Volume 19: Table of Nobility Ranks and Government Offices

師古曰：「漢制，三公號稱萬石，其俸月各三百五十斛穀。其稱中二千石者月各百八十斛，二千石者百二十斛，比二千石者百斛，千石者九十斛，比千石者八十斛，六百石者七十斛，比六百石者六十斛，四百石者五十斛，比四百石者四十五斛，三百石者四十斛，比三百石者三十七斛，二百石者三十斛，比二百石者二十七斛，一百石者十六斛。」〉

As Master Shigu notes: "In Han administrative practice, the Three Excellencies were ranked as 'ten-thousand-shi' officials, each receiving 350 hu of grain per month. Officials in the 'middle 2,000-shi' class received 180 hu a month; the 2,000-shi class received 120; those equivalent to 2,000-shi received 100; the 1,000-shi class received 90; those equivalent to 1,000-shi received 80; the 600-shi class received 70; equivalents to 600-shi received 60; the 400-shi class received 50; equivalents to 400-shi received 45; the 300-shi class received 40; equivalents to 300-shi received 37; the 200-shi class received 30; equivalents to 200-shi received 27; and the 100-shi class received 16."

易敘宓羲、神農、黃帝作敎化民，[1]而傳述其官，[2]以為宓羲龍師名官，[3]神農火師火名，[4]黃帝雲師雲名，[5]少昊鳥師鳥名。 [6]自顓頊以來，為民師而命以民事，[7]有重黎、句芒、祝融、后土、蓐收、玄冥之官，然已上矣。 [8]書載唐虞之際，命羲和四子[9]順天文，授民時；咨四岳，以舉賢材，揚側陋； [10]十有二牧，柔遠能邇； [11]禹作司空，平水土； [12]棄作后稷，播百穀； [13]禼作司徒，敷五敎； [14]咎繇作士，正五刑； [15]垂作共工，利器用； [16]益作朕虞，育草木鳥獸； [17]伯夷作秩宗，典三禮； [18]夔典樂，和神人； [19]龍作納言，出入帝命。 [20]夏、殷亡聞焉，[21]周官則備矣。 [22]天官冢宰，地官司徒，春官宗伯，夏官司馬，秋官司冦，冬官司空，是為六卿，[23]各有徒屬職分，用於百事。 [24]太師、太傅、太保，是為三公，[25]蓋參天子，坐而議政，無不緫統，故不以一職為官名。又立三少為之副，少師、少傅、少保，是為孤卿，與六卿為九焉。記曰三公無官，言有其人然后充之，[26]舜之於堯，伊尹於湯，周公、召公於周，是也。或說司馬主天，司徒主人，司空主土，是為三公。四岳謂四方諸侯。自周衰，官失而百職亂，戰國並爭，各變異。秦兼天下，建皇帝之號，立百官之職。漢因循而不革，明簡易，隨時宜也。其後頗有所改。王莽篡位，慕從古官，而吏民弗安，亦多虐政，遂以亂亡。故略表舉大分，[29]以通古今，備溫故知新之義云。相國、丞相，皆秦官，金印紫綬，掌丞天子助理萬機。秦有左右，高帝即位，置一丞相，十一年更名相國，綠綬。孝惠、高后置左右丞相，文帝一年復置一丞相。有兩長史，秩千石。哀帝元壽二年更名大司徒。武帝元狩五年初置司直，秩比二千石，掌佐丞相舉不法。太尉，秦官，金印紫綬，掌武事。武帝建元二年省。元狩四年初置大司馬，以冠將軍之號。宣帝地節三年置大司馬，不冠將軍，亦無印綬官屬。成帝綏和元年初賜大司馬金印紫綬，置官屬，祿比丞相，去將軍。哀帝建平二年復去大司馬印綬、官屬，冠將軍如故。元壽二年復賜大司馬印綬，置官屬，去將軍，位在司徒上。有長史，秩千石。御史大夫，秦官，位上卿，銀印青綬，掌副丞相。有兩丞，秩千石。一曰中丞，在殿中蘭臺，掌圖籍祕書，外督部刺史，內領侍御史員十五人，受公卿奏事，舉劾按章。成帝綏和元年更名大司空，祿比丞相，置長史如中丞，官職如故。哀帝建平二年復爲御史大夫，元壽二年復爲大司空，御史中丞更名御史長史。侍御史有繡衣直指，出討姦猾，治大獄，武帝所制，不常置。 [30]

The Changes recounts that Fuxi, Shennong, and the Yellow Emperor instituted civilizing instruction for the people, and it also preserves their official nomenclature: Fuxi named offices after dragons, Shennong after fire, the Yellow Emperor after clouds, and Shaohao after birds. From the age of Zhuanxu onward, rulers made teachers of the people and charged officials with civil affairs. Posts such as Chongli, Goumang, Zhurong, Houtu, Rushou, and Xuanming belonged to that remote antiquity. The Documents says that in the era of Yao and Shun, the four sons of Xi and He were charged with observing the heavens and issuing the calendar to the people; the Four Peaks were consulted so that worthy men might be recommended and the neglected and obscure brought forward; the Twelve Governors were put in place, to pacify those far away and properly order those near at hand; Yu was appointed Minister of Works to regulate the waters and set the land in order; Qi was made Lord Millet and spread the cultivation of all the staple grains; Xie was appointed Minister of Education and disseminated the Five Teachings; Gaoyao was made Minister of Justice and regularized the Five Punishments; Chui was made Gong Gong, charged with improving tools and implements; Yi was appointed Imperial Forester, to cultivate grasses and trees and oversee birds and beasts; Bo Yi was made Minister of Rites, in charge of the three ritual codes; Kui took charge of music, bringing gods and men into harmony; Long served as Receiver of Words, transmitting imperial commands to and from the throne. For the Xia and Shang we have no full account, but under Zhou the official system was complete. The Zhou system set out six chief ministries: the Heavenly Office under the Grand Steward, the Earthly under the Minister of Education, the Spring under the Minister of Rites, the Summer under the Minister of War, the Autumn under the Minister of Justice, and the Winter under the Minister of Works. Together these formed the Six Ministers, each with subordinate officials and defined duties for the full range of state business. The Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector constituted the Three Excellencies. They stood alongside the Son of Heaven in governing, deliberated policy in council, and oversaw all administration. For that reason, their titles were not tied to a single bureau. Three junior counterparts were also established as their deputies: Junior Preceptor, Junior Tutor, and Junior Protector. These were called the Solitary Ministers, bringing the total with the Six Ministers to nine. As the Record puts it, "The Three Excellencies are not fixed offices" - meaning the rank exists only when a person worthy of it appears. Shun serving Yao, yiyin day serving Tang, and the Duke of Zhou and Duke of Shao under Zhou are classic examples. Another interpretation holds that the Minister of War corresponded to Heaven, the Minister of Education to Humanity, and the Minister of Works to Earth - and that these formed the Three Excellencies. "Four Peaks" means the regional lords of the four quarters. After Zhou declined, offices lost their proper form and the full administrative order broke down. As the Warring States fought for supremacy, each state altered the system in its own way. When Qin unified the realm, it instituted the imperial title and established the full framework of official posts. The Han largely continued this framework rather than overhauling it, favoring clear and simple arrangements suited to contemporary needs. Later on, however, a number of revisions were introduced. After Wang Mang seized the throne, he tried to imitate archaic institutions. But officials and commoners alike found no stability under them, harsh governance multiplied, and his regime collapsed in disorder. For that reason, this table sets out the main institutional divisions in summary form, linking ancient and later practice and fulfilling the principle that by reviewing the old, one comes to understand the new. The Chancellor of State and the Grand Chancellor were both Qin offices, bearing gold seals with purple ribbons. They were charged with assisting the Son of Heaven in managing all affairs of state. Under Qin there were both Left and Right Chancellors. When Emperor Gao ascended the throne, he appointed a single Grand Chancellor. In the eleventh year, the title was changed to Chancellor of State, with a green ribbon. Under Emperor Hui and Empress Dowager Gao, Left and Right Grand Chancellors were appointed. In the first year of Emperor Wen, a single Grand Chancellor was restored. The office had two Chief Clerks, each ranked at one thousand shi. In the second year of Yuanshou under Emperor Ai, the title was changed to Grand Minister of Education In the fifth year of Yuanshou under Emperor Wu, the Chancellor's Rectifier was first established at a rank equivalent to two thousand shi, charged with assisting the Grand Chancellor in exposing illegality. The Grand Commandant was a Qin office, bearing a gold seal with purple ribbon, in charge of military affairs. In the second year of Jianyuan under Emperor Wu, the office was abolished. In the fourth year of Yuanshou, the title Grand Marshal was first established as a prefix to the General's title. In Dijie 3 under Emperor Xuan, a Grand Marshal was appointed without the General prefix and without seal, ribbon, or subordinate staff. In Suihe 1 under Emperor Cheng, the Grand Marshal was granted a gold seal with purple ribbon, given subordinate staff, a salary matching the Grand Chancellor's, and the General title was dropped. In Jianping 2 under Emperor Ai, the Grand Marshal's seal, ribbon, and staff were again removed, and the General prefix was restored as before. In the second year of Yuanshou, the Grand Marshal was again granted seal and ribbon, given subordinate staff, the General title dropped, and his rank placed above the Minister of Education. Each office included a Chief Clerk of 1,000-shi rank. The Grandee Secretary was a Qin office ranked among the senior ministers, bearing a silver seal with blue-green ribbon, serving as deputy to the Grand Chancellor. The office had two Deputies, each ranked at one thousand shi. One was called the Palace Deputy, stationed at the Orchid Terrace within the palace. He oversaw maps, registers, and secret documents. Externally, he supervised the Regional Inspectors; internally, he commanded the fifteen Attendant Censors, received memorials from the ministers, and conducted impeachments and investigations. In Suihe 1 under Emperor Cheng, the title was changed to Grand Minister of Works, with salary matching the Grand Chancellor, a Chief Clerk like the Central Censor, and duties otherwise unchanged. In Jianping 2 under Emperor Ai, the title reverted to Grandee Secretary. In the second year of Yuanshou, it was changed back to Grand Minister of Works, and the Palace Deputy was renamed Chief Clerk of the Censorate. Among the Attendant Censors was the Embroidered Garment Direct Appointee, sent out to suppress treachery and manage major cases. This was a creation of Emperor Wu and not a permanent position. Textual annotation marker 30.

太傅，古官，高后元年初置，金印紫綬。後省，八年復置。後省，哀帝元壽二年復置。位在三公上。

The Grand Tutor was an ancient office. It was first instituted in Empress Gao's first year, with the insignia of a gold seal and purple ribbon. The office was later abolished, then restored in the eighth year. It was again abolished, then restored in the second year of Emperor Ai's Yuanshou era. Its precedence stood above that of the Three Excellencies.

太師、太保，皆古官，平帝元始元年皆初置，金印紫綬。太師位在太傅上，太保次太傅。

The offices of Grand Preceptor and Grand Protector were both ancient in origin. Both were first instituted in Emperor Ping's Yuanshi first year, bearing the gold seal and purple ribbon. The Grand Preceptor ranked above the Grand Tutor, while the Grand Protector ranked just below him.

前後左右將軍，皆周末官，秦因之，位上卿，金印紫綬。漢不常置，或有前後，或有左右，皆掌兵及四夷。有長史，秩千石。

The Generals of the Van, Rear, Left, and Right all originated in the late Zhou and were retained by Qin. They held senior-minister rank, marked by a gold seal and purple ribbon. The Han did not keep these commands as fixed offices: at times there were Generals of the Van and Rear, at times of the Left and Right. In all cases, they commanded troops and handled affairs involving the frontier peoples. Each office included a Chief Clerk of 1,000-shi rank.

奉常，秦官，掌宗廟禮儀，有丞。景帝中六年更名太常。屬官有太樂、太祝、太宰、太史、太卜、太醫六令丞，又均官、都水兩長丞，又諸廟寢園食官令長丞，有廱太宰、太祝令丞，五畤各一尉。又博士及諸陵縣皆屬焉。景帝中六年更名太祝爲祠祀，武帝太初元年更曰廟祀，初置太卜。博士，秦官，掌通古今，秩比六百石，員多至數十人。武帝建元五年初置五經博士，宣帝黃龍元年稍增員十二人。元帝永光元年分諸陵邑屬三輔。王莽改太常曰「秩宗」。郎中令，秦官，掌宮殿掖門戶，有丞。武帝太初元年更名光祿勳。屬官有大夫、郎、謁者，皆秦官。又期門、羽林皆屬焉。大夫掌論議，有太中大夫、中大夫、諫大夫，皆無員，多至數十人。武帝元狩五年初置諫大夫，秩比八百石，太初元年更名中大夫爲光祿大夫，秩比二千石，太中大夫秩比千石如故。郎掌守門戶，出充車騎，有議郎、中郎、侍郎、郎中，皆無員，多至千人。議郎、中郎秩比六百石，侍郎比四百石，郎中比三百石。中郎有五官、左、右三將，秩皆比二千石。郎中有車、戶、騎三將，秩皆比千石。謁者掌賔讚受事，員七十人，秩比六百石，有僕射，秩比千石。期門掌執兵送從，武帝建元三年初置，比郎，無員，多至千人，有僕射，秩比千石。平帝元始元年更名虎賁郎，置中郎將，秩比二千石。羽林掌送從，次期門，武帝太初元年初置，名曰建章營騎，後更名羽林騎。又取從軍死事之子孫養羽林，官敎以五兵，號曰羽林孤兒。羽林有令丞。宣帝令中郎將、騎都尉監羽林，秩比二千石。僕射，秦官，自侍中、尚書、博士、郎皆有。古者重武官，有主射以督課之，軍屯吏、騶、宰、永巷宮人皆有，取其領事之號。衞尉，秦官，掌宮門衞屯兵，有丞。景帝初更名中大夫令，後元年復爲衞尉。屬官有公車司馬、衞士、旅賁三令丞。衞士三丞。又諸屯衞候、司馬二十二官皆屬焉。長樂、建章、甘泉衞尉皆掌其宮，職略同，不常置。太僕，秦官，掌輿馬，有兩丞。屬官有大廄、未央、家馬三令，各五丞一尉。又車府、路軨、騎馬、駿馬四令丞；又龍馬、閑駒、橐泉、騊駼、承華五監長丞；又邊郡六牧師菀令，各三丞；又牧橐、昆蹏令丞皆屬焉。中太僕掌皇太后輿馬，不常置也。武帝太初元年更名家馬爲挏馬，初置路軨。廷尉，秦官，[59]掌刑辟，有正、左右監，秩皆千石。景帝中六年更名大理，武帝建元四年復為廷尉。宣帝地節三年初置左右平，秩皆六百石。哀帝元壽二年復為大理。王莽改曰作士。

The Director of Ceremonies was a Qin office in charge of ancestral temple rites and ceremonies, with a Deputy. In the sixth middle year of Emperor Jing's reign, the title was changed to Grand Master of Ceremonies. Its subordinate offices included six Directors and Deputies — Grand Music, Grand Invocator, Grand Steward, Grand Astrologer, Grand Diviner, and Grand Physician. Additionally, the Equalization Office and Capital Water Office each had a Chief and Deputy. There were also Directors and Deputies for the temple chambers, park provisions, and the Yong Grand Steward and Grand Invocator, with one Commandant for each of the Five Altars. The Erudites and all the imperial mausoleum counties also fell under its jurisdiction. In Emperor Jing's sixth middle year, the Grand Invocator was renamed Director of Sacrificial Worship. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, it became the Director of Temple Worship, and the Grand Diviner was first established. The Erudites were a Qin office responsible for mastery of ancient and modern learning, ranked at the equivalent of six hundred shi. Their number sometimes reached several dozen. In the fifth year of Jianyuan under Emperor Wu, the Erudites of the Five Classics were first established. In Huanglong 1 under Emperor Xuan, their number was gradually increased to twelve. In Yongguang 1 under Emperor Yuan, the mausoleum towns were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Three Adjuncts. Wang Mang renamed the Grand Master of Ceremonies to "Director of Ranks." The Director of the Gentlemen of the Palace was a Qin office in charge of the palace halls and side gates, with a Deputy. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the title was changed to Superintendent of the Imperial Household. Its subordinate offices included the Grandees, Gentlemen, and Ushers — all Qin offices. The Gate Guards and the Feathered Forest Guards also fell under its jurisdiction. The Grandees were responsible for deliberation and debate. They comprised Grand Palace Grandees, Palace Grandees, and Remonstrant Grandees, with no fixed complement — sometimes numbering several dozen. In the fifth year of Yuanshou under Emperor Wu, the Remonstrant Grandee was first established at an equivalent rank of eight hundred shi. In the first year of Taichu, the Palace Grandee was renamed Grandee of the Glorious Emolument at two thousand shi; the Grand Palace Grandee remained at one thousand shi as before. The Gentlemen guarded the gates and, when dispatched, served as chariot and cavalry escorts. They comprised Consultant Gentlemen, Palace Gentlemen, Attendant Gentlemen, and Gentlemen of the Palace — with no fixed complement, sometimes numbering up to a thousand. Consultant Gentlemen and Palace Gentlemen ranked at the equivalent of six hundred shi, Attendant Gentlemen at four hundred, and Gentlemen of the Palace at three hundred. The Palace Gentlemen had three Commanders — Five Offices, Left, and Right — each ranked at the equivalent of two thousand shi. The Gentlemen of the Palace had three Commanders — Chariot, Gate, and Cavalry — each ranked at the equivalent of one thousand shi. The Ushers received guests, assisted in ceremonies, and handled affairs. Their complement was seventy, ranked at six hundred shi, with a Chief Usher ranked at one thousand shi. The Gate Guards bore arms and provided escort. First established in the third year of Jianyuan under Emperor Wu, they ranked equivalent to Gentlemen, with no fixed complement — sometimes reaching a thousand — and a Chief ranked at one thousand shi. In Yuanshi 1 under Emperor Ping, they were renamed Tiger-Ben Gentlemen, with a Commander ranked at two thousand shi. The Feathered Forest Guards provided escort, ranking below the Gate Guards. First established in the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu as the Jianzhang Camp Cavalry, they were later renamed the Feathered Forest Cavalry. Additionally, the sons and grandsons of soldiers killed in battle were adopted into the Feathered Forest and trained in the five weapons. They were known as the 'Feathered Forest Orphans.' The Feathered Forest had a Director and a Deputy. Emperor Xuan appointed the Commander of the Palace Gentlemen and the Cavalry Commandant to oversee the Feathered Forest, each ranked at two thousand shi. The title of Chief was a Qin institution. The Attendants-in-Ordinary, Masters of Documents, Erudites, and Gentlemen all had one. In ancient times, military officials were highly valued, with a Master of Archery to supervise and assess them. Military garrison clerks, outriders, stewards, and Eternal Lane palace staff all had such a post, the title deriving from its supervisory function. The Commandant of the Guards was a Qin office in charge of the palace gate guards and garrison troops, with a Deputy. Early in Emperor Jing's reign, the title was changed to Director of the Palace Grandees. In the first year of the Later period, it was restored to Commandant of the Guards. Its subordinate offices included three Directors and Deputies: the Public Carriage Commandant, the Guard Soldiers, and the Traveling Warriors. The Guard Soldiers office had three Deputies. Additionally, all twenty-two garrison guard and marshal offices fell under its jurisdiction. The Commandants of the Guards for the Changle, Jianzhang, and Ganquan palaces each oversaw their respective palaces. Their duties were broadly similar, and the positions were not permanent. The Grand Coachman was a Qin office in charge of carriages and horses, with two Deputies. Its subordinate offices included three Directors — Grand Stables, Weiyang Stables, and Imperial Stables — each with five Deputies and one Commandant. Additionally, four Directors and Deputies: the Carriage Office, Road Carriages, Riding Horses, and Fine Horses; five Supervisors with Chiefs and Deputies: Dragon Horses, Idle Colts, Tuoquan, Taotu, and Chenghua; six Pasture Park Directors in the border commanderies, each with three Deputies; The Directors and Deputies of the Camel Pasture and Kunti also fell under its jurisdiction. The Palace Grand Coachman oversaw the Empress Dowager's carriages and horses. The position was not permanent. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the Imperial Stables were renamed the Kumiss Stables, and the Road Carriages office was first established. The Commandant of Justice was a Qin institution. It oversaw criminal law and punishments, and included a principal adjudicator plus left and right supervisors, all at 1,000-shi rank. In Emperor Jing's sixth Zhong year, the office was renamed Grand Judge; in Emperor Wu's fourth Jianyuan year, it reverted to Commandant of Justice. In the third year of Emperor Xuan's Dijie era, the offices of Left and Right Arbiter were first created, each at 600-shi rank. In the second year of Emperor Ai's Yuanshou era, it was once more renamed Grand Judge. Wang Mang renamed the office as Minister of Justice.

典客，秦官，掌諸歸義蠻夷，有丞。景帝中六年更名大行令，武帝太初元年更名大鴻臚。屬官有行人、譯官、別火三令丞及郡邸長丞。武帝太初元年更名行人爲大行令，初置別火。王莽改大鴻臚曰典樂。初，置郡國邸屬少府，中屬中尉，後屬大鴻臚。宗正，秦官，[63]掌親屬，有丞。平帝元始四年更名宗伯。屬官有都司空令丞，內官長丞。又諸公主家令、門尉皆屬焉。王莽并其官於秩宗。初，內官屬少府，中屬主爵，後屬宗正。

The Director of Guests was a Qin office in charge of the submitted barbarian peoples, with a Deputy. In Emperor Jing's sixth middle year, it was renamed Director of Grand Conduct. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, it became the Grand Herald. Its subordinate offices included three Directors and Deputies — Envoys, Interpreters, and Separate Fire — as well as the Chiefs and Deputies of the commandery lodges. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the Envoy office was renamed Director of Grand Conduct, and the Separate Fire office was first established. Wang Mang renamed the Grand Herald 'Director of Music.' Originally, the commandery and kingdom lodges fell under the Privy Treasurer, then were transferred to the Capital Commandant, and later placed under the Grand Herald. The Director of the Imperial Clan was a Qin institution responsible for matters of the ruling house's kinsmen, with a Deputy attached. In the fourth year of Emperor Ping's Yuanshi era, the office was renamed Minister of the Clan. Its subordinate personnel included the Director and Deputy of the Metropolitan Works Office, as well as the Chief and Deputy of the Inner Offices. It also held authority over the Household Directors and Gate Commandants of all imperial princesses. Wang Mang absorbed this office into the Ministry of Rites. At first the Inner Offices were under the Privy Treasurer. In an intermediate period they were placed under the Commandant of Nobility Ranks, and later reassigned to the Director of the Imperial Clan.

治粟內史，秦官，掌穀貨，有兩丞。景帝後元年更名大農令，武帝太初元年更名大司農。屬官有太倉、均輸、平準、都內、籍田五令丞，斡官、鐵市兩長丞。又郡國諸倉農監、都水六十五官長丞皆屬焉。騪粟都尉，武帝軍官，不常置。王莽改大司農曰羲和，後更爲納言。初，斡官屬少府，中屬主爵，後屬大司農。少府，秦官，掌山海池澤之稅，以給共養，有六丞。屬官有尚書、符節、太醫、太官、湯官、導官、樂府、若盧、考工室、左弋、居室、甘泉居室、左右司空、東織、西織、東園匠十二官令丞，又胞人、都水、均官三長丞，又上林中十池監，又中書謁者、黃門、鉤盾、尚方、御府、永巷、內者、宦者七官令丞。諸僕射、署長、中黃門皆屬焉。武帝太初元年更名考工室爲考工，左弋爲佽飛，居室爲保宮，甘泉居室爲昆臺，永巷爲掖廷。佽飛掌弋射，有九丞兩尉，太官七丞，昆臺五丞，樂府三丞，掖廷八丞，宦者七丞，鉤盾五丞兩尉。成帝建始四年更名中書謁者令爲中謁者令，初置尚書，員五人，有四丞。河平元年省東織，更名西織爲織室。綏和二年，哀帝省樂府。王莽改少府曰共工。中尉，秦官，掌徼循京師，有兩丞、候、司馬、千人。武帝太初元年更名執金吾。屬官有中壘、寺互、武庫、都船四令丞。都船、武庫有三丞，中壘兩尉。又式道左右中候、候丞及左右京輔都尉、尉丞兵卒皆屬焉。初，寺互屬少府，中屬主爵，後屬中尉。

The Internal Clerk for Grain was a Qin office in charge of grain and commodities, with two Deputies. In the first year of Emperor Jing's Later period, the title became Director of Grand Agriculture. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, it became Grand Minister of Agriculture. Its subordinate offices included five Directors and Deputies — Grand Granary, Equitable Transport, Price Stabilization, Capital Treasury, and Ritual Field — and two Chiefs and Deputies: the Monopoly Office and the Iron Market. Additionally, all sixty-five Chiefs and Deputies of the commandery and kingdom granaries, agricultural supervisors, and water offices fell under its jurisdiction. The Grain Transport Commandant was a military office of Emperor Wu's era, not permanently maintained. Wang Mang renamed the Grand Minister of Agriculture 'Xi He,' later changing it again to 'Receiver of Words.' Originally, the Monopoly Office fell under the Privy Treasurer, then was transferred to the Director of Nobility Ranks, and later to the Grand Minister of Agriculture. The Privy Treasurer was a Qin office in charge of taxes on mountains, seas, ponds, and marshlands, used to supply the imperial household. It had six Deputies. Its subordinate offices included twelve Directors and Deputies — Masters of Documents, Tally and Credentials, Grand Physician, Grand Provisioner, Hot Water, Rice Processing, Music Bureau, Arsenal, Artisan Workshop, Left Archer, Dwelling Office, Ganquan Dwelling Office, Left and Right Ministers of Works, Eastern Weaving, Western Weaving, and Eastern Garden Artisans. Three Chiefs and Deputies: Butchery, Capital Water, and Equalization. Ten pond supervisors within the Shanglin Park. And seven Directors and Deputies: Palace Secretary Ushers, Yellow Gate, Hook and Shield, Imperial Workshops, Imperial Wardrobe, Eternal Lane, Inner Attendants, and Eunuch Attendants. All the Chiefs, Bureau Heads, and Palace Yellow Gate officials also fell under its jurisdiction. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the names were changed: Artisan Workshop to Artisans' Bureau, Left Archer to Swift Flyer, Dwelling Office to Palace Guardian, Ganquan Dwelling to Kunlun Terrace, and Eternal Lane to Lateral Court. The Swift Flyer oversaw crossbow hunting, with nine Deputies and two Commandants. The Grand Provisioner had seven Deputies; the Kunlun Terrace, five; the Music Bureau, three; the Lateral Court, eight; the Eunuch Attendants, seven; and the Hook and Shield, five Deputies and two Commandants. In Jianshi 4 under Emperor Cheng, the Palace Secretary Ushers' Director was renamed Director of the Palace Ushers, and the Masters of Documents were formally established with five members and four Deputies. In Heping 1, the Eastern Weaving office was abolished and the Western Weaving was renamed the Weaving Chamber. In Suihe 2, Emperor Ai abolished the Music Bureau. Wang Mang renamed the Privy Treasurer 'Minister of Shared Works.' The Capital Commandant was a Qin office in charge of patrolling the capital, with two Deputies, a Scout, a Marshal, and a Commander of a Thousand. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the title was changed to Bearer of the Golden Mace. Its subordinate offices included four Directors and Deputies: Central Rampart, Temple Mutual, Arsenal, and Capital Boats. Capital Boats and Arsenal each had three Deputies; the Central Rampart had two Commandants. The Left, Right, and Central Scouts of the Ceremony Road with their Deputies, and the Left and Right Capital Adjunct Commandants with their Deputies and soldiers, also fell under its jurisdiction. Originally, the Temple Mutual fell under the Privy Treasurer, then was transferred to the Director of Nobility Ranks, and later to the Capital Commandant.

自太常至執金吾，秩皆中二千石，丞皆千石。

From Grand Master of Ceremonies down to Bearer of the Golden Mace, all these offices were classified as middle 2,000-shi rank, and all their Deputies were 1,000-shi.

太子太傅、少傅，古官。屬官有太子門大夫、庶子、先馬、舍人。將作少府，秦官，掌治宮室，有兩丞、左右中候。景帝中六年更名將作大匠。屬官有石庫、東園主章、左右前後中校七令丞，又主章長丞。武帝太初元年更名東園主章爲木工。成帝陽朔三年省中候及左右前後中校五丞。

The posts of Grand Tutor and Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent were offices of ancient origin. Their subordinate staff included Gentlemen of the Heir Apparent's Gate, Attendants, Masters of Horses, and Retainers. The Junior Treasurer of Construction was a Qin office in charge of building the palaces, with two Deputies and Left, Right, and Central Scouts. In Emperor Jing's sixth middle year, the title was changed to Grand Architect. Its subordinate offices included seven Directors and Deputies — Stone Repository, Eastern Garden Timber Master, and the five School Commandants (Left, Right, Front, Rear, and Central). There was also a Timber Master Chief with Deputy. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the Eastern Garden Timber Master was renamed the Woodworkers' Bureau. In Yangshuo 3 under Emperor Cheng, the Central Scout and the Deputies of the five Schools were abolished.

詹事，秦官，[85]掌皇后、太子家，有丞。 [86]屬官有太子率更、家令丞，僕、中盾、衞率、厨廄長丞，[87]又中長秋、私府、永巷、倉、廄、祠祀、食官令長丞。諸宦官皆屬焉。 [88]成帝鴻嘉三年省詹事官，并屬大長秋。 [89]長信詹事掌皇太后宮，景帝中六年更名長信少府，[90]平帝元始四年更名長樂少府。

The Director of the Palace Household was a Qin-era post overseeing the domestic establishments of the Empress and Crown Prince, with a Deputy attached. Its subordinate offices were extensive: they included the Crown Prince's Prefect of Watches, Household Director and Deputy, Steward, Central Shield Guard, Guard Commandant, and chiefs and deputies for kitchens and stables, as well as directors, chiefs, and deputies over the Inner Chamberlain's Office, the Private Treasury, Yong Lane, granaries, stables, ritual services, and food administration. All eunuch personnel fell under its authority. In the third year of Emperor Cheng's Hongjia era, the Director of the Palace Household was abolished, and its functions were consolidated under the Grand Chamberlain. The Changxin Director of the Palace Household administered the Empress Dowager's palace. In Emperor Jing's sixth Zhong year the title was changed to Changxin Privy Treasurer, and in Emperor Ping's fourth Yuanshi year it was changed again to Changle Privy Treasurer.

將行，秦官，[91]景帝中六年更名大長秋，[92]或用中人，或用士人。典屬國，秦官，掌蠻夷降者。武帝元狩三年昆邪王降，復增屬國，置都尉、丞、候、千人。屬官，九譯令。成帝河平元年省并大鴻臚。 [93]

The Palace Chamberlain was originally a Qin office. In Emperor Jing's sixth Zhong year it was renamed Grand Chamberlain. Appointments to it alternated between eunuchs and regular scholar-officials. The Director of Dependent States was a Qin office in charge of submitted barbarian peoples. In the third year of Yuanshou under Emperor Wu, when the Kunxie King surrendered, additional dependent states were created, with Commandants, Deputies, Scouts, and Commanders of a Thousand. Its subordinate office was the Director of Nine Interpreters. In Heping 1 under Emperor Cheng, the office was abolished and merged with the Grand Herald. Textual annotation marker 93.

水衡都尉，[95]武帝元鼎二年初置，掌上林苑，有五丞。屬官有上林、均輸、御羞、禁圃、輯濯、鍾官、技巧、六廄、辯銅九官令丞。 [96]又衡官、水司空、都水、農倉，又甘泉上林、都水七官長丞皆屬焉。上林有八丞十二尉，均輸四丞，御羞兩丞，都水三丞，禁圃兩尉，甘泉上林四丞。成帝建始二年省技巧、六廄官。王莽改水衡都尉曰予虞。初，御羞、上林、衡官及鑄錢皆屬少府。

The office of Superintendent of Waterways and Parks was first created in Emperor Wu's second Yuanding year. It oversaw Shanglin Park and had five Deputies. Its subordinate structure included nine bureaus - Shanglin, Equitable Transport, Imperial Provisions, Forbidden Gardens, Cleansing and Washing, Bell Foundry, Craftsmanship, the Six Stables, and Copper Assay - each staffed by Directors and Deputies. It also controlled seven additional units - including the Works Office, Water Minister of Works, Metropolitan Waterways, Agricultural Granaries, and the Ganquan-Shanglin and Metropolitan Waterways branches - together with their chiefs and deputies. The staffing distribution was as follows: Shanglin had eight Deputies and twelve Commandants; Equitable Transport, four Deputies; Imperial Provisions, two Deputies; Metropolitan Waterways, three Deputies; Forbidden Gardens, two Commandants; and Ganquan Shanglin, four Deputies. In the second year of Emperor Cheng's Jianshi era, the Craftsmanship and Six Stables bureaus were abolished. Wang Mang changed the title of Superintendent of Waterways and Parks to Forester of Provision. At first, Imperial Provisions, Shanglin, the Works Office, and minting operations were all under the Privy Treasurer.

內史，周官，秦因之，掌治京師。景帝二年分置左內史。右內史武帝太初元年更名京兆尹，屬官有長安市、厨兩令丞，又都水、鐵官兩長丞。左內史更名左馮翊，屬官有廩犧令丞尉。又左都水、鐵官、雲壘、長安四市四長丞皆屬焉。主爵中尉，秦官，掌列侯。景帝中六年更名都尉，武帝太初元年更名右扶風，治內史右地。屬官有掌畜令丞。又有都水、鐵官、廄、廱厨四長丞皆屬焉。與左馮翊、京兆尹是爲三輔，皆有兩丞。列侯更屬大鴻臚。元鼎四年更置三輔都尉、都尉丞各一人。

The Internal Clerk was a Zhou office continued by the Qin, in charge of governing the capital. In Emperor Jing's second year, a Left Internal Clerk was established as a separate post. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, the Right Internal Clerk was renamed Governor of the Capital Region. Its subordinate offices included the Chang'an Market and Kitchen Directors and Deputies, and the Capital Water and Iron Office Chiefs and Deputies. The Left Internal Clerk was renamed the Left Adjunct. Its subordinate offices included the Director, Deputy, and Commandant of the Granary Sacrifices. The Left Capital Water, Iron Office, Cloud Rampart, and Four Markets of Chang'an — each with Chief and Deputy — also fell under its jurisdiction. The Central Commandant of Nobility Ranks was a Qin office in charge of the ranked marquises. In Emperor Jing's sixth middle year, it was renamed Commandant. In the first year of Taichu under Emperor Wu, it became the Right Adjunct, governing the right portion of the former Internal Clerk's territory. Its subordinate offices included the Director and Deputy of Livestock Management. The Capital Water, Iron Office, Stables, and Yong Kitchen, each with Chief and Deputy, also fell under its jurisdiction. Together with the Left Adjunct and the Governor of the Capital Region, these formed the Three Adjuncts. Each had two Deputies. The ranked marquises were later transferred to the Grand Herald's jurisdiction. In the fourth year of Yuanding, Three Adjunct Commandants with one Deputy each were additionally established.

自太子太傅至右扶風，皆秩二千石，丞六百石。

From Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent through Right Adjunct, all these posts carried 2,000-shi rank, with Deputies at 600-shi.

護軍都尉，秦官，武帝元狩四年屬大司馬，成帝綏和元年居大司馬府比司直，哀帝元壽元年更名司冦，平帝元始元年更名護軍。司隷校尉，周官，武帝征和四年初置。持節，從中都官徒千二百人，捕巫蠱，督大姦猾。

The Protector-General Commandant was a Qin office. In the fourth year of Yuanshou under Emperor Wu it was placed under the Grand Marshal. In Suihe 1 under Emperor Cheng it was stationed in the Grand Marshal's office at Rectifier-equivalent rank. In the first year of Yuanshou under Emperor Ai it was renamed Minister of Crime, and in Yuanshi 1 under Emperor Ping it became Protector-General. The Director of Retainers was an office of Zhou origin, first instituted in Emperor Wu's fourth Zhenghe year. Bearing a tally of authority and accompanied by 1,200 convict laborers from the central bureaus, it was charged with suppressing witchcraft and gu-poisoning cases and policing major criminals and the unscrupulous.

後罷其兵。

Its military contingent was later disbanded.

察三輔、三河、弘農。元帝初元四年去節。成帝元延四年省。綏和二年，哀帝復置，但為司隷，冠進賢冠，屬大司空，比司直。

Its inspection jurisdiction covered the Three Adjuncts, the Three River regions, and Hongnong. In the fourth year of Emperor Yuan's Chuyuan era, the office's tally authority was revoked. The office was abolished in the fourth year of Emperor Cheng's Yuanyan era. In the second year of Suihe, Emperor Ai restored the post, but only in the form of Director of Retainers. The officeholder wore the Jinxian cap, was subordinated to the Grand Minister of Works, and held rank equivalent to a Director.

城門校尉掌京師城門屯兵，有司馬、十二城門候。中壘校尉掌北軍壘門內，外掌西域。屯騎校尉掌騎士。步兵校尉掌上林苑門屯兵。越騎校尉掌越騎。長水校尉掌長水宣曲胡騎。又有胡騎校尉，掌池陽胡騎，不常置。射聲校尉掌待詔射聲士。虎賁校尉掌輕車。凡八校尉，皆武帝初置，有丞、司馬。 [115]

The Colonel of the City Gates commanded the garrison forces posted at the capital gates, assisted by one Marshal and twelve gate wardens. The Colonel of the Central Ramparts oversaw affairs inside the gate of the Northern Army encampment, and beyond the capital handled matters of the Western Regions. The Colonel of Garrison Cavalry commanded mounted troops. The Colonel of Infantry oversaw the garrison units stationed at the gates of Shanglin Park. The Colonel of Yue Cavalry commanded the Yue cavalry contingent. The Colonel of Changshui commanded the Hu cavalry units stationed at Changshui and Xuanqu. There was also a Colonel of Hu Cavalry in charge of the Chiyang Hu cavalry, though the office was not maintained on a permanent basis. The Colonel of Archers oversaw the archer-corps personnel serving under imperial summons. The Colonel of Tiger Guards commanded the light-chariot force. Altogether there were eight such colonelcies, all first created in Emperor Wu's reign, each with its own Deputy and Marshal. Textual annotation marker 115.

自司隷至虎賁校尉，秩皆二千石。西域都護加官，宣帝地節二年初置，以騎都尉、諫大夫使護西域三十六國，有副校尉，秩比二千石，丞一人，司馬、候、千人各二人。戊己校尉，元帝初元元年置，有丞、司馬各一人，候五人，秩比六百石。

All offices from Director of Retainers down to Colonel of Tiger Guards were set at 2,000-shi rank. The Protector-General of the Western Regions was an added office, first instituted in the second year of Emperor Xuan's Dijie era. A Cavalry Commandant and a Remonstrant Grandee were sent to oversee and protect the thirty-six states of the Western Regions. The organization included a Deputy Colonel at rank equivalent to 2,000-shi, one Deputy, and two each of Marshals, wardens, and thousand-man commanders. The Wuji Colonel was created in the first year of Emperor Yuan's Chuyuan era. Its staff comprised one Deputy, one Marshal, and five wardens, at rank equivalent to 600-shi.

奉軍都尉掌御乘輿車，駙馬都尉掌駙馬，皆武帝初置，秩比二千石。侍中、左右曹、諸吏、散騎、中常侍，皆加官，所加或列侯、將軍、卿大夫、將、都尉、尚書、太醫、太官令至郎中，亡員，多至數十人。侍中、中常侍得入禁中，諸曹受尚書事，諸吏得舉法，散騎騎並乘輿車。給事中亦加官，所加或大夫、博士、議郎，掌顧問應對，位次中常侍。中黃門有給事黃門，位從將大夫。皆秦制。

The Fengjun Commandant oversaw the imperial carriage, while the Imperial Son-in-law Commandant oversaw the imperial sons-in-law. Both posts were first created in Emperor Wu's reign and carried rank equivalent to 2,000-shi. The titles Attendant-in-Ordinary, Left and Right Section official, Various Clerk, Loose Cavalry, and Regular Palace Attendant were all concurrent appointments. They could be conferred on men ranging from marquises and generals to high ministers, commandants, secretariat officials, grand physicians, provisioning directors, and even palace gentlemen. There was no fixed quota, and their number could run into the dozens. Attendants-in-Ordinary and Regular Palace Attendants were allowed access to the inner palace. The section officials handled secretariat business; the Various Clerks could initiate legal proceedings; and the Loose Cavalry rode in attendance beside the imperial carriage. The post Attendant in Ordinary Service was likewise a concurrent title, typically conferred on grandees, erudites, or consulting gentlemen. Its function was court consultation and formal reply, and its precedence stood just below the Regular Palace Attendant. Within the Palace Yellow Gate staff were Yellow Gate Attendants in Service, ranked comparably to general-grandees. All of these followed Qin institutional precedent.

爵：一級曰公士，二上造，三簪裊，四不更，五大夫，六官大夫，七公大夫，八公乘，九五大夫，十左庶長，十一右庶長，十二左更，十三中更，十四右更，十五少上造，十六大上造，十七駟車庶長，十八大庶長，十九關內侯，二十徹侯。皆秦制，以賞功勞。徹侯金印紫綬，避武帝諱，曰通侯，或曰列侯，改所食國令長名相，又有家丞、門大夫、庶子。

The twenty noble ranks were: 1. Gongshi; 2. Shangzao; 3. Zanniao; 4. Bugeng; 5. Dafu; 6. Guandafu; 7. Gongdafu; 8. Gongcheng; 9. Wudafu; 10. Left Common Chief; 11. Right Common Chief; 12. Left Geng; 13. Middle Geng; 14. Right Geng; 15. Lesser Shangzao; 16. Great Shangzao; 17. Four-Chariot Common Chief; 18. Great Common Chief; 19. Marquis Within the Passes; 20. Complete Marquis. These were all Qin-era rank categories, used as rewards for meritorious service. Complete Marquises bore the gold seal and purple ribbon. To avoid Emperor Wu's personal-name taboo, the title was rendered as Tong Marquis, and sometimes Ranked Marquis. In their fiefs, the local magistrate titles were changed to Chancellor, and their households also included deputies, gate grandees, and attendants.

諸侯王，高帝初置，金璽盭綬，掌治其國。有太傅輔王，內史治國民，中尉掌武職，丞相統衆官，羣卿大夫都官如漢朝。景帝中五年令諸侯王不得復治國，天子為置吏，改丞相曰相，省御史大夫、廷尉、少府、宗正、愽士官，大夫、謁者、郎諸官長丞皆損其員。武帝改漢內史為京兆尹，中尉為執金吾，郎中令為光祿勳，故王國如故。損其郎中令，秩千石；改太僕曰僕，秩亦千石。成帝綏和元年省內史，更令相治民，如郡太守，中尉如郡都尉。

The feudal kings were first instituted by Emperor Gao. They bore gold seals with dark ribbons and were responsible for governing their own realms. Each kingdom had a Grand Tutor to assist the king, an Internal Clerk for civil administration, a Capital Commandant for military affairs, and a Chancellor supervising the official corps; in general, the ministerial and metropolitan offices mirrored those of the Han central government. In Emperor Jing's fifth Zhong year, feudal kings were barred from directly governing their kingdoms, and the Son of Heaven appointed their administrators. The title Chancellor was changed to Minister; offices such as Grandee Secretary, Commandant of Justice, Privy Treasurer, Director of the Imperial Clan, and Erudite were eliminated; and staffing levels for grandees, court attendants, gentlemen, and related chiefs and deputies were reduced. Emperor Wu retitled several central offices - Internal Clerk became Governor of the Capital Region, Capital Commandant became Bearer of the Golden Mace, and Director of the Gentlemen became Superintendent of the Imperial Household - so the corresponding kingdom offices were left unchanged. The kingdom office of Director of the Gentlemen was reduced to 1,000-shi rank; Grand Coachman was retitled simply Coachman, also at 1,000-shi rank. In the first year of Emperor Cheng's Suihe era, the office of Internal Clerk was abolished. Thereafter the kingdom Minister governed civilians like a commandery Governor, while the Capital Commandant functioned like a commandery Commandant.

監御史，秦官，掌監郡。漢省，丞相遣史分刺州，不常置。武帝元封五年初置部刺史，掌奉詔條察州，秩六百石，員十三人。成帝綏和元年更名牧，秩二千石。哀帝建平二年復爲刺史，元壽二年復爲牧。

The Supervisory Censor was a Qin office in charge of overseeing the commanderies. The Han abolished the office. The Chancellor dispatched clerks to inspect the provinces, but these were not permanent appointments. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng under Emperor Wu, Regional Inspectors were first established to carry out imperial edicts inspecting the provinces. They ranked at six hundred shi, with a complement of thirteen. In Suihe 1 under Emperor Cheng, the title was changed to Provincial Shepherd, at two thousand shi. In Jianping 2 under Emperor Ai, it reverted to Regional Inspector. In the second year of Yuanshou, it was changed back to Provincial Shepherd.

郡守，秦官，掌治其郡，秩二千石。有丞，邊郡又有長史，掌兵馬，秩皆六百石。景帝中二年更名太守。

The Commandery Governor was a Qin institution, responsible for administration of a commandery, at 2,000-shi rank. Each commandery had a Deputy, and frontier commanderies also had a Chief Clerk in charge of troops and cavalry resources; all held 600-shi rank. In the second Zhong year of Emperor Jing, the title was changed to Grand Governor.

郡尉，秦官，掌佐守典武職甲卒，秩比二千石。有丞，秩皆六百石。景帝中二年更名都尉。

The Commandery Commandant was a Qin office assisting the Governor in military administration and command of armored troops, at rank equivalent to 2,000-shi. Each had a Deputy, all at 600-shi rank. In Emperor Jing's second Zhong year, the title was changed to Commandant.

關都尉，秦官。農都尉、屬國都尉，皆武帝初置。

The Pass Commandant was a Qin institution. The posts of Agricultural Commandant and Commandant for Subordinate States were both first instituted in Emperor Wu's reign.

縣令、長，皆秦官，掌治其縣。萬戶以上為令，秩千石至六百石。減萬戶為長，秩五百石至三百石。皆有丞、尉，秩四百石至二百石，是為長吏。百石以下有斗食、佐史之秩，是為少吏。大率十里一亭，亭有長。十亭一鄉，鄉有三老、有秩、嗇夫、游徼。三老掌敎化。嗇夫職聽訟，收賦稅。游徼徼循禁賊盜。縣大率方百里，其民稠則減，稀則曠，鄉、亭亦如之，皆秦制也。列侯所食縣曰國，皇太后、皇后、公主所食曰邑，有蠻夷曰道。凡縣、道、國、邑千五百八十七，鄉六千六百二十二，亭二萬九千六百三十五。

The County Magistrate and County Chief were both Qin-era offices responsible for county administration. In counties with more than ten thousand households, the head was titled Magistrate, at ranks ranging from 1,000-shi to 600-shi. Where households were fewer than ten thousand, the officeholder was called Chief, with rank from 500-shi down to 300-shi. All such county offices had Deputies and Commandants at 400-shi to 200-shi rank; these were classed as senior local officials. Below 100-shi rank were the dou-ration and assistant-clerk grades; these were classified as junior functionaries. In general, one local station was set every ten li, each under its own station chief. Every ten ting formed one township, which had an Elder, an Assistant Officer, a Tax-and-Litigation Officer, and a Patrol Constable. The Elder was responsible for moral instruction. The Tax-and-Litigation Officer handled legal disputes and collected taxes. The Patrol Constable made regular rounds to suppress banditry and theft. A county was usually laid out as a hundred-li square, adjusted smaller in densely populated areas and larger where people were sparse; township and ting boundaries followed the same rule, all inherited from Qin. A county assigned to support a marquis was called a state; one assigned to the empress dowager, empress, or princesses was called an estate; and jurisdictions with non-Han peoples were designated dao. Altogether there were 1,587 county-level units (counties, dao, states, and estates), along with 6,622 townships and 29,635 ting.

凡吏秩比二千石以上，皆銀印青綬，光祿大夫無。秩比六百石以上，皆銅印黑綬，大夫、博士、御史、謁者、郎無。其僕射、御史治書尚符璽者，有印綬。比二百石以上，皆銅印黃綬。 [145]成帝陽朔二年除八百石、五百石秩。綏和元年，長、相皆黑綬。哀帝建平二年，復黃綬。吏員自佐史至丞相，十三萬二百八十五人。

As a rule, officials ranked at equivalent-to-2,000-shi or higher carried silver seals with green ribbons, except Grandees of Splendid Happiness, who had no seal-ribbon insignia. Officials of equivalent-to-600-shi rank and above used copper seals with black ribbons, but grandees, erudites, censors, audience officials, and court gentlemen did not. Within those groups, the Supervisors and Censors who handled state documents and guarded tallies and imperial seals were issued seal-ribbon insignia. Officials ranked equivalent to 200 shi and above carried copper seals with yellow ribbons. In the second year of Emperor Cheng's Yangshuo era, the 800-shi and 500-shi salary grades were eliminated. In the first year of Suihe, county chiefs and chancellors were all assigned black ribbons. In the second year of Emperor Ai's Jianping era, yellow ribbons were restored. The total official workforce, from assistant clerks to the Chancellor, numbered 130,285 people.

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