Let the sacred plow land be opened. I personally will lead the plowing to provide grain offerings for the ancestral temples.' People condemned to forced labor for county offices and those who borrowed seed grain or food but have not repaid it, or whose repayment is incomplete—all shall be pardoned.'
12
三月，有司請立皇子為諸侯王。 詔曰：「前趙幽王幽死，朕甚憐之，已立其太子遂為趙王。 遂弟辟彊及齊悼惠王子朱虛侯章、東牟侯興居有功，可王。」 乃遂立辟彊為河間王，章為城陽王，興居為濟北王。 因立皇子武為代王，參為太原王，揖為梁王。
In the third month, the officials petitioned to enfeoff imperial princes as feudal kings. The imperial edict stated: 'Previously King You of Zhao died while imprisoned. I greatly pity him and have already enthroned his crown prince Sui as King of Zhao.' Sui's younger brother Pi Qiang, and the sons of King Dao Hui of Qi—the Marquis of Zhuxu Zhang and the Marquis of Dongmu Xing Ju—have distinguished themselves and may be made kings.' He then established Pi Qiang as King of Hejian, Zhang as King of Chengyang, and Xingju as King of Jibei. As a result, he established his imperial sons Wu as King of Dai, Shen as King of Taiyuan, and Yi as King of Liang.
13
五月，詔曰：「古之治天下，朝有進善之旌，誹謗之木，所以通治道而來諫者也。 今法有誹謗訞言之罪，是使眾臣不敢盡情，而上無由聞過失也。 將何以來遠方之賢良？ 其除之。 民或祝詛上，以相約而後相謾，吏以為大逆，其有他言，吏又以為誹謗。 此細民之愚，無知抵死，朕甚不取。 自今以來，有犯此者勿聽治。」
In the fifth month, he issued an edict: 'In ancient times, when governing the world, the court displayed banners to encourage virtuous conduct and wooden drums for people to beat when voicing criticism. These helped open channels of communication and attracted honest remonstrance.' But now the law punishes criticism and secret speech as crimes. This silences the ministers and prevents them from speaking their minds, leaving the ruler with no way to learn of his mistakes. How then can we attract worthy and virtuous men from distant lands? Therefore, let these laws be abolished. Sometimes common people curse or pray for the ruler, making pacts among themselves and then breaking them. Officials treat this as great rebellion. If they speak any other words, officials treat it as slanderous criticism. This is merely the foolishness of ignorant common folk, yet they face the death penalty for it. I find this utterly unacceptable. From this day forward, let such offenses go uninvestigated and unpunished.'
14
九月，初與郡守為銅虎符、竹使符。
In the ninth month, he first issued copper tiger tallies and bamboo messenger tallies to the commandery governors.
15
詔曰：「農，天下之大本也，民所恃以生也，而民或不務本而事末，故生不遂。 朕憂其然，故今茲親率群臣農以勸之。 其賜天下民今年田租之半。」
He issued an edict: 'Agriculture forms the great foundation of the world and is what the people depend on for their livelihood. Yet some people neglect this root and pursue peripheral occupations, leaving their lives unfulfilled.' I am concerned about this situation, so this year I will personally lead my ministers in farming to set an example for the people. Therefore, let all the people of the empire be granted remission of half their land taxes this year.'
16
三年冬十月丁酉晦，日有食之。 十一月丁卯晦，日有蝕之。
In the third year, during winter in the tenth month, on the new moon day Dingyou, there was a solar eclipse. In the eleventh month, on the new moon day Dingmao, there was a solar eclipse.
17
詔曰：「前日詔遣列侯之國，辭未行。 丞相朕之所重，其為遂率列侯之國。」 遂免丞相勃，遣就國。 十二月，太尉潁陰侯灌嬰為丞相。 罷太尉官，屬丞相。
He issued an edict: 'I previously ordered the marquises to return to their fiefs, but the command has not been executed.' The chancellor is a man I greatly respect; let him therefore escort the marquises back to their fiefs.' As a result, he dismissed Chancellor Bo from office and sent him back to his fief. In the twelfth month, Grand Commandant Marquis Yingyin Guan Ying was appointed chancellor. He abolished the position of Grand Commandant and transferred its responsibilities to the chancellor.
18
夏四月，城陽王章薨。 淮南王長殺辟陽侯審食其。
In the fourth month of summer, King Zhang of Chengyang passed away. King Chang of Huainan assassinated Marquis Piyang Shen Shiqi.
19
五月，匈奴入居北地、河南為寇。 上幸甘泉，遣丞相灌嬰擊匈奴，匈奴去。 發中尉材官屬衛將軍，軍長安。
In the fifth month, the Xiongnu invaded and occupied Beidi and Henan territories as raiding forces. The emperor journeyed to Ganquan and sent Chancellor Guan Ying to attack the Xiongnu invaders, who then retreated. He mobilized the skilled troops under the Commandant of the Capital and placed them under the Guard General's command, stationing the army at Chang'an.
20
上自甘泉之高奴，因幸太原，見故群臣，皆賜之。 舉功行賞，諸民里賜牛酒。 復晉陽、中都民三歲租。 留游太原十餘日。
The emperor traveled from Ganquan to Gaonu, then proceeded to Taiyuan where he met his old ministers and bestowed gifts upon them all. He honored meritorious deeds with rewards and granted oxen and wine to the villages and neighborhoods of the common people. He granted the people of Jinyang and Zhongdu exemption from three years of land taxes. He remained in Taiyuan, touring the area for more than ten days.
21
濟北王興居聞帝之代，欲自擊匈奴，乃反，發兵欲襲滎陽。 於是詔罷丞相兵，以棘蒲侯柴武為大將軍，將四將軍十萬眾擊之。 祁侯繒賀為將軍，軍滎陽。 秋七月，上自太原至長安。 詔曰：「濟北王背德反上，詿誤吏民，為大逆。 濟北吏民兵未至先自定及以軍城邑降者，皆赦之，復官爵。 與王興居去來者，亦赦之。」 八月，虜濟北王興居，自殺。 赦諸與興居反者。
King Xingju of Jibei learned that the emperor was in Dai territory. He wanted to lead his own campaign against the Xiongnu, but instead he rebelled and mobilized troops to attack Xingyang. Thereupon, he ordered the chancellor's troops disbanded and appointed Marquis Jipu Chai Wu as Grand General to lead four generals and 100,000 troops against the rebels. Marquis Qi Zong He was appointed as a general and stationed his army at Xingyang. In the seventh month of autumn, the emperor returned to Chang'an from Taiyuan. He issued an edict: 'The King of Jibei has abandoned virtue and rebelled against his sovereign, deceiving and misleading officials and common people alike. This constitutes great rebellion.' All officials, civilians, and soldiers in Jibei who pacified their areas before imperial troops arrived, and those who surrendered cities and towns along with their garrisons, shall be pardoned and restored to their offices and noble ranks. Those who had dealings with King Xingju, whether they came to him or went from him, shall also be pardoned.' In the eighth month, King Xingju of Jibei was captured and committed suicide. He granted amnesty to all who had participated in Xingju's rebellion.
22
四年冬十二月，丞相灌嬰薨。
In the twelfth month of winter in the fourth year, Chancellor Guan Ying passed away.
23
夏五月，復諸劉有屬籍，家無所與。 賜諸侯王子邑各二千戶。
In the fifth month of summer, he restored land allotments to various members of the Liu clan who had registered dependents but received no property. He granted each of the feudal lords' sons a city comprising 2,000 households.
24
秋九月，封齊悼惠王子七人為列侯。
In the ninth month of autumn, he enfeoffed seven sons of King Daohui of Qi as marquises.
25
絳侯周勃有罪，逮詣廷尉詔獄。
Marquis Jiang Zhou Bo committed a crime and was arrested for trial in the imperial prison under the Chamberlain for Law.
26
作顧成廟。
He built the Temple of Reverent Completion.
27
五年春二月，地震。
In the second month of spring in the fifth year, there was an earthquake.
28
夏四月，除盜鑄錢令。 更造四銖錢。
In the fourth month of summer, he lifted the ban on private coin casting. He reformed the currency by issuing new four-zhu coins.
29
六年冬十月，桃李華。
In the tenth month of winter in the sixth year, the peach and plum trees bloomed out of season.
30
十一月，淮南王長謀反，廢遷蜀嚴道，死雍。
In the eleventh month, King Chang of Huainan plotted rebellion. He was deposed from his throne and exiled to Yandao in Shu, where he died in Yong.
31
七年冬十月，令列侯太夫人、夫人、諸侯王子及吏二千石無得擅徵捕。
In the tenth month of winter in the seventh year, he issued an order prohibiting marquises' grand dowagers, dowagers, feudal lords' sons, and officials of two thousand shi rank from arbitrarily arresting or seizing people.
32
六月癸酉，未央宮東闕罘罳災。
On the day Guichou in the sixth month, the carved screen of the eastern gate tower of Weiyang Palace was damaged by fire.
33
八年夏，封淮南厲王長子四人為列侯。
In summer of the eighth year, he enfeoffed four sons of King Li Chang of Huainan as marquises.
34
有長星出于東方。
A comet appeared in the eastern sky.
35
九年春，大旱。
In spring of the ninth year, a severe drought occurred.
36
十年冬，行幸甘泉。
In winter of the tenth year, he made an imperial visit to Ganquan.
37
將軍薄昭死。
General Bo Zhao died.
38
十一年冬十一月，行幸代。 春正月，上自代還。
In the eleventh month of winter in the eleventh year, he made an imperial visit to Dai. In the first month of spring, the emperor returned from Dai.
39
夏六月，梁王揖薨。
In the sixth month of summer, King Yi of Liang passed away.
40
匈奴寇狄道。
The Xiongnu invaded Didao.
41
十二年冬十二月，河決東郡。
In the twelfth month of winter in the twelfth year, the Yellow River flooded Dongjun commandery.
42
春正月，賜諸侯王女邑各二千戶。
In the first month of spring, he granted each daughter of the feudal lords a city comprising 2,000 households.
43
二月，出孝惠皇帝後宮美人，令得嫁。
In the second month, he released the palace ladies from Emperor Hui's harem and allowed them to marry.
44
三月，除關無用傳。
In the third month, he abolished the requirement for travel passes at the border checkpoints for unofficial travelers.
45
詔曰：「道民之路，在於務本。 朕親率天下農，十年于今，而野不加辟，歲一不登，民有飢色，是從事焉尚寡，而吏未加務也。 吾詔書數下，歲勸民種樹，而功未興，是吏奉吾詔不勤，而勸民不明也。 且吾農民甚苦，而吏莫之省，將何以勸焉？ 其賜農民今年租稅之半。」
He issued an edict: 'The way to guide the people lies in focusing on the fundamentals.' For ten years now I have personally led the empire's farmers, yet the fields remain undeveloped, harvests continue to fail, and the people show signs of starvation. This indicates that too few are engaged in farming, and officials have not been diligent in their duties. My decrees have been issued repeatedly, urging the people each year to plant trees, yet no progress has been made. This shows that officials have not diligently implemented my orders and have not clearly motivated the people. Moreover, my farmers endure great hardship, yet officials take no notice of them. How then can they be motivated? Therefore, let the farmers be granted remission of half their land taxes for this year.'
46
又曰：「孝悌，天下之大順也。 力田，為生之本也。 三老，眾民之師也。 廉吏，民之表也。 朕甚嘉此二三大夫之行。 今萬家之縣，云無應令，豈實人情？ 是吏舉賢之道未備也。 其遣謁者勞賜三老、孝者帛人五匹，悌者、力田二匹，廉吏二百石以上率百石者三匹。 及問民所不便安，而以戶口率置三老孝悌力田常員，令各率其意以道民焉。」
He continued: 'Filial piety and fraternal duty represent the greatest harmony in the world.' Hard work in the fields forms the foundation of life. The Three Elders serve as teachers for the common people. Honest officials serve as exemplars for the people. I greatly praise the conduct of these two or three gentlemen. Now in counties with ten thousand households, it is claimed that no one responds to the imperial command. Can this truly reflect human nature? This demonstrates that officials' methods for recommending worthy candidates remain incomplete. Therefore, dispatch attendants to honor and reward the Three Elders and filial individuals with five bolts of silk each, fraternal individuals and diligent farmers with two bolts each, and honest officials of two hundred shi rank and above as well as one hundred shi officials with three bolts each. And investigate what difficulties the people face, establishing regular positions for Three Elders, filial individuals, fraternal individuals, and diligent farmers in proportion to the population, allowing each to guide the people according to their own discretion.'
47
十三年春二月甲寅，詔曰：「朕親率天下農耕以供粢盛，皇后親桑以奉祭服，其具禮儀。」
In the thirteenth year, on the day Jia Yin of the second month of spring, he issued an edict: 'I personally lead the empire's farmers in plowing to provide the sacrificial grains, while the Empress herself tends silkworms to supply the ritual garments. Let the appropriate ceremonies be arranged.'
48
夏，除祕祝，語在郊祀志。 五月，除肉刑法，語在刑法志。
In summer, he abolished the secret curses; see the Treatise on Suburban Sacrifices for details. In the fifth month, he abolished the punishments involving mutilation; see the Treatise on Penal Law for details.
49
六月，詔曰：「農，天下之本，務莫大焉。 今廑身從事，而有租稅之賦，是謂本末者無以異也，其於勸農之道未備。 其除田之租稅。 賜天下孤寡布帛絮各有數。」
In the sixth month, he issued an edict: 'Agriculture forms the foundation of the world; no endeavor is more important.' Now when farmers dedicate themselves to this work, they still bear the burden of rents and taxes. This makes no distinction between root and branch, showing that methods to encourage agriculture remain inadequate. Therefore, let the land taxes be abolished. Grant cloth, silk, and cotton to the orphans and widows throughout the empire in appropriate amounts.'
50
十四年冬，匈奴寇邊，殺北地都尉卬。 遣三將軍軍隴西、北地、上郡，中尉周舍為衛將軍，郎中令張武為車騎將軍，軍渭北，車千乘，騎卒十萬人。 上親勞軍，勒兵，申教令，賜吏卒。 自欲征匈奴，群臣諫，不聽。 皇太后固要上，乃止。 於是以東陽侯張相如為大將軍，建成侯董赫、內史欒布皆為將軍，擊匈奴。 匈奴走。
In winter of the fourteenth year, the Xiongnu raided the frontier and killed Commandant Ang of Beidi. He dispatched three generals to station armies in Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun commanderies. He appointed the Commandant of the Capital Zhou She as Guard General and the Palace Assistant Zhang Wu as Chariot and Cavalry General, positioning their forces north of the Wei River with a thousand chariots and ten thousand cavalry. The emperor personally inspected the troops, conducted military drills, reinforced the orders, and distributed rewards to the officers and soldiers. He wished to lead a personal campaign against the Xiongnu. His ministers remonstrated against this, but he refused to listen. The Empress Dowager firmly prevented the emperor from going, and so he abandoned the plan. Thereupon, he appointed Marquis Dongyang Zhang Xiangru as Grand General, and made Marquis Jiancheng Dong He and Internal Historian Luan Bu generals to attack the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu retreated.
51
春，詔曰：「朕獲執犧牲珪幣以事上帝宗廟，十四年于今。 歷日彌長，以不敏不明而久撫臨天下，朕甚自媿。 其廣增諸祀壇場珪幣。 昔先王遠施不求其報，望祀不祈其福，右賢左戚，先民後己，至明之極也。 今吾聞祠官祝釐，皆歸福於朕躬，不為百姓，朕甚媿之。 夫以朕之不德，而專鄉獨美其福，百姓不與焉，是重吾不德也。 其令祠官致敬，無有所祈。」
In spring, he issued an edict: 'I have been privileged to offer sacrificial animals and jade and silk in service to the Supreme Deity and ancestral temples for fourteen years now.' The days grow longer, yet because of my stupidity and lack of understanding, I have governed the world for so long. I am deeply ashamed of myself. Therefore, let the sacrificial altars and grounds be extensively expanded with offerings of jade and silk. In ancient times, the former kings extended favors far and wide without expecting repayment, performed sacrifices without praying for personal blessings, honored the worthy while placing relatives second, and put the people's needs before their own—this represents the height of enlightenment. Now I hear that all the prayers and blessings from the sacrificial officials direct good fortune to me personally and not to the people. I am deeply ashamed by this. Given my lack of virtue, to monopolize and exclusively enjoy such blessings while the common people get none—this only compounds my unworthiness. Therefore, instruct the sacrificial officials to offer respect without making any petitions.'
52
十五年春，黃龍見於成紀。 上乃下詔議郊祀。 公孫臣明服色，新垣平設五廟。 語在郊祀志。 夏四月，上幸雍，始郊見五帝，赦天下，修名山大川嘗祀而絕者，有司以歲時致禮。
In spring of the fifteenth year, a yellow dragon appeared in Chengji. The emperor then issued an edict calling for deliberation on suburban sacrifices. Gongsun Chen clarified the ritual vestments and colors, while Xin Yuanping established the five ancestral temples. See the Treatise on Suburban Sacrifices for details. In the fourth month of summer, the emperor traveled to Yong and began the suburban sacrifices to the Five Emperors. He granted amnesty to the entire empire and restored the seasonal sacrifices to famous mountains and great rivers that had lapsed, with officials performing the rites at the proper times.
53
九月，詔諸侯王公卿郡守舉賢良能直言極諫者，上親策之，傅納以言。 語在晁錯傳。
In the ninth month, he commanded feudal lords, nobles, ministers, and commandery governors to recommend worthy individuals capable of speaking frankly and offering bold criticism. The emperor personally examined them and accepted their counsel. See the Biography of Chao Cuo for details.
54
十六年夏四月，上郊祀五帝于渭陽。
In the fourth month of summer in the sixteenth year, the emperor performed suburban sacrifices to the Five Emperors at Weiyang.
55
五月，立齊悼惠王子六人、淮南厲王子三人皆為王。
In the fifth month, he enfeoffed six sons of King Daohui of Qi and three sons of King Li of Huainan, making them all kings.
56
秋九月，得玉杯，刻曰「人主延壽」。 令天下大酺，明年改元。
In the ninth month of autumn, a jade cup was discovered, engraved with the words 'Long life to the ruler.' He ordered a great celebration throughout the empire and changed the reign title for the following year.
57
後元年冬十月，新垣平詐覺，謀反，夷三族。
In the tenth month of winter in the first year of the Later reign, Xin Yuanping's fraud was exposed. He had plotted rebellion, and his three clans were exterminated.
58
春三月，孝惠皇后張氏薨。
In the third month of spring, Empress Xiaohui Zhang passed away.
59
詔曰：「間者數年比不登，又有水旱疾疫之災，朕甚憂之。 愚而不明，未達其咎。 意者朕之政有所失而行有過與？ 乃天道有不順，地利或不得，人事多失和，鬼神廢不享與？ 何以致此？ 將百官之奉養或費，無用之事或多與？ 何其民食之寡乏也！ 夫度田非益寡，而計民未加益，以口量地，其於古猶有餘，而食之甚不足者，其咎安在？ 無乃百姓之從事於末以害農者蕃，為酒醪以靡穀者多，六畜之食焉者眾與？ 細大之義，吾未能得其中。 其與丞相列侯吏二千石博士議之，有可以佐百姓者，率意遠思，無有所隱。」
He issued an edict: 'In recent years, harvests have failed repeatedly, accompanied by disasters of floods, droughts, and epidemics. I am deeply concerned about this.' I am stupid and unenlightened, unable to grasp the source of these misfortunes. Could it be that my administration has shortcomings and my behavior has errors? Or could it be that the celestial order is out of balance, earthly resources are not properly utilized, human affairs are largely in disharmony, and the spirits are neglected without proper sacrifices? How did this situation arise? Could it be that the stipends of the hundred officials are too lavish, or that unnecessary activities are too abundant? How meager and insufficient is the people's sustenance! The surveyed fields are not diminished, and the population count has not grown. When measuring land against mouths to feed, compared to ancient times there is still surplus, yet food supplies are gravely inadequate. Where does the blame lie? Could it be that many common people are engaged in secondary occupations that harm farming, numerous individuals are brewing wine that squanders grain, and livestock that consume grain are plentiful? The principles governing great and small matters—I have not yet found their proper middle ground. Therefore, deliberate on this with the chancellor, marquises, officials of two thousand shi rank, and the erudits. If there is anything that can help the common people, think freely and reflect deeply without holding anything back.'
60
二年夏，行幸雍棫陽宮。
In summer of the second year, he made an imperial visit to the Queyang Palace in Yong.
61
六月，代王參薨。 匈奴和親。 詔曰：「朕既不明，不能遠德，使方外之國或不寧息。 夫四荒之外不安其生，封圻之內勤勞不處，二者之咎，皆自於朕之德薄而不能達遠也。 間者累年，匈奴並暴邊境，多殺吏民，邊臣兵吏入不能諭其內志，以重吾不德。 夫久結難連兵，中外之國將何以自寧？ 今朕夙興夜寐，勤勞天下，憂苦萬民，為之惻怛不安，未嘗一日忘於心，故遣使者冠蓋相望，結徹於道，以諭朕志於單于。 今單于反古之道，計社稷之安，便萬民之利，新與朕俱棄細過，偕之大道，結兄弟之義，以全天下元元之民。 和親以定，始于今年。」
In the sixth month, King Shen of Dai passed away. The Xiongnu established peaceful relations through marriage alliance. He issued an edict: 'I, being unenlightened and unable to extend virtue to distant lands, have caused the countries beyond our frontiers to sometimes lack peace and tranquility.' Beyond the four wildernesses, people lack security in their lives; within the borders, there is constant toil without respite. The blame for both situations stems from my inadequate virtue and inability to extend my influence far. In recent years, the Xiongnu have repeatedly assaulted the border regions, killing many officials and civilians. The border officials and military officers have failed to communicate my inner intentions clearly, thereby aggravating my lack of virtue. With prolonged difficult alliances and continuous military campaigns, how can the inner and outer states achieve security for themselves? Now I rise at dawn and retire at night, laboring diligently for the empire, worrying and suffering on behalf of the myriad people, feeling compassion and unrest for them, never forgetting it for even a single day. Therefore I have sent envoys with their ceremonial umbrellas in constant succession, filling the roads, to communicate my intentions clearly to the Chanyu. Now the Chanyu has returned to the ancient way, considering the security of the state and the benefit of the myriad people. Together with me he sets aside minor grievances and follows the great path, forming brotherly bonds to preserve the common people of the entire world. Peaceful relations through marriage are established, beginning this year.'
62
三年春二月，行幸代。
In the second month of spring in the third year, he made an imperial visit to Dai.
63
四年夏四月丙寅晦，日有蝕之。 五月，赦天下。 免官奴婢為庶人。 行幸雍。
In the fourth month of summer in the fourth year, on the new moon day Bingyin, there was a solar eclipse. In the fifth month, he granted general amnesty throughout the empire. He manumitted the government slaves, allowing them to become free commoners. He made an imperial visit to Yong.
64
五年春正月，行幸隴西。 三月，行幸雍。 秋七月，行幸代。
In the first month of spring in the fifth year, he made an imperial visit to Longxi. In the third month, he made an imperial visit to Yong. In the seventh month of autumn, he made an imperial visit to Dai.
65
六年冬，匈奴三萬騎入上郡，三萬騎入雲中。 以中大夫令免為車騎將軍屯飛狐，故楚相蘇意為將軍屯句注，將軍張武屯北地，河內太守周亞夫為將軍次細柳，宗正劉禮為將軍次霸上，祝茲侯徐厲為將軍次棘門，以備胡。
In winter of the sixth year, 30,000 Xiongnu cavalry invaded Shangjun and another 30,000 entered Yunzhong. He appointed Court Gentleman Ling Mian as Chariot and Cavalry General stationed at Feihu Pass, former Chu Chancellor Su Yi as general stationed at Gounote Pass, General Zhang Wu stationed at Beidi, Hedong Governor Zhou Yafu as general stationed at Xiliu, Imperial Kinsman Liu Li as general stationed at Bashang, and Marquis Xu Li of Zhuzi as general stationed at Jimen, all to defend against the Xiongnu.
66
夏四月，大旱，蝗。 令諸侯無入貢。 弛山澤。 減諸服御。 損郎吏員。 發倉庾以振民。 民得賣爵。
In the fourth month of summer, a severe drought occurred accompanied by locust swarms. He ordered that the feudal lords should cease presenting tribute. He opened the mountain forests and marshes to public access. He curtailed the various palace furnishings and imperial equipages. He decreased the number of palace attendants and officials. He opened the government granaries to provide relief to the people. The common people were allowed to sell their noble titles.
67
七年夏六月己亥，帝崩于未央宮。 遺詔曰：「朕聞之，蓋天下萬物之萌生，靡不有死。 死者天地之理，物之自然，奚可甚哀！ 當今之世，咸嘉生而惡死，厚葬以破業，重服以傷生，吾甚不取。 且朕既不德，無以佐百姓； 今崩，又使重服久臨，以罹寒暑之數，哀人父子，傷長老之志，損其飲食，絕鬼神之祭祀，以重吾不德，謂天下何！ 朕獲保宗廟，以眇眇之身託于天下君王之上，二十有餘年矣。 賴天之靈，社稷之福，方內安寧，靡有兵革。 朕既不敏，常畏過行，以羞先帝之遺德； 惟年之久長，懼于不終。 今乃幸以天年得復供養于高廟，朕之不明與嘉之，其奚哀念之有！ 其令天下吏民，令到出臨三日，皆釋服。 無禁取婦嫁女祠祀飲酒食肉。 自當給喪事服臨者，皆無踐。 姪帶無過三寸。 無布車及兵器。 無發民哭臨宮殿中。 殿中當臨者，皆以旦夕各十五舉音，禮畢罷。 非旦夕臨時，禁無得擅哭臨。 以下，服大紅十五日，小紅十四日，纖七日，釋服。 它不在令中者，皆以此令比類從事。 布告天下，使明知朕意。 霸陵山川因其故，無有所改。 歸夫人以下至少使。」 令中尉亞夫為車騎將軍，屬國悍為將屯將軍，郎中令張武為復土將軍，發近縣卒萬六千人，發內史卒萬五千人，臧郭穿復土屬將軍武。 賜諸侯王以下至孝悌力田金錢帛各有數。 乙巳，葬霸陵。
On the day Jihai in the sixth month of summer in the seventh year, the emperor passed away in Weiyang Palace. His testamentary edict stated: 'I have heard that all living things in the world that sprout and grow, without exception, must die.' Death is the natural principle of Heaven and Earth, the inevitable course of all things—why should one grieve excessively! In the present age, everyone praises life and detests death, using elaborate burials to bankrupt families and heavy mourning garments to harm living people—I greatly disapprove of this. Moreover, lacking virtue as I do, I have been unable to aid the common people; Now that I have passed away, I would cause prolonged heavy mourning that exposes people to the hardships of cold and heat, grieves fathers and sons, harms the resolve of the elderly, diminishes their food and drink, and cuts off sacrifices to the spirits, thereby compounding my unworthiness—what would the world think! I have been privileged to preserve the ancestral temples, entrusting my insignificant person above all the lords and kings of the world for more than twenty years. Relying on Heaven's blessing and the good fortune of the state, within the four seas there has been peace and tranquility, free from any warfare. Being unenlightened as I am, I have constantly feared committing errors that would shame the legacy virtue of my ancestors; I only feared that my years would not be long enough to complete my duties. Now fortunately I have reached my natural lifespan and can again serve at the High Temple. Though unenlightened, I rejoice in this—what cause is there for grief and mourning! Therefore, command all officials and people throughout the empire that upon receiving the order, they shall mourn for three days and then remove their mourning garments. Do not prohibit taking wives, marrying off daughters, performing sacrifices, drinking wine, or eating meat. Those who are required to attend mourning rites and funerals shall all be exempted from labor service. Mourning sashes shall not exceed three inches in width. There shall be no carriages draped in cloth nor any weapons. Do not mobilize the common people to wail and mourn within the palace halls. Those in the palace required to mourn shall each wail fifteen times in the morning and fifteen times in the evening. When the rites are completed, they shall disperse. Except for the designated morning and evening mourning periods, it is forbidden to arbitrarily wail or mourn. For those of lower rank, wear heavy red mourning for fifteen days, light red mourning for fourteen days, and plain mourning for seven days, then remove mourning garments. For other matters not specified in this edict, all shall proceed by analogy to this edict. Proclaim this throughout the empire so that my intentions are clearly understood. The mountains and rivers of Ba Mausoleum shall remain in their natural state, with no changes made. Return the ladies-in-waiting and those below them to at least the status of envoys.' He appointed Superintendent of the Capital Zhou Yafu as Chariot and Cavalry General, Protector of Dependent States Han as Garrison General, and Palace Assistant Zhang Wu as Restorer of Soil General. He mobilized 16,000 troops from nearby counties and 15,000 from the Capital District, with Zang Guo Chuang's burial preparations assigned to General Wu. He granted gold, cash, and silk to the feudal lords and below, down to the filial individuals, fraternal individuals, and diligent farmers, each according to their rank. On the day YisI, he was interred at Ba Mausoleum.
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贊曰：孝文皇帝即位二十三年，宮室苑囿車騎服御無所增益。 有不便，輒弛以利民。 嘗欲作露臺，召匠計之，直百金。 上曰：「百金，中人十家之產也。 吾奉先帝宮室，常恐羞之，何以臺為！」 身衣弋綈，所幸慎夫人衣不曳地，帷帳無文繡，以示敦朴，為天下先。 治霸陵，皆瓦器，不得以金銀銅錫為飾，因其山，不起墳。 南越尉佗自立為帝，召貴佗兄弟，以德懷之，佗遂稱臣。 與匈奴結和親，後而背約入盜，令邊備守，不發兵深入，恐煩百姓。 吳王詐病不朝，賜以几杖。 群臣袁盎等諫說雖切，常假借納用焉。 張武等受賂金錢，覺，更加賞賜，以媿其心。 專務以德化民，是以海內殷富，興於禮義，斷獄數百，幾致刑措。 嗚呼，仁哉！
The commentator states: Emperor Xiaowen reigned for twenty-three years without adding to the palaces, parks, carriages, horses, or furnishings. Whenever something proved inconvenient, he immediately abolished it for the people's benefit. Once he considered building an open-air pavilion and summoned craftsmen to estimate the cost, which came to 100 jin. The emperor said: 'One hundred jin represents the combined wealth of ten middle-class families.' I maintain my ancestors' palaces and constantly fear bringing shame to them—why would I need a pavilion!' He himself wore coarse silk garments, and his favored Lady Shen's robes did not trail on the ground. The curtains and canopies lacked embroidered patterns, demonstrating frugality and setting an example for the world. In preparing Ba Mausoleum, all vessels were made of earthenware and not permitted to be decorated with gold, silver, copper, or tin. Following the natural contours of the mountain, no artificial mound was constructed. Wei Tuo of Nanyue proclaimed himself emperor. The emperor summoned and honored Tuo's brothers, winning Tuo over with virtuous conduct, whereupon Tuo submitted as a vassal. He established peaceful marriage relations with the Xiongnu, but afterward they violated the treaty and conducted raids. He ordered border defenses to be maintained but did not dispatch troops in deep pursuit, fearing to burden the common people. The King of Wu feigned illness and failed to attend court. The emperor granted him a table and staff as symbols of his advanced age. His ministers Yuan Ang and others offered blunt remonstrances, but he always accepted and employed them through tactful accommodation. Zhang Wu and others accepted bribes of gold and cash. When this was discovered, the emperor instead increased their rewards to shame their consciences. He devoted himself to transforming the people through virtue, resulting in prosperity and wealth within the four seas, flourishing observance of ritual and righteousness, judicial cases numbering only in the hundreds, nearly achieving the point where punishments could be set aside. Ah, what benevolence!