1
武都郡，戶五萬一千三百七十六，口二十三萬五千五百六十。 縣九：武都，上祿，故道，河池，平樂道，沮，嘉陵道，循成道，下辨道。
Wudu Commandery had 51,376 households and a population of 235,560. Counties (9): Wu Dou, Shang Lu, Gu Dao, He Chi, Ping Le Dao, Ju, Jia Ling Dao, Xun Cheng Dao, Xia Bian Dao.
2
隴西郡，戶五萬三千九百六十四，口二十三萬六千八百二十四。 縣十一：狄道，上邽，安故，氐道，首陽，予道，大夏，羌道，襄武，臨洮，西。
Longxi Commandery had 53,964 households and a population of 236,824. Counties (11): Di Dao, Shang Gui, An Gu, Di Dao, Shou Yang, Yu Dao, Da Xia, Qiang Dao, Xiang Wu, Lin Tao, Xi.
3
金城郡，戶三萬八千四百七十，口十四萬九千六百四十八。 縣十三：允吾，浩亹，令居，枝陽，金城，榆中，枹罕，白石，河關，破羌，安夷，允街，臨羌。
Jincheng Commandery had 38,470 households and a population of 149,648. Counties (13): Yun Wu, Hao Wei, Ling Ju, Zhi Yang, Jin Cheng, Yu Zhong, Bao Han, Bai Shi, He Guan, Po Qiang, An Yi, Yun Jie, Lin Qiang.
4
天水郡，戶六萬三百七十，口二十六萬一千三百四十八。 縣十六：平襄，街泉，戎邑道，望垣，罕幵，綿諸道，阿陽，略陽道，冀，勇士，
Tianshui Commandery had 60,370 households and a population of 261,348. Counties (16): Pingxiang, Jiequan, Rongyi Dao, Wangyuan, Hanjian, Mianzhu Dao, A Yang, Lueyang Dao, Ji, Yongshi,
5
成紀，清水，奉捷，隴，豲道，蘭干。
Chengji, Qingshui, Fengjie, Long, Huandao, and Langan.
6
武威郡，戶萬七千五百八十一，口七萬六千四百一十九。 縣十：姑臧，張掖，武威，休屠，揟次，鸞鳥，撲峦，媼圍，蒼巅，宣威。
Wuwei Commandery had 17,581 households and a population of 76,419. Counties (10): Gu Zang, Zhang Ye, Wuwei, Xiu Tu, Xu Ci, Luan Niao, Pu Luan, Ao Wei, Cang Dian, Xuan Wei.
7
張掖郡，戶二萬四千三百五十二，口八萬八千七百三十一。 縣十：觻得，昭武，刪丹，氐池，屋蘭，曰勒，驪靬，番和，居延，顯美。
Zhangye Commandery had 24,352 households and a population of 88,731. Counties (10): Li De, Zhao Wu, Shan Dan, Di Chi, Wu Lan, Yue Lei, Li Qian, Fan He, Ju Yan, Xian Mei.
8
酒泉郡，戶萬八千一百三十七，口七萬六千七百二十六。 縣九：祿福，表是，樂涫，天孪，玉門，會水，池頭，綏彌，乾齊。
Jiuquan Commandery had 18,137 households and a population of 76,726. Counties (9): Lu Fu, Biao Shi, Le Guan, Tian Luan, Yu Men, Hui Shui, Chi Tou, Sui Mi, Qian Qi.
9
敦煌郡，戶萬一千二百，口三萬八千三百三十五。 縣六：敦煌，冥安，效穀，淵泉，廣至，龍勒。
Dunhuang Commandery had 11,200 households and a population of 38,335. Counties (6): Dun Huang, Ming An, Xiao Gu, Yuan Quan, Guang Zhi, Long Lei.
10
安定郡，戶四萬二千七百二十五，口十四萬三千二百九十四。 縣二十一：高平，復累，安俾，撫夷，朝那，
Anding Commandery had 42,725 households and a population of 143,294. Counties (21): Gaoping, Fulei, Anbi, Fuyi, Chaona,
11
涇陽，臨涇，鹵，烏氏，陰密，安定，參讀，三水，陰槃，安武，祖厲，爰得，眴卷，彭陽，鶉陰，月支道。
Jingyang, Linjing, Lu, Wushi, Yinmi, Anding, Candu, Sanshui, Yinpan, Anwu, Zuli, Yuande, Xuanjuan, Pengyang, Chunyin, and Yuezhi Dao.
12
北地郡，戶六萬四千四百六十一，口二十一萬六百八十八。 縣十九：馬領，直路，靈武，富平，靈州，昫衍，方渠，除道，五街，鶉孤，歸德，回獲，略畔道，泥陽，郁郅，義渠道，弋居，大呓，廉。
Beidi Commandery had 64,461 households and a population of 210,688. Counties (19): Ma Ling, Zhi Lu, Ling Wu, Fu Ping, Ling Zhou, Xu Yan, Fang Qu, Chu Dao, Wu Jie, Chun Gu, Gui De, Hui Huo, Lve Pan Dao, Ni Yang, Yu Zhi, Yi Qu Dao, Yi Ju, Da Yi, Lian.
13
上郡，戶十萬三千六百八十三，口六十萬六千六百五十八。 縣二十三：膚施，獨樂，陽周，木禾，平都，淺水，京室，洛都，白土，襄洛，原都，漆垣，奢延，雕陰，推邪，楨林，高望，雕陰道，龜茲，定陽，高奴，望松，宜都。
Shang Commandery had 103,683 households and a population of 606,658. Counties (23): Fu Shi, Du Le, Yang Zhou, Mu He, Ping Dou, Qian Shui, Jing Shi, Luo Dou, Bai Tu, Xiang Luo, Yuan Dou, Qi Yuan, She Yan, Diao Yin, Tui Xie, Zhen Lin, Gao Wang, Diao Yin Dao, Guizi, Ding Yang, Gao Nu, Wang Song, Yi Dou.
14
西河郡，戶十三萬六千三百九十，口六十九萬八千八百三十六。 縣三十六：富昌，騶虞，鵠澤，平定，美稷，中陽，樂街，徒經，皋狼，大成，廣田，圜陰，益闌，平周，鴻門，藺，宣武，千章，增山，圜陽，廣衍，武車，虎猛，離石，穀羅，饒，方利，隰成，臨水，土軍，西都，平陸，陰山，觬是，博陵，鹽官。
Xihe Commandery had 136,390 households and a population of 698,836. Counties (36): Fu Chang, Zou Yu, Hu Ze, Ping Ding, Mei Ji, Zhong Yang, Le Jie, Tu Jing, Gao Lang, Da Cheng, Guang Tian, Huan Yin, Yi Lan, Ping Zhou, Hong Men, Lin, Xuan Wu, Qian Zhang, Zeng Shan, Huan Yang, Guang Yan, Wu Che, Hu Meng, Li Shi, Gu Luo, Rao, Fang Li, Xi Cheng, Lin Shui, Tu Jun, Xi Dou, Ping Lu, Yin Shan, Ni Shi, Bo Ling, Yan Guan.
15
朔方郡，戶三萬四千三百三十八，口十三萬六千六百二十八。 縣十：三封，朔方，修都，臨河，呼遒，窳渾，渠搜，沃野，廣牧，臨戎。
Shuofang Commandery had 34,338 households and a population of 136,628. Counties (10): San Feng, Shuo Fang, Xiu Dou, Lin He, Hu Qiu, Yu Hun, Qu Sou, Wo Ye, Guang Mu, Lin Rong.
16
五原郡，戶三萬九千三百二十二，口二十三萬一千三百二十八。 縣十六：九原，固陵，五原，臨沃，文國，河陰，蒱澤，南興，武都，宜梁，曼柏，成宜，稒陽，莫庞，西安陽，河目。
Wuyuan Commandery had 39,322 households and a population of 231,328. Counties (16): Jiu Yuan, Gu Ling, Wu Yuan, Lin Wo, Wen Guo, He Yin, Pu Ze, Nan Xing, Wu Dou, Yi Liang, Man Bai, Cheng Yi, Gu Yang, Mo Pang, Xi An Yang, He Mu.
17
雲中郡，戶三萬八千三百三，口十七萬三千二百七十。 縣十一：雲中，咸陽，陶林，楨陵，犢和，沙陵，原陽，沙南，北輿，武泉，陽壽。
Yunzhong Commandery had 38,303 households and a population of 173,270. Counties (11): Yun Zhong, Xian Yang, Tao Lin, Zhen Ling, Du He, Sha Ling, Yuan Yang, Sha Nan, Bei Yu, Wu Quan, Yang Shou.
18
定襄郡，戶三萬八千五百五十九，口十六萬三千一百四十四。 縣一十二：成樂，桐過，都武，武進，襄陰，武皋，駱，定陶，武城，武要，定襄，復陸。 莽曰聞武。
Dingxiang Commandery had 38,559 households and a population of 163,144. Counties (12): Cheng Le, Tong Guo, Dou Wu, Wu Jin, Xiang Yin, Wu Gao, Luo, Ding Tao, Wu Cheng, Wu Yao, Ding Xiang, Fu Lu. Under Wang Mang, this was renamed Wenwu.
19
鴈門郡，戶七萬三千一百三十八，口二十九萬三千四百五十四。 縣十四：善無，沃陽，繁畤，中陵，陰館，樓煩，武州，鬓陶，劇陽，崞，平城，埒，馬邑，彊陰。
Yanmen Commandery had 73,138 households and a population of 293,454. Counties (14): Shan Wu, Wo Yang, Fan Zhi, Zhong Ling, Yin Guan, Lou Fan, Wu Zhou, Bin Tao, Ju Yang, Guo, Ping Cheng, Lie, Ma Yi, Jiang Yin.
20
代郡，戶五萬六千七百七十一，口二十七萬八千七百五十四。 縣十八：桑乾，道人，當城，高柳，馬城，班氏，延陵，狋氏，且如，平邑，陽原，東安陽，參合，平舒，代，靈丘，廣昌，鹵城。
Dai Commandery had 56,771 households and a population of 278,754. Counties (18): Sang Qian, Dao Ren, Dang Cheng, Gao Liu, Ma Cheng, Ban Shi, Yan Ling, Yi Shi, Qie Ru, Ping Yi, Yang Yuan, Dong An Yang, Can He, Ping Shu, Dai, Ling Qiu, Guang Chang, Lu Cheng.
21
上谷郡，戶三萬六千八，口十一萬七千七百六十二。 縣十五：沮陽，泉上，潘，軍都，居庸，雊瞀，夷輿，寧，昌平，廣寧，涿鹿，且居，茹，女祈，下落。
Shanggu Commandery had 36,008 households and a population of 117,762. Counties (15): Ju Yang, Quan Shang, Pan, Jun Dou, Ju Yong, Gou Mao, Yi Yu, Ning, Chang Ping, Guang Ning, Zhuo Lu, Qie Ju, Ru, Nv Qi, Xia Luo.
22
漁陽郡，戶六萬八千八百二，口二十六萬四千一百一十六。 縣十二：漁陽，狐奴，路，雍奴，泉州，平谷，安樂，厗奚，獷平，要陽，白檀，滑鹽。
Yuyang Commandery had 68,802 households and a population of 264,116. Counties (12): Yu Yang, Hu Nu, Lu, Yong Nu, Quan Zhou, Ping Gu, An Le, Ti Xi, Guang Ping, Yao Yang, Bai Tan, Hua Yan.
23
右北平郡，戶六萬六千六百八十九，口三十二萬七百八十。 縣十六：平剛，無終，石成，廷陵，俊靡，薋，徐無，字，土垠，白狼，夕陽，昌城，驪成，廣成，聚陽，平明。
Youbeiping Commandery had 66,689 households and a population of 320,780. Counties (16): Ping Gang, Wu Zhong, Shi Cheng, Ting Ling, Jun Mi, Ci, Xu Wu, Zi, Tu Yin, Bai Lang, Xi Yang, Chang Cheng, Li Cheng, Guang Cheng, Ju Yang, Ping Ming.
24
遼西郡，戶七萬二千六百五十四，口三十五萬二千三百二十五。 縣十四：且慮，海陽，新安平，柳城，令支，肥如，賓從，交黎，陽樂，狐蘇，徒河，文成，臨渝，絫。
Liaoxi Commandery had 72,654 households and a population of 352,325. Counties (14): Qie Lv, Hai Yang, Xin An Ping, Liu Cheng, Ling Zhi, Fei Ru, Bin Cong, Jiao Li, Yang Le, Hu Su, Tu He, Wen Cheng, Lin Yu, Lei.
25
遼東郡，戶五萬五千九百七十二，口二十七萬二千五百三十九。 縣十八：襄平，新昌，無慮，望平，房，候城，遼隊，遼陽，險瀆，居就，高顯，安市，武次，平郭，西安平，文，番汗，沓氏。
Liaodong Commandery had 55,972 households and a population of 272,539. Counties (18): Xiang Ping, Xin Chang, Wu Lv, Wang Ping, Fang, Hou Cheng, Liao Dui, Liao Yang, Xian Du, Ju Jiu, Gao Xian, An Shi, Wu Ci, Ping Guo, Xi An Ping, Wen, Fan Han, Da Shi.
26
玄菟郡，戶四萬五千六，口二十二萬一千八百四十五。 縣三：高句驪，上殷台，西蓋馬。
Xuantu Commandery had 45,006 households and a population of 221,845. Counties (3): Gao Ju Li, Shang Yin Tai, Xi Gai Ma.
27
樂浪郡，戶六萬二千八百一十二，口四十萬六千七百四十八。 縣二十五：朝鮮，俨邯，浿水，含資，黏蟬，遂成，增地，帶方，駟望，海冥，列口，長岑，屯有，昭明，鏤方，提奚，渾彌，吞列，東傥，不而，蠶台，華麗，邪頭昧，前莫，夫租。
Lelang Commandery had 62,812 households and a population of 406,748. Counties (25): Chao Xian, Yan Han, Pei Shui, Han Zi, Nian Chan, Sui Cheng, Zeng Di, Dai Fang, Si Wang, Hai Ming, Lie Kou, Zhang Cen, Tun You, Zhao Ming, Lou Fang, Ti Xi, Hun Mi, Tun Lie, Dong Tang, Bu Er, Can Tai, Hua Li, Xie Tou Mei, Qian Mo, Fu Zu.
28
南海郡，戶萬九千六百一十三，口九萬四千二百五十三。 縣六：番禺，博羅，中宿，龍川，四會，揭陽。
Nanhai Commandery had 19,613 households and a population of 94,253. Counties (6): Pan Yu, Bo Luo, Zhong Su, Long Chuan, Si Hui, Jie Yang.
29
鬱林郡，戶萬二千四百一十五，口七萬一千一百六十二。 縣十二：布山，安廣，阿林，廣鬱，中留，桂林，潭中，臨塵，定周，增食，領方，雍雞。
Yulin Commandery had 12,415 households and a population of 71,162. Counties (12): Bu Shan, An Guang, A Lin, Guang Yu, Zhong Liu, Gui Lin, Tan Zhong, Lin Chen, Ding Zhou, Zeng Shi, Ling Fang, Yong Ji.
30
蒼梧郡，戶二萬四千三百七十九，口十四萬六千一百六十。 縣十：廣信，謝沐，高要，封陽，臨賀，端谿，馮乘，富川，荔蒲，猛陵。
Cangwu Commandery had 24,379 households and a population of 146,160. Counties (10): Guang Xin, Xie Mu, Gao Yao, Feng Yang, Lin He, Duan Xi, Feng Cheng, Fu Chuan, Li Pu, Meng Ling.
31
交趾郡，戶九萬二千四百四十，口七十四萬六千二百三七。 縣十：羸啮，安定，苟龈，麊泠，曲昜，北帶，稽徐，西于，龍編，朱觏。
Jiaozhi Commandery had 92,440 households and a population of 746,203. Counties (10): Lei Nie, An Ding, Gou Ken, Mi Ling, Qu Yang, Bei Dai, Juyan, Xi Yu, Long Bian, Zhu Gou.
32
合浦郡，戶萬五千三百九十八，口七萬八千九百八十。 縣五：徐聞，高涼，合浦，臨允，朱盧。
Hepu Commandery had 15,398 households and a population of 78,980. Counties (5): Xu Wen, Gao Liang, He Pu, Lin Yun, Zhu Lu.
33
九真郡，戶三萬五千七百四十三，口十六萬六千一十三。 縣七：胥浦，居風，都龐，餘發，咸驩，無切，無編。
Jiuzhen Commandery had 35,743 households and a population of 166,013. Counties (7): Xu Pu, Ju Feng, Dou Pang, Yu Fa, Xian Huan, Wu Qie, Wu Bian.
34
日南郡，戶萬五千四百六十，口六萬九千四百八十五。 縣五：朱吾，比景，盧容，西捲，象林。
Rinan Commandery had 15,460 households and a population of 69,485. Counties (5): Zhu Wu, Bi Jing, Lu Rong, Xi Juan, Xiang Lin.
35
趙國，戶八萬四千二百二，口三十四萬九千九百五十二。 縣四：邯鄲，易陽，柏人，襄國。
Zhao Kingdom had 84,202 households and a population of 349,952. Counties (4): Han Dan, Yi Yang, Bai Ren, Xiang Guo.
36
廣平國，戶二萬七千九百八十四，口十九萬八千五百五十八。 縣十六：廣平，張，朝平，南和，列人，斥章，任，曲周，南曲，曲梁，廣鄉，平利，平鄉，陽臺，廣年，城鄉。
Guangping Kingdom had 27,984 households and a population of 198,558. Counties (16): Guang Ping, Zhang, Chao Ping, Nan He, Lie Ren, Chi Zhang, Ren, Qu Zhou, Nan Qu, Qu Liang, Guang Xiang, Ping Li, Ping Xiang, Yang Tai, Guang Nian, Cheng Xiang.
37
真定國，戶三萬七千一百二十六，口十七萬八千六百一十六。 縣四：真定，稿城，肥纍，綿曼。
Zhending Kingdom had 37,126 households and a population of 178,616. Counties (4): Zhen Ding, Gao Cheng, Fei Lei, Mian Man.
38
中山國，戶十六萬八百七十三，口六十六萬八千八十。 縣十四：盧奴，北平，北新成，唐，深澤，苦陘，安國，曲逆，望都，新市，新處，毋極，陸成，安險。
Zhongshan Kingdom had 160,873 households and a population of 668,080. Counties (14): Lu Nu, Bei Ping, Bei Xin Cheng, Tang, Shen Ze, Ku Xing, An Guo, Qu Ni, Wang Dou, Xin Shi, Xin Chu, Wu Ji, Lu Cheng, An Xian.
39
信都國，戶六萬五千五百五十六，口三十萬四千三百八十四。 縣十七：信都，歷，扶柳，辟陽，南宮，下博，武邑，觀津，高隄，廣川，樂鄉，平隄，桃，西梁，昌成，東昌，脩。
Xindu Kingdom had 65,556 households and a population of 304,384. Counties (17): Xin Dou, Li, Fu Liu, Pi Yang, Nangong, Xia Bo, Wu Yi, Guan Jin, Gao Di, Guang Chuan, Le Xiang, Ping Di, Tao, Xi Liang, Chang Cheng, Dong Chang, Xiu.
40
河間國，戶四萬五千四十三，口十八萬七千六百六十二。 縣四：樂成，候井，武隧，弓高。
Hejian Kingdom had 45,043 households and a population of 187,662. Counties (4): Le Cheng, Hou Jing, Wu Sui, Gong Gao.
41
廣陽國，戶二萬七百四十，口七萬六百五十八。 縣四：薊，方城，廣陽，陰鄉。
Guangyang Kingdom had 20,740 households and a population of 70,658. Counties (4): Ji, Fang Cheng, Guang Yang, Yin Xiang.
42
甾川國，戶五萬二百八十九，口二十二萬七千三十一。 縣三：劇，東安平，樓鄉。
Zichuan Kingdom had 50,289 households and a population of 227,031. Counties (3): Ju, Dong An Ping, Lou Xiang.
43
廣陽國，戶二萬七百四
Guangyang Kingdom had 20,704 households.
44
膠東國，戶七萬二千二，口三十二萬三千三百三十一。 縣八：即墨，昌武，下密，壯武，郁秩，挺，觀陽，鄒盧。
Jiaodong Kingdom had 72,002 households and a population of 323,331. Counties (8): Ji Mo, Chang Wu, Xia Mi, Zhuang Wu, Yu Zhi, Ting, Guan Yang, Zou Lu.
45
高密國，戶四萬五百三十一，口十九萬二千五百三十六。 縣五：高密，昌安，石泉，夷安，成鄉。
Gaomi Kingdom had 40,531 households and a population of 192,536. Counties (5): Gao Mi, Chang An, Shi Quan, Yi An, Cheng Xiang.
46
城陽國，戶五萬六千六百四十二，口二十萬五千七百八十四。 縣四：莒，陽都，東安，慮。
Chengyang Kingdom had 56,642 households and a population of 205,784. Counties (4): Ju, Yang Dou, Dong An, Lv.
47
淮陽國，戶十三萬五千五百四十四，口九十八萬一千四百二十三。 縣九：陳，苦，陽夏，寧平，扶溝，固始，圉，新平，柘。
Huaiyang Kingdom had 135,544 households and a population of 981,423. Counties (9): Chen, Ku, Yang Xia, Ning Ping, Fu Gou, Gu Shi, Yu, Xin Ping, Zhe.
48
梁國，戶三萬八千七百九，口十萬六千七百五十二。 縣八：碭，甾，杼秋，蒙，已氏，虞，下邑，睢陽。
Liang Kingdom had 38,709 households and a population of 106,752. Counties (8): Dang, Zai, Zhu Qiu, Meng, Yi Shi, Yu, Xia Yi, Sui Yang.
49
東平國，戶十三萬一千七百五十三，口六十萬七千九百七十六。 縣七：無鹽，任城，東平陸，富城，章，亢父，樊。
Dongping Kingdom had 131,753 households and a population of 607,976. Counties (7): Wu Yan, Ren Cheng, Dong Ping Lu, Fu Cheng, Zhang, Kang Fu, Fan.
50
魯國，戶十一萬八千四十五，口六十萬七千三百八十一。 縣六：魯，卞，汶陽，蕃，騶，薛。
Lu Kingdom had 118,045 households and a population of 607,381. Counties (6): Lu, Bian, Wen Yang, Fan, Zou, Xue.
51
楚國，戶十一萬四千七百三十八，口四十九萬七千八百四。 縣七：彭城，留，梧，傅陽，呂，武原，甾丘。
Chu Kingdom had 114,738 households and a population of 497,804. Counties (7): Peng Cheng, Liu, Wu, Fu Yang, Lv, Wu Yuan, Zai Qiu.
52
泗水國，戶二萬五千二十五，口十一萬九千一百一十四。 縣三：淩，泗陽，于。
Sishui Kingdom had 25,025 households and a population of 119,114. Counties (3): Ling, Siyang, Yu.
53
廣陵國，戶三萬六千七百七十三，口十四萬七百二十二。 縣四：廣陵，江都，高郵，平安。
Guangling Kingdom had 36,773 households and a population of 140,722. Counties (4): Guangling, Jiangdu, Gaoyou, Pingan.
54
六安國，戶三萬八千三百四十五，口十七萬八千六百一十六。 縣五：六，蓼，安豐，安風，陽泉。
Luan Kingdom had 38,345 households and a population of 178,616. Counties (5): Liu, Liao, Anfeng, Anfeng, Yangquan.
55
長沙國，戶四萬三千四百七十，口二十三萬五千八百二十五。 縣十三：臨湘，羅，連道，益陽，下雋，收，酃，承陽，湘南，昭陵，荼陵，容陵，安成。
Zhangsha Kingdom had 43,470 households and a population of 235,825. Counties (13): Linxiang, Luo, Liandao, Yiyang, Xiajuan, Shou, Ling, Chengyang, Xiangnan, Zhaoling, Tuling, Rongling, Ancheng.
56
本秦京師為內史，分天下作三十六郡。 漢興，以其郡大大，稍復開置，又立諸侯王國。 武帝開廣三邊。 故自高祖增二十六，文、景各六，武帝二十八，昭帝一，訖於孝平，凡郡國一百三，縣邑千三百一十四，道三十二，侯國二百四十一。 地東西九千三百二里，南北萬三千三百六十八里。 提封田一萬萬四千五百一十三萬六千四百五頃，其一萬萬二百五十二萬八千八百八十九頃，邑居道路，山川林澤，群不可墾，其三千二百二十九萬九百四十七頃，可墾不可墾，定墾田八百二十七萬五百三十六頃。 民戶千二百二十三萬三千六十二，口五千九百五十九萬四千九百七十八。 漢極盛矣。
The Qin capital region originally served as the Office of the Interior Historian, and the realm was divided into thirty-six commanderies. After the Han was founded, these commanderies were gradually re-established and expanded because their territories were so large, and feudal kingdoms were also created. Under Emperor Wu, the empire expanded on all three frontiers. Thus, beginning with Gaozu, twenty-six commanderies were added; Emperors Wen and Jing each added six; Emperor Wu added twenty-eight; and Emperor Zhao added one. By Emperor Ping's time, there were 103 commanderies and kingdoms, 1,314 counties and cities, 32 dao circuits, and 241 marquisates. The realm stretched 9,302 li from east to west and 13,368 li from north to south. Registered territory totaled 145,136,405 qing. Of this, 102,528,889 qing consisted of settlements, roads, mountains, rivers, forests, marshes, and other land that could not be cultivated; 32,290,947 qing was land whose cultivability was mixed or uncertain; fixed cultivated fields amounted to 8,270,536 qing. There were 12,233,062 registered households and a population of 59,594,978. At this point, the Han had reached the height of its power.
57
凡民函五常之性，而其剛柔緩急，音聲不同，繫水土之風氣，故謂之風； 好惡取舍，動靜亡常，隨君上之情欲，故謂之俗。 孔子曰：「移風易俗，莫善於樂。」 言聖王在上，統理人倫，必移其本，而易其末，此混同天下一之虖中和，然後王教成也。 漢承百年之末，國土變改，民人遷徙，成帝時劉向略言其域分，丞相張禹使屬潁川朱贛條其風俗，猶未宣究，故輯而論之，終其本末著於篇。
All people possess the nature of the five constants, yet their hardness or softness, slowness or urgency, and even their speech and voices differ according to the qi of local waters and soils; this is called regional character (feng). Preferences and aversions, choices and habits, action and repose change with the ruler’s inclinations; this is called custom (su). Confucius said, "Nothing is better than music for transforming regional character and changing customs." This means that when a sage king rules above and orders human relations, he must transform the roots and then change the branches. Only after he blends the realm into unity and central harmony can royal teaching be complete. By the end of Han's first century, territories had changed and populations had shifted. In Emperor Cheng's reign, Liu Xiang sketched the regional divisions, and Chancellor Zhang Yu ordered Zhu Gan of Yingchuan to list their customs. Because that work was still incomplete, the material has been gathered and discussed here, setting out the whole matter from beginning to end.
58
秦地，於天官東井、輿鬼之分野也。 其界自弘農故關以西，京兆、扶風、馮翊、北地、上郡、西河、安定、天水、隴西，南有巴、蜀、廣漢、犍為、武都，西有金城、武威、張掖、酒泉、敦煌，又西南有牂柯、越巂、益州，皆宜屬焉。
The Qin region corresponds, in celestial offices, to the sectors of Eastern Well and Carriage Ghost. Its territory begins west of the old Hongnong Pass and includes Jingzhao, Fufeng, Fengyi, Beidi, Shang, Xihe, Anding, Tianshui, and Longxi; to the south it includes Ba, Shu, Guanghan, Jianwei, and Wudu; to the west, Jincheng, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, and Dunhuang; and to the southwest, Zangke, Yuexi, and Yizhou. All these should be assigned to it.
59
秦之先曰柏益，出自帝顓頊，堯時助禹治水，為舜朕虞，養育草木鳥獸，賜姓嬴氏，歷夏、殷為諸侯。 至周有造父，善馭習馬，得華騮、綠耳之乘，幸於穆王，封於趙城，故更為趙氏。 後有非子，為周孝王養馬汧、渭之間。 孝王曰：「昔伯益知禽獸，子孫不絕。」 乃封為附庸，邑之於秦，今隴西秦亭秦谷是也。 至玄孫，氏為莊公，破西戎，有其地。 子襄公時，幽王為犬戎所敗，平王東遷雒邑。 襄公將兵救周有功，賜受廄、酆之地，列為諸侯。 後八世，穆公稱伯，以河為竟。 十餘世，孝公用商君，制轅田，開仟伯，東雄諸侯。 子惠公初稱王，得上郡、西河。 孫昭王開巴蜀，滅周，取九鼎。 昭王曾孫政并六國，稱皇帝，負力怙威，燔書阬儒，自任私智。 至子胡亥，天下畔之。
Qin's earliest ancestor was Boyi, a descendant of Emperor Zhuanxu. In Yao's time he helped Yu control the floods; under Shun he served as Director of Mountains and Marshes, tending plants, trees, birds, and beasts. He was granted the surname Ying, and through Xia and Shang his line remained among the feudal lords. By Zhou times there was Zaofu, a master charioteer and horse trainer who obtained the famed Hualiu and Luer teams. Favored by King Mu, he was enfeoffed at Zhaocheng, and so the lineage became the Zhao clan. Later came Feizi, who raised horses for King Xiao of Zhou between the Qian and Wei Rivers. King Xiao said, "In former times Boyi understood birds and beasts; his descendants should not be cut off." So he enfeoffed him as a dependent lord and settled him at Qin, identified with Qin Pavilion and Qin Valley in present-day Longxi. By his great-grandson’s generation, the clan head was Duke Zhuang, who defeated the western Rong and took their territory. In the time of Duke Xiang, King You was defeated by the Quanrong, and King Ping moved east to Luoyi. Duke Xiang led troops to rescue Zhou and, for this achievement, received the lands of Qiu and Feng; he was formally ranked among the feudal lords. Eight generations later, Duke Mu became hegemon and took the Yellow River as his frontier. More than ten generations on, Duke Xiao employed Lord Shang, reformed land institutions and opened field boundaries, and became dominant among the eastern lords. His son Duke Hui first assumed the royal title and gained Shang Commandery and Xihe. His grandson King Zhao opened Ba and Shu, destroyed Zhou, and seized the Nine Tripods. King Zhao's great-grandson Zheng annexed the six states and proclaimed himself emperor. Relying on force and power, he burned books, buried Ru scholars, and entrusted everything to his private judgment. By the time of his son Hu Hai, the whole realm had turned against Qin.
60
天水、隴西，山多林木，民以板為室屋。 及安定、北地、上郡、西河，皆迫近戎狄，修習戰備，高上氣力，以射獵為先。 故《秦詩》曰「在其板屋」； 又曰「王于興師，修我甲兵，與子偕行」。 及車轔、四臷、小戎之篇，皆言車馬田狩之事。 漢興，六郡良家子選給羽林、期門，以材力為官，名將多出焉。 孔子曰：「君子有勇而亡誼則為亂，小人有勇而亡誼則為盜。」 故此數郡，民俗質木，不恥寇盜。
In Tianshui and Longxi, mountains and forests are abundant, and people build houses of timber planks. Anding, Beidi, Shang, and Xihe all pressed close to the Rong and Di peoples, so they cultivated military readiness, prized physical strength, and gave first place to archery and hunting. Hence the Qin Odes say, "They dwell in their plank houses." And again: "The king is raising troops; repair my armor and weapons, and march with me." The poems "Chelin," "Si Tie," and "Xiao Rong" likewise all speak of chariots, horses, and the hunt. After the Han was founded, sons of good families from these six commanderies were selected into the Yulin and Qimen imperial guards, with appointment based on physical ability; many famous generals emerged from them. Confucius said, "If a gentleman has courage but lacks righteousness, he causes disorder; if a petty man has courage but lacks righteousness, he becomes a thief." So in these commanderies, popular habits were plain and rough, and people did not regard banditry as shameful.
61
故秦地於禹貢時跨雍、梁二州，詩風兼秦、豳兩國。 昔后稷封鹅，公劉處豳，大王徙廄，文王作酆，武王治鎬，其民有先王遺風，好稼穡，務本業，故豳詩言農桑衣食之本甚備。 有鄠、杜竹林，南山檀柘，號稱陸海，為九州膏腴。 始皇之初，鄭國穿渠，引涇水溉田，沃野千里，民以富饒。 漢興，立都長安，徙齊諸田，楚昭、屈、景及諸功臣家於長陵。 後世世徙吏二千石、高訾富人及豪桀并兼之家於諸陵。 蓋亦以彊幹弱支，非獨為奉山園也。 是故五方雜厝，風俗不純。 其世家則好禮文，富人則商賈為利，豪桀則游俠通姦。 瀕南山，近夏陽，多阻險輕薄，易為盜賊，常為天下劇。 又郡國輻湊，浮食者多，民去本就末，列侯貴人車服僭上，眾庶放效，羞不相及，嫁娶尤崇侈靡，送死過度。
Thus in the era of the Yu Gong, Qin territory straddled Yong and Liang provinces, and in the Odes its regional airs combined those of Qin and Bin. In antiquity Houji was enfeoffed at Tai, Gongliu settled in Bin, the Great King moved to Qiu, King Wen established Feng, and King Wu governed Hao. Their people retained the legacy of former kings: they valued farming and sericulture and honored basic livelihoods, which is why the Bin Odes treat the foundations of food and clothing in such detail. There were bamboo groves at Hu and Du, and sandalwood and zhe trees in the southern mountains. The region was known as a "land sea" and counted among the richest soils of the Nine Provinces. Early in the First Emperor's reign, Zheng Guo dug the canal and drew water from the Jing River to irrigate the fields; fertile plains stretched for a thousand li, and the people became prosperous. After Han arose and established its capital at Chang'an, it relocated the Tian clans of Qi, the Zhao, Qu, and Jing lineages of Chu, and the households of meritorious officials to Changling. In later times, the court repeatedly relocated two-thousand-shi officials, very wealthy households, and powerful landholding families to settlements around the imperial mausoleums. This too was a policy of strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches, not merely a matter of serving the imperial parks and tomb precincts. As a result, people from all directions were mixed together, and local customs became impure. Great hereditary families favored rites and letters, the rich pursued profit through trade, and local strongmen cultivated knight-errant networks and illicit associations. Along the southern mountains and near Xiayang, the terrain was difficult and the people tended to be rash and unruly, making banditry easy; these districts were often among the most troublesome in the empire. Because commanderies and kingdoms converged there, many people lived by transient, non-productive livelihoods. The common people left primary occupations for secondary ones; marquises and nobles used carriages and clothing above their rank; and ordinary people imitated them, ashamed not to keep up. Weddings became especially extravagant, and funerary expenses exceeded proper measure.
62
自武威以西，本匈奴昆邪王、休屠王地，武帝時攘之，初置四郡，以通西域，鬲絕南羌、匈奴。 其民或以關東下貧，或以報怨過當，或以誖逆亡道，家屬徙焉。 習俗頗殊，地廣民稀，水屮宜畜牧，古涼州之畜為天下饒。 保邊塞，二千石治之，咸以兵馬為務； 酒禮之會，上下通焉，吏民相親。 是以其俗風雨時節，穀糴常賤，少盜賊，有和氣之應，賢於內郡。 此政寬厚，吏不苛刻之所致也。
The territory west of Wuwei had originally belonged to the Xiongnu kings Kunye and Xiutu. Emperor Wu seized it and first established four commanderies there, opening routes to the Western Regions and cutting off the Southern Qiang from the Xiongnu. Some inhabitants were moved there because they were impoverished people from east of the passes; some because they had gone too far in revenge; and some because they had rebelled or become outlaws. Their households were resettled there as well. Local habits differed markedly. The land was broad and the population sparse; its water and grasses favored herding, and the livestock of old Liangzhou were among the richest in the empire. To secure the frontier defenses, two-thousand-shi administrators governed these places, all treating military and cavalry affairs as their main duty. At wine and ritual gatherings, superiors and subordinates mingled; officials and commoners were close to one another. Therefore wind and rain came in season, grain prices were usually low, theft was rare, and the response of harmonious qi was evident; in these respects they were better than the interior commanderies. This came from broad and generous governance and from officials who were not harsh.
63
巴、蜀、廣漢本南夷，秦并以為郡，土地肥美，有江水沃野，山林竹木疏食果實之饒。 南賈滇、僰僮，西近邛、莋馬旄牛。 民食稻魚，亡凶年憂，俗不愁苦，而輕易淫泆，柔弱褊阨。 景、武間，文翁為蜀守，教民讀書法令，未能篤信道德，反以好文刺譏，貴慕權勢。 及司馬相如游宦京師諸侯，以文辭顯於世，鄉黨慕循其跡。 後有王褒、嚴遵、揚雄之徒，文章冠天下。 繇文翁倡其教，相如為之師，故孔子曰：「有教亡類。」
Ba, Shu, and Guanghan had originally been southern non-Han regions, which Qin annexed and made into commanderies. Their lands were rich and fertile, with river-watered plains and an abundance of mountains, forests, bamboo, timber, edible plants, and fruit. To the south, merchants traded with Dian, Bo, and Tong peoples; to the west they were close to the horses and long-haired cattle of Qiong and Zuo. The people lived on rice and fish and had no anxiety over famine years. Their customs were free from hardship, but they also tended toward casual indulgence, with a soft and narrow temperament. Between the reigns of Jing and Wu, Wen Weng governed Shu and taught the people to read and study the laws. Yet they did not come to trust deeply in morality; instead they developed a taste for literary criticism and sarcasm, and admired power and influence. When Sima Xiangru served in the capital and at feudal courts and became famous for his writings, people of his home region admired him and followed his path. Later came figures such as Wang Bao, Yan Zun, and Yang Xiong, whose writing ranked at the top in the empire. Because Wen Weng first promoted education and Xiangru became its model, this confirms Confucius's saying: "In teaching, there are no fixed categories."
64
武都地雜氐、羌，及犍為、牂柯、越巂，皆西南外夷，武帝初開置。 民俗略與巴、蜀同，而武都近天水，俗頗似焉。
Wudu was mixed with Di and Qiang peoples; Jianwei, Zangke, and Yuexi were all southwestern frontier regions first opened and established in Emperor Wu's reign. Their customs were broadly similar to Ba and Shu; and because Wudu lay near Tianshui, some of its habits resembled Tianshui as well.
65
故秦地天下三分之一，而人眾不過什三，然量其富居什六。 秦豳吳札觀樂，為之歌秦，曰：「此之謂夏聲。 夫能夏則大，大之至也，其周舊乎？」
Thus Qin lands made up one third of the realm, while their population was no more than three-tenths; yet measured by wealth, they held roughly six-tenths. When Prince Zha of Wu observed the Zhou court music, the Qin air was performed for him under Qin and Bin; he said, "This is what is called the sound of Xia. To be able to embody Xia is to be great; this is greatness at its fullest. Does it preserve something of old Zhou?"
66
自井十度至柳三度，謂之鶉首之次，秦之分也。
From the 10th degree of Well to the 3rd degree of Willow is called the Quail-Head station; this is Qin’s celestial division.
67
魏地，觜觿、參之分野也。 其界自高陵以東，盡河東、河內，南有陳留及汝南之召陵、郦彊、新汲、西華、長平，潁川之舞陽、郾、許、傿陵，河南之開封、中牟、陽武、酸棗、卷，皆魏分也。
The Wei region corresponds to the stellar fields of Zixi and Shen. Its borders run east from Gaoling, taking in all of Hedong and Henei; to the south it includes Chenliu and, in Runan, Shaoling, Liqiang, Xinji, Xihua, and Changping; in Yingchuan, Wuyang, Yan, Xu, and Yanling; and in Henan, Kaifeng, Zhongmu, Yangwu, Suanzao, and Juan. All these belong to Wei's division.
68
河內本殷之舊都，周既滅殷，分其畿內為三國，詩風邶、庸、衛國是也。 鄁，以封紂子武庚； 庸，管叔尹之； 衛，蔡叔尹之：以監殷民，謂之三監。 故《書序》曰「武王崩，三監畔」，周公誅之，盡以其地封弟康叔，號曰孟侯，以夾輔周室； 遷邶、庸之民于雒邑，故邶、庸、衛三國之詩相與同風。 《邶詩》曰「在浚之下」，《庸》曰「在浚之郊」； 《邶》又曰「亦流于淇」，「河水洋洋」，《庸》曰「送我淇上」，「在彼中河」，《衛》曰「瞻彼淇奧」，「河水洋洋」。 故吳公子札聘魯觀周樂，聞邶、庸、衛之歌，曰：「美哉淵乎！ 吾聞康叔之德如是，是其衛風乎？」 至十六世，懿公亡道，為狄所滅。 齊桓公帥諸侯伐狄，而更封衛於河南曹、楚丘，是為文公。 而河內殷虛，更屬于晉。 康叔之風既歇，而紂之化猶存，故俗剛彊，多豪桀侵奪，薄恩禮，好生分。
Henei had originally been the old Shang capital. After Zhou destroyed Shang, it divided the royal domain there into three states: Bei, Yong, and Wei, the states reflected in the Odes airs. Bei was granted to Wu Geng, son of King Zhou of Shang; Yong was entrusted to Guan Shu; And Wei to Cai Shu, all to supervise the Shang people; these were called the Three Supervisors. Hence the preface to the Documents says, "When King Wu died, the Three Supervisors rebelled." The Duke of Zhou executed them and enfeoffed all their lands to his younger brother Kang Shu, styled Menghou, so that he might support the Zhou royal house. He also moved the peoples of Bei and Yong to Luoyi, and for this reason the Odes of Bei, Yong, and Wei share the same regional air. The Bei Odes say, "Below Jun"; the Yong Odes say, "In the outskirts of Jun." Bei also says, "Flowing into the Qi," and "The river waters surge"; Yong says, "Seeing me off above the Qi," and "There in the middle of the river"; Wei says, "Look at the bends of the Qi," and likewise, "The river waters surge." So when Prince Zha of Wu visited Lu and heard the songs of Bei, Yong, and Wei in the Zhou court music, he said, "How beautiful and profound! I have heard that Kang Shu's virtue was like this—is this the Airs of Wei?" By the sixteenth generation, Duke Yi had lost the Way and was destroyed by the Di. Duke Huan of Qi led the feudal lords in attacking the Di and re-enfeoffed Wei at Cao and Chuqiu in Henan; this ruler was Duke Wen of Wei. The old Shang ruins in Henei were then attached to Jin. By then Kang Shu's influence had faded, while the legacy of King Zhou of Shang still remained; thus local habits were hard and aggressive, with many strongmen given to seizure and encroachment, slighting benevolence and propriety and favoring factional division.
69
河東土地平易，有鹽鐵之饒，本唐堯所居，詩風唐、魏之國也。 周武王子唐叔在母未生，武王夢帝謂己曰：「余名而子曰虞，將與之唐，屬之參。」 及生，名之曰虞。 至成王滅唐，而封叔虞。 唐有晉水，及叔虞子燮為晉侯云，故參為晉星。 其民有先王遺教，君子深思，小人儉陋。 故唐詩蟋蟀、山樞、葛生之篇曰「今我不樂，日月其邁」； 「宛其死矣，它人是媮」； 「百歲之後，歸于其居」。 皆思奢儉之中，念死生之慮。 吳札聞唐之歌，曰：「思深哉！ 其有陶唐氏之遺民乎？」
Hedong had level, accessible land and abundant salt and iron. It was originally where Tang Yao had lived, and in terms of the Odes it belonged to the states of Tang and Wei. When Tang Shu, son of King Wu of Zhou, was still in his mother's womb, King Wu dreamed that the High God told him, "Name your son Yu. I will give him Tang and assign him to Shen." When he was born, he was named Yu. In King Cheng’s reign, Tang was extinguished and Shu Yu was enfeoffed there. Tang had the Jin River; and because Shu Yu’s son Xie became Marquis of Jin, Shen became the stellar sign of Jin. Its people retained teachings from former kings: gentlemen were reflective, while commoners were frugal and plain. Therefore poems such as "Crickets," "Mountain Pivot," and "Ge Sheng" in the Tang Odes say, "If I do not enjoy myself now, the days and months will pass"; "Once we are dead and gone, others will enjoy what was ours"; And "After a hundred years, we return to our dwelling." All express reflection on balancing luxury and thrift and on anxieties about life and death. When Prince Zha of Wu heard the songs of Tang, he said, "How profound this reflection is! Could these be descendants of Tao Tang?"
70
魏國，亦姬姓也，在晉之南河曲，故其《詩》曰「彼汾一曲」； 「寘諸河之側」。 自唐叔十六世至獻公，滅魏以封大夫畢萬，滅耿以封大夫趙夙，及大夫韓武子食采於韓原，晉於是始大。 至於文公，伯諸侯，尊周室，始有河內之土。 吳札聞魏之歌，曰：「美哉渢渢乎！ 以德輔此，則明主也。」 文公後十六世為韓、魏、趙所滅，三家皆自立為諸侯，是為三晉。 趙與秦同祖，韓、趙皆姬姓也。 自畢萬後十世稱侯，至孫稱王，徙都大梁，故魏一號為梁，七世為秦所滅。
The state of Wei was also of the Ji surname and lay on the southern river bend in Jin, so its Odes say, "That bend in the Fen"; And "Set it by the riverbank." From Tang Shu to Duke Xian, sixteen generations passed. Duke Xian destroyed Wei and enfeoffed the grandee Bi Wan there, destroyed Geng and enfeoffed Zhao Su there, and granted Han Yuan as a fief to the grandee Han Wuzi; from this point Jin first became powerful. By Duke Wen’s time, Jin had become hegemon of the feudal lords, honored the Zhou royal house, and first acquired Henei territory. When Prince Zha of Wu heard the songs of Wei, he said, "How fine and stirring they are! If virtue supports this, then one has an enlightened ruler." Sixteen generations after Duke Wen, Jin was destroyed by Han, Wei, and Zhao; the three houses each established themselves as feudal lords, known as the Three Jins. Zhao shared common ancestry with Qin, and both Han and Zhao were of the Ji surname. Ten generations after Bi Wan, the line assumed the marquis title; by a grandson's time it called itself king and moved the capital to Daliang. Hence Wei was also called Liang; after seven generations it was destroyed by Qin.
71
周地，柳、七星、張之分野也。 今之河南雒陽、穀成、平陰、偃師、鞏、緱氏，是其分也。
The Zhou region corresponds to the stellar fields of Willow, Seven Stars, and Zhang. In present terms, Luoyang, Gucheng, Pingyin, Yanshi, Gong, and Goushi in Henan all belong to this division.
72
昔周公營雒邑，以為在于土中，諸侯蕃屏四方，故立京師。 至幽王淫褒姒，以滅宗周，子平王東居雒邑。 其後五伯更帥諸侯以尊周室，故周於三代最為長久。 八百餘年至於赧王，乃為秦所兼。 初雒邑與宗周通封畿，東西長而南北短，短長相覆為千里。 至襄王以河內賜晉文公，又為諸侯所侵，故其分墬小。
In former times the Duke of Zhou planned Luoyi because it lay at the center of the realm, with the feudal states screening the four directions, and therefore established it as a capital. By King You's time, indulgence in Bao Si led to the destruction of Western Zhou; his son King Ping moved east and resided at Luoyi. Afterward, the Five Hegemons successively led the feudal lords in honoring the Zhou house, which is why Zhou lasted longest among the three dynasties. After more than eight hundred years, down to King Nan, it was finally annexed by Qin. Originally Luoyi and Zongzhou shared a connected royal domain, long east-west and short north-south; the overlapping dimensions totaled about a thousand li. When King Xiang granted Henei to Duke Wen of Jin, and further losses followed through encroachment by other lords, Zhou’s territorial share became small.
73
周人之失，巧偽趨利，貴財賤義，高富下貧，憙為商賈，不好仕宦。
The failings of the Zhou people were clever deceit and pursuit of profit: they valued wealth over righteousness, honored the rich and slighted the poor, delighted in commerce, and had little taste for official service.
74
自柳三度至張十二度，謂之鶉火之次，周之分也。
From the 3rd degree of Willow to the 12th degree of Zhang is called the Quail-Fire station; this is Zhou’s division.
75
韓地，角、亢、氐之分野也。 韓分晉得南陽郡及潁川之父城、定陵、襄城、潁陽、潁陰、長社、陽翟、郟，東接汝南，西接弘農得新安、宜陽，皆韓分也。 及詩風陳、鄭之國，與韓同星分焉。
The Han region corresponds to the stellar fields of Jiao, Kang, and Di. Han's share of Jin included Nanyang Commandery and, in Yingchuan, Fucheng, Dingling, Xiangcheng, Yingyang, Yingyin, Changshe, Yangdi, and Jia; it bordered Runan to the east and, to the west, reached Hongnong with Xin'an and Yiyang. All these belong to Han's division. The Odes airs of Chen and Zheng also share the same stellar division as Han.
76
鄭國，今河南之新鄭，本高辛氏火正祝融之虛也。 及成皋、滎陽，潁川之崇高、陽城，皆鄭分也。 本周宣王弟友為周司徒，食采於宗周畿內，是為鄭。 鄭桓公問於史伯曰：「王室多故，何所可以逃死？」 史伯曰：「四方之國，非王母弟甥舅則夷狄，不可入也，其濟、洛、河、潁之間乎！ 子男之國，虢、會為大，恃勢與險，镯侈貪冒，君若寄帑與賄，周亂而敝，必將背君； 君以成周之眾，奉辭伐罪，亡不克矣。」 公曰：「南方不可乎？」 對曰：「夫楚，重黎之後也，黎為高辛氏火正，昭顯天地，以生鲫嘉之材。 姜、嬴、荊、羋，實與諸姬代相干也。 姜，伯夷之後也； 嬴，伯益之後也。 伯夷能禮於神以佐堯，伯益能儀百物以佐舜，其後皆不失祠，而未有興者，周衰將起，不可偪也。」 桓公從其言，乃東寄帑與賄，虢、會受之。 後三年，幽王敗，威公死，其子武公與平王東遷，卒定虢、會之地，右雒左沛，食溱、洧焉。 土骥而險，山居谷汲，男女亟聚會，故其俗淫。 《鄭詩》曰：「出其東門，有女如雲。」 又曰：「溱與洧方灌灌兮，士與女方秉菅兮。」 「恂盱且樂，惟士與女，伊其相謔。」 此其風也。 吳札聞鄭之歌，曰：「美哉！ 其細已甚，民弗堪也。 是其先亡乎？」 自武公後二十三世，為韓所滅。
The state of Zheng corresponds to present-day Xinzheng in Henan; it was originally the old seat of Zhurong, fire rectifier of the Gaoxin clan. Chengge, Xingyang, and Chonggao and Yangcheng in Yingchuan all belong to Zheng's division. In Zhou, King Xuan's younger brother You served as Zhou's Minister of Instruction and held a fief within the capital domain of Zongzhou; this became Zheng. Duke Huan of Zheng asked Historian Bo, "The royal house has many troubles; where can I flee to escape death?" Historian Bo said, "Among the states on all sides, if they are not the king's maternal uncles, younger brothers, maternal nephews, or affinal uncles, they are barbarians and Di peoples, and you must not enter them. What of the region between the Ji, Luo, Yellow River, and Ying? Among the states of sons and barons, Guo and Hui are the greatest. Relying on their power and difficult terrain, they are arrogant, extravagant, and greedy. If you send your wives and children there and entrust your wealth to them, then when Zhou falls into disorder and weakness, they will surely turn against you; but if you lead the hosts of Chengzhou with righteous cause to punish wrongdoing, there will be nothing you cannot overcome." The duke said, "Is the south not possible?" He replied, "Chu descends from Chong Li. Li served the Gaoxin clan as Fire Rectifier, making Heaven and Earth manifest, and from him arose fine and excellent talents. Jiang, Ying, Jing, and Mi in truth take turns contending with the various Ji clans. Jiang are descendants of Bo Yi; Ying are descendants of Bo Yi. Bo Yi could properly serve the spirits to assist Yao; Bo Yi could regulate the hundred creatures to assist Shun. Their descendants have never failed in sacrifice, yet none has risen to power; now Zhou is declining and Chu is about to rise—you cannot press against it." Duke Huan followed his advice and sent his wives and children and wealth eastward for safekeeping; Guo and Hui received them. Three years later, King You was defeated and Duke Wei died. His son Duke Wu moved east with King Ping and ultimately secured the territory of Guo and Hui, with the Luo on the right and the Pei on the left, drawing sustenance from the Zhen and Wei rivers. The soil was dry and stony and the terrain rugged; people lived in the mountains and drew water from valleys; men and women gathered together frequently, so their customs were licentious. The Zheng Odes says: "Going out the eastern gate, there are girls like clouds." It also says: "The Zhen and Wei in full flow; gentleman and maid carrying rushes." "Carefree and joyful, only gentleman and maid, fondly teasing each other." Such is their regional character. When Prince Zha of Wu heard the songs of Zheng, he said, "How fine! They are already too minute in detail; the people cannot bear it. Will it not be the first to perish?" Twenty-three generations after Duke Wu, Zheng was destroyed by Han.
77
陳國，今淮陽之地。 陳本太昊之虛，周武王封舜後媯滿於陳，是為胡公，妻以元女大姬。 婦人尊貴，好祭祀，用史巫，故其俗巫鬼。 《陳詩》曰：「坎其擊鼓，宛丘之下，亡冬亡夏，值其鷺羽。」 又曰：「東門之枌，宛丘之栩，子仲之子，婆娑其下。」 此其風也。 吳札聞陳之歌，曰：「國亡主，其能久乎！」 自胡公後二十三世為楚所滅。 陳雖屬楚，於天文自若其故。
The state of Chen corresponds to present-day Huaiyang. Chen had originally been the old seat of Taihao. King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, at Chen; this was Duke Hu, who married the eldest royal daughter, Da Ji. Women there held honored status, and people favored sacrifices and relied on scribes and shamans; thus local custom was strongly devoted to spirit-medium practices. The Chen Odes says: "How they beat the drum in rhythm below Wanqu; winter or summer without rest, waving those egret plumes." Another passage says, "By the ash trees at the east gate, by the oaks of Wanqu, the daughter of Zizhong dances in swaying steps beneath them." That was the character of its regional style. When Prince Zha of Wu heard the songs of Chen, he said, "The state has lost its lord; how can it endure long?" Twenty-three generations after Duke Hu, Chen was destroyed by Chu. Though Chen was annexed by Chu, its celestial assignment remained as before.
78
潁川、南陽，本夏禹之國。 夏人上忠，其敝鄙朴。 韓自武子後七世稱侯，六世稱王，五世而為秦所滅。 秦既滅韓，徙天下不軌之民於南陽，故其俗夸奢，上氣力，好商賈漁獵，藏匿難制御也。 宛，西通武關，東受江、淮，一都之會也。 宣帝時，鄭弘、召信臣為南陽太守，治皆見紀。 信臣勸民農桑，去末歸本，郡以殷富。 潁川，韓都。 士有申子、韓非，刻害餘烈，高士宦，好文法，民以貪遴爭訟生分為失。 韓延壽為太守，先之以敬讓； 黃霸繼之，教化大行，獄或八年亡重罪囚。 南陽好商賈，召父富以本業； 潁川好爭訟分異，黃、韓化以篤厚。 「君子之德風也，小人之德草也」，信矣。
Yingchuan and Nanyang had originally been the domain of Xia Yu. The Xia people prized loyalty; in decline this became rustic simplicity. After Han Wuzi, the line assumed the marquis title in the seventh generation, called itself king in the sixth generation after that, and five generations later was destroyed by Qin. After Qin destroyed Han, it moved unruly people from across the empire into Nanyang. As a result, local customs became boastful and extravagant, admired physical force, favored trade and hunting, and sheltered people who were hard to control. Wan connected westward through Wuguan and eastward to the Jiang and Huai regions; it was a major metropolitan hub. In Emperor Xuan’s reign, Zheng Hong and Zhao Xinchen served as administrators of Nanyang, and both left notable records of governance. Xinchen encouraged agriculture and sericulture, drew people away from secondary pursuits, and returned them to primary production, making the commandery prosperous. Yingchuan had been the Han capital region. Among its scholars were Shen Buhai and Han Fei. The lingering force of their harsh and harmful doctrines endured: officials prized office and favored statutes and techniques, while among the people greed, litigiousness, and factional division were the common failings. As administrator, Han Yanshou began with respect and mutual deference; Huang Ba succeeded him, and moral transformation flourished so fully that for as long as eight years the prisons held no convicts guilty of grave crimes. Nanyang favored commerce, while Lord Zhao made it wealthy through primary occupations; Yingchuan was prone to litigation and faction, but Huang and Han transformed it toward honesty and solidity. As Confucius said, "The gentleman's virtue is like wind; the petty man's virtue is like grass"—and this is indeed true.
79
自東井六度至亢六度，謂之壽星之次，鄭之分野，與韓同分。
From the sixth degree of Eastern Well to the sixth degree of Kang is called the Longevity-Star station, the celestial division of Zheng, which it shared with Han.
80
趙地，昴、畢之分野。 趙分晉，得趙國。 北有信都、真定、常山、中山，又得涿郡之高陽、鄚、州鄉； 東有廣平、鉅鹿、清河、河間，又得渤海郡之東平舒、中邑、文安、束州、成平、章武，河以北也； 南至浮水、繁陽、內黃、斥丘； 西有太原、定襄、雲中、五原、上黨。 上黨，本韓之別郡也，遠韓近趙，後卒降趙，皆趙分也。
The Zhao region corresponds to the stellar fields of Mao and Bi. Zhao split off from Jin and received the Zhao state domain. To the north it included Xindu, Zhending, Changshan, and Zhongshan, and also Gaoyang, Mo, and Zhouxiang in Zhuo Commandery; To the east it included Guangping, Julu, Qinghe, and Hejian, and also Dongpingshu, Zhongyi, Wen’an, Shuzhou, Chengping, and Zhangwu in Bohai Commandery, all north of the river. To the south it reached Fushui, Fanyang, Neihuang, and Chiqiu. To the west it included Taiyuan, Dingxiang, Yunzhong, Wuyuan, and Shangdang. Shangdang had originally been a detached commandery of Han. Distant from Han and close to Zhao, it eventually surrendered to Zhao, so all of it counted as Zhao territory.
81
自趙夙後九世稱侯，四世敬侯徙都邯鄲，至曾孫武靈王稱王，五世為秦所滅。
Nine generations after Zhao Su, the line assumed the marquis title. In the fourth generation, Marquis Jing moved the capital to Handan; by his great-grandson King Wuling's time, they claimed kingship. Five generations later, Zhao was destroyed by Qin.
82
趙、中山地薄人眾，猶有沙丘紂淫亂餘民。 丈夫相聚游戲，悲歌慷慨，起則椎剽掘冢，作姦巧，多弄物，為倡優。 女子彈弦跕硔，游媚富貴，遍諸侯之後宮。
In Zhao and Zhongshan, the land was poor and the population dense, and remnants of the licentious ways of Shaqiu and King Zhou still persisted. Men gathered for games and sang tragic, impassioned songs; when stirred, they turned to raiding, grave-robbing, and crafty wrongdoing, often becoming entertainers and tricksters. Women played strings and percussion, sought favor among the wealthy and powerful, and circulated through the rear palaces of many feudal courts.
83
邯鄲北通燕、涿，南有鄭、衛，漳、河之間一都會也。 其土廣俗雜，大率精急，高氣勢，輕為姦。
Handan connected northward to Yan and Zhuo, and southward to Zheng and Wei; between the Zhang and Yellow rivers it was a great urban center. Its territory was broad and customs mixed, but in general people were sharp, quick-tempered, status-conscious, and easily drawn to wrongdoing.
84
太原、上黨又多晉公族子孫，以詐力相傾，矜夸功名，報仇過直，嫁取送死奢靡。 漢興，號為難治，常擇嚴猛之將，或任殺伐為威。 父兄被誅，子弟怨憤，至告訐刺史二千石，或報殺其親屬。
Taiyuan and Shangdang also had many descendants of Jin noble houses. They undermined one another through guile and force, boasted of merit and reputation, carried revenge beyond proper bounds, and spent extravagantly on marriages and funerals. After Han was founded, this region was considered difficult to govern, so the court often chose stern and forceful generals, some of whom relied on killing and punishment to establish authority. When fathers or elder brothers were executed, sons and younger brothers nursed resentment, sometimes denouncing inspectors and high officials, and sometimes retaliating by killing their relatives.
85
鍾、代、石、北，迫近胡寇，民俗懻忮，好氣為姦，不事農商，自全晉時，已患其剽悍，而武靈王又益厲之。 故冀州之部，盜賊常為它州劇。
In Zhongshan, Dai, Shi, and Bei, close to frequent Hu raids, local customs were contentious and aggressive. People prized bravado and wrongdoing, neglected farming and trade, and even in old Jin times had already been known for their predatory fierceness; King Wuling only made this more severe. Therefore, within Jizhou, this region was often the most troubled by banditry.
86
定襄、雲中、五原，本戎狄地，頗有趙、齊、衛、楚之徙。 其民鄙朴，少禮文，好射獵。 雁門亦同俗，於天文別屬燕。
Dingxiang, Yunzhong, and Wuyuan had originally been Rong and Di lands, though they also contained migrants from Zhao, Qi, Wei, and Chu. Their people were rustic and plain, with little concern for ritual learning, and they favored archery and hunting. Yanmen shared these same customs, though in celestial terms it was assigned separately to Yan.
87
燕地，尾、箕分野也。 武王定殷，封召公於燕，其後三十六世與六國俱稱王。 東有漁陽、右北平、遼西，遼東，西有上谷、代郡、雁門，南得涿郡之易、容城、范陽、北新城、故安、涿縣、良鄉、新昌，及勃海之安次，皆燕分也。 樂浪、玄菟，亦宜屬焉。
The Yan region corresponds to the stellar fields of Tail and Basket. After King Wu pacified Shang, he enfeoffed Duke Shao in Yan; thirty-six generations later, Yan too took the title of king along with the other six states. To the east it held Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong; to the west, Shanggu, Dai, and Yanmen; to the south, Yi, Rongcheng, Fanyang, Beixincheng, Gu'an, Zhuo County, Liangxiang, and Xinchang in Zhuo Commandery, plus Anci in Bohai. All these belonged to Yan's division. Lelang and Xuantu should likewise be included under it.
88
燕稱王十世，秦欲滅六國，燕王太子丹遣勇士荊軻西刺秦王，不成而誅，秦遂舉兵滅燕。
Yan claimed kingship for ten generations. When Qin sought to destroy the six states, Crown Prince Dan of Yan sent the warrior Jing Ke west to assassinate the Qin king. He failed and was executed, and Qin then raised troops and destroyed Yan.
89
薊，南通齊、趙，勃、碣之間一都會也。 初太子丹賓養勇士，不愛後宮美女，民化以為俗，至今猶然。 賓客相過，以婦侍宿，嫁取之夕，男女無別，反以為榮。 後稍頗止，然終未改。 其俗愚悍少慮，輕薄無威，亦有所長，敢於急人，燕丹遺風也。
Ji connected southward to Qi and Zhao and was a major metropolitan center between Bohai and Jieshi. At first, Crown Prince Dan hosted and supported men of daring and did not begrudge them women from the rear palace; the people transformed this into a custom, and traces remained down to recent times. Guests visiting one another were attended at night by women; at weddings men and women were scarcely distinguished, and this was treated as honorable. Later this was somewhat restrained, but it was never fully changed. Their customs were foolishly fierce, with little foresight and a light regard for authority; yet they also had strengths, especially a readiness to aid others in emergencies, a legacy of Prince Dan of Yan.
90
上谷至遼東，地廣民希，數被胡寇，俗與趙、代相類，有魚鹽棗栗之饒。 北隙烏丸、夫餘，東賈真番之利。
From Shanggu to Liaodong, the land was broad and the population sparse, and Hu raiders often struck it. Its customs resembled those of Zhao and Dai, and the region was rich in fish, salt, dates, and chestnuts. Through northern routes it traded with Wuhuan and Fuyu, and eastward it profited from commerce with Zhenfan.
91
玄菟、樂浪，武帝時置，皆朝鮮、濊貉、句驪蠻夷。 殷道衰，箕子去之朝鮮，教其民以禮義，田蠶織作。 樂浪朝鮮民犯禁八條：相殺以當時償殺； 相傷以穀償； 相盜者男沒入為其家奴，女子為婢，欲自贖者，人五十萬。 雖免為民，俗猶羞之，嫁取無所讎，是以其民終不相盜，無門戶之閉，婦人貞信不淫辟。 其田民飲食以籩豆，都邑頗放效吏及內郡賈人，往往以杯器食。 郡初取吏於遼東，吏見民無閉臧，及賈人往者，夜則為盜，俗稍益薄。 今於犯禁浸多，至六十餘條。 可貴哉，仁賢之化也！ 然東夷天性柔順，異於三方之外，故孔子悼道不行，設浮於海，欲居九夷，有以也夫！ 樂浪海中有倭人，分為百餘國，以歲時來獻見云。
Xuantu and Lelang were established in Emperor Wu’s reign; their populations were largely Korean, Yemaek, Goguryeo, and other frontier peoples. When Shang’s Way declined, Jizi departed to Joseon and taught the people rites, righteousness, agriculture, sericulture, and weaving. Among the people of Joseon in Lelang there were eight prohibitions: those who killed had to pay with their own lives immediately; Those who injured others compensated with grain. Thieves were made household slaves if male and maidservants if female; those who wished to redeem themselves paid 500,000. Even after offenders were restored to commoner status, people still regarded such crimes as shameful, and marriage partners could not be found for them. Thus the people did not steal from one another, households did not close their gates, and women were chaste, trustworthy, and not licentious. Farmers ate and drank using ritual vessels such as bian and dou, while in the cities many imitated officials and merchants from the interior commanderies and often ate from cups and other vessels. At first the commandery recruited officials from Liaodong. Seeing that the locals left their homes unsecured, some officials and visiting merchants stole at night, and the customs gradually deteriorated. Now the number of prohibited offenses has increased greatly, to more than sixty. How precious the transforming power of benevolent and worthy governance is! Yet the Eastern Yi are by nature gentle and compliant, unlike the peoples beyond the other three directions. Thus when Confucius lamented that the Way was not practiced and said he wished to go by raft over the sea and dwell among the Nine Yi, he had his reasons. In the sea off Lelang are the Wa people, divided into more than a hundred states, who are said to come at fixed seasons to present tribute.
92
自危四度至斗六度，謂之析木之次，燕之分也。
From the fourth degree of Wei to the sixth degree of Dou is called the Split-Wood station; this is Yan’s division.
93
齊地，虛、危之分野也。 東有甾川、東萊、琅邪、高密、膠東，南有泰山、城陽，北有千乘，清河以南，勃海之高樂、高城、重合、陽信，西有濟南、平原，皆齊分也。
The Qi region corresponds to the stellar fields of Xu and Wei. To the east it included Zichuan, Donglai, Langya, Gaomi, and Jiaodong; to the south, Taishan and Chengyang; to the north, Qiancheng; south of Qinghe, Gaole, Gaocheng, Chonghe, and Yangxin in Bohai; and to the west, Jinan and Pingyuan. All these belonged to Qi's division.
94
少昊之世有爽鳩氏，虞、夏時有季崱，湯時有逢公柏陵，殷末有薄姑氏，皆為諸侯，國此地。 至周成王時，薄姑氏與四國共作亂，成王滅之，以封師尚父，是為太公。 詩風齊國是也。 臨甾名營丘，故《齊詩》曰：「子之營兮，遭我虖嶩之間兮。」 又曰：「俟我於著乎而。」 此亦其舒緩之體也。 吳札聞齊之歌，曰：「泱泱乎，大風也哉！ 其太公乎？ 國未可量也。」
In Shaohao's time there was the Shuangjiu clan; in the times of Yu and Xia, Jize; in Tang's time, Fenggong Bailing; and at the end of Shang, the Bogu clan. All were feudal lords who held states in this region. By King Cheng of Zhou's reign, the Bogu clan joined four states in rebellion. King Cheng destroyed them and enfeoffed the Grand Duke, Master Shangfu, there. These are the Odes airs of Qi. Linzi was also called Yingqiu; thus the Qi Odes says, "As you camped, we met between the furrows." It also says, "Wait for me at the gate-platform." This too reflects Qi’s relaxed and expansive style. When Prince Zha of Wu heard the songs of Qi, he said, "Vast indeed, what a great wind! Could this be the legacy of the Grand Duke? This state’s potential cannot be measured."
95
古有分土，亡分民。 太公以齊地負海舄鹵，少五穀而人民寡，乃勸以女工之業，通魚鹽之利，而人物輻湊。 後十四世，桓公用管仲，設輕重以富國，合諸侯成伯功，身在陪臣而取三歸。 故其俗彌侈，織作冰紈綺繡純麗之物，號為冠帶衣履天下。
In antiquity, land was divided; people were not. Because Qi faced the sea and had saline flats, with few grain resources and a sparse population, the Grand Duke encouraged women's textile work and opened the profits of fish and salt; people and goods then converged there. Fourteen generations later, Duke Huan employed Guan Zhong, used policies of light and heavy to enrich the state, united the feudal lords and achieved the work of hegemony, and while still formally a subject minister took the privileges of the "three returns." Hence local customs grew ever more luxurious, producing fine gauzes, patterned silks, and ornate embroidery; Qi became renowned across the empire for caps, belts, clothing, and footwear.
96
初太公治齊，修道術，尊賢智，賞有功，故至今其土多好經術，矜功名，舒緩闊達而足智。 其失夸奢朋黨，言與行繆，虛詐不情，急之則離散，緩之則放縱。 始桓公兄襄公淫亂，姑姊妹不嫁，於是令國中民家長女不得嫁，名曰「巫兒」，為家主祠，嫁者不利其家，民至今以為俗。 痛乎，道民之道，可不慎哉！
When the Grand Duke first governed Qi, he cultivated the arts of the Way, honored worthy and wise men, and rewarded merit. To this day, people there tend to value classical learning, prize achievement and reputation, and are relaxed, broad-minded, and resourceful. Its faults were boastful extravagance and factional cliques, words and actions at odds, and insincerity and deceit; under pressure people scattered, and with leniency they became unruly. At first, Duke Xiang, elder brother of Duke Huan, was licentious; aunts, sisters, and other women were not married out. He then ordered that eldest daughters in common households were not to marry, called them "wu-children," and made them household ritual attendants. Marriage was thought inauspicious for the family, and this custom long persisted among the people. How painful it is: when guiding the people, how could one fail to be cautious?
97
昔太公始封，周公問「何以治齊？」 太公曰：「舉賢而上功。」 周公曰：「後世必有篡殺之臣。」 其後二十九世為彊臣田和所滅，而和自立為齊侯。 初，和之先陳公子完有罪來奔齊，齊桓公以為大夫，更稱田氏。 九世至和而篡齊，至孫威王稱王，五世為秦所滅。
When the Grand Duke was first enfeoffed, the Duke of Zhou asked, "How will you govern Qi?" The Grand Duke replied, "Promote the worthy and honor achievement." The Duke of Zhou said, "Then later ages will surely produce ministers who usurp and kill." Indeed, twenty-nine generations later, strong minister Tian He overthrew the ruling house and established himself as Marquis of Qi. Earlier, Tian He's ancestor, Prince Wan of Chen, had fled to Qi after committing an offense. Duke Huan made him a grandee, and his line changed its surname to Tian. Nine generations later Tian He usurped Qi; by his grandson King Wei they claimed kingship, and five generations later they were destroyed by Qin.
98
臨甾，海、岱之間一都會也，其中具五民云。
Linzi was a great metropolis between sea and Mount Tai, gathering all five kinds of people.
99
魯地，奎、婁之分野也。 東至東海，南有泗水，至淮，得臨淮之下相、睢陵、僮、取慮，皆魯分也。
The Lu region corresponds to the stellar fields of Kui and Lou. To the east it reached the Eastern Sea; to the south it followed the Si River down to the Huai and took Xiaxiang, Suiling, Tong, and Qulu in Linhuai. All these belonged to Lu's division.
100
周興，以少昊之虛曲阜封周公子伯禽為魯侯，以為周公主。 其民有聖人之教化，故孔子曰「齊一變至於魯，魯一變至於道」，言近正也。 瀕洙泗之水，其民涉度，幼者扶老而代其任。 俗既益薄，長老不自安，與幼少相讓，故曰：「魯道衰，洙泗之間齗齗如也。」 孔子閔王道將廢，乃修六經，以述唐虞三代之道，弟子受業而通者七十有七人。 是以其民好學，上禮義，重廉恥。 周公始封，太公問「何以治魯？」 周公曰：「尊尊而親親。」 太公曰：「後世浸弱矣。」 故魯自文公以後，祿去公室，政在大夫，季氏逐昭公，陵夷微弱，三十四世而為楚所滅。 然本大國，故自為分野。
When Zhou arose, it enfeoffed Bo Qin, son of the Duke of Zhou, at Qufu, the old seat of Shaohao, making him Marquis of Lu to serve as the Duke of Zhou's representative. Its people had been transformed by the teaching of sages. Thus Confucius said, "If Qi changed once, it would reach Lu; if Lu changed once, it would reach the Way," meaning that Lu was already close to correctness. Along the Zhu and Si rivers, people crossing the water had the young support the elderly and take over their burdens. As customs grew ever thinner, the elders no longer felt secure and yielded place to the young; hence the saying, "When the Way of Lu declined, people between the Zhu and Si bickered face to face." When Confucius grieved that the kingly Way was about to disappear, he edited the Six Classics to transmit the Way of Tang, Yu, and the Three Dynasties; among his disciples, seventy-seven mastered the teachings. Therefore its people valued learning, honored rites and righteousness, and esteemed integrity and shame. When the Duke of Zhou was first enfeoffed, the Grand Duke asked, "How will you govern Lu?" The Duke of Zhou replied, "Honor the honored, and be close to kin." The Grand Duke said, "Then in later ages it will gradually weaken." Thus after Duke Wen of Lu, emoluments left the ducal house and government rested with the great officers. The Ji clan expelled Duke Zhao, and Lu declined into weakness; after thirty-four generations it was destroyed by Chu. Yet because it had once been a great state, it retained its own regional division.
101
今去聖久遠，周公遺化銷微，孔氏庠序衰壞。 地骥民眾，頗有桑麻之業，亡林澤之饒。 俗儉嗇愛財，趨商賈，好訾毀，多巧偽，喪祭之禮文備實寡，然其好學猶愈於它俗。
Now the sages are far removed, the Duke of Zhou’s legacy has grown faint, and the Kong clan’s schools have decayed. The land is narrow and the people numerous, with some mulberry and hemp production but little wealth from forests and marshes. Their customs are frugal and tightfisted: people love wealth, turn to commerce, relish slander, and rely on clever deceit. Funeral and sacrificial forms are elaborate while substance is thin; still, their devotion to learning remains better than in many other regions.
102
漢興以來，魯東海多至卿相。 東平、須昌、壽良，皆在濟東，屬魯，非宋地也，當考。
Since the Han founding, Lu and Donghai have produced many high ministers. Dongping, Xuchang, and Shouliang all lie east of the Ji and belonged to Lu, not Song; this should be carefully examined.
103
宋地，房、心之分野也。 今之沛、梁、楚、山陽、濟陰、東平及東郡之須昌、壽張，皆宋分也。
The Song region corresponds to the stellar fields of Fang and Xin. Present-day Pei, Liang, Chu, Shanyang, Jiyin, Dongping, and Xuchang and Shouzhang in Dong Commandery all belong to Song’s division.
104
周封微子於宋，今之睢陽是也，本陶唐氏火正閼伯之虛也。 濟陰定陶，詩風曹國也。 武王封弟叔振鐸於曹，其後稍大，得山陽、陳留，二十餘世為宋所滅。
Zhou enfeoffed Weizi at Song, today's Suiyang; this had originally been the old seat of Ebo, Fire Official of the Tao Tang line. Dingtao in Jiyin belonged to the Odes air of Cao. King Wu enfeoffed his younger brother Shu Zhenduo at Cao. The state later expanded and took Shanyang and Chenliu, and after more than twenty generations it was destroyed by Song.
105
昔堯作游成陽，舜漁剨澤，湯止于亳，故其民猶有先王遺風，重厚多君子，好稼穡，惡衣食，以致畜藏。
In antiquity Yao traveled through Chengyang, Shun fished at Huo Marsh, and Tang stayed at Bo. Thus the people retained traces of the former kings' ways: they were steady and substantial, produced many gentlemen, valued farming, cared little for luxury in food and clothing, and accumulated stores.
106
宋自微子二十餘世，至景公滅曹，滅曹後五世亦為齊、楚、魏所滅，參分其地。 魏得其梁、陳留，齊得其濟陰、東平，楚得其沛。 故今之楚彭城，本宋也，春秋經曰「圍宋彭城」。 宋雖滅，本大國，故自為分野。
More than twenty generations after Weizi, Song under Duke Jing destroyed Cao; five generations after Cao's destruction, Song itself was destroyed by Qi, Chu, and Wei, which divided its lands. Wei took Liang and Chenliu; Qi took Jiyin and Dongping; Chu took Pei. Thus present-day Pengcheng in Chu territory had originally been Song land, as the Spring and Autumn states: "They besieged Song at Pengcheng." Though Song was destroyed, it had been a great state, so it retains its own regional division.
107
沛楚之失，急疾顓己，地薄民貧，而山陽好為姦盜。
The faults of Pei and Chu were impulsive self-assertion; the land was poor and people impoverished, while Shanyang was notorious for banditry.
108
衛地，營室、東壁之分野也。 今之東郡及魏郡黎陽，河內之野王、朝歌，皆衛分也。
The Wei region corresponds to the stellar fields of Encampment and Eastern Wall. Present-day Dong Commandery, Liyang in Wei Commandery, and Yewang and Chaoge in Henei all belong to Wei’s division.
109
衛本國既為狄所滅，文公徙封楚丘，三十餘年，子成公徙於帝丘。 故春秋經曰「衛俣于帝丘」，今之濮陽是也。 本顓頊之虛，故謂之帝丘。 夏后之世，昆吾氏居之。 成公後十餘世，為韓、魏所侵，盡亡其旁邑，獨有濮陽。 後秦滅濮陽，置東郡，徙之於野王。 始皇既并天下，猶獨置衛君，二世時乃廢為庶人。 凡四十世，九百年，最後絕，故獨為分野。
After Wei's original state was destroyed by the Di, Duke Wen was re-enfeoffed at Chuqiu; more than thirty years later, his son Duke Cheng moved to Diqiu. Hence the Spring and Autumn says, "Wei moved to Diqiu"; this is present-day Puyang. It was originally the old seat of Zhuanxu, and thus was called Diqiu. In Xia times, the Kunwu clan lived there. More than ten generations after Duke Cheng, Wei was encroached on by Han and Wei until all outlying towns were lost, leaving only Puyang. Later Qin destroyed Puyang, established Dong Commandery, and relocated the Wei ruler to Yewang. After the First Emperor unified the realm, he alone still left the Wei ruler in place; under the Second Emperor, that ruler was finally demoted to commoner status. In total the line lasted forty generations and nine hundred years before final extinction; therefore it alone remained a separate regional division.
110
衛地有桑間濮上之阻，男女亦亟聚會，聲色生焉，故俗稱鄭衛之音。 周末有子路、夏育，民人慕之，故其俗剛武，上氣力。 漢興，二千石治者亦以殺戮為威。 宣帝時韓延壽為東郡太守，承聖恩，崇禮義，尊諫爭，至今東郡號善為吏，延壽之化也。 其失頗奢靡，嫁取送死過度，而野王好氣任俠，有濮上風。
In Wei lands, the barriers of Sangjian and Pushang fostered frequent gatherings of men and women; sensual songs arose there, so this style came to be called the "music of Zheng and Wei." At the end of Zhou there were men such as Zilu and Xia Yu; people admired them, so local customs became tough and martial, honoring physical force. After Han was founded, even two-thousand-shi administrators there often ruled through the threat of execution. In Emperor Xuan's reign, Han Yanshou served as administrator of Dong Commandery. Upholding the sage's grace, he promoted ritual and righteousness and honored remonstrance; to this day Dong Commandery is known for capable officials, a legacy of Han Yanshou's transformation. Its faults tended toward extravagance: weddings and funerals were excessive, and in Yewang people prized bravado and knight-errant conduct, retaining the old Pushang style.
111
楚地，翼、軫之分野也。 今之南郡、江夏、零陵、桂陽、武陵、長沙及漢中、汝南郡，盡楚分也。
The Chu region corresponds to the stellar fields of Yi and Zhen. Present-day Nanjun, Jiangxia, Lingling, Guiyang, Wuling, and Changsha, together with Hanzhong and Runan, all belonged to Chu’s division.
112
周成王時，封文、武先師鬻熊之曾孫熊繹於荊蠻，為楚子，居丹陽。 後十餘世至熊達，是為武王，簧以彊大。 後五世至嚴王，總帥諸侯，觀兵周室，并吞江、漢之間，內滅陳、魯之國。 後十餘世，頃襄王東徙于陳。
In King Cheng of Zhou's reign, Xiong Yi, great-grandson of Yuxiong, former teacher of Kings Wen and Wu, was enfeoffed among the Jing-Man peoples as Viscount of Chu and resided at Danyang. More than ten generations later came Xiong Da, known as King Wu, under whom Chu grew powerful. Five generations later came King Zhuang, who led the feudal lords, displayed his troops before the Zhou royal house, swallowed up lands between the Yangtze and Han, and destroyed states such as Chen and Lu within the region. More than ten generations after that, King Qingxiang moved east to Chen.
113
楚有江漢川澤山林之饒； 江南地廣，或火耕水耨。 民食魚稻，以漁獵山伐為業，果蓏蠃蛤，食物常足。 故髁窳媮生，而亡積聚，飲食還給，不憂凍餓，亦亡千金之家。 信巫鬼，重淫祀。 而漢中淫失枝柱，與巴蜀同俗。 汝南之別，皆急疾有氣勢。 江陵，故郢都，西通巫、巴，東有雲夢之饒，亦一都會也。
Chu possessed rich rivers, marshes, mountains, and forests of the Jiang-Han basin; South of the Yangtze the land was broad, and in places people practiced slash-and-burn and water-weeding cultivation. People ate fish and rice, lived by fishing, hunting, mountain cutting, and gathering fruits and shellfish, so food was usually sufficient. Therefore many drifted idly through life without accumulating stores; they had enough for immediate food and drink and did not fear cold or hunger, but neither did they produce households of great wealth. They trusted in spirits and shamans and placed heavy weight on lavish sacrifices. Hanzhong, however, had become morally lax and disorderly, sharing customs with Ba and Shu. The Runan subregion was generally urgent and forceful in temperament. Jiangling, the old capital of Ying, connected westward to Wu and Ba and had the wealth of Yunmeng to the east; it too was a major metropolitan center.
114
吳地，斗分野也。 今之會稽、九江、丹陽、豫章、廬江、廣陵、六安、臨淮郡，盡吳分也。
The Wu region corresponds to the Dipper stellar division. Present-day Kuaiji, Jiujiang, Danyang, Yuzhang, Lujiang, Guangling, Luan, and Linhuai all belonged to Wu’s division.
115
殷道既衰，周大王亶父興廄梁之地，長子大伯，次曰仲雍，少曰公季。 公季有聖子昌，大王欲傳國焉。 大伯、仲雍辭行采藥，遂奔荊蠻。 公季嗣位，至昌為西伯，受命而王。 故孔子美而稱曰：「大伯，可謂至德也已矣！ 三以天下讓，民無得而稱焉。」 謂「虞仲夷逸，隱居放言，身中清，廢中權。」 大伯初奔荊蠻，荊蠻歸之，號曰句吳。 大伯卒，仲雍立，至曾孫周章，而武王克殷，因而封之。 又封周章弟中於河北，是為北吳，後世謂之虞，十二世為晉所滅。 後二世而荊蠻之吳子壽夢盛大稱王。 其少子則季札，有賢材。 兄弟欲傳國，札讓而不受。 自大伯壽夢稱王六世，闔廬舉伍子胥、孫武為將，戰勝攻取，興伯名於諸侯。 至子夫差，誅子胥，用宰嚭，為粵王句踐所滅。
After Shang declined, King Tai of Zhou rose in the Qiu and Liang region. His eldest son was Taibo, second Zhongyong, and youngest Jili. Jili had a sage son, Chang, and King Tai wished to pass the state to him. Taibo and Zhongyong withdrew on the pretext of gathering medicinal herbs and fled to the Jing-Man region. Jili succeeded to the position; by Chang’s time he became the Western Earl and received the Mandate to be king. Thus Confucius praised Taibo: "Taibo may truly be said to possess perfect virtue! Three times he yielded the realm, and the people found no words adequate to praise him." This is what is meant by: "Yu Zhong and Yi Yi withdrew from the world and spoke freely; personally they hit purity, and in withdrawal they hit balance." When Taibo first fled to Jing-Man, its people submitted to him and called the polity Gou-Wu. After Taibo died, Zhongyong ruled. By the time of great-grandson Zhouzhang, King Wu had conquered Shang and therefore enfeoffed him. He also enfeoffed Zhouzhang's younger brother Zhong north of the river; this was Northern Wu, later called Yu, and it was destroyed by Jin in the twelfth generation. Two generations later, among the Jing-Man branch, the Wu ruler Shoumeng rose greatly and called himself king. His youngest son was Ji Zha, a man of outstanding worth. His brothers wished to pass the state to him, but Ji Zha declined and would not accept it. Six generations after Taibo, Shoumeng claimed kingship; later Helu appointed Wu Zixu and Sun Wu as generals, and through victories and conquests Wu rose to hegemonic fame among the feudal lords. By his son Fuchai’s reign, Wu Zixu was executed and Minister Bo Pi was employed; Wu was then destroyed by King Goujian of Yue.
116
吳、粵之君皆好勇，故其民至今好用劍，輕死易發。
Rulers of both Wu and Yue favored martial valor, and to this day their people favor sword use, take death lightly, and act quickly.
117
粵既并吳，後六世為楚所滅。 後秦又擊楚，徙壽春，至子為秦所滅。
After Yue annexed Wu, it was itself destroyed by Chu six generations later. Later Qin again attacked Chu and forced a move to Shouchun; eventually Chu too was destroyed by Qin.
118
壽春、合肥受南北湖皮革、鮑、木之輸，亦一都會也。 始楚賢臣屈原被讒放流，作《離騷》諸賦以自傷悼。 後有宋玉、唐勒之屬慕而述之，皆以顯名。 漢興，高祖王兄子濞於吳，招致天下之娛游子弟，枚乘、鄒陽、嚴夫子之徒興於文、景之際。 而淮南王安亦都壽春，招賓客著書。 而吳有嚴助、朱賈臣，貴顯漢朝，文辭並發，故世傳楚辭。 其失巧而少信。 初淮南王異國中民家有女者，以待遊士而妻之，故至今多女而少男。 本吳粵與楚接比，數相并兼，故民俗略同。
Shouchun and Hefei received shipments of hides, fish products, and timber from the southern and northern lakes, and were also major commercial centers. At first, Chu's worthy minister Qu Yuan was slandered and exiled; he composed the Li Sao and other fu to express his grief and lament. Later writers such as Song Yu and Tang Le admired and continued this style, and all gained distinguished fame. After Han was founded, Gaozu enfeoffed his nephew Bi in Wu, and Bi gathered wandering young talents from across the realm; figures such as Mei Cheng, Zou Yang, and Yan Fuzi flourished between the reigns of Wen and Jing. Meanwhile the Prince of Huainan, Liu An, also made Shouchun his capital and attracted guests to compile writings. Wu also produced men such as Yan Zhu and Zhu Maichen, who rose to high status at the Han court; literary expression flourished, and thus the Chu lyric tradition was widely transmitted. Its chief fault was cleverness without trustworthiness. Early on, the Prince of Huainan distinguished households that had daughters and reserved them as wives for wandering scholars; this is why even now the region is said to have many women and comparatively few men. Wu and Yue bordered Chu and often annexed one another, so their customs were broadly similar.
119
吳東有海鹽章山之銅，三江五湖之利，亦江東之一都會也。 豫章出黃金，然菫菫物之所有，取之不足以更費。 江南卑溼，丈夫多夭。
In eastern Wu there was copper from Yanzhang Mountain by the sea, along with the profits of the Three Rivers and Five Lakes; it was one of Jiangdong's major centers. Yuzhang produced gold, but only in limited quantity, not enough to offset extraction costs. South of the Yangtze the land was low and damp, and many adult men died young.
120
會稽海外有東鯷人，分為二十餘國，以歲時來獻見云。
Beyond Kuaiji at sea were the Dongti people, divided into more than twenty states, said to come periodically to offer tribute.
121
粵地，牽牛、婺女之分野也。 今之蒼梧、鬱林、合浦、交阯、九真、南海、日南，皆粵分也。
The Yue region corresponds to the stellar fields of Oxherd and Weaving Maiden. Present-day Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Nanhai, and Rinan all belonged to Yue’s division.
122
其君禹後，帝少康之庶子云，封於會稽，文身斷髮，以避蛟龍之害。 後二十世，至句踐稱王，與吳王闔廬戰，敗之雋李。 夫差立，句踐乘勝復伐吳，吳大破之，棲會稽，臣服請平。 後用范蠡、大夫種計，遂伐滅吳，兼并其地。 度淮與齊、晉諸侯會，致貢於周。 周元王使使賜命為伯，諸侯畢賀。 後五世為楚所滅，子孫分散，君服於楚。 後十世，至閩君搖，佐諸侯平秦。 漢興，復立搖為越王。 是時，秦南海尉趙佗亦自王，傳國至武帝時，盡滅以為郡云。
Its ruling house claimed descent from Yu through a younger son of Emperor Shaokang, who was enfeoffed at Kuaiji; they tattooed their bodies and cut their hair to avoid harm from river dragons. Twenty generations later, Goujian became king and fought Helu of Wu, defeating him at Zuili. When Fuchai came to the throne, Goujian pressed his victory and attacked Wu again; Wu then crushed Yue, forcing it to retreat to Kuaiji, submit, and sue for peace. Later, using the strategies of Fan Li and Minister Zhong, Yue attacked and destroyed Wu and annexed its lands. Crossing the Huai, Yue met with Qi and Jin leaders and presented tribute to Zhou. King Yuan of Zhou sent an envoy to confer the title of hegemon, and the feudal lords all offered congratulations. Five generations later Yue was destroyed by Chu; its descendants dispersed, and its ruler submitted to Chu. Ten generations later, Min ruler Yao assisted the feudal powers in pacifying Qin. After Han arose, Yao was re-established as King of Yue. At that time Zhao Tuo, commandant of Nanhai under Qin, had also declared himself king; his line lasted until Emperor Wu, when it was completely abolished and turned into commanderies.
123
處近海，多犀、象、毒冒、珠璣、銀、銅、果、布之湊，中國往商賈者多取富焉。 番禺，其一都會也。
Being near the sea, the region was a gathering place for rhinoceros horn, ivory, tortoiseshell, pearls, silver, copper, fruits, and cloth; merchants from the Central States often made fortunes there. Panyu was one of its major urban centers.
124
自合浦徐聞南入海，得大州，東西南北方千里，武帝元封元年略以為儋耳、珠崖郡。 民皆服布如單被，穿中央為貫頭。 男子耕農，種禾稻紵麻，女子桑蠶織績。 亡馬與虎，民有五畜，山多麈嗷。 兵則矛、盾、刀，木弓弩，竹矢，或骨為鏃。 自初為郡縣，吏卒中國人多侵陵之，故率數歲壹反。 元帝時，遂罷棄之。
From Hepu and Xuwen, sailing south into the sea reached a great island, a thousand li in each direction; in the first year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Wu conquered it and made the Dan’er and Zhuya commanderies. People there wore cloth like a single wrap, with a hole cut in the center for the head. Men farmed, planting millet, rice, ramie, and hemp; women raised silkworms and wove cloth. There were no horses or tigers; people kept the five domestic animals, and the mountains had many deer and apes. Their weapons were spears, shields, and knives, with wooden bows and crossbows and bamboo arrows, sometimes tipped with bone. After these places were first organized as commanderies and counties, many officials and soldiers from the Central States oppressed the locals, so rebellions broke out every few years. In Emperor Yuan’s reign, they were finally abandoned.
125
自日南障塞、徐聞、合浦船行可五月，有都元國； 又船行可四月，有邑盧沒國； 又船行可二十餘日，有諶離國； 步行可十餘日，有夫甘都盧國。 自夫甘都盧國船行可二月餘，有黃支國，民俗略與珠劯相類。 其州廣大，戶口多，多異物，自武帝以來皆獻見。 有譯長，屬黃門，與應募者俱入海巿明珠、璧流離、奇石異物，齎黃金雜繒而往。 所至國皆稟食為耦，蠻夷賈船，轉送致之。 亦利交易，剽殺人。 又苦逢風波溺死，不者數年來還。 大珠至圍二寸以下。 平帝元始中，王莽輔政，欲燿威德，厚遺黃支王，令遣使獻生犀牛。 自黃支船行可八月，到皮宗； 船行可八月，到日南、象林界云。 黃支之南，有已程不國，漢之譯使自此還矣。
From the border posts at Rinan, Xuwen, and Hepu, a five-month sea voyage reached the state of Duyuan; Another four months by sea reached Yilumo. Another twenty-odd days by sea reached Chenli. And a ten-plus-day overland journey reached Fugan Dulu. From Fugan Dulu, sailing for more than two months reached Huangzhi, whose customs were broadly similar to those of Zhuya. Its territory was vast and populous and rich in unusual goods; since Emperor Wu’s time it had regularly sent tribute audiences. There was an interpreter-chief attached to the Yellow Gate office who sailed with recruited men to maritime markets for pearls, glass, rare stones, and exotic goods, carrying gold and assorted silks as trade goods. At each state reached, supplies were furnished in paired allotments, and barbarian merchant ships relayed transport onward. Trade was profitable, but killings and plunder also occurred. They also suffered from storms and drowning; those not lost might return only after several years. Large pearls could reach up to just under two cun in circumference. During Yuanshi under Emperor Ping, Wang Mang, serving as regent, sought to display imperial prestige and virtue; he sent rich gifts to the king of Huangzhi and ordered him to dispatch a live rhinoceros. From Huangzhi, an eight-month voyage reached Pizong; Another eight months by sea reached the border of Rinan and Xianglin. South of Huangzhi lay Yichengbu; from there Han interpreter-envoys turned back.