1
孝宣皇帝，武帝曾孫，戾太子孫也。 太子納史良娣，生史皇孫。 皇孫納王夫人，生宣帝，號曰皇曾孫。 生數月，遭巫蠱事，太子、良娣、皇孫、王夫人皆遇害。 語在太子傳。 曾孫雖在襁褓，猶坐收繫郡邸獄。 而邴吉為廷尉監，治巫蠱於郡邸，憐曾孫之亡辜，使女徒復作淮陽趙徵卿、渭城胡組更乳養，私給衣食，視遇甚有恩。
Emperor Xuan, known for his filial piety, was the great-grandson of Emperor Wu and the grandson of the ill-fated Crown Prince Li. The Crown Prince took Lady Shi as his consort, and she bore him a son who became known as Imperial Grandson Shi. The Imperial Grandson married Lady Wang, and she bore him a son who would become Emperor Xuan, known at the time as the Royal Great-Grandson. Just months after his birth, disaster struck with the witchcraft scandal. The Crown Prince, his consort, the Imperial Grandson, and Lady Wang were all put to death. The full account appears in the biography of the Crown Prince. Though still an infant in swaddling clothes, the great-grandson was nonetheless implicated and imprisoned in the commandery residence jail. Bing Ji, who supervised the Court Judge's office and handled the witchcraft case at the commandery residence, took pity on the innocent great-grandson. He arranged for female convicts—Zhao Zhengqing from Huaiyang and Hu Zu from Weicheng—to take turns nursing the child, and he personally provided for the boy's clothing and food, treating him with great kindness.
2
巫蠱事連歲不決。 至後元二年，武帝疾，往來長楊、五柞宮，望氣者言長安獄中有天子氣，上遣使者分條中都官獄繫者，輕重皆殺之。 內謁者令郭穰夜至郡邸獄，吉拒閉，使者不得入，曾孫賴吉得全。 因遭大赦，吉乃載曾孫送祖母史良娣家。 語在吉及外戚傳。
The witchcraft scandal dragged on for years without resolution. By the second year of the Houyuan era, Emperor Wu fell ill and traveled between the Changyang and Wuzuo Palaces. Diviners reported that an imperial aura emanated from the Chang'an prison. The emperor sent envoys to execute all prisoners in the capital's official jails, regardless of whether their crimes were serious or minor. That night, Inner Usher Superintendent Guo Rang arrived at the commandery residence prison. Bing Ji barred the gates and refused entry to the envoys. Thanks to Ji's protection, the great-grandson survived unharmed. When a general amnesty was declared, Bing Ji took the great-grandson and delivered him to the home of his grandmother, Lady Shi. The full account appears in the biographies of Bing Ji and the imperial relatives.
3
後有詔掖庭養視，上屬籍宗正。 時掖庭令張賀嘗事戾太子，思顧舊恩，哀曾孫，奉養甚謹，以私錢供給教書。 既壯，為取暴室嗇夫許廣漢女，曾孫因依倚廣漢兄弟及祖母家史氏。 受詩於東海澓中翁，高材好學，然亦喜游俠，鬥雞走馬，具知閭里奸邪，吏治得失。 數上下諸陵，周遍三輔，常困於蓮勺鹵中。 尤樂杜、鄠之間，率常在下杜。 時會朝請，舍長安尚冠里，身足下有毛，臥居數有光燿。 每買餅，所從買家輒大讎，亦以自是怪。
Later, an edict ordered the rear court to nurture and oversee him, and he was registered in the records of the Superintendent of the Imperial Clan. Zhang He, superintendent of the rear court, had once served the ill-fated Crown Prince Li and felt a sense of obligation from past loyalties. He took pity on the great-grandson and cared for him with great attentiveness, using his own money to provide education and books. Once he was grown, arrangements were made for him to marry the daughter of Xu Guanghan, the bailiff of the Baoshi prison. The great-grandson came to rely on the Guanghan brothers and his grandmother's family, the Shi clan. He studied the Poetry with Pi Zhongong of Donghai, showing great talent and a love of learning. Yet he also enjoyed the company of wandering knights, cockfighting, and horse racing. He came to know intimately the vices of the common people and the successes and failures of local administration. He frequently traveled to visit the various imperial tombs, circling through the Three Adjuncts region. He often found himself in dire financial straits in the midst of Lian, Shao, and Lu. He particularly enjoyed the area between Du and Hu, and generally spent his time in Lower Du. When he attended court audiences, he resided in the Shangguan quarter of Chang'an. His body and legs below the knees grew fur, and his sleeping quarters were frequently filled with radiant light. Whenever he bought cakes, the seller's family would immediately become wealthy. He himself considered this an auspicious omen.
4
元平元年四月，昭帝崩，毋嗣。 大將軍霍光請皇后徵昌邑王。 六月丙寅，王受皇帝璽綬，尊皇后曰皇太后。 癸巳，光奏王賀淫亂，請廢。 語在賀及光傳。
In the fourth month of the first year of the Yuanping era, Emperor Zhao passed away without an heir. Grand General Huo Guang petitioned the Empress to summon the King of Changyi. On the Bingyin day of the sixth month, the King received the imperial seal and ribbons, and the Empress was honored as Empress Dowager. On the Guiwei day, Huo Guang memorialized that King He was licentious and disorderly, requesting his deposition. The full account appears in the biographies of King He and Huo Guang.
5
秋七月，光奏議曰：「禮，人道親親故尊祖，尊祖故敬宗。 大宗毋嗣，擇支子孫賢者為嗣。 孝武皇帝曾孫病已，有詔掖庭養視，至今年十八，師受詩、論語、孝經，操行節儉，慈仁愛人，可以嗣孝昭皇帝後，奉承祖宗，子萬姓。」 奏可。 遣宗正德至曾孫尚冠里舍，洗沐，賜御府衣。 太僕以軨獵車奉迎曾孫，就齊宗正府。 庚申，入未央宮，見皇太后，封為陽武侯。 已而群臣奉上璽綬，即皇帝位，謁高廟。
In the seventh month of autumn, Huo Guang memorialized: 'According to ritual, human relationships require loving relatives and thus honoring ancestors; honoring ancestors requires respecting the clan. When the main line has no heir, one chooses a worthy descendant from a collateral branch to succeed. The great-grandson of Emperor Wu, Liu Bing Ji, was placed under the care of the rear court by imperial edict. He is now eighteen years old and has studied the Poetry, the Analects, and the Classic of Filial Piety. His conduct is frugal, he is compassionate and benevolent, loving toward people. He can succeed to the line of Emperor Zhao, serve the ancestors, and become father to the myriad people.' The memorial was approved. Superintendent of the Imperial Clan Liu De was sent to the great-grandson's residence in the Shangguan quarter. He was bathed and given clothing from the imperial wardrobe. The Grand Coachman arrived with a canopied hunting chariot to welcome the great-grandson and escort him to the office of the Superintendent of the Imperial Clan. On the Gengshen day, he entered Weiyang Palace, was presented to the Empress Dowager, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yangwu. The assembled ministers then presented him with the imperial seal and ribbons. He assumed the emperor's position and paid respects at the Gao Temple.
6
八月己巳，丞相敞薨。
On the Jisi day of the eighth month, Chancellor Dang passed away.
7
九月，大赦天下。
In the ninth month, a general amnesty was declared throughout the empire.
8
十一月壬子，立皇后許氏。 賜諸侯王以下金錢，至吏民鰥寡孤獨各有差。 皇太后歸長樂宮。 初置屯衛。
On the Renshu day of the eleventh month, Lady Xu was established as Empress. Grants of gold and money were given to the feudal kings and below, extending down to officials and commoners, including widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary, each according to their circumstances. The Empress Dowager returned to Changle Palace. Garrison guards were established for the first time.
9
本始元年春正月，募郡國吏民訾百萬以上徙平陵。 遣使者持節詔郡國二千石謹牧養民而風德化。
In the first month of spring in the first year of the Benshi era, officials and civilians from the commanderies and kingdoms whose property was worth more than 1,000,000 cash were recruited to relocate to Pingling. Envoys bearing imperial tallies were sent to issue edicts to the officials of 2000 piculs rank in the commanderies and kingdoms, instructing them to carefully shepherd and nurture the people while spreading moral transformation.
10
大將軍光稽首歸政，上謙讓委任焉。 論定策功，益封大將軍光萬七千戶，車騎將軍光祿勳富平侯安世萬戶。 詔曰：「故丞相安平侯敞等居位守職，與大將軍光、車騎將軍安世建議定策，以安宗廟，功賞未加而薨。 其益封敞嗣子忠及丞相陽平侯義、度遼將軍平陵侯明友、前將軍龍雒侯增、太僕建平侯延年、太常蒲侯昌、諫大夫宜春侯譚、當塗侯平、杜侯屠耆堂、長信少府關內侯勝邑戶各有差。 封御史大夫廣明為昌水侯，後將軍充國為營平侯，大司農延年為陽城侯，少府樂成為爰氏侯，光祿大夫遷為平丘侯。 賜右扶風德、典屬國武、廷尉光、宗正德、大鴻臚賢、詹事畸、光祿大夫吉、京輔都尉廣漢爵皆關內侯。 德、武食邑。」
Grand General Huo Guang bowed low and returned governance to the emperor. His Majesty modestly declined but entrusted him with the responsibility nonetheless. For their merit in establishing the succession policy, Grand General Huo Guang was granted an additional 17,000 households in fief, and Cavalry General and Chamberlain for Attendants Jin Anshi, Marquis of Fuping, was granted an additional 10,000 households. An edict declared: 'The former Chancellor, Marquis of Anping, Wei Dang, and others held their positions and fulfilled their duties. Together with Grand General Huo Guang and Cavalry General Jin Anshi, they proposed and established the succession policy to pacify the ancestral temples. Their merit was not yet rewarded when they passed away. Their heirs were accordingly granted increased fiefs: Wei Dang's successor son Wei Zhong; Chancellor and Marquis of Yangping Wang Yi; General Who Crosses Liao and Marquis of Pingling Fan Mingyou; Former General and Marquis of Longluo Li Zeng; Grand Coachman and Marquis of Jianping Du Yannian; Grand Master of Ceremonies and Marquis of Pu Su Chang; Remonstrance Official and Marquis of Yichun Wang Tan; Marquis of Dangtu Wei Ping; Marquis of Du Tu Qitang; and Changxin Junior Treasurer and Guannei Marquis Wei Sheng. Each received estates and households according to their merit. Chamberlain for Law Enforcement Zheng Guangming was enfeoffed as Marquis of Changshui; Rear General Zhao Chongguo as Marquis of Yingping; Grand Minister of Agriculture Ning Yannian as Marquis of Yangcheng; Junior Treasurer Shi Yuecheng as Marquis of Yuanshi; and Chamberlain for Attendants Ren Qian as Marquis of Pingqiu. Right Assistant Protector Zhao De, Superintendent of Dependencies Zhang Wu, Court Judge Du Guang, Superintendent of the Imperial Clan Liu De, Grand Herald Wei Xian, Household Administrator Shi Yi, Chamberlain for Attendants Bing Ji, and Capital Area Commandant Xu Guanghan were all granted the rank of Guannei Marquis. Zhao De and Zhang Wu were granted fief income.'
11
夏四月庚午，地震。 詔內郡國舉文學高第各一人。
On the Gengwu day of the fourth month of summer, there was an earthquake. An edict ordered the inner commanderies and kingdoms to recommend one literary scholar of the highest rank each.
12
五月，鳳皇集膠東、千乘。 赦天下。 賜吏二千石、諸侯相、下至中都官、宦吏、六百石爵，各有差，自左更至五大夫。 賜天下人爵各一級，孝者二級，女子百戶牛酒。 租稅勿收。
In the fifth month, a phoenix appeared in Jiaodong and Qiansheng commanderies. A general amnesty was declared throughout the empire. Officials ranked at 2000 piculs, chancellors of the feudal kingdoms, and all officials down to the eunuchs in the capital offices and those ranked at 600 piculs were granted noble ranks according to their positions, ranging from the rank of Left Alternate to Grandee of the Fifth Rank. All people in the empire were granted one noble rank, while the filial received two levels. Women who headed 100 households were granted cattle and wine. Land rents and taxes were suspended.
13
六月，詔曰：「故皇太子在湖，未有號諡。 歲時祠，其議諡，置園邑。」 語在太子傳。
In the sixth month, an edict declared: 'The former Crown Prince, who lies buried at the Lake, has not yet received a designated posthumous name. Seasonal sacrifices should be offered. Discuss and establish a posthumous name, and set up a park estate.' The full account appears in the biography of the Crown Prince.
14
秋七月，詔立燕剌王太子建為廣陽王，立廣陵王胥少子弘為高密王。
In the seventh month of autumn, an edict established the Crown Prince Jian of the King of Yan (who had been executed) as King of Guangyang, and established Hong, the youngest son of the King of Guangling, as King of Gaomi.
15
二年春，以水衡錢為平陵，徙民起第宅。
In spring of the second year, funds from the Water Bureau were used for Pingling to relocate people and build mansions and residences.
16
大司農陽城侯田延年有罪，自殺。
Tian Yannian, Grand Minister of Agriculture and Marquis of Yangcheng, was found guilty of a crime and committed suicide.
17
夏五月，詔曰：「朕以眇身奉承祖宗，夙夜惟念孝武皇帝躬履仁義，選明將，討不服，匈奴遠遁，平氐、羌、昆明、南越，百蠻鄉風，款塞來享； 建太學，修郊祀，定正朔，協音律； 封泰山，塞宣房，符瑞應，寶鼎出，白麟獲。 功德茂盛，不能盡宣，而廟樂未稱，其議奏。」 有司奏請宜加尊號。 六月庚午，尊孝武廟為世宗廟，奏盛德、文始、五行之舞，天子世世獻。 武帝巡狩所幸之郡國，皆立廟。 賜民爵一級，女子百戶牛酒。
In the fifth month of summer, an edict declared: 'With my unworthy person I serve the ancestors, and morning and night I think only of how Emperor Wu personally practiced benevolence and righteousness, selected wise generals, attacked those who would not submit, causing the Xiongnu to flee far away. He pacified the Di, Qiang, Kunming, and Nanyue, and the hundred barbarian tribes turned toward civilization, submitting at the frontiers to enjoy peace. He established the Grand Academy, repaired the suburban sacrifices, determined the correct calendar, and harmonized the musical pitches. He performed the Feng sacrifice on Mount Tai, built dikes at Xuanfang, received auspicious talismans and omens, saw the precious tripod emerge, and obtained a white unicorn. His merit and virtue were luxuriantly flourishing and cannot be fully proclaimed, yet the temple music does not do them justice. Discuss and memorialize on this matter.' The officials memorialized requesting that an honored title should be added. On the Gengwu day of the sixth month, the temple of Emperor Wu was honored as the Shizong Temple, and the dances of Prosperous Virtue, Literary Beginning, and the Five Phases were performed, to be offered by the Son of Heaven in every generation. Temples were established in all the commanderies and kingdoms that Emperor Wu had visited during his inspection tours. The people were granted one noble rank, and women who headed 100 households were granted cattle and wine.
18
匈奴數侵邊，又西伐烏孫。 烏孫昆彌及公主因國使者上書，言昆彌願發國精兵擊匈奴，唯天子哀憐，出兵以救公主。 秋，大發興調關東輕車銳卒，選郡國吏三百石伉健習騎射者，皆從軍。 御史大夫田廣明為祁連將軍，後將軍趙充國為蒲類將軍，雲中太守田順為虎牙將軍，及度遼將軍范明友、前將軍韓增，凡五將軍，兵十五萬騎，校尉常惠持節護烏孫兵，咸擊匈奴。
The Xiongnu frequently invaded the borders and also attacked the Wusun to the west. The Kunmi of Wusun and the princess, through their state's envoys, submitted a memorial stating that the Kunmi wished to dispatch the state's elite troops to attack the Xiongnu. They only asked that the Son of Heaven, in his pity, send troops to rescue the princess. In autumn, a great mobilization was ordered, levying light chariots and elite troops from east of the passes. Officials of 300 piculs rank from the commanderies and kingdoms who were strong, robust, and skilled in horse archery were selected and all joined the army. Tian Guangming, Chamberlain for Law Enforcement, was appointed General of Qilian; Zhao Chongguo, Rear General, as General of Pulei; Tian Shun, Governor of Yunzhong, as General of Huyao; along with Fan Mingyou, General Who Crosses the Liao, and Han Zeng, Former General. Altogether five generals commanded 150,000 cavalry troops. Colonel Chang Hui, bearing the imperial tally, protected the Wusun forces. All attacked the Xiongnu.
19
三年春正月癸亥，皇后許氏崩。 戊辰，五將軍師發長安。 夏五月，軍罷。 祁連將軍廣明、虎牙將軍順有罪，下有司，皆自殺。 校尉常惠將烏孫兵入匈奴右地，大克獲，封列侯。
On the Guihai day of the first month of spring in the third year, Empress Xu passed away. On the Wuchen day, the armies of the five generals departed from Chang'an. In the fifth month of summer, the army was disbanded. General of Qilian Guangming and General of Huyao Shun were found guilty of crimes. They were handed over to the officials and both committed suicide. Colonel Chang Hui led the Wusun troops into the right flank territory of the Xiongnu, achieving great victories and captures. He was enfeoffed as a marquis.
20
大旱。 郡國傷旱甚者，民毋出租賦。 三輔民就賤者，且毋收事，盡四年。
There was a great drought. In commanderies and kingdoms severely harmed by drought, the people were exempted from rents and taxes. People in the Three Adjuncts who were seeking cheaper grain were temporarily exempted from labor service until the end of the fourth year.
21
六月己丑，丞相義薨。
On the Jichou day of the sixth month, Chancellor Yi passed away.
22
四年春正月，詔曰：「蓋聞農者興德之本也，今歲不登，已遣使者振貸困乏。 其令太官損膳省宰，樂府減樂人，使歸就農業。 丞相以下至都官令丞上書入穀，輸長安倉，助貸貧民。 民以車船載穀入關者，得毋用傳。」
In the first month of spring in the fourth year, an edict declared: 'Indeed I have heard that farming is the foundation for cultivating virtue. This year has not been bountiful, so I have already sent envoys to relieve and aid those who are impoverished and destitute. I order the Grand Provisioner to reduce meals and save on butchering, the Music Bureau to reduce its musicians, and have them return to pursue agriculture. From the Chancellor downward to the directors and secretaries of the capital offices, all should submit memorials to contribute grain, which will be transported to the Chang'an granary to assist in loans to the poor people. People who transport grain by cart or boat to enter the passes are permitted to do so without requiring travel documents.'
23
三月乙卯，立皇后霍氏。 賜丞相以下至郎吏從官金錢帛各有差。 赦天下。
On the Yimao day of the third month, Lady Huo was established as Empress. Grants of gold, money, and silk were given to the Chancellor and below, down to the court gentlemen and attendant officials, each according to their rank. A general amnesty was declared throughout the empire.
24
夏四月壬寅，郡國四十九地震，或山崩水出。 詔曰：「蓋災異者，天地之戒也。 朕承洪業，奉宗廟，託于士民之上，未能和群生。 乃者地震北海、琅邪，壞祖宗廟，朕甚懼焉。 丞相、御史其與列侯、中二千石博問經學之士，有以應變，輔朕之不逮，毋有所諱。 令三輔、太常、內郡國舉賢良方正各一人。 律令有可蠲除以安百姓，條奏。 被地震壞敗甚者，勿收租賦。」 大赦天下。 上以宗廟墮，素服，避正殿五日。
On the Renyin day of the fourth month of summer, earthquakes struck forty-nine commanderies and kingdoms, with some mountains collapsing and water emerging. An edict declared: 'Indeed, calamities and anomalies are warnings from Heaven and Earth. I bear this great enterprise, serve the ancestral temples, and am entrusted above the scholars and people, yet I have not been able to harmonize all living things. Recently there were earthquakes in Beihai and Langye that damaged the ancestral temples. I am greatly fearful of this. The Chancellor and Chamberlain for Law Enforcement, together with the marquises and officials of 2000 piculs, should extensively consult with scholars of the classics. If they have ways to respond to these changes and assist my shortcomings, they should not hold back. I order the Three Adjuncts, the Grand Master of Ceremonies, and the inner commanderies and kingdoms to recommend one person each who is worthy, good, and upright. If there are statutes and ordinances that can be remitted or eliminated to pacify the common people, itemize and memorialize on them. Those severely damaged and destroyed by the earthquakes shall have their rents and taxes exempted.' A general amnesty was declared throughout the empire. Because the ancestral temples had collapsed, His Majesty wore mourning clothes and avoided the main hall for five days.
25
五月，鳳皇集北海安丘、淳于。
In the fifth month, a phoenix appeared in Anqiu and Chunyu of Beihai commandery.
26
秋，廣川王吉有罪，廢遷上庸，自殺。
In autumn, King Ji of Guangchuan was found guilty of a crime, deposed, banished to Shangyong, and committed suicide.
27
地節元年春正月，有星孛于西方。
In the first month of spring in the first year of the Dijie era, a comet appeared in the western sky.
28
三月，假郡國貧民田。
In the third month, fields were loaned to poor people in the commanderies and kingdoms.
29
夏六月，詔曰：「蓋聞堯親九族，以和萬國。 朕蒙遺德，奉承聖業，惟念宗室屬未盡而以罪絕，若有賢材，改行勸善，其復屬，使得自新。」
In the sixth month of summer, an edict declared: 'Indeed I have heard that Yao loved his nine clans in order to harmonize the myriad states. I have received inherited virtue and uphold the sage's enterprise. I think only of how the imperial clan's connections have not been exhausted, yet they have been cut off due to crimes. If there are those with worthy talents who reform their conduct and encourage goodness, then restore their connections and allow them to renew themselves.'
30
冬十一月，楚王延壽謀反，自殺。
In the eleventh month of winter, King Yanshou of Chu plotted rebellion and committed suicide.
31
十二月癸亥晦，日有蝕之。
On the last day of the twelfth month, which fell on a Guihai day, there was a solar eclipse.
32
夏四月，鳳皇集魯郡，群鳥從之。 大赦天下。
In the fourth month of summer, a phoenix appeared in Lu commandery, and a flock of birds followed it. A general amnesty was declared throughout the empire.
33
五月，光祿大夫平丘侯王遷有罪，下獄死。
In the fifth month, Wang Qian, Chamberlain for Attendants and Marquis of Pingqiu, was found guilty of a crime, imprisoned, and died.
34
上始親政事，又思報大將軍功德，乃復使樂平侯山領尚書事，而令群臣得奏封事，以知下情。 五日一聽事，以下各奉職奏事，以傅奏其言，考試功能。 侍中尚書功勞當遷及有異善，厚加賞賜，至于子孫，終不改易。 樞機周密，品式備具，上下相安，莫有苟且之意也。
His Majesty began to personally handle governmental affairs, and thinking to repay the Grand General's meritorious service, he once again had Marquis Shan of Le Ping oversee Secretariat affairs. He also ordered that all ministers could submit sealed memorials to understand the sentiments of those below. Every five days he would hear affairs once, and those below would each fulfill their duties and memorialize on affairs. Attendants would relay their words, and their abilities and functions would be examined and tested. Palace Attendants and Secretariat officials whose meritorious service warranted promotion and who showed exceptional goodness were richly rewarded, with benefits extending to their sons and grandsons, never to be altered. The key mechanisms were handled with careful meticulousness, all categories and models were fully equipped, superiors and inferiors were mutually at peace, and no one harbored perfunctory or negligent intentions.
35
三年春三月，詔曰：「蓋聞有功不賞，有罪不誅，雖唐虞猶不能以化天下。 今膠東相成勞來不怠，流民自占八萬餘口，治有異等。 其秩成中二千石，賜爵關內侯。」
In the third month of spring in the third year, an edict declared: 'Indeed I have heard that if merit is not rewarded and crime is not punished, then even Tang and Yu could not use this to transform the empire. Now Chancellor Cheng of Jiaodong has labored tirelessly to attract people, and more than 80,000 floating people have registered themselves. His governance has been of exceptional quality. Give Cheng the rank of 2000 piculs and grant him the title of Guannei Marquis.'
36
又曰：「鰥寡孤獨高年貧困之民，朕所憐也。 前下詔假公田，貨種、食。 其加賜鰥寡孤獨高年帛。 二千石嚴教吏謹視遇，毋令失職。」
The edict continued: 'Widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, the aged, and impoverished people—these are those I pity. Previously, an edict was issued loaning public fields and selling seed and food. Additionally, grant silk to widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged. Officials of 2000 piculs should strictly teach their subordinates and carefully oversee their treatment, not allowing them to neglect their duties.'
37
令內郡國舉賢良方正可親民者。
Order the inner commanderies and kingdoms to recommend those who are worthy, good, and upright, and who can approach and care for the people.
38
夏四月戊申，立皇太子，大赦天下。 賜御史大夫爵關內侯，中二千石爵右庶長，天下當為父後者爵一級。 賜廣陵王黃金千斤，諸侯王十五人黃金各百斤，列侯在國者八十七人黃金各二十斤。
On the Wushen day of the fourth month of summer, the Crown Prince was established, and a general amnesty was declared throughout the empire. The Chamberlain for Law Enforcement was granted the title of Guannei Marquis, officials of 2000 piculs were granted the title of Right Shaolao, and throughout the empire those who were to succeed their fathers were granted one noble rank. The King of Guangling was granted 1,000 catties of gold, fifteen feudal kings were each granted 100 catties of gold, and eighty-seven marquises in their kingdoms were each granted 20 catties of gold.
39
冬十月，詔曰：「乃者九月壬申地震，朕甚懼焉。 有能箴朕過失，及賢良方正直言極諫之士以匡朕之不逮，毋諱有司。 朕既不德，不能附遠，是以邊境屯戍未息。 今復飭兵重屯，久勞百姓，非所以綏天下也。 其罷車騎將軍、右將軍屯兵。」 又詔曰：「池烃未御幸者，假與貧民。 郡國宮館，勿復修治。 流民還歸者，假公田，貸種、食，且勿算事。」
In the tenth month of winter, an edict declared: 'Recently, on the Renshen day of the ninth month, there was an earthquake. I am greatly fearful of this. If there are those able to admonish my faults, and worthy, good, and upright scholars who speak directly and remonstrate extremely to correct my shortcomings, do not avoid the officials. I, lacking virtue, have been unable to win over distant peoples, which is why the border garrisons have not ceased. Now again preparing troops and establishing heavy garrisons has long labored the common people, which is not the way to pacify the empire. Dismiss the garrison troops of the Cavalry General and Right General.' A further edict declared: 'Ponds and marshes that have not yet been visited by the emperor should be loaned to poor people. Palace lodgings in the commanderies and kingdoms should not be repaired and maintained again. For floating people who return home, loan them public fields, lend them seed and food, and temporarily exempt them from labor service calculations.'
40
十一月，詔曰：「朕既不逮，導民不明，反側晨興，念慮萬方，不忘元元。 唯恐羞先帝聖德，故並舉賢良方正以親萬姓，歷載臻茲，然而俗化闕焉。 傳曰：『孝弟也者，其為仁之本與！』 其令郡國舉孝弟有行義聞于鄉里者各一人。」
In the eleventh month, an edict declared: 'I, being inadequate, have not clearly guided the people. Restless, I rise early and consider matters in all directions, never forgetting the common people. I only fear shaming the sage virtue of the former emperor, which is why I have together recommended worthy and good upright officials to approach and care for the myriad people. Years have passed to reach this point, yet the transformation of customs is still lacking. The traditions say: 'Filial piety and fraternity—these are the foundation of benevolence, are they not!' Order the commanderies and kingdoms to recommend one person each who is filial and fraternal and whose righteous conduct is renowned in their villages and hamlets.'
41
十二月，初置廷尉平四人，秩六百石。
In the twelfth month, four assistants to the Court Judge were first established, with a rank of 600 piculs.
42
省文山郡，并蜀。
Wenshan commandery was abolished and merged with Shu.
43
四年春二月，封外祖母博平君，故酇侯蕭何曾孫建世為侯。
In the second month of spring in the fourth year, the maternal grandmother was enfeoffed as Lady of Boping, and Jianshi, great-grandson of the former Marquis of Que Xiao He, was enfeoffed as a marquis.
44
詔曰：「導民以孝，則天下順。 今百姓或遭衰絰凶災，而吏繇事，使不得葬，傷孝子之心，朕甚憐之。 自今諸有大父母，父母喪者勿繇事，使得收斂送終，盡其子道。」
An edict declared: 'If the people are guided by filial piety, then the empire will be orderly. Now some common people encounter mourning and calamitous disasters, yet officials make them perform labor service, preventing them from burying their dead and wounding the hearts of filial sons. I greatly pity this. From now on, all those mourning grandparents or parents should not perform labor service, allowing them to collect the remains and see the funeral through to completion, exhausting their duties as sons.'
45
夏五月，詔曰：「父子之親，夫婦之道，天性也。 雖有患禍，猶蒙死而存之。 誠愛結于心，仁厚之至也，豈能違之哉！ 自今子首匿父母，妻匿夫，孫匿大父母，皆勿坐。 其父母匿子，夫匿妻，大父母匿孫，罪殊死，皆上請廷尉以聞。」
In the fifth month of summer, an edict declared: 'The closeness between father and son, the way of husband and wife—these are heavenly nature. Even when there are troubles and calamities, they still cover for each other in death and preserve one another. Sincere love is tied in the heart, the utmost of benevolence and kindness—how could one violate it! From now on, sons who harbor and hide their parents, wives who harbor and hide their husbands, and grandsons who harbor and hide their grandparents should all not be punished. For parents who harbor and hide their sons, husbands who harbor and hide their wives, and grandparents who harbor and hide their grandsons, though their crimes differ from death, all should memorialize and request the Court Judge to hear the cases.'
46
立廣川惠王孫文為廣川王。
The grandson of King Hui of Guangchuan, Wen, was established as King of Guangchuan.
47
秋七月，大司馬霍禹謀反。 詔曰：「乃者，東織室令史張赦使魏郡豪李竟報冠陽侯霍雲謀為大逆，朕以大將軍故，抑而不揚，冀其自新。 今大司馬博陸侯禹與母宣成侯夫人顯及從昆弟冠陽侯雲、樂平侯山、諸姊妹婿度遼將軍范明友、長信少府鄧廣漢、中郎將任勝、騎都尉趙平、長安男子馮殷等謀為大逆。 顯前又使女侍醫淳于衍進藥殺共哀后，謀毒太子，欲危宗廟。 逆亂不道，咸服其辜。 諸為霍氏所詿誤未發覺在吏者，皆赦除之。」 八月己酉，皇后霍氏廢。
In the seventh month of autumn, Grand Commander Huo Yu plotted rebellion. An edict declared: 'Recently, the clerk of the Eastern Weaving Room, Zhang She, sent Li Jing, a powerful figure from Weijun, to report that Marquis of Guanyang Huo Yun was plotting great rebellion. Because of the Grand General, I suppressed the matter without publicizing it, hoping they would reform themselves. Now Grand Commander and Marquis of Bolu Huo Yu, together with his mother Lady Xian (wife of the Marquis of Xuancheng), his paternal cousins Marquis of Guanyang Huo Yun and Marquis of Leping Huo Shan, his various brothers-in-law General Who Crosses the Liao Fan Mingyou, Junior Treasurer of Changxin Deng Guanghan, Court Attendant Ren Sheng, Cavalry Commandant Zhao Ping, and Chang'an resident Feng Yin and others have plotted great rebellion. Previously, Xian also had the female attendant physician Chunyu Yan administer medicine to kill Empress Gong'ai, plotted to poison the Crown Prince, and sought to endanger the ancestral temples. Their rebellious disorder and lack of principle have caused them all to submit to their guilt. All those who were deceived and misled by the Huo clan and whose involvement has not yet been discovered while they remain in office should all be pardoned and relieved of their duties.' On the Jiyou day of the eighth month, Empress Huo was deposed.
48
九月，詔曰：「朕惟百姓失職不贍，遣使者循行郡國問民所疾苦。 吏或營私煩擾，不顧厥咎，朕甚閔之。 今年郡國頗被水災，已振貸。 鹽，民之食，而賈咸貴，眾庶重困。 其減天下鹽賈。」
In the ninth month, an edict declared: 'I am concerned that the common people have lost their employment and are not sufficiently provided for. I have sent envoys to tour and inspect the commanderies and kingdoms to ask about the people's sufferings and hardships. Some officials pursue private interests and cause troublesome disturbances, not considering their faults. I greatly pity this. This year the commanderies and kingdoms have considerably suffered flood disasters, and relief aid has already been provided. Salt is the people's food, yet all prices are expensive, and the multitudes are heavily distressed. Reduce salt prices throughout the empire.'
49
又曰：「令甲，死者不可生，刑者不可息。 此先帝之所重，而吏未稱。 今繫者或以掠辜若飢寒瘐死獄中，何用心逆人道也！ 朕甚痛之。 其令郡國歲上繫囚以掠笞若瘐死者所坐名、縣、爵、里，丞相御史課殿最以聞。」
The edict continued: 'According to the primary statutes, the dead cannot be revived, and those under punishment cannot be released. This was valued by the former emperor, yet the officials have not lived up to it. Now some of those imprisoned die in prison either from being beaten into false confessions or from hunger, cold, and illness—what kind of heart is this that goes against human morality! I am greatly pained by this. Order the commanderies and kingdoms to yearly submit reports on imprisoned prisoners who died from beatings and whippings or from illness, including their convicted names, counties, ranks, and villages. The Chancellor and Chamberlain for Law Enforcement should evaluate merits and demerits and report.'
50
十二月，清河王年有罪，廢遷房陵。
In the twelfth month, King Nian of Qinghe was found guilty of a crime, deposed, and banished to Fangling.
51
元康元年春，以杜東原上為初陵，更名杜縣為杜陵。 徙丞相、將軍、列侯、吏二千石、訾百萬者杜陵。
In spring of the first year of the Yuankang era, the land above the eastern plain of Du was made into Chuling, and Du county was renamed Duling. The Chancellor, generals, marquises, officials of 2000 piculs rank, and those with property worth 1,000,000 cash were relocated to Duling.
52
三月，詔曰：「乃者鳳皇集泰山、陳留，甘露降未央宮。 朕未能章先帝休烈，協寧百姓，承天順地，調序四時，獲蒙嘉瑞，賜茲祉福，夙夜兢兢，靡有驕色，內省匪解，永惟罔極。 書不云乎？ 『鳳皇來儀，庶不允諧。』 其赦天下徒，賜勤事吏中二千石以下至六百石爵，自中郎吏至五大夫，佐史以上二級，民一級，女子百戶牛酒。 加賜鰥寡孤獨、三老、孝弟力田帛。 所振貸勿收。」
In the third month, an edict declared: 'Recently a phoenix gathered at Mount Tai and Chenliu, and sweet dew descended on Weiyang Palace. I have not yet manifested the blessed achievements of the former emperor, harmonized and pacified the common people, received heaven and followed earth, regulated and ordered the four seasons. I have obtained graced auspicious omens and been granted this blessings and fortune. Morning and night I tremble with care, having no proud bearing, my inner reflection never relaxed, forever thinking of the limitless. Do the Documents not say? 'When the phoenix comes with ceremony, the common people will not be truly harmonious.' Pardon convicts throughout the empire. Grant noble ranks to diligent officials from 2000 piculs rank down to 600 piculs, ranging from Court Attendant officials to Grandee of the Fifth Rank. Assistant scribes and above receive two levels, the people receive one level, and women who head 100 households receive cattle and wine. Additionally grant silk to widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, the Three Elders, and filial, fraternal, diligent farmers. The relief aid that has been given should not be collected.'
53
夏五月，立皇考廟。 益奉明園戶為奉明縣。
In the fifth month of summer, a temple was established for the Imperial Father. The households of Fengming Park were increased to form Fengming county.
54
復高皇帝功臣絳侯周勃等百三十六人家子孫，令奉祭祀，世世勿絕。 其毋嗣者，復其次。
Restored the sons and grandsons of 136 families of meritorious officials of the High Emperor, including Jiang Marquis Zhou Bo and others. They were ordered to conduct sacrifices, never to be cut off generation after generation. For those without heirs, restore their successors.
55
秋八月，詔曰：「朕不明六藝，鬱于大道，是以陰陽風雨未時。 其博舉吏民，厥身修正，通文學，明於先王之術，宣究其意者，各二人，中二千石各一人。」
In the eighth month of autumn, an edict declared: 'I am not clear on the six arts, blocked on the great way, which is why yin and yang, wind and rain are not timely. Broadly recommend officials and common people whose persons are upright and correct, proficient in literature, clear on the former kings' methods, and who proclaim and investigate their intentions—each two persons, and one each for those of 2000 piculs rank.'
56
冬，置建章衛尉。
In winter, a Commandant of the Guards was established for Jianzhang.
57
二年春正月，詔曰：「《書》云『文王作罰，刑茲無赦』，今吏修身奉法，未有能稱朕意，朕甚愍焉。 其赦天下，與士大夫厲精更始。」
In the first month of spring in the second year, an edict declared: 'The Documents say King Wen made punishments, executed these without pardon. Now officials cultivate their persons and uphold the law, but none have yet been able to match my intentions. I greatly pity this. Pardon the empire, and together with the gentlemen officials exert our essence to make a fresh start.'
58
二月乙丑，立皇后王氏。 賜丞相以下至郎從官錢帛各有差。
On the Yichou day of the second month, Lady Wang was established as Empress. Grants of money and silk were given to the Chancellor and below, down to the court attendant officials, each according to their rank.
59
三月，以鳳皇甘露降集，賜天下吏爵二級，民一級，女子百戶牛酒，鰥寡孤獨高年帛。
In the third month, because phoenixes and sweet dew descended and gathered, officials throughout the empire were granted two noble ranks, the people one level, women who headed 100 households received cattle and wine, and widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged received silk.
60
夏五月，詔曰：「獄者萬民之命，所以禁暴止邪，養育群生也。 能使生者不怨，死者不恨，則可謂文吏矣。 今則不然。 用法或持巧心，析律貳端，深淺不平，增辭飾非，以成其罪。 奏不如實，上亦亡繇知。 此朕之不明，吏之不稱，四方黎民將何仰哉！ 二千石各察官屬，勿用此人。 吏務平法。 或擅興繇役，飾廚傳，稱過使客，越職踰法，以取名譽，譬猶踐薄冰以待白日，豈不殆哉！ 今天下頗被疾疫之災，朕甚愍之。 其令郡國被災甚者，毋出今年租賦。」
In the fifth month of summer, an edict declared: 'Prisons determine the fate of the myriad people, serving to prohibit violence and stop evil, nurturing and raising all living things. If one can make the living not resent and the dead not hate, then they can be called cultured officials. Now it is not so. In applying the law, some hold clever minds, analyzing statutes with dual interpretations, making deep and shallow cases uneven, increasing words to decorate wrongs, in order to complete their crimes. Memorials do not accord with reality, and His Majesty also has no way to know. This is my lack of clarity, the officials' failure to match expectations—how will the black-haired people of the four directions find anything to rely on! Officials of 2000 piculs should each examine their subordinates and not employ such people. Officials should strive for evenhanded application of the law. Some arbitrarily raise corvée labor, decorate kitchens and relay stations, exaggerate in entertaining envoys and guests, exceed their duties and overstep the law, all to obtain reputation. It is analogous to treading thin ice while awaiting daylight—how could it not be dangerous! Today the empire has considerably suffered from the disaster of disease and epidemics. I greatly pity this. Order that commanderies and kingdoms severely afflicted by disaster should not pay this year's rents and taxes.'
61
又曰：「聞古天子之名，難知而易諱也。 今百姓多上書觸諱以犯罪者，朕甚憐之。 其更諱詢。 諸觸諱在令前者，赦之。」
The edict continued: 'I have heard that the names of ancient Sons of Heaven are difficult to know but easy to avoid. Now many common people submit memorials that touch on taboos and thereby commit crimes. I greatly pity them. Change the taboos after consultation. All who touched on taboos before this edict should be pardoned.'
62
冬，京兆尹趙廣漢有罪，要斬。
In winter, Jingzhao Governor Zhao Guanghan was found guilty of a crime and condemned to beheading.
63
三年春，以神爵數集泰山，賜諸侯王、丞相、將軍、列侯、二千石金，郎從官帛，各有差。 賜天下吏爵二級，民一級，女子百戶牛酒，鰥寡孤獨高年帛。
In spring of the third year, because divine pheasants frequently gathered at Mount Tai, feudal kings, the chancellor, generals, marquises, and officials of 2000 piculs were granted gold, while court attendant officials were granted silk, each according to their rank. Officials throughout the empire were granted two noble ranks, the people one level, women who headed 100 households received cattle and wine, and widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged received silk.
64
三月，詔曰：「蓋聞象有罪，舜封之。 骨肉之親粲而不殊。 其封故昌邑王賀為海昏侯。」
In the third month, an edict declared: 'Indeed I have heard that when Xiang had committed crimes, Shun still enfeoffed him. Blood relatives shine brightly and are not to be distinguished from one another. Enfeoff the former King He of Changyi as Marquis of Haihun.'
65
又曰：「朕微眇時，御史大夫丙吉、中郎將史曾、史玄、長樂衛尉許舜、侍中光祿大夫許延壽皆與朕有舊恩。 及故掖庭令張賀輔導朕躬，修文學經術，恩惠卓異，厥功茂焉。 詩不云乎？ 『無德不報。』 封賀所子弟子侍中中郎將彭祖為陽都侯，追賜賀諡曰陽都哀侯。 吉、曾、玄、舜、延壽皆為列侯。 故人下至郡邸獄復作嘗有阿保之功，皆受官祿田宅財物，各以恩深淺報之。」
The edict continued: 'During my time of slight insignificance, Chamberlain for Law Enforcement Bing Ji, Court Attendants Shi Zeng and Shi Xuan, Changle Commandant Xu Shun, and Palace Attendant Chamberlain for Attendants Xu Yanshou all showed me old kindness. And the former rear court superintendent Zhang He guided and instructed my person, cultivating literature and classical methods. His kindness and favor were outstandingly different; his merit was luxuriantly great. Does the Poetry not say? 'No virtue goes unrepaid.' Zhang He's disciple and adopted son, Palace Attendant and Court Attendant Peng Zu, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Yangdu, and He was posthumously granted the title of Sorrowful Marquis of Yangdu. Bing Ji, Shi Zeng, Shi Xuan, Xu Shun, and Xu Yanshou all became marquises. Old acquaintances down to the convict workers in the commandery residence prison who once had merit in fostering and protecting me all received official salaries, fields, residences, and wealth. Each was repaid according to the depth of their kindness.'
66
夏六月，詔曰：「前年夏，神爵集雍。 今春，五色鳥以萬數飛過屬縣，翱翔而舞，欲集未下。 其令三輔毋得以春夏擿巢探卵，彈射飛鳥。 具為令。」
In the sixth month of summer, an edict declared: 'In the summer of the previous year, divine pheasants gathered in Yong. This spring, five-colored birds numbering in the tens of thousands flew over the subordinate counties, soaring and dancing, wishing to gather but not descending. Order the Three Adjuncts not to pluck nests and probe for eggs in spring and summer, nor to shoot flying birds with pellets. Make this a complete ordinance.'
67
立皇子欽為淮陽王。
Imperial son Qin was established as King of Huaiyang.
68
遣大中大夫彊等十二人循行天下，存問鰥寡，覽觀風俗，察吏治得失，舉茂材異倫之士。
Twelve men including Grand Palace Grandee Qiang were sent to tour and inspect the empire, inquiring after widowers and widows, viewing local customs, examining the successes and failures of official administration, and recommending excellent talents of extraordinary rank.
69
二月，河東霍徵史等謀反，誅。
In the second month, Huo Zhengshi of Hedong and others plotted rebellion and were executed.
70
三月，詔曰：「乃者，神爵五采以萬數集長樂、未央、北宮、高寢、甘泉泰畤殿中及上林苑。 朕之不逮，寡于德厚，屢獲嘉祥，非朕之任。 其賜天下吏爵二級，民一級，女子百戶牛酒。 加賜三老、孝弟力田帛，人二匹，鰥寡孤獨各一匹。」
In the third month, an edict declared: 'Recently, five-colored divine pheasants numbering in the tens of thousands gathered in the halls of Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace, the North Palace, the High Chamber, the Supreme Altar at Ganquan, and Shanglin Park. I have not reached the standard, being meager in virtuous thickness, yet I have repeatedly obtained auspicious omens. This is not due to my bearing. Grant officials throughout the empire two noble ranks, the people one level, and women who head 100 households cattle and wine. Additionally grant silk to the Three Elders and filial, fraternal, diligent farmers—two bolts per person—and one bolt each to widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary.'
71
秋八月，賜故右扶風尹翁歸子黃金百斤，以奉其祭祀。 又賜功臣適後黃金，人二十斤。
In the eighth month of autumn, the son of the former Right Assistant Protector Yin Wengui was granted 100 catties of gold to conduct his father's sacrifices. The proper heirs of meritorious officials were further granted gold, 20 catties per person.
72
比年豐，穀石五錢。
In recent years there has been abundance, with grain at five cash per stone.
73
神爵元年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。 三月，行幸河東，祠后土。 詔曰：「朕承宗廟，戰戰栗栗，惟萬事統，未燭厥理。 乃元康四年嘉穀玄稷降于郡國，神爵仍集，金芝九莖產于函德殿銅池中，九真獻奇獸，南郡獲白虎威鳳為寶。 朕之不明，震于珍物，飭躬齋精，祈為百姓。 東濟大河，天氣清靜，神魚舞河。 幸萬歲宮，神爵翔集。 朕之不德，懼不能任。 其以五年為神爵元年。 賜天下勤事吏爵二級，民一級，女子百戶牛酒，鰥寡孤獨高年帛。 所振貸物勿收。 行所過毋出田租。」
In the first month of spring in the first year of Shenjue, His Majesty proceeded to Ganquan and performed the suburban sacrifice at the Supreme Altar. In the third month, His Majesty proceeded to Hedong and sacrificed to Houtu. An edict declared: 'I bear the ancestral temples with trembling caution, governing only the myriad affairs without illuminating their principles. Then in the fourth year of Yuankang, fine grain and black millet descended on the commanderies and kingdoms, divine pheasants gathered repeatedly, nine stems of golden mushrooms grew in the bronze pool of Hande Hall, Jiuzhen offered a strange beast, and Nanhun obtained a white tiger and majestic phoenix as treasures. Being unenlightened, I am shaken by these precious objects. I have rectified my person and purified my essence, praying for the common people. Crossing the great river to the east, the weather was clear and tranquil, and divine fish danced in the river. His Majesty favored Wansui Palace, where divine pheasants soared and gathered. Lacking virtue as I do, I fear I cannot bear this responsibility. Let the fifth year be designated as the first year of Shenjue. Officials throughout the empire who served diligently were granted two noble ranks, the people one level, women who headed 100 households received cattle and wine, and widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged received silk. The goods provided as relief aid should not be collected. In places where the imperial procession passed, field rents should not be paid.'
74
西羌反，發三輔、中都官徒弛刑，及應募佽飛射士、羽林孤兒，胡、越騎，三河、潁川、沛郡、淮陽、汝南材官，金城、隴西、天水、安定、北地、上郡騎士、羌騎，詣金城。 夏四月，遣後將軍趙充國、彊弩將軍許延壽擊西羌。
The Western Qiang rebelled. Troops were mobilized including convicts from the Three Adjuncts and capital offices whose punishments were released, recruited crossbowmen and flying shooters, Feather Forest orphans, Hu and Yue cavalry, weapons officials from the Three Rivers, Yingchuan, Pei commandery, Huaiyang, and Runan, cavalry from Jincheng, Longxi, Tianshui, Anding, Beidi, and Shang commandery, and Qiang cavalry. They proceeded to Jincheng. In the fourth month of summer, Rear General Zhao Chongguo and Strong Crossbow General Xu Yanshou were sent to attack the Western Qiang.
75
六月，有星孛于東方。
In the sixth month, a comet appeared in the eastern sky.
76
即拜酒泉太守辛武賢為破羌將軍，與兩將軍並進。 詔曰：「軍旅暴露，轉輸煩勞，其令諸侯王、列侯、蠻夷王侯君長當朝二年者，皆毋朝。」
Xin Wuxian, Governor of Jiuquan, was immediately appointed Qiang-breaking General and advanced together with the two generals. An edict declared: 'The armies are exposed to the elements and transport is troublesome and laborious. Feudal kings, marquises, and barbarian chiefs who should attend court for two years are all excused from attending.'
77
秋，賜故大司農朱邑子黃金百斤，以奉祭祀。 後將軍充國言屯田之計，語在充國傳。
In autumn, the son of the former Grand Minister of Agriculture Zhu Yi was granted 100 catties of gold to conduct his father's sacrifices. Rear General Zhao Chongguo spoke of the plan for garrison farming. The account appears in his biography.
78
二年春二月，詔曰：「乃者正月乙丑，鳳皇甘露降集京師，群鳥從以萬數。 朕之不德，屢獲天福，祗事不怠，其赦天下。」
In the second month of spring in the second year, an edict declared: 'Recently, on the Yichou day of the first month, phoenixes and sweet dew descended and gathered in the capital, with flocks of birds following in numbers of ten thousand. Though I lack virtue, I have repeatedly received heavenly blessings. I have served respectfully without growing weary. Pardon the empire.'
79
夏五月，羌虜降服，斬其首惡大豪楊玉、酋非首。 置金城屬國以處降羌。
In the fifth month of summer, the Qiang bandits submitted and surrendered. Their chief evil-doers, the great powerful Yang Yu and Qiu Feishou, were beheaded. A dependent state was established at Jincheng to settle the surrendered Qiang.
80
秋，匈奴日逐王先賢撣將人眾萬餘來降。 使都護西域騎都尉鄭吉迎日逐，破車師，皆封列侯。
In autumn, Xianxianchan, King of the Rizhu tribe of the Xiongnu, led more than 10,000 people to surrender. Protector General of the Western Regions and Cavalry Commandant Zheng Ji was sent to welcome the Rizhu and defeat the Cheshi. All were enfeoffed as marquises.
81
九月，司隸校尉蓋寬饒有罪，下有司，自殺。
In the ninth month, Superintendent of the Capital Commandant Gai Kuanrao was found guilty of a crime. He was handed over to the officials and committed suicide.
82
匈奴單于遣名王奉獻，賀正月，始和親。
The Chanyu of the Xiongnu sent a famous king to present tribute and congratulate the new year. Peaceful relations began.
83
三年春，起樂游苑。
In spring of the third year, the Leyou Park was built.
84
三月丙午，丞相相薨。
On the Bingwu day of the third month, Chancellor Xiang passed away.
85
秋八月，詔曰：「吏不廉平則治道衰。 今小吏皆勤事，而奉祿薄，欲其毋侵漁百姓，難矣。 其益吏百石以下奉十五。」
In the eighth month of autumn, an edict declared: 'If officials are not upright and impartial, then the way of governance declines. Now minor officials are all diligent in their affairs, yet their salaries are meager. To wish that they not plunder and exploit the common people is difficult indeed. Increase the salaries of officials ranked at 100 piculs and below by fifteen.'
86
四年春二月，詔曰：「乃者鳳皇甘露降集京師，嘉瑞並見。 修興泰一、五帝、后土之祠，祈為百姓蒙祉福。 鸞鳳萬舉，蜚覽翱翔，集止于旁。 齋戒之暮，神光顯著。 薦鬯之夕，神光交錯。 或降于天，或登于地，或從四方來集于壇。 上帝嘉嚮，海內承福。 其赦天下，賜民爵一級，女子百戶牛酒，鰥寡孤獨高年帛。」
In the second month of spring in the fourth year, an edict declared: 'Recently phoenixes and sweet dew descended and gathered in the capital, and auspicious omens appeared together. The temples of Taiyi, the Five Emperors, and Houtu were repaired and raised. Prayers were offered that the common people might receive blessings and fortune. Luan birds and phoenixes arose by the tens of thousands, flew and viewed, soared and circled, gathered and stopped nearby. In the evening of purification and fasting, divine light manifested prominently. In the evening of offering fragrant wine, divine lights intercrossed. Some descended from heaven, some ascended to earth, some came from the four directions and gathered at the altar. The Supreme Deity showed favor and guidance, and those within the seas received fortune. Pardon the empire. Grant the people one noble rank, women who head 100 households cattle and wine, and widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged silk.'
87
夏四月，潁川太守黃霸以治行尤異秩中二千石，賜爵關內侯，黃金百斤。 及潁川吏民有行義者爵，人二級，力田一級，貞婦順女帛。
In the fourth month of summer, Yingchuan Governor Huang Ba, because his governing conduct was especially exceptional, was ranked at 2000 piculs, granted the title of Guannei Marquis, and given 100 catties of gold. And for officials and common people of Yingchuan who had righteous conduct, noble ranks were granted—two levels per person—and one level for diligent farmers, with silk for chaste women and obedient daughters.
88
令內郡國舉賢良可親民者各一人。
Order the inner commanderies and kingdoms to recommend one person each who is worthy and good and who can approach and care for the people.
89
五月，匈奴單于遣弟呼留若王勝之來朝。
In the fifth month, the Chanyu of the Xiongnu sent his younger brother Shengzhi, King of Huliuruo, to come to court.
90
冬十月，鳳皇十一集杜陵。
In the tenth month of winter, phoenixes gathered eleven times at Duling.
91
十一月，河南太守嚴延年有罪，棄巿。
In the eleventh month, Henan Governor Yan Yannian was found guilty of a crime and executed in the marketplace.
92
十二月，鳳皇集上林。
In the twelfth month, phoenixes gathered at Shanglin.
93
五鳳元年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。
In the first month of spring in the first year of Wufeng, His Majesty proceeded to Ganquan and performed the suburban sacrifice at the Supreme Altar.
94
皇太子冠。 皇太后賜丞相、將軍、列侯、中二千石帛，人百匹，大夫人八十匹。 又賜列侯嗣子爵五大夫，男子為父後者爵一級。
The Crown Prince was capped. The Empress Dowager granted silk to the Chancellor, generals, marquises, and officials of 2000 piculs—100 bolts per person, and 80 bolts for grand ladies. Further granted the successor sons of marquises the noble rank of Grandee of the Fifth Rank, and males who succeed their fathers one noble rank.
95
夏，赦徒作杜陵者。
In summer, convicts working at Duling were pardoned.
96
冬十二月乙酉朔，日有蝕之。
On the new moon of the twelfth month of winter, which fell on a Yiyou day, there was a solar eclipse.
97
左馮翊韓延壽有罪，棄巿。
Left Assistant Protector Han Yanshou was found guilty of a crime and executed in the marketplace.
98
二年春三月，行幸雍，祠五畤。
In the third month of spring in the second year, His Majesty proceeded to Yong and sacrificed at the Five Altars.
99
夏四月己丑，大司馬車騎將軍增薨。
On the Jichou day of the fourth month of summer, Grand Commander and Cavalry General Zeng passed away.
100
秋八月，詔曰：「夫婚姻之禮，人倫之大者也； 酒食之會，所以行禮樂也。 今郡國二千石或擅為苛禁，禁民嫁娶不得具酒食相賀召。 由是廢鄉黨之禮，令民亡所樂，非所以導民也。 詩不云乎？ 『民之失德，乾餱以愆。』 勿行苛政。」
In the eighth month of autumn, an edict declared: 'Indeed, the ritual of marriage is one of the greatest among human relationships. Gatherings with wine and food serve to practice ritual and music. Now some officials of 2000 piculs in the commanderies and kingdoms arbitrarily make harsh prohibitions, forbidding people to marry and betroth without preparing wine and food for mutual congratulations and summons. Because of this, the rituals of villages and hamlets are abolished, causing the people to have nothing to enjoy, which is not the way to guide the people. Does the Poetry not say? 'When the people lose their virtue, dried provisions result in fault.' Do not carry out harsh government.'
101
冬十一月，匈奴呼鸱累單于帥眾來降，封為列侯。
In the eleventh month of winter, Huqiulei, Chanyu of the Xiongnu, led multitudes to surrender and was enfeoffed as a marquis.
102
十二月，平通侯陽惲坐前為光祿勳有罪，免為庶人。 不悔過，怨望，大逆不道，要斬。
In the twelfth month, Pingtong Marquis Yang Yun was convicted for a crime he committed while previously serving as Chamberlain for Attendants, and dismissed to commoner status. He did not repent of his faults, harbored resentful thoughts, committed great rebellion and lacked principle, and was condemned to beheading.
103
三年春正月癸卯，丞相吉薨。
On the Guimao day of the first month of spring in the third year, Chancellor Ji passed away.
104
三月，行幸河東，祠后土。 詔曰：「往者匈奴數為邊寇，百姓被其害。 朕承至尊，未能綏定匈奴。 虛閭權渠單于請求和親，病死。 右賢王屠耆堂代立。 骨肉大臣立虛閭權渠單于子為呼韓邪單于，擊殺屠耆堂。 諸王並自立，分為五單于，更相攻擊，死者以萬數，畜產大耗什八九，人民飢餓，相燔燒以求食，因大乖亂。 單于閼氏子孫昆弟及呼鸱累單于、名王、右伊秩訾、且渠、當戶以下將眾五萬餘人來降歸義。 單于稱臣，使弟奉珍朝賀正月，北邊晏然，靡有兵革之事。 朕飭躬齊戒，郊上帝，祠后土，神光並見，或興于谷，燭燿齊宮，十有餘刻。 甘露降，神爵集。 已詔有司告祠上帝、宗廟。 三月辛丑，鸞鳳又集長樂宮東闕中樹上，飛下止地，文章五色，留十餘刻，吏民並觀。 朕之不敏，懼不能任，婁蒙嘉瑞，獲茲祉福。 書不云乎？ 『雖休勿休，祗事不怠。』 公卿大夫其勗焉。 減天下口錢。 赦殊死以下。 賜民爵一級，女子百戶牛酒。 大酺五日。 加賜鰥寡孤獨高年帛。」
In the third month, His Majesty proceeded to Hedong and sacrificed to Houtu. An edict declared: 'Previously the Xiongnu frequently became border bandits, and the common people suffered their harm. I bear the utmost honor, but have not yet been able to pacify and settle the Xiongnu. Chanyu Xulu Quanqu requested peaceful relations but died of illness. Right Wise King Tu Qitang replaced him on the throne. The ministers of the royal clan established the son of Chanyu Xulu Quanqu as Chanyu Huhanye, who then struck down and killed Tu Qitang. The various kings all established themselves independently, dividing into five chanyus who attacked each other. The dead numbered in the tens of thousands, livestock was depleted by eight or nine tenths, the people were hungry and starving, and they even burned each other to seek food, resulting in great disorder. The sons, grandsons, and cousins of the Chanyu's consort Yanzhi, along with Chanyu Huqiulei, famous kings, Right Yizhizi, Juqu, Danghu and below, led more than 50,000 people to surrender and return to righteousness. The Chanyu called himself a minister, sent his younger brother to present treasures and court congratulations for the new year. The northern border was peaceful and quiet, with no affairs of weapons and armor. I ordered myself to be purified and fasted, performed the suburban sacrifice to the Supreme Deity and sacrificed to Houtu. Divine lights appeared together, some arose in the valley, illuminating and brightening Qigong for more than ten quarters. Sweet dew descended, and divine pheasants gathered. I already edicted the officials to announce sacrifices to the Supreme Deity and the ancestral temples. On the Xinchou day of the third month, luan birds and phoenixes again gathered on the tree in the middle of the east gate of Changlegong Palace. They flew down and stopped on the ground, their patterns in five colors, remaining for more than ten quarters while officials and common people observed together. Due to my lacking intelligence, I fear I cannot bear this responsibility. Moreover, I have received auspicious omens and obtained this blessing and fortune. Does the Book not say? 'Though there is rest, do not rest; respectfully serve without growing weary.' Let the dukes, ministers, and grandees exhort themselves to this. Reduce the poll tax throughout the empire. Pardon those sentenced to special death and below. Grant the people one noble rank, and women who head 100 households cattle and wine. Hold a great community feast for five days. Additionally grant silk to widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged.'
105
置西河、北地屬國以處匈奴降者。
Established dependent states at Xihe and Beidi to settle the Xiongnu who had surrendered.
106
四年春正月，廣陵王胥有罪，自殺。
In the first month of spring in the fourth year, King Xu of Guangling was found guilty of a crime and committed suicide.
107
匈奴單于稱臣，遣弟谷蠡王入侍。 以邊塞亡寇，減戍卒什二。
The Chanyu of the Xiongnu called himself a minister and sent his younger brother, King Guli, to enter and serve. Because the border fortifications had no bandits, reduce the garrison troops by two tenths.
108
大司農中丞耿壽昌奏設常平倉，以給北邊，省轉漕。 賜爵關內侯。
Assistant Grand Minister of Agriculture Geng Shouchang memorialized to establish constant-level granaries to supply the northern border and save on transport and canal shipping. Granted the title of Guannei Marquis.
109
夏四月辛丑晦，日有蝕之。 詔曰：「皇天見異，以戒朕躬，是朕之不逮，吏之不稱也。 以前使使者問民所疾苦，復遣丞相、御史掾二十四人循行天下，舉冤獄，察擅為苛禁深刻不改者。」
On the last day of the fourth month of summer, which fell on a Xinchou day, there was a solar eclipse. An edict declared: 'The August Heaven shows an anomaly to warn my person. This is because I do not reach expectations, and officials do not match their roles. Previously I sent envoys to ask the people what their pains and sufferings were. Now I again send twenty-four clerks from the Chancellor and Imperial Secretary to tour the empire, raise up unjust imprisonments, and investigate those who arbitrarily made harsh prohibitions that were profound and deep and did not reform.'
110
甘露元年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。
In the first month of spring in the first year of Ganlu, His Majesty proceeded to Ganquan and performed the suburban sacrifice at the Supreme Altar.
111
匈奴呼韓邪單于遣子右賢王銖婁渠堂入侍。
Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu sent his son, Right Wise King Zhulou Qutang, to enter and serve.
112
二月丁巳，大司馬車騎將軍延壽薨。
On the Dingsi day of the second month, Grand Commander and Cavalry General Yanshou passed away.
113
夏四月，黃龍見新豐。
In the fourth month of summer, a yellow dragon appeared at Xinfeng.
114
丙申，太上皇廟火。 甲辰，孝文廟火。 上素服五日。
On Bingshen, the temple of the Grand Emperor Ancestor caught fire. On Jiachen, the temple of Emperor Wen caught fire. His Majesty wore plain mourning clothes for five days.
115
冬，匈奴單于遣弟左賢王來朝賀。
In winter, the Chanyu of the Xiongnu sent his younger brother, the Left Wise King, to come to court and congratulate.
116
二年春正月，立皇子囂為定陶王。
In the first month of spring in the second year, Crown Prince Xiao was established as King of Dingtao.
117
詔曰：「乃者鳳皇甘露降集，黃龍登興，醴泉滂流，枯槁榮茂，神光並見，咸受禎祥。 其赦天下。 減民算三十。 賜諸侯王、丞相、將軍、列侯、中二千石金錢各有差。 賜民爵一級，女子百戶牛酒，鰥寡孤獨高年帛。」
An edict declared: 'Recently phoenixes and sweet dew descended and gathered, yellow dragons ascended and arose, sweet springs flowed abundantly, the withered and dried flourished gloriously, divine lights appeared together, and all received auspicious omens. Pardon the empire. Reduce the people's poll tax by thirty. Granted gold and money to the feudal kings, Chancellor, generals, marquises, and officials of 2000 piculs, each according to their rank. Granted the people one noble rank, women who head 100 households cattle and wine, and widowers, widows, orphans, the solitary, and the aged silk.'
118
夏四月，遣護軍都尉祿將兵擊珠崖。
In the fourth month of summer, Protector General Commandant Lu was sent to lead troops and attack Zhujia.
119
秋九月，立皇子宇為東平王。
In the ninth month of autumn, Crown Prince Yu was established as King of Dongping.
120
冬十二月，行幸萯陽宮屬玉觀。
In the twelfth month of winter, His Majesty proceeded to Yangyang Palace and the attached Jade View.
121
匈奴呼韓邪單于款五原塞，願奉國珍朝三年正月。 詔有司議。 咸曰：「聖王之制，施德行禮，先京師而後諸夏，先諸夏而後夷狄。 《詩》云：『率禮不越，遂視既發。 相土烈烈，海外有涞。』 陛下聖德，充塞天地，光被四表。 匈奴單于鄉風慕義，舉國同心，奉珍朝賀，自古未之有也。 單于非正朔所加，王者所客也，禮儀宜如諸侯王，稱臣昧死再拜，位次諸侯王下。」 詔曰：「蓋聞五帝三王，禮所不施，不及以政。 今匈奴單于稱北藩臣，朝正月，朕之不逮，德不能弘覆。 其以客禮待之，位在諸侯王上。」
Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu came to the Wuyuan border and wished to present state treasures and court congratulations in the first month of the third year. An edict was issued for the officials to discuss this. All said: 'The system of sage kings is to apply virtue and practice ritual, first the capital then the various Xia, first the various Xia then the barbarian Di. The Poetry says: 'Follow ritual and do not transgress, then visit after already sending. Xiangtu was vigorous and vigorous, overseas had Lai.' Your Majesty's sage virtue fills heaven and earth, and its light covers the four limits. The Chanyu of the Xiongnu faces our culture and admires righteousness, raises his entire country with one heart, presents treasures and courts congratulations—something never before seen since ancient times. The Chanyu is not one to whom the proper calendar is added, nor is he a guest of the king makers. His ritual ceremony should be like that of the feudal kings: he calls himself a minister and twice bows in mortal fear, his position ranking below the feudal kings.' An edict declared: 'Indeed I have heard that the Five Emperors and Three Kings did not apply ritual where it was not appropriate, nor did they reach with government. Now the Chanyu of the Xiongnu calls himself a northern border minister and courts in the first month. Because of my shortcomings, my virtue cannot grandly cover them. Treat him with guest ritual, his position above the feudal kings.'
122
三年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。
In the first month of spring in the third year, His Majesty proceeded to Ganquan and performed the suburban sacrifice at the Supreme Altar.
123
匈奴呼韓邪單于稽侯蛳來朝，贊謁稱藩臣而不名。 賜以璽綬、冠帶、衣裳、安車、駟馬、黃金、錦繡、繒絮。 使有司道單于先行就邸長安，宿長平。 上自甘泉宿池陽宮。 上登長平阪，詔單于毋謁。 其左右當戶之群皆列觀，蠻夷君長王侯迎者數萬人，夾道陳。 上登渭橋，咸稱萬歲。 單于就邸。 置酒建章宮，饗賜單于，觀以珍寶。 二月，單于罷歸。 之長樂衛尉高昌侯忠、車騎都尉昌、騎都尉虎將萬六千騎送單于。 單于居幕南，保光祿城。 詔北邊振穀食。 郅支單于遠遁，匈奴遂定。
Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu, Qihou Shi, came to court. In announcing his audience, he was called a border minister and not named. Granted him seal cords, crown belts, clothes and robes, a peaceful carriage, four horses, gold, brocade and embroidery, silk and floss. Officials were sent to guide the Chanyu to first go to his residence in Chang'an, where he lodged at Changping. His Majesty lodged at Chiyang Palace coming from Ganquan. His Majesty ascended the Changping slope and edicted that the Chanyu should not make an audience. All the crowds of Danghu on his left and right were arrayed to observe, with barbarian lords, chiefs, and marquises who came to greet numbering tens of thousands, displayed along both sides of the road. His Majesty ascended the Wei bridge, and all called out 'ten thousand years.' The Chanyu went to his residence. Wine was set at Jianzhang Palace, the Chanyu was feasted and granted gifts, and shown precious treasures. In the second month, the Chanyu was dismissed and returned. Changlegong Guard Commandant and Gaochang Marquis Zhong, Cavalry Commandant Chang, and Cavalry Commandant Hu led 16,000 riders to send off the Chanyu. The Chanyu dwelt south of the tent and protected the Chamberlain for Attendants' city. An edict was issued to provide grain and food to the northern border. Chanyu Zhizhi fled far away, and the Xiongnu were then settled.
124
詔曰：「乃者鳳皇集新蔡，群鳥四面行列，皆鄉鳳皇立，以萬數。 其賜汝南太守帛百匹，新蔡長吏、三老、孝弟力田、鰥寡孤獨各有差。 賜民爵二級。 毋出今年租。」
An edict declared: 'Recently phoenixes gathered at Xincai, and flocks of birds arrayed in rows on all four sides, all facing the phoenixes and standing, numbering in the tens of thousands. Grant the Yunan Governor 100 bolts of silk, and Xincai officials and chiefs, the three elders, filial younger brothers, diligent farmers, widowers, widows, orphans, and the solitary each according to their rank. Grant the people two noble ranks. Do not pay the rents for this year.'
125
三月己丑，丞相霸薨。
On the Jichou day of the third month, Chancellor Ba passed away.
126
詔諸儒講五經同異，太子太傅蕭望之等平奏其議，上親稱制臨決焉。 乃立梁丘易、大小夏侯尚書、穀梁春秋博士。
An edict was issued for various scholars to lecture on the similarities and differences in the Five Classics. Crown Prince Grand Tutor Xiao Wangzhi and others balanced their discussions in a memorial, and His Majesty personally stated the regulations and personally judged them. Then established doctors for Liangqiu Yi, Greater and Lesser Xiahou Documents, and Guliang Spring and Autumns.
127
冬，烏孫公主來歸。
In winter, the Wusun Princess came and returned.
128
四年夏，廣川王海陽有罪，廢遷房陵。
In summer of the fourth year, King Haiyang of Guangchuan was found guilty of a crime, deposed, and banished to Fangling.
129
冬十月丁卯，未央宮宣室閣火。
On the Dingmao day of the tenth month of winter, the Xuanshi pavilion of Weiyang Palace caught fire.
130
黃龍元年春正月，行幸甘泉，郊泰畤。
In the first month of spring in the first year of Huanglong, His Majesty proceeded to Ganquan and performed the suburban sacrifice at the Supreme Altar.
131
匈奴呼韓邪單于來朝，禮賜如初。 二月，單于歸國。
Chanyu Huhanye of the Xiongnu came to court, and the ritual grants were like the beginning. In the second month, the Chanyu returned to his country.
132
詔曰：「蓋聞上古之治，君臣同心，舉措曲直，各得其所。 是以上下和洽，海內康平，其德弗可及已。 朕既不明，數申詔公卿大夫務行寬大，順民所疾苦，將欲配三王之隆，明先帝之德也。 今吏或以不禁姦邪為寬大，縱釋有罪為不苛，或以酷惡為賢，皆失其中。 奉詔宣化如此，豈不繆哉！ 方今天下少事，繇役省減，兵革不動，而民多貧，盜賊不止，其咎安在？ 上計簿，具文而已，務為欺謾，以避其課。 三公不以為意，朕將何任？ 諸請詔省卒徒自給者皆止。 御史察計簿，疑非實者，按之，使真偽毋相亂。」
An edict declared: 'Indeed I have heard that in the governance of highest antiquity, rulers and ministers were of one heart, their actions and measures were straight or crooked, each obtaining their proper place. Therefore superiors and inferiors were harmonious and united, within the seas peaceful and tranquil—their virtue could not be reached.' I am already not bright, and have repeatedly issued edicts that dukes, ministers, and grandees must practice magnanimity and follow what pains and sufferings the people have. I wish to match the prosperity of the Three Kings and clarify the virtue of the Former Emperor. Now some officials take not prohibiting wickedness and evil as magnanimity, releasing the guilty as not being harsh, or take cruelty and wickedness as worthiness—all lose the proper middle way. To receive edicts and announce transformation like this, how is it not wrong! Just now the empire has few affairs, corvee services are reduced and diminished, weapons and armor are not moved, yet the people are many and poor, bandits and robbers do not stop—where is their fault? The upper accounting registers are merely formal text only, diligently made deceit and deception to avoid their assessments. The three dukes do not take this as their intention—what will I rely on? All those who request edicts to reduce soldiers and laborers for self-support shall stop. Imperial secretaries shall inspect the accounting registers, investigate those suspected of not being real, and cause true and false not to be mutually confused.'
133
三月，有星孛于王良、閣道，入紫宮。
In the third month, there was a comet at Wangliang and Gallery Way that entered the Purple Palace.
134
夏四月，詔曰：「舉廉吏，誠欲得其真也。 吏六百石位大夫，有罪先請，秩祿上通，足以效其賢材，自今以來毋得舉。」
In the fourth month of summer, an edict declared: 'To recommend incorruptible officials is sincerely to wish to obtain their true selves. Officials of 600 piculs rank as grandees, when they have crimes, request first. Their ranks and salaries communicate upward, sufficient to display their worthy talents. From now henceforth they shall not be permitted to be recommended.'
135
冬十二月甲戌，帝崩于未央宮。 癸巳，尊皇太后曰太皇太后。
On the Jiaxu day of the twelfth month of winter, the Emperor collapsed at Weiyang Palace. On Guisi, the Empress Dowager was honored and called Grand Empress Dowager.
136
贊曰：孝宣之治，信賞必罰，綜核名實，政事文學法理之士咸精其能，至于技巧工匠器械，自元、成間鮮能及之，亦足以知吏稱其職，民安其業也。 遭值匈奴乖亂，推亡固存，信威北夷，單于慕義，稽首稱藩。 功光祖宗，業垂後嗣，可謂中興，侔德殷宗、周宣矣。
Praise says: In Filial Xuan's governance, rewards were trustworthy and punishments certain, names and realities were comprehensively verified. Gentlemen of administration, literature, and legal principles all refined their abilities. As for skills, craftsmen, and machines and implements, from the Yuan and Cheng periods few could match them. This is also sufficient to know that officials matched their duties and the people were peaceful in their occupations. He encountered the Xiongnu in disorder and rebellion, pushed those who perished and strengthened those who survived, made trustworthy his might against the northern barbarians. The Chanyu admired righteousness, kowtowed, and called himself a border minister. His merit illuminated the ancestors, his enterprise hung down to posterity. He can be called a middle revival, equaling the virtue of the Yin ancestor and Zhou Xuan.