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世祖光武皇帝諱秀,字文叔, 〈禮「祖有功而宗有德」,光武中興,故廟稱世祖。 謚法:「能紹前業曰光,克定禍亂曰武。 」伏侯《古今注》曰:「秀之字曰茂。 伯、仲、叔、季,兄弟之次。 長兄伯升,次仲,故字文叔焉。」〉 南陽蔡陽人, 〈南陽,郡,今鄧州縣也。 蔡陽,縣,故城在今隨州棗陽縣西南。〉 高祖九世之孫也,出自景帝生長沙定王發。 〈長沙,郡,今潭州縣也。〉 發生舂陵節侯買, 〈舂陵,郷名,本屬零陵泠道縣,在今永州唐興縣北,元帝時徙南陽,仍號舂陵,故城今在隨州棗陽縣東。 事具宗室四王傳。〉 買生鬱林太守外, 〈鬱林,郡,今郴州縣。 《前書》曰:「郡守,秦官。 秩二千石。 景帝更名太守。」〉 外生鉅鹿都尉回, 〈鉅鹿,郡,今邢州縣也。 《前書》曰:「都尉,本郡尉,秦官也。 掌佐守,典武職,秩比二千石。 景帝更名都尉。」〉 回生南頓令欽, 〈南頓,縣,屬汝南郡,故城在今陳州項城縣西。 《前書》曰:「令、長,皆秦官也。 萬戶以上為令,秩千石至六百石; 不滿萬戶為長,秩五百石至三百石。」〉 欽生光武。 光武年九歲而孤,養於叔父良。 身長七尺三寸,美須眉,大口,隆準,日角。 〈隆,高也。 許負云:「鼻頭為準。 」鄭玄尚書中候注云:「日角謂庭中骨起,狀如日。」〉 性勤於稼穡, 〈種曰稼,斂曰穡。〉 而兄伯升好俠養士,常非笑光武事田業,比之高祖兄仲。 〈仲,郃陽侯喜也,能為產業。 見《前書》。〉 王莽天鳳中, 〈王莽建國六年改為天鳳。〉 乃之長安,受尚書,略通大義。 〈《東觀記》曰:「受尚書於中大夫廬江許子威。 資用乏,與同舍生韓子合錢買驢,令從者僦,以給諸公費。」〉
Emperor Guangwu Shizu, whose given name was Xiu and courtesy name Wenshu, <According to the Rites: 'Ancestors with merit are zu, those with virtue are zong.' Guangwu restored the Han dynasty, hence his temple name is Shizu. According to the rules for posthumous titles: 'One who carries on past achievements is called Guang, one who overcomes chaos and calamity is called Wu.' > In Fu Hou's Notes on Ancient and Modern Affairs it says: 'Xiu's courtesy name was Mao.' Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji represent the birth order of brothers. The eldest brother was named Bo Sheng, the second was Zhong, hence his courtesy name Wenshu.> Native of Caiyang county in Nanyang commandery, <Nanyang was a commandery, now equivalent to Dengzhou county. Caiyang was a county; its ancient city lies southwest of present-day Zaoyang county in Suizhou.> He was Gaozu's ninth-generation descendant through Jingdi's son, King Ding of Changsha, named Fa. <Changsha was a commandery, now equivalent to Tanzhou county.> Fa was the father of Jiehou Mai of Chunling, <Chunling was a village name, originally part of Lengdao county in Lingling commandery, located north of present-day Tangxing county in Yongzhou. During Emperor Yuan's reign it was relocated to Nanyang but kept the name Chunling; its ancient site lies east of Zaoyang county in Suizhou today. Full details appear in the 'Biographies of the Four Imperial Princes of the Imperial Clan.'> Mai fathered Wai, Grand Administrator of Yulin, <Yulin was a commandery, now equivalent to Chenzhou county. According to the History of the Former Han: 'The commandery governor was an office established in the Qin dynasty.' With a salary rank of 2,000 shi. Emperor Jing renamed it Grand Administrator.> Wai fathered Hui, Commandant of Julu, <Julu was a commandery, now equivalent to Xingzhou county. According to the History of the Former Han: 'The commandant was originally the commandery captain, an office established in the Qin dynasty.' He assists the governor in administration and oversees military matters, with a rank equivalent to 2,000 shi. Emperor Jing renamed it Commandant.> Hui fathered Qin, Magistrate of Nandun, <Nandun was a county under Runan commandery; its ancient city lies west of present-day Xiangcheng county in Chenzhou. According to the History of the Former Han: 'Both magistrates and county chiefs were offices established in the Qin dynasty.' Counties with 10,000 or more households appoint magistrates with salaries ranging from 1,000 to 600 shi; Counties with fewer than 10,000 households appoint chiefs with salaries from 500 to 300 shi.> Qin was the father of Guangwu. Guangwu lost his parents at age nine and was raised by his uncle Liang. He stood seven chi three cun tall, with handsome beard and eyebrows, a large mouth, prominent nose, and forehead corners shaped like the sun. <Long means high. The physiognomist Xu Fu said: 'The tip of the nose is called zhun.' > Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhonghou omen in the Shangshu explains: 'Sun-like forehead corners refer to bones rising in the forehead, shaped like the sun.'> He was naturally diligent in agricultural work, <Sowing is called jia, gathering is called se.> His elder brother Bo Sheng, however, loved chivalric deeds and patronizing wandering scholars, and frequently mocked Guangwu for his farming pursuits, likening him to Gaozu's brother Zhong. <Zhong was Xi, Marquis of Heyang, who excelled at managing estates. See the History of the Former Han.> During the Tianfeng era of Wang Mang's reign, <Wang Mang renamed it Tianfeng in the sixth year of his Jian'guo period.> He traveled to Chang'an to study the Classic of Documents, acquiring a broad grasp of its fundamental teachings. <The Dongguan Records state: 'He studied the Classic of Documents under Xu Ziwei, Palace Attendant of Lujiang.' Short on resources, he combined funds with his roommate Han Zi to purchase a donkey, which his servant rented out to cover the costs for the various scholars.>
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莽末,天下連歲災蝗,寇盜鋒起。 〈言賊鋒銳競起。 字或作「蜂」,諭多也。〉 地皇三年, 〈天鳳六年改為地皇。〉 南陽荒饑, 〈《韓詩外傳》曰:「一穀不升曰歉,二穀不升曰饑,三穀不升曰饉,四穀不升曰荒,五穀不升曰大侵。」〉 諸家賔客多為小盜。 光武避吏新野, 〈新野屬南陽郡,今鄧州縣。 《續漢書》曰:「伯升賔客劫人,上避吏於新野鄧晨家。」〉 因賣榖於宛。 〈《東觀記》曰:「時南陽旱饑,而上田獨收。 」宛,縣,屬南陽郡,故城今鄧州南陽縣也。〉 宛人李通等以圖讖說光武云:「劉氏復起,李氏為輔。」 〈圖,河圖也。 讖,符命之書。 讖,驗也。 言為王者受命之徵驗也。 《易坤靈圖》曰:「漢之臣李陽也。」〉 光武初不敢當,然獨念兄伯升素結輕客,必舉大事,且王莽敗亡已兆,天下方亂,遂與定謀,於是乃市兵弩。 十月,與李通從弟軼等起於宛,時年二十八。
Near the end of Wang Mang's rule, the realm endured years of continuous calamities and locust plagues, with bandits rising up everywhere like sharpened blades. <Meaning bandits arose with sharpened blades, competing with each other. The character is alternatively written as 'bee', conveying the sense of multitude.> In the third year of the Dihuang reign period, <Renamed from Tianfeng to Dihuang in the sixth year.> Nanyang endured widespread famine, <According to the Han Poetry Outer Commentary: 'Failure of one grain to ripen is called scarcity, two grains is famine, three grains is dearth, four grains is desolation, five grains is great calamity.'> The retainers of many noble houses turned to minor banditry. Guangwu evaded government officials by taking refuge in Xinyye, <Xinyye was under Nanyang commandery, now equivalent to Dengzhou county. The Xu Han Shu records: 'Bo Sheng's retainers engaged in robbery, so the emperor took refuge from officials at Deng Chen's home in Xinyye.'> Thereupon he sold grain in Wan. <The Dongguan Records note: 'While Nanyang endured drought and famine at this time, only the emperor's fields produced a good harvest.' >Wan was a county under Nanyang commandery; its ancient site is now Nanyang county in Dengzhou.> Li Tong and other men of Wan persuaded Guangwu with prophetic charts, saying: 'The Liu clan will rise again, with the Li clan as their helpers.' <Tu refers to the Yellow River Diagram. Chen refers to writings containing omens of heavenly mandate. Chen means verification or proof. Meaning the signs that verify a ruler has received the Mandate of Heaven. The Book of Changes' Kun Spirit Diagram states: 'Li Yang is Han's minister.'> Initially Guangwu did not dare to accept the prophecy, but he reflected privately that his brother Bo Sheng had long cultivated ties with daring retainers and was certain to launch a major uprising. Moreover, signs of Wang Mang's defeat and downfall were already evident, and the empire was in turmoil. Thus he plotted with them and proceeded to purchase weapons and crossbows. In the tenth month, together with Li Tong's cousin Yi and others, he rose in rebellion at Wan, at that time twenty-eight years old.
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十一月,有星孛于張。 〈《前書》音義曰:「孛星光芒短,蓬然。 張,南方宿也。 」《續漢志》曰:「張為周地。 星孛于張,東南行即翼、軫之分。 翼、軫,楚地,是楚地將有兵亂。 後一年正月,光武起兵舂陵,攻南陽,斬阜、賜等,殺其士衆數萬人。 光武都雒陽,居周地,除穢布新之象。」〉 光武遂將賔客還舂陵。 時伯升已會衆起兵。 初,諸家子弟恐懼,皆亡逃自匿,曰:「伯升殺我」。 及見光武絳衣大冠, 〈董巴輿服志曰:「大冠者,謂武冠,武官冠之。 」《東觀記》曰:「上時絳衣大冠,將軍服也。」〉 皆驚曰:「謹厚者亦復為之」,乃稍自安。 伯升於是招新市、平林兵, 〈新市,縣,屬江夏郡,故城在今郢州富水縣東北。 平林,地名,在今隨州隨縣東北。〉 與其帥王鳳、陳牧西擊長聚。 〈《廣雅》曰:「聚,居也,音慈諭反。 」《前書》音義曰:「小於郷曰聚。」〉 光武初騎牛,殺新野尉乃得馬。 〈《前書》曰,尉,秦官,秩四百石至二百石也。〉 進屠唐子郷, 〈例曰:「多所誅殺曰屠。 」唐子郷有唐子山,在今唐州湖陽縣西南。〉 又殺湖陽尉。 〈湖陽屬南陽郡,今唐州縣也。 《東觀記》曰:「劉終詐稱江夏吏,誘殺之。」〉 軍中分財物不均,衆恚恨,欲反攻諸劉。 光武斂宗人所得物,悉以與之,衆乃恱。 進拔棘陽, 〈縣名,屬南陽郡,在棘水之陽,古謝國也,故城在今唐州湖陽縣西北。 棘音己力反。〉 與王莽前隊大夫甄阜、 〈王莽置六隊,郡置大夫一人,職如太守。 南陽為前隊,河內為後隊,潁川為左隊,弘農為右隊,河東為兆隊,滎陽為祈隊。 隊音遂。〉 屬正梁丘賜 〈王莽每隊置屬正一人,職如都尉。〉 戰於小長安, 〈《續漢書》曰淯陽縣有小長安聚,故城在今鄧州南陽縣南。〉 漢軍大敗,還保棘陽。
In the eleventh month, a comet appeared in the constellation Zhang. <According to the Former Han's phonetic glosses: 'A bo star has short rays that appear disheveled.' Zhang is the southern constellation. >The Xu Han Treatise on Astronomy states: 'Zhang corresponds to Zhou territory.' The comet appeared in Zhang and traveled southeast toward the region between Yi and Zhen constellations. Yi and Zhen correspond to Chu lands, signifying that military turmoil will arise in Chu territory. The following year in the first month, Guangwu raised troops at Chunling, attacked Nanyang commandery, executed Fu, Ci, and their confederates, slaughtering tens of thousands of their soldiers and followers. Guangwu made Luoyang his capital, residing in the lands of Zhou, symbolizing the sweeping away of corruption and the inauguration of a new era.> Guangwu then led his retainers back to Chunling. By this time, Bo Sheng had already assembled a crowd and raised an army. At first, the young men from the various families were terrified and all fled to hide themselves, saying: 'Bo Sheng is going to kill me.' But when they saw Guangwu in crimson robes and a grand hat, <Dong Ba's Treatise on Ceremonial Regalia states: 'The grand hat refers to the martial crown, worn by military officials.' >The Dongguan Records note: 'At that time the emperor wore crimson robes and a grand hat, the uniform of a general.'> Everyone was astonished, saying: 'Even the cautious and upright one is joining them,' and gradually they became reassured. Bo Sheng then recruited troops from Xinshi and Pinglin, <Xinshi was a county under Jiangxia commandery; its ancient site lies northeast of Fushui county in present-day Yingzhou. Pinglin was a place name, situated northeast of Sui county in present-day Suizhou.> And together with their commanders Wang Feng and Chen Mu attacked the settlement of Changju to the west. <The Guangya dictionary states: 'Ju means residence, pronounced ci yu fan.' >The Former Han's phonetic glosses state: 'A ju is smaller than a xiang.'> Initially Guangwu rode an ox; he only acquired a horse after killing the magistrate of Xinyye. <According to the History of the Former Han: Wei was an office established in the Qin dynasty, with salaries ranging from 400 to 200 shi.> Advanced and slaughtered the inhabitants of Tangzi village, <Convention states: 'Massacring means executing many.' >Tangzi village includes Tangzi mountain, located southwest of Huyang county in present-day Tangzhou.> Also executed the magistrate of Huyang. <Huyang was under Nanyang commandery, now equivalent to Tangzhou county. According to the Dongguan Records: 'Liu Zhong falsely pretended to be a Jiangxia official and tricked him into being killed.'> Within the army, the distribution of spoils was unfair, causing widespread resentment and anger, with troops wanting to turn against the various Liu clans. Guangwu collected all the goods his clansmen had acquired and distributed them entirely to the soldiers, whereupon the troops became content. Advanced and seized Jiyang, <County name under Nanyang commandery, located north of the Jishui River, site of the ancient state of Xie; its former city lies northwest of Huyang county in present-day Tangzhou. Ji is pronounced ji li fan.> And battled Wang Mang's Front Division Grand Master Zhen Fu, <Wang Mang created six military divisions, with each commandery appointing one grand master whose responsibilities were equivalent to a governor. Nanyang formed the front division, Henei the rear division, Yingchuan the left division, Hongnong the right division, Hedong the vanguard division, and Xingyang the prayer division. Dui is pronounced sui.> And Assistant Commander Liangqiu Ci <Wang Mang appointed one assistant commander to each division, with responsibilities equivalent to a commandery captain.> Battled at Xiaochangan, <According to the Xu Han Shu, Yuanyang county contains the Xiaochangan settlement; its ancient site lies south of Nanyang county in present-day Dengzhou.> The Han forces suffered a major defeat and withdrew to defend Jiyang.
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二月辛巳,立劉聖公為天子,以伯升為大司徒,光武為太常偏將軍。 〈《前書》曰:「奉常,秦官。 景帝更名太常。 」應劭漢官儀曰:「欲令國家盛大,社稷常存,故稱太常。 」老子曰:「偏將軍處左,上將軍處右。 」《東觀記》曰:「時無印,得定武侯家丞印,佩之入朝。」〉
On the xinsi day of the second month, Liu Shenggong was enthroned as Son of Heaven, with Bo Sheng appointed Grand Minister of Works and Guangwu as Assistant General under the Grand Minister of Ceremonies. <According to the History of the Former Han: 'Fengchang was an office established in the Qin dynasty.' Emperor Jing renamed it Taichang. >Ying Shao's Han Official System states: 'To ensure the nation flourishes greatly and the altars of soil and grain endure forever, therefore called Taichang.' >Laozi states: 'The assistant general stands on the left, the supreme general on the right.' >The Dongguan Records note: 'There was no official seal at the time, so he obtained the household steward's seal of the Marquis of Dingwu and wore it when entering court.'>
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初,王莽徵天下能為兵法者六十三家數百人,並以為軍吏; 選練武衞,招募猛士, 〈《說文》曰:「募,廣求之也。」〉 旌旗輜重,千里不絕。 〈《周禮》曰:「析羽為旌,熊虎為旗。 」輜,車名。 釋名曰:「輜,廁也。 謂軍糧什物雜廁載之。 以其累重,故稱輜重。 」重音直用反。〉 時有長人巨無霸, 〈王莽連率韓博上言:「有竒士,長一丈,大十圍,自謂巨無霸,出於蓬萊東南五城西北,詔如海濵,軺車不能載,三馬不能勝,卧則枕鼓,以鐵箸食。 」見《前書》。〉 長一丈,大十圍,以為壘尉; 〈鄭玄注周禮云:「軍壁曰壘。 」崔瑗中壘校尉箴曰:「堂堂黃帝,設為壘壁。 」尉者主壘壁之事。〉 又驅諸猛獸 〈「猛」或作「獷」。 獷,猛貌也,音古猛反。〉 虎豹犀象之屬,以助威武。 自秦、漢出師之盛,未甞有也。 光武將數千兵,徼之於陽關。 〈聚名也。 酈元水經注曰:「潁水東南經陽關聚,聚夾潁水相對。 」在今洛州陽翟縣西北。〉 諸將見尋、邑兵盛,反走,馳入昆陽,皆惶怖,憂念妻孥, 〈孥,子也。〉 欲散歸諸城。 光武議曰:「今兵糓旣少,而外寇彊大,并力禦之,功庶可立; 如欲分散,勢無俱全。 且宛城未拔, 〈謂伯升圍之未拔也。〉 不能相救,昆陽即破,一日之閒,諸部亦滅矣。 今不同心膽共舉功名,反欲守妻子財物邪? 」諸將怒曰:「劉將軍何敢如是! 」光武笑而起。 會候騎還,言大兵且至城北,軍陳數百里,不見其後。 諸將遽相謂曰:「更請劉將軍計之。 」光武復為圖畫成敗。 諸將憂迫,皆曰「諾」。 時城中唯有八九千人,光武乃使成國上公王鳳、廷尉大將軍王常留守,夜自與驃騎大將軍宗佻、 〈驃騎大將軍,武帝置,自霍去病始。 佻音太堯反。〉 五威將軍李軼等十三騎, 〈王莽置五威將軍,其衣服依五方之色,以威天下。 李軼初起,猶假以為號。〉 出城南門,於外收兵。 時莽軍到城下者且十萬,光武幾不得出。 〈幾音祈。〉 旣至郾、定陵,悉發諸營兵,而諸將貪惜財貨,欲分留守之。 光武曰:「今若破敵,珍珤萬倍, 〈珤,古「寶」字。〉 大功可成; 如為所敗,首領無餘,何財物之有! 」衆乃從。
At first, Wang Mang summoned sixty-three families skilled in military strategy from across the empire, several hundred individuals in total, and appointed them all as army officers; Selected and drilled martial guards, recruited valiant fighters, <The Shuowen dictionary states: 'Mu means to seek broadly.'> Banners and supply wagons extended for a thousand li without interruption. <According to the Rites of Zhou: 'Split feathers make banners, bears and tigers make flags.' >Zi refers to a type of cart. The Explanation of Names states: 'Zi means mixed together.' Meaning that military rations and various supplies are loaded together in a jumbled manner. Because they are heavy and burdensome, therefore called baggage. >Zhong is pronounced zhi yong fan.> At this time there was a giant named Ju Wuba, <Wang Mang's Regional Commander Han Bo submitted a memorial stating: 'There is a remarkable warrior, ten chi tall and ten wei in circumference, who calls himself Ju Wuba. He emerged from northwest of the Five Cities southeast of Penglai. His feet are like the seashore. Light carriages cannot carry him; three horses cannot pull him. When sleeping he uses drums as pillows and eats with iron chopsticks.' >See the History of the Former Han.> Ten chi tall and ten wei in circumference, appointed as Fortification Officer; <Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhou Rites states: 'Military fortifications are called ramparts.' >Cui Yuan's Admonition for the Central Rampart Colonel states: 'The majestic Yellow Emperor established fortifications and walls.' >Captains are responsible for matters concerning fortifications.> Also drove various ferocious beasts <'Meng' is alternatively written as 'guang'. Guang means fierce appearance, pronounced gu meng fan.> Tigers, leopards, rhinoceroses, elephants and similar beasts, to enhance martial prestige. Since the peak military campaigns of the Qin and Han dynasties, there has never been anything like this. Guangwu led several thousand soldiers and ambushed them at Yangguan. <Also a name for a settlement. Li Yuan's Commentary on the Classic of Waterways states: 'The Ying River flows southeast past the Yangguan settlement, with settlements facing each other across the Ying River.' >Located northwest of Yangdi county in present-day Luozhou.> When the various generals saw that Xun and Yi's forces were so numerous, they turned back in flight, galloped into Kunyang, all filled with terror, anxious about their wives and children, <Nu means offspring.> Wanting to scatter and return to their various cities. Guangwu addressed them: 'Our forces and provisions are already meager, but the enemy outside is powerful and numerous. If we unite our strength to resist them, we may yet achieve merit; If we disperse, none of us will survive unscathed.' Moreover, Wancheng has not yet fallen, <Meaning Bo Sheng's siege has not yet taken it.> Unable to aid one another, Kunyang will fall immediately, and within a single day, all our various units will be annihilated as well. If we do not now unite our hearts and resolve to achieve merit and fame together, do you wish instead to protect your wives, children, and possessions? >The various generals angrily exclaimed: 'General Liu, how dare you speak in such a manner!' >Guangwu smiled and rose to his feet. Just then the scouting cavalry returned, reporting that a massive army was approaching north of the city, with battle formations stretching hundreds of li, their rear invisible. The various generals hurriedly said to one another: 'Let us consult General Liu's strategy once more.' >Guangwu once more outlined the possibilities of victory and defeat. The various generals, filled with worry and urgency, all agreed. At this time the city held only eight or nine thousand men. Guangwu ordered the Duke of Chengguo Wang Feng and Grand General of the Court of Judicial Review Wang Chang to remain and defend it, while he himself went out at night with the Grand General of Agile Cavalry Zong Tiao, <The Grand General of Agile Cavalry was created by Emperor Wu, first held by Huo Qubing. Tiao is pronounced tai yao fan.> Five Majestic General Li Yi and thirteen other cavalrymen, <Wang Mang created the Five Majestic Generals, whose robes followed the colors of the five cardinal directions to intimidate the empire. Li Yi initially adopted it as a provisional title.> Exited through the south gate of the city and assembled troops beyond the walls. At this moment, Wang Mang's forces that had reached the city walls numbered nearly 100,000; Guangwu almost could not break out. <Ji is pronounced qi.> Upon reaching Yan and Dingling, they mobilized troops from all the camps, but the various generals, greedy for spoils, wanted to divide them up and leave some behind for defense. Guangwu said: 'If we defeat the enemy now, precious treasures will multiply ten thousand times, <Bao is the ancient form of the character 'bao' (treasure).> great merit can be accomplished; if we are defeated by them, not a single head will survive—what goods would remain!' >The multitude then complied.
6
嚴尤說王邑曰:「昆陽城小而堅,今假號者在宛,亟進大兵 〈亟,急也,音紀力反。〉 ,彼必奔走; 宛敗,昆陽自服。 」邑曰:「吾昔以虎牙將軍圍翟義,坐不生得,以見責讓。 〈翟義字文仲,方進少子,為東郡太守。 王莽居攝,義心惡之,乃立東平王雲子信為天子,義自號柱天大將軍,以誅莽。 莽乃使孫建、王邑等將兵擊義,破之。 義亡,自殺,故坐不生得。 坐音才卧反。 見《前書》。〉 今將百萬之衆,遇城而不能下,何謂邪?」 〈「遇」或為「過」。〉 遂圍之數十重,列營百數,雲車十餘丈, 〈雲車即樓車,稱雲,言其高也,升之以望敵,猶墨子云「公輸般為雲梯之械」。〉 瞰臨城中, 〈俯視曰瞰,音苦暫反。〉 旗幟蔽野, 〈《廣雅》曰:「幟,幡也,音熾。」〉 埃塵連天,鉦鼓之聲聞數百里。 〈《說文》曰:「鉦,鐃也,似鈴。」〉 或為地道,衝輣橦城。 〈衝,橦車也。 詩曰:「臨衝閑閑。 」許慎曰:「輣,樓車也。 」輣音步耕反。〉 積弩亂發,矢下如雨,城中負戶而汲。 王鳳等乞降,不許。 尋、邑自以為功在漏刻,意氣甚逸。 夜有流星墜營中,晝有雲如壞山,當營而隕,不及地尺而散,吏士皆厭伏。 〈《續漢志》曰:「雲如壞山,謂營頭之星也。 占曰:『營頭之所墜,其下覆軍殺將,血流千里。 』」厭音一葉反。〉
Yan You advised Wang Yi: 'Kunyang city is small but impregnable. The pretender to the throne is currently in Wan. Quickly advance the main army <Ji means urgent, pronounced ji li fan.> and they will surely flee in disorder; once Wan falls, Kunyang will surrender without a fight.' >Yi replied: 'Once I surrounded Zhai Yi as Tiger Fang General, but because I failed to capture him alive, I was censured and reprimanded.' <Zhai Yi, courtesy name Wenzhong, was the youngest son of Fang Jin and served as Grand Administrator of Dongjun commandery. When Wang Mang served as regent, Yi hated him in his heart, so he enthroned Xin, son of Dongping King Yun, as Son of Heaven. Yi proclaimed himself Pillar Heaven Grand General to execute Wang Mang. Wang Mang then dispatched Sun Jian, Wang Yi, and others to lead troops against Yi, defeating him. Yi was dead—he had taken his own life—so under the law he counted as never having been captured alive. The commentary records the fanqie reading cai-wo for the word taken as 'offense' in this sentence. See the Book of Former Han.> Here I command a host in the hundreds of thousands, yet a single city blocks me—what kind of generalship is that?" <One variant substitutes the graph meaning 'pass by' for the one meaning 'encounter'.> They ringed the city in layer upon layer, pitched camp after camp—hundreds of them—and rolled up siege towers, the so-called cloud-ladders, more than ten zhang tall, <Commentary: the 'cloud-cart' is the assault tower; the name evokes height. Troops climbed it to overlook the walls—Mozi records Gongshu Ban's 'cloud-ladder' machines.> from which they peered straight down into the streets below, <The gloss defines the verb as 'look down from a height' and gives the fanqie ku-zan.> flags and pennants blotted out the open ground, <The Guangya defines the streamer word and assigns it the same reading as 'blaze' (zhi).> a haze of dust climbed to the heavens, while gongs and drums rolled for hundreds of li around. <The Shuowen classifies the signal bell as a variety of nao, hand-bell sized.> Sappers drove tunnels; rams and crowbars hammered the battlements. <The battering-ram is the assault engine. The Classic of Poetry has: 'Their rams rolled up, slow and steady.' Xu Shen glosses the siege-tower cart as the tall rolling tower. The commentary gives bu-geng as the fanqie for the siege-tower graph.> Volley-fire from heavy crossbows darkened the air; bolts fell like rain, and defenders had to hug their doors just to reach the wells. Wang Feng's party offered to yield; Wang Xun and Wang Yi would not hear of it. Wang Xun and Wang Yi were sure the city would fall within the hour; they grew cocky beyond measure. A meteor streaked into their lines at night; by day a mountain-shaped cloud broke over the encampment and dissolved a foot short of the earth—every soldier went cold with dread. <The Xu Han zhi explains the omen: a cloud like a shattered peak is the camp-head phenomenon. Prognostication reads: 'Where that star strikes, hosts perish and commanders die; blood may wash a thousand li.' The graph in question is read yi-ye, meaning to shrink or cower.>
7
六月己卯,光武遂與營部俱進,自將步騎千餘,前去大軍四五里而陳。 尋、邑亦遣兵數千合戰。 光武奔之,斬首數十級。 〈秦法,斬首一,賜爵一級,故因謂斬首為級。〉 諸部喜曰:「劉將軍平生見小敵怯,今見大敵勇,甚可怪也,且復居前。 請助將軍! 」光武復進,尋、邑兵却,諸部共乘之,斬首數百千級。 連勝,遂前。 時伯升拔宛已三日,而光武尚未知,乃偽使持書報城中,云「宛下兵到」,而陽墯其書。 尋、邑得之,不憙。 〈憙音許記反。〉 諸將旣經累捷,膽氣益壯,無不一當百。 光武乃與敢死者三千人,從城西水上衝其中堅, 〈敢死謂果敢而死者。 凡軍事,中軍將最尊,居中以堅銳自輔,故曰中堅也。〉 尋、邑陳亂,乘銳崩之,遂殺王尋。 城中亦鼓譟而出,中外合埶,震呼動天地,莽兵大潰,走者相騰踐,奔殪百餘里閒。 〈殪,仆也,音於計反。 或作「噎」。〉 會大雷風,屋瓦皆飛,雨下如注,滍川盛溢, 〈水經曰,滍水出南陽魯陽縣西堯山,東南經昆陽城北,東入汝。 滍音直理反。〉 虎豹皆股戰,士卒爭赴,溺死者以萬數,水為不流。 〈數過於萬,故以萬為數。〉 王邑、嚴尤、陳茂輕騎乘死人度水逃去。 盡獲其軍實輜重,車甲珍寶,不可勝筭,舉之連月不盡,或燔燒其餘。
On jimao in the sixth month Guangwu moved out with the allied camps, taking personal command of just over a thousand cavalry and infantry, and halted four or five li in front of the main army to form line. Wang Xun and Wang Yi likewise detached a few thousand men to meet him. Guangwu drove straight in and took several dozen heads in the first clash. <Qin practice awarded a noble grade per head; hence military tallies were still spoken of as rank-counts from beheadings.> The other columns exclaimed: 'General Liu has always hung back against petty enemies—now he throws himself at the mighty host! How odd—and he is out in front again.' Let us reinforce him!" Guangwu pressed the attack; Wang Xun's line buckled; the allied units piled in and piled up hundreds upon hundreds of heads. Win followed win, and the Han vanguard kept pushing. Bo Sheng had captured Wan three days earlier, though Guangwu had not yet heard; he had a courier 'lose' a dispatch to the besieged city claiming that Wan's garrison was marching to the rescue. When Wang Xun and Wang Yi read it, their faces fell. <The graph meaning 'pleased' is glossed xu-ji.> Flush with a run of successes, every officer fought as if he were worth a hundred men. Guangwu led three thousand volunteers along the stream west of Kunyang and rammed the enemy's iron core, <'Dare-to-die' troops were picked men sworn to fight to the last. In Han usage the general-in-chief stood in the middle, screened by his best unit—hence the phrase 'central firm' for that crack corps.> Wang Xun's line collapsed; Guangwu's men rode the momentum and cut down Wang Xun himself. The defenders thundered out to join the attack; inner blow and outer blow met; Mang's host disintegrated into a stampede that left the plain strewn with bodies for a hundred li. <The word means to fall prostrate; the reading given is yu-ji. Some manuscripts use the homophone meaning 'to choke' instead.> A storm broke—tiles flew, rain fell in sheets, and the Zhi torrent rose until its banks burst, <The Shuijing notes that the Zhi rises west of Mount Yao in Luyang (Nanyang), skirts Kunyang on the north, and joins the Ru to the east. The commentary gives zhi-li as the reading for the river-name graph.> Even the army's tigers and leopards shook in their haunches; men threw themselves into the flood until corpses choked the current and the river seemed to stand still. <The note explains that 'by the ten thousands' means a figure exceeding a full wan.> Wang Yi, Yan You, and Chen Mao escaped on fast horses, using floating corpses as rafts to ford the stream. The victors seized ordnance, wagons, mail, and treasure beyond counting—months of hauling could not move it all, and much was simply burned where it lay.
8
光武因復徇下潁陽。 〈縣名,屬潁川郡,故城在今許州。〉 會伯升為更始所害,光武自父城馳詣宛謝。 〈父城,縣,古應國也,屬潁川郡,故城在今許州葉縣東北。 以伯升見害,心不自安,故謝。〉 司徒官屬迎弔光武,光武難交私語,深引過而已。 未甞自伐昆陽之功,又不敢為伯升服喪,飲食言笑如平常。 更始以是慙,拜光武為破虜大將軍,封武信侯。
Guangwu then swept on and brought Yingyang to heel. <Yingyang county in Yingchuan; the ancient site lay in what was later called Xu prefecture, in modern Henan.> When the Gengshi regime murdered Bo Sheng, Guangwu raced from Fucheng to the capital at Wan to make his submission. <Fucheng in Yingchuan was the old Ying domain; its ruins lie northeast of Ye county (Xuchang). He went to disclaim any complicity in his brother's death, for he knew his own position was precarious.> Minister of Education Liu's subordinates came to offer sympathy; Guangwu refused intimate talk and confined himself to abject self-blame. He never mentioned the victory at Kunyang, dared not wear mourning for his brother, and kept to ordinary meals and conversation. Shamed by such restraint, Emperor Gengshi named him General Who Destroys Captives and Marquis of Wuxin.
9
九月庚戌,三輔豪桀共誅王莽,傳首詣宛。 〈三輔謂京兆、左馮翊、右扶風,共在長安中,分領諸縣。 淮南子曰:「智過百人謂之豪。 」白虎通云:「賢萬人曰傑。 」時城中少年子弟張魚等攻莽於漸臺,商人杜吳殺莽,校尉公賔就斬莽首,將軍申屠建等傳莽首詣宛。〉
On gengxu in the ninth month the gentry militias of the capital region slew Wang Mang and forwarded his head to Wan. <'Three Adjuncts' denotes the metropolitan region—Jingzhao, Left Fengyi, and Right Fufeng—around Chang'an. The Huainanzi defines a hao as a man wiser than a hundred ordinary fellows. The Baihu tong calls an outstanding champion a jie—a hero among ten thousand. Inside Chang'an, young bravos led by Zhang Yu stormed the Jian Terrace; the shopkeeper Du Wu struck Mang down; Colonel Gongbin Jiu severed the head; generals such as Shentu Jian carried it south to Wan.>
10
更始將北都洛陽,以光武行司隷校尉,使前整修宮府。 〈《前書》曰:司隷校尉本周官,武帝初置,持節,從中都官徒千二百人,督大姦猾。 後罷其兵,察三輔、三河、弘農。 秩比二千石。 音義云:「以掌徒隷而巡察,故曰司隷。」〉 於是置僚屬,作文移, 〈《東觀記》曰「文書移與屬縣」也。〉 從事司察,一如舊章。 〈《續漢書》曰:「司隷置從事史十二人,秩皆百石,主督促文書,察舉非法。」〉 時三輔吏士東迎更始,見諸將過,皆冠幘, 〈漢官儀曰:「幘者,古之卑賤不冠者之所服也。 」方言曰:「覆髻謂之幘,或謂之承露。」〉 而服婦人衣,諸于繡镼, 〈《前書》音義曰:「諸于,大掖衣也,如婦人之褂衣。 」字書無「镼」字,續漢書作「䘿」,並音其物反。 楊雄方言曰:「襜褕,其短者,自關之西謂之『䘪䘿』。 」郭璞注云:「俗名䘿掖。 」據此,即是諸于上加繡䘿,如今之半臂也。 或「繡」下有「擁」字。〉 莫不笑之,或有畏而走者。 〈《續漢志》曰:「時知者見之,以為服之不中,身之災也,乃奔入邊郡避之。 是服妖也。 其後更始遂為赤眉所殺。」〉 及見司隷僚屬,皆歡喜不自勝。 老吏或垂涕曰:「不圖今日復見漢官威儀! 」由是識者皆屬心焉。
As Gengshi prepared to shift the court to Luoyang, he put Guangwu in charge as acting Metropolitan Governor to put the western palaces in order. <The Han shu explains that the Metropolitan Governorship revived a Zhou antecedent; Emperor Wu first instituted it with imperial staff and twelve hundred guards to hunt major criminals. Later the armed escort was stripped away, leaving the office to audit the capital districts, the three He commanderies, and Hongnong. Its rank matched the two-thousand-shi ministers. One gloss explains that watching convict labor gave the office its name as metropolitan convict-inspector. Guangwu at once set up a full secretariat and issued the standard forms of dispatch, <The Dongguan ji recalls 'written orders forwarded to every county under his eye.'> and his investigators policed the region exactly as in Former Han times. <The Xu Han shu lists twelve attendant investigators at one hundred shi, auditing documents and denouncing abuses.> When the local elite rode east to greet Gengshi, they saw imperial generals ride by in nothing but kerchiefs, <The Han guan yi remarks that the ze was humble headgear for men who went bareheaded by custom. Yang Xiong's Fangyan adds that a wrap over the topknot was also called a 'dew-catcher.'> yet those same officers flounced past in women's blouses with embroidered half-sleeves, <Han shu yin yi describes the zhu-yu as a broad-cut robe resembling a woman's gown. Lexicons omit the rare sleeve graph; the Xu Han shu spells it with a variant, both read qi-wu. Yang Xiong records that west of Hangu the short chan-yu robe was called xuan-jue. Guo Pu notes the folk term 'jue-sleeve' for the cut-off cuff. Taken together, the costume was a woman's upper gown with embroidered half-sleeves—much like a modern short jacket. Some editions insert 'gather' after 'embroidered' in the compound.> The onlookers roared with laughter—or bolted in superstitious fear. <The omen treatise remarks that sensible men took the mismatched dress for a portent of doom and fled to the frontier. Such dress counted as a 'clothing anomaly.' Sure enough, Gengshi later fell to the Red Eyebrows.> When the same crowds saw Guangwu's metropolitan staff, joy overwhelmed them. Veteran clerks wept: 'We never thought we would live to see Han dignity on the roads again!' Men of judgment knew then where true authority lay.
11
及更始至洛陽,乃遣光武以破虜將軍行大司馬事。 十月,持節北度河, 〈漢官儀曰:「太尉,秦官也,武帝更名大司馬。 」節,所以為信也,以竹為之,柄長八尺,以旄牛尾為其眊三重。 馮衍與田邑書曰:「今以一節之任,建三軍之威,豈特寵其八尺之竹,犛牛之尾哉! 」《續漢志》曰:「更始時,南方有童謠云:『諧不諧,在赤眉; 得不得,在河北。 』後更始為赤眉所殺,是不諧也; 光武由河北而興,是得之也。」〉 鎮慰州郡。 所到部縣,輒見二千石、長吏、三老、官屬,下至佐史, 〈二千百謂郡守也。 長吏謂縣令長及丞尉也。 三老者,郷官也。 高祖置。 《前書》曰:「舉人年五十已上,有修行能帥衆者,置以為三老,每郷一人; 擇郷三老為縣三老,與令長丞尉以事相敎,復其傜戍。 」《續漢志》曰「每刺史皆有從事史、假佐,每縣各置諸事曹史」也。〉 考察黜陟,如州牧行部事。 〈漢初遣丞相史分刺州,武帝改置刺史,察州,秩六百石。 成帝更名牧,秩二千石。 漢官典儀曰「刺史行郡國,省察政敎,黜陟能不,斷理冤獄」也。〉 輒平遣囚徒,除王莽苛政, 〈《說文》曰:「苛,小草也。 」言政令繁細。 禮記曰:「苛政猛於虎。」〉 復漢官名。 吏人喜恱,爭持牛酒迎勞。
Once Gengshi settled at Luoyang, he sent Guangwu north as acting Grand Marshal while retaining the title General Who Destroys Captives. In the tenth month he took imperial insignia and crossed the river into Hebei, <The Grand Marshal's post was the old Qin Grand Commandant, renamed under Emperor Wu.> The fu credential was an eight-chi bamboo baton hung with triple strands of yak tail to seal orders. Feng Yan once asked Tian Yi whether such awe rested on 'nothing but eight chi of bamboo and a yak's tail.' The Xu Han zhi preserves a Gengshi-era children's song: 'Whether peace comes lies with the Red Eyebrows; whether the throne is won lies with Hebei.' Gengshi died at the hands of the Red Eyebrows—not harmony, while Guangwu rose from the north—gaining it, as the rhyme foretold.> His mission was to calm and reassure every circuit he passed through. Wherever he went he called in the prefects, county heads, village elders, and every clerk from senior aides down to copyists, <The two-thousand-shi grade means the commandery governor. By 'senior magistrates' the gloss means the county magistrate or chief, plus the assistant and sheriff. The three elders were officially recognized village headmen. Emperor Gaozu had instituted the office. The Han shu prescribes: choose men past fifty of proven character who can guide the people; name one three-elder per township; promote a township elder to county elder, and let him counsel the magistrate, chief, assistant, and sheriff while exempting him from corvée and frontier service.' The Xu Han zhi adds that each inspector keeps attendants and aides, and every county maintains its bureau staff.> He audited local government much as a regional inspector on tour would, <Early Han used the Chancellor's agents to watch the circuits; Emperor Wu replaced them with regional inspectors at six hundred shi, and under Emperor Cheng the post became 'shepherd' at two thousand shi. The Han guan dian yi says inspectors on circuit review policy, advance able men, right wrongful jails, and censure the inept.> He emptied the jails where he could and repealed Mang's petty tyrannies, <The Shuowen glosses ke as a tiny weed— hence by extension 'nit-picking rule.' The Liji warns that oppressive law is worse than a tiger.> He brought back the old Han table of ranks and titles. Clerks and townsfolk were delighted, pressing beef and wine on his escort at every stop.
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進至邯鄲, 〈縣名,屬趙國,今洺州縣也。 《前書》音義:「邯,山名; 鄲,盡也。 邯山至此而盡。 城郭字皆從邑,因以名焉。」〉 故趙繆王子林 〈繆王,景帝七代孫,名元。 《前書》曰,元坐殺人,為大鴻臚所奏。 謚曰繆,音謬。 《東觀記》曰「林」作「臨」字。〉 說光武曰:「赤眉今在河東,但決水灌之,百萬之衆可使為魚。」 〈赤眉賊帥樊崇等恐其衆與王莽兵亂,皆朱其眉以相別,故曰赤眉。 《續漢書》曰:「是時上平河北,過邯鄲,林進見,言赤眉可破。 上問其故,對曰:『河水從列人北流; 如決河水灌之,皆可令為魚。 』上不然之。 」列人,縣,故城在今洺州肥郷縣東北。〉 光武不荅,去之真定。 〈縣名,屬真定國,今恒州縣也。〉 林於是乃詐以卜者王郎為成帝子子輿, 〈《前書》曰,立國將軍孫建奏云「不知何一男子遮臣車前,自稱漢氏劉子輿,成帝下妻子也,劉氏當復」。 故郎因而稱之。〉 十二月,立郎為天子,都邯鄲,遂遣使者降下郡國。
He pressed on to Handan, <Handan county in Zhao; the town lies in present-day southern Hebei around the old Mingzhou prefecture. The Han shu yin yi derives Han from the hill, and dan as 'exhausted' or 'ended,' because the Han range stops there. City names take the 'mound' radical, whence the compound.> there waited Lin, son of Prince Miu of Zhao, <Prince Miu was Emperor Jing's seventh-generation descendant, Yuan by name. The Han shu records that Yuan was denounced to the Grand Herald for murder, and received the posthumous epithet Miu, punning on 'blunder.' The Dongguan ji variant spells his name with the character for 'approach' instead of 'forest'.> Lin told him: 'The Red Eyebrows are camped in Hedong—cut the levees and you will drown a hundred thousand rebels like minnows in a pond.'" <Fan Chong's host dyed their brows red so as not to merge with Mang's soldiers—hence the nickname Red Eyebrows. The Xu Han shu narrates: while Guangwu secured Hebei and passed Handan, Lin claimed he could finish the Red Eyebrows, The emperor asked how; Lin said the main channel ran north of Lieren county, and a deliberate break would sheet the floodplain until every man swam with the carp.' Guangwu dismissed the scheme. Lieren lay northeast of present-day Feixiang in southern Hebei.> He gave no reply and rode on toward Zhending, <Zhending county in the Zhending princedom—modern Zhengding near Shijiazhuang.> Lin then spread the fraud that the fortune-teller Wang Lang was Emperor Cheng's lost son Ziyu, <The Han shu cites General Sun Jian's memorial about a stranger who blocked his carriage claiming to be Liu Ziyu, Chengdi's posthumous heir, and Wang Lang simply recycled the imposture.> That winter they crowned Wang Lang at Handan and issued edicts demanding every circuit submit.
13
二年正月,光武以王郎新盛,乃北徇薊。 〈縣名,屬涿郡,今幽州縣也。 本字從「契」從「邑」,見說文。〉 王郎移檄購光武十萬戶, 〈《說文》曰:「檄,以木簡為書,長尺二寸。 謂之檄,以徵召也。 」又曰:「以財有所求曰購。 」魏武奏事曰:「若有急,即插以雞羽,謂之羽檄。」〉 而故廣陽王子劉接 〈廣陽王名嘉,武帝五代孫。〉 起兵薊中以應郎,城內擾亂,轉相驚恐,言邯鄲使者方到,二千石以下皆出迎。 於是光武趣駕南轅, 〈趣,急也,讀曰促。〉 晨夜不敢入城邑,舍食道傍。 至饒陽, 〈縣名,屬安平國,在饒河之陽,故城在今瀛州饒陽縣東北。〉 官屬皆乏食。 光武乃自稱邯鄲使者,入傳舍。 〈客館也。 傳音知戀反,下同。〉 傳吏方進食,從者飢,爭奪之。 傳吏疑其偽,乃椎鼓數十通, 〈椎音直追反。〉 紿言邯鄲將軍至, 〈紿,言欺誑也,音殆。〉 官屬皆失色。 光武升車欲馳; 旣而懼不免,徐還坐,曰:「請邯鄲將軍入。 」乆乃駕去。 傳中人遙語門者閉之。 門長曰:「天下詎可知,而閉長者乎? 」遂得南出。 晨夜兼行,蒙犯霜雪, 〈蒙,冒也。〉 天時寒,面皆破裂。 至呼沱河, 〈《山海經》云:「太戲之山,滹沱之水出焉。 」在今代州繁畤縣東,流經定州深澤縣東南,即光武所度處,今俗猶謂之危度口。 臣賢案:呼沱河舊在饒陽南,至魏太祖曹操因饒河故瀆決,令北注新溝水,所以今在饒陽縣北。〉 無船,適遇冰合,得過, 〈《續漢書》曰:「時冰滑馬僵,乃各以囊盛沙,布冰上度焉。」〉 未畢數車而陷。 進至下博城西, 〈下博,縣,屬信都國。 在博水之下,故曰下博。 故城在今兾州下博縣南。〉 遑惑不知所之。 有白衣老父在道旁, 〈老父蓋神人也,今下博縣西猶有祠堂。〉 指曰:「努力! 信都郡為長安守,去此八十里。」 〈信都郡,今兾州也。〉 光武即馳赴之,信都太守任光開門出迎。 世祖因發旁縣,得四千人,先擊堂陽、貰縣,皆降之。 〈堂陽及貰並屬鉅鹿郡。 堂陽在堂水之陽,今兾州縣,故城在今兾州鹿城縣西南。 貰音時夜反。〉 王莽和成卒正邳彤亦舉郡降。 〈《東觀記》曰:「王莽分鉅鹿為和成郡。 」卒正,職如太守。〉 又昌城人劉植,宋子人耿純, 〈昌城,縣,屬信都國,故城在今兾州西北。 宋子,縣,屬鉅鹿郡,故城在今趙州平棘縣北。〉 各率宗親子弟,據其縣邑,以奉光武。 於是北降下曲陽, 〈縣名,屬鉅鹿郡。 常山郡有上曲陽,故此言下。〉 衆稍合,樂附者至有數萬人。
In the first month of the second Gengshi year, as Wang Lang's power peaked, Guangwu struck north for Ji county, <Ji lay in Zhuo commandery—present-day Ji county on Beijing's southwest flank. The orthography couples 'bond' with the place radical, per the Shuowen.> Wang Lang's proclamation promised a fief of a hundred thousand households to whoever seized him, <A xi proclamation was a foot-long wooden slip, named from its use in summonses, and gou meant a posted reward. Cao Cao's office rules add that urgent despatches carried a chicken feather.> while Liu Jie, son of the late Prince of Guangyang, <The prince's name was Jia, five generations down from Emperor Wu.> rose inside Ji for Wang Lang. Panic spread through the garrison: rumor said Handan's heralds were at the gates, and every official under two thousand shi rushed out to greet them. Guangwu whipped his carriage about and fled south, <The graph here means 'hurry' and is read like cu.> too frightened to enter walled towns by day or night; the column slept and ate in the ditches. They reached Raoyang, <Raoyang in Anping princedom—north of the Rao River, northeast of the modern county of the same name in Hebei.> His followers were starving. Guangwu bluffed his way into the post-house as a courier from Handan, <That is, the government hostel for traveling officials. The commentary gives the fanqie zhi-lian for chuan, here meaning relay station.> The postmaster was laying out a meal; the famished escort fell on the trays, which convinced the clerk he had impostors—he began pounding the alarm drum, <Chui 'to pound' is read zhi-zhui.> shouting that the Handan general had come, <Dai here means to lie, read like the dai of 'peril.'> Guangwu's officers went white. He leapt for his carriage to bolt, then thought better of it, sauntered back to his seat, and drawled, 'Show the general in.' A long, tense pause later he cantered off. A voice from the hostel yard ordered the gates barred, but the gate captain retorted, 'Who can read fate well enough to lock out a great man?' So the gates stayed open and Guangwu slipped south. They doubled day and night through ice and sleet, <Meng means to face into, until the cold split their cheeks raw. They came to the Hutuo River, <The Shan hai jing places the source on Mount Taixi, east of Fanzhi in Shanxi, then southeast past Shenze—this was Guangwu's crossing, still remembered as the 'peril ford.' Li Xian adds that the river shifted north after Cao Cao cut new channels, which is why it now lies north of Raoyang.> There was no ferry; the surface froze solid just in time, The Xu Han shu says men spread sand from sacks on the slick ice to get the horses across.> Only the last wagons broke through before they cleared the span. They pushed on to the west side of Xiabo, <Xiabo county in Xindu princedom, so named because it sits downstream on the Bo River, the ruins lying south of the modern Hebei county.> No one knew which road led to safety. An old man in white stood by the track, <Tradition calls him a deity; a shrine still marks the spot west of Xiabo.> He pointed and said, 'Press on!' Xindu commandery still flies Han's banner for Chang'an—only eighty li ahead.'" <That is the Xindu circuit around modern Hengshui in Hebei.> Guangwu spurred for Xindu, where Prefect Ren Guang threw open the walls to receive him. He then drafted four thousand men from nearby counties, struck Tangyang and Shi, and both places yielded, <Both counties stood in Julu commandery, Tangyang south of the Tang stream—southwest of present Lucheng in Hebei, Shi is read shi-ye.> while Pi Tong, Wang Mang's Heqing garrison commandant, brought his whole commandery over to Han. <The Dongguan ji notes that Mang carved Heqing out of Julu. The Heqing 'corps commandant' held powers equivalent to a prefect.> Liu Zhi from Changcheng and Geng Chun from Songzi joined him, <Changcheng lay in Xindu; the ruins stand northwest of the Hengshui region. Songzi was in Julu, north of present Pingxiang in Hebei.> each mustering kinsmen to hold his home county for Guangwu. He then took Lower Quyang on the march north, <Lower Quyang was a Julu county, distinguished from Upper Quyang in Changshan by the prefix 'Lower.'> Reinforcements trickled in until glad volunteers numbered in the tens of thousands.
14
復北擊中山, 〈中山,國,一名中人亭,故城在今定州唐縣東北。 張曜中山記曰:「城中有山,故曰中山。」〉 拔盧奴。 〈縣名,屬中山國,故城在今定州安喜縣。 水經注曰:「縣有黑水故池,水黑曰盧,不流曰奴,因以為名。」〉 所過發奔命兵, 〈《前書》音義曰:「舊時郡國皆有材官、騎士,若有急難,權取驍勇者聞命奔赴,故謂之『奔命』。」〉 移檄邊部,共擊邯鄲,郡縣還復響應。 南擊新市、真定、元氏、防子,皆下之, 〈新市,縣,屬鉅鹿郡,故城在今恒州東北。 元氏、房子,屬常山郡,並今趙州縣也。 防與房古字通用。〉 因入趙界。
He next drove into the Zhongshan princedom, <Zhongshan's capital sat northeast of present Tang county in Hebei, named from an in-town hill per Zhang Yao's local gazetteer.> and stormed Luunu. <Luunu belonged to Zhongshan; the site is near present Anxi, the Shuijing zhu deriving the name from a stagnant black pool.> Along the route he impressed 'run-on-signal' militia, <Han shu yin yi: standing militia were called out in crisis for instant marches—'run-on-signal' levies.> He sent circulars to the frontier garrisons to coordinate against Handan, and county after county answered. A southern sweep took Xinshi, Zhending, Yuanshi, and Fangzi in succession, <Xinshi in Julu—northeast of the old Hengzhou belt, while Yuanshi and Fangzi lay in Changshan, in the southern Zhao plain. Editors note that the county name could be spelled with either the 'dike' or the 'chamber' graph.> With that he crossed into the Zhao heartland.
15
時王郎大將李育屯柏人, 〈縣名,屬趙國,今邢州縣,故城在縣之西北。〉 漢兵不知而進,前部偏將朱浮、鄧禹為育所破,亡失輜重。 光武在後聞之,收浮、禹散卒,與育戰於郭門,大破之,盡得其所獲。 育還保城,攻之不下,於是引兵拔廣阿。 〈縣名,屬鉅鹿郡,故城在今趙州象城縣西北。〉 會上谷太守耿況、漁陽太守彭寵 〈上谷,郡,故城在今媯州懷戎縣。 漁陽,郡,在漁水之陽,今幽州縣。〉 各遣其將吳漢、寇恂等將突騎來助擊王郎, 〈突騎,言能衝突軍陣。〉 更始亦遣尚書僕射謝躬討郎, 〈漢官儀曰:「尚書四員,武帝置,成帝加一為五。 有常侍曹尚書,主丞相御史事; 二千石尚書,主刺史、二千石事; 戶曹尚書,主人庶上書事; 主客尚書,主外國四夷事; 成帝加三公尚書,主斷獄事。 僕射,秦官也。 僕,主也。 古者重武事,每官必有主射以督課之。 」謝躬為尚書僕射。〉 光武因大饗士卒,遂東圍鉅鹿。 王郎守將王饒堅守,月餘不下。 郎遣將倪宏、劉奉 〈倪音五兮反。〉 率數萬人救鉅鹿,光武逆戰於南䜌, 〈縣名,屬鉅鹿郡,故城在今邢州柏人縣東北。 左傳齊國夏伐晉取欒,即其地也。 其後南徙,故加「南」。 今俗謂之倫城,聲之轉也。 䜌音力全反。〉 斬首數千級。 四月,進圍邯鄲,連戰破之。 五月甲辰,拔其城,誅王郎。 收文書,得吏人與郎交關謗毀者數千章。 光武不省,會諸將軍燒之,曰:「令反側子自安。」 〈反側,不安也。 詩國風曰:「展轉反側。」〉
Wang Lang's general Li Yu held Bairen, <Bairen in Zhao—northwest of present Longyao in Xingtai prefecture.> Unaware, the Han vanguard under Zhu Fu and Deng Yu walked into an ambush and lost their wagons, but Guangwu collected the stragglers, met Li Yu at the outer gate of Bairen, routed him, and recaptured every cart. Li Yu shut himself inside; a siege would not crack the walls, so Guangwu swung away and stormed Guang'a, <Guang'a in Julu—northwest of the old Xiangcheng county seat.> About then Geng Kuang of Shanggu and Peng Chong of Yuyang, <Shanggu's walls stood in the Beijing northwest hills, while Yuyang took its name from the 'sunny' north bank of the Yu River.> each dispatched Wu Han, Kou Xun, and other captains with shock cavalry to reinforce the campaign against Wang Lang, <'Shock horse' meant troopers trained to pierce a battle line.> Emperor Gengshi ordered Vice Director Xie Gong to operate against Wang Lang, <The Secretariat began with four bureaus under Emperor Wu; Emperor Cheng added a fifth, among them the palace bureau watched the Chancellor and censor, another tracked inspectors and two-thousand-shi prefects, the household bureau handled common petitions, the host-guest secretariat handled relations with foreign courts and frontier peoples, and Chengdi added a 'three dukes' desk for appellate justice. The title vice director (pushe) was Qin in origin, pu meaning 'to oversee,' because every department once kept a master archer to drill its men. Xie Gong held that vice directorship.> Guangwu feasted the army and swung east to invest Julu, where Wang Rao held the walls for more than a month without yielding. Wang Lang then detached Ni Hong and Liu Feng <The surname Ni is read wu-xi.> with tens of thousands to raise the siege; Guangwu intercepted them at Nanluan, <Nanluan in Julu—northeast of present Bairen, the spot where the Zuo zhuan places the Jin town of Luan, later relocated southward—hence the prefix 'South,' folk pronunciation turning the name toward 'Luncheng.' The graph in the place name is read li-quan.> The Han charge took several thousand heads. In the fourth month he closed on Handan and beat sortie after sortie, and on jiachen in the fifth month the city fell and Wang Lang died. His clerks bagged cartloads of letters in which locals had flattered Wang Lang or defamed Guangwu, but he never opened them—he fed the pile to the flames before his captains, saying, 'Let every man who wavered sleep soundly tonight.'" <Fan-ce means restless minds, as in the Odes: 'I toss and turn and cannot rest.'>
16
更始遣侍御史持節立光武為蕭王, 〈蕭,縣,屬沛郡,今徐州縣也。 《續漢書》曰:「更始使侍御史黃黨封上為蕭王。」〉 悉令罷兵詣行在所。 〈蔡邕獨斷曰:「天子以四海為家,故謂所居為行在所。」〉 光武辭以河北未平,不就徵。 自是始貳於更始。 〈貳,離異也。〉
Gengshi then sent an attendant censor with the imperial baton to invest him as Prince of Xiao, <Xiao county in Pei—the belt around modern Pei county in northern Jiangsu, the Xu Han shu naming Huang Dang as the envoy who bore the patent.> The edict ordered him to disband his army and report to the mobile court, <Cai Yong explains that the emperor's camp is always 'where he happens to be.'> Guangwu pleaded unfinished business in Hebei and stayed put, and from that moment his loyalty to Gengshi was divided. <Er means estrangement.>
17
是時長安政亂,四方背叛。 梁王劉永擅命睢陽, 〈縣名,屬梁郡,今宋州也。 擅,專也。〉 公孫述稱王巴蜀, 〈蜀有巴郡,故緫言之。〉 李憲自立為淮南王, 〈淮南,郡,今壽州也。〉 秦豐自號楚黎王, 〈習鑿齒襄陽記曰:「秦豐,黎丘郷人。 黎丘楚地,故稱楚黎王。 」黎丘故城在今襄州率道縣北。〉 張步起琅邪, 〈郡有琅邪山,故城,今海州朐山縣東北。〉 董憲起東海, 〈郡名,今海州縣。〉 延岑起漢中, 〈郡名,故城在今梁州南鄭縣東北。〉 田戎起夷陵, 〈縣名,屬南郡。 有夷山,故曰夷陵,今硤州縣也,故城在今縣西北。〉 並置將帥,侵略郡縣。 又別號諸賊銅馬、大肜、高湖、重連、鐵脛、大搶、尤來、上江、青犢、五校、檀郷、五幡、五樓、富平、獲索等, 〈諸賊或以山川土地為名,或以軍容彊盛為號。 銅馬賊帥東山荒禿、上淮況等,大肜渠帥樊重,尤來渠帥樊崇,五校賊帥高扈,檀郷賊帥董次仲,五樓賊帥張文,富平賊帥徐少,獲索賊帥古師郎等,並見東觀記。〉 各領部曲, 〈《續漢志》曰:「大將軍營有五部,部三校尉。 部下有曲,曲有軍候一人。」〉 衆合數百萬人,所在寇掠。
While Chang'an slid into anarchy and the provinces rose, Liu Yong, king of Liang, dictated law from Suiyang, <Suiyang in Liang—modern Shangqiu on the Henan plain, <Shan here means to act unilaterally.> Gongshu Shu crowned himself in the Ba–Shu basin, <Ba and Shu are paired because Ba was a Shu neighbor.> Li Xian styled himself king of Huainan, <The old Huainan commandery around Shou county.> Qin Feng proclaimed himself 'Chu king of Liqiu,' <Xi Zuochi records Qin Feng as a native of Liqiu township, Chu ground—hence the royal style 'Chu of Li,' with its old mound north of present Yicheng in Hubei.> Zhang Bu carved out Langye, <Named for Mount Langye near the coast northeast of Lianyungang.> Dong Xian seized Donghai, <The coastal Donghai belt around Lianyungang.> Yan Cen dominated Hanzhong, <Hanzhong's walls northeast of Hanzhong city in Shaanxi.> Tian Rong mobilized Yiling, <Yiling county in Nan commandery, named from Yi Mountain—modern Yichang, the ruins northwest of town.> Each band installed captains and raided the countryside, while nicknamed hosts—the Bronze Horse, Great Rong, Gao Lake, Double Link, Iron Shin, Great Spear, Youlai, Upper River, Green Calf, Five Camps, Tanxiang, Five Banners, Five Towers, Fuping, Huosuo, and more— <Commentators note names drawn from terrain or from bravado.> The Dongguan ji names the captains of each horde: Huangtu and Kuang for the Bronze Horse, Fan Zhong for the Great Rong, Fan Chong for Youlai, and so on down the list.> each commanding his own column, <The Xu Han zhi: a grand general's army had five divisions, three colonels per division, each colonel with companies watched by an army commandant.> until combined strength ran to millions and pillage was everywhere.
18
光武將擊之,先遣吳漢北發十郡兵。 幽州牧苗曾不從,漢遂斬曾而發其衆。 秋,光武擊銅馬於鄡, 〈縣名,屬鉅鹿郡,故城在今兾州鹿城縣東。 鄡音苦堯反。 竹書紀年曰:「衞鞅封于鄡。 」臣賢案:下文云「吳漢將突騎來會清陽」,又「追至館陶」,並與鄡相近。 俗本多誤作「鄔」,而蕭該音一古反,云屬太原郡,臧矜音作鄢,一建反,云屬襄陽郡,並誤也。〉 吳漢將突騎來會清陽。 〈縣名,屬清河郡,今貝州縣,故城在州西北。〉 賊數挑戰, 〈挺身獨戰也,古謂之致師,見左傳。 挑音徒了反。〉 光武堅營自守; 有出鹵掠者,輒擊取之, 〈鹵與虜同。 郭璞注爾雅曰:「掠,奪取也。」〉 絕其粮道。 積月餘日,賊食盡,夜遁去,追至館陶,大破之。 〈館陶,縣,屬魏郡,今魏州縣。〉 受降未盡,而高湖、重連從東南來,與銅馬餘衆合,光武復與大戰於蒲陽,悉破降之,封其渠帥為列侯。 〈《前書》音義曰「蒲陽山,蒲水所出」,在今定州北平縣西北。 本或作「滿陽」。 渠,大也。 尚書:「殲厥渠魁。 」列侯即徹侯也。 稱列者,言見序列也。〉 降者猶不自安,光武知其意,勑令各歸營勒兵,乃自乘輕騎按行部陳。 降者更相語曰:「蕭王推赤心置人腹中,安得不投死乎!」 〈投死猶言致死。〉 由是皆服。 悉將降人分配諸將,衆遂數十萬,故關西號光武為「銅馬帝」。 赤眉別帥與大肜、青犢十餘萬衆在射犬, 〈《續漢志》曰野王縣有射犬聚,故城在今懷州武德縣北也。〉 光武進擊,大破之,衆皆散走。 使吳漢、岑彭襲殺謝躬於鄴。
Before engaging the bandit hosts, Guangwu ordered Wu Han north to levy every circuit he could from ten commanderies. Youzhou's shepherd Miao Zeng balked at the levy, so Wu Han beheaded him and drafted his men. That autumn he brought the Bronze Horse to battle at Gao county, <Gao lay in Julu; the ruins stood east of Lucheng in the Jizhou belt, the place name read ku-yao. The Zhu shu ji nian records Shang Yang's fief at Gao, Li Xian observes that the narrative later pairs Gao with Qingyang and Guantao on the same march, so miscopying the county graph as homophones in Shanxi or Hubei is simply wrong.> while Wu Han swept in with shock cavalry to meet him at Qingyang. <Qingyang in Qinghe—northwest of the seat of what was later Beizhou.> The rebels baited him day after day, <A 'challenge' meant a lone champion stepping out—classical 'presenting troops' in the Zuo zhuan sense, with the verb read tu-liao.> but Guangwu kept the palisade closed, pouncing on every foraging party that strayed out, <Here 'raid' uses the graph usually written for 'captive-taking,' and Guo Pu glosses the verb as outright seizure.> until their supply lines were severed. After a month their granaries were empty; they broke camp at night and he ran them down at Guantao, <Guantao in Wei—later the seat around Daming in Hebei.> while disarmament was still underway, Gao Lake and Double Link swept in from the southeast to weld onto the Bronze Horse survivors; Guangwu met them again at Puyang, broke them utterly, and raised their chiefs to ranked marquisates, <The Han shu yin yi places the battlefield on the Pu watershed northwest of Tang county, though some manuscripts read the name as Manyang.> Qu in 'chief' means 'ringleader,' as in the Documents: 'wipe out their ringleaders.' The rank lie hou is the old che hou, lie simply meaning they were entered on the roster of nobility.> The new troops still trembled; Guangwu sensed it and told each band to go back to its own camp and stand to arms—then he toured every formation on a single mount, until they murmured among themselves, 'The Prince of Xiao lays his bare heart in our stomachs—who would not die for him?' <The phrase means pledging one's life in loyalty.> After that display they were his. He parceled the surrendered tens of thousands among his commanders until his army swelled past a hundred thousand—hence the western nickname 'Bronze Horse Emperor.' A Red Eyebrow column still linked with the Great Rong and Green Calf—more than a hundred thousand—held Shequan, <The Xu Han zhi places the hamlet north of what is now Wude in Henan.> Guangwu marched in, shattered them, and watched the horde scatter, then had Wu Han and Cen Peng assassinate Xie Gong inside Ye.
19
青犢、赤眉賊入函谷關,攻更始。 〈函谷,谷名,因谷以名關。 舊在弘農湖城縣西,《前書》楊僕為樓船將軍,有功,恥居關外,武帝乃為徒於新安。 故關在今洛州新安縣之東。〉 光武乃遣鄧禹率六裨將引兵而西,以乘更始、赤眉之亂。 時更始使大司馬朱鮪、舞陰王李軼等屯洛陽, 〈舞陰,縣,屬南陽郡,故城在今唐州沘陽縣西北。〉 光武亦令馮異守孟津以拒之。 〈孔安國注尚書云:「孟,地名,在洛北,都道所湊,古今以為津。 」論衡曰:「武王伐紂,八百諸侯同於此盟,故曰盟津。 」俗名治戍津,今河陽縣津也。〉
While the Green Calf and Red Eyebrows forced Hangu and marched on Emperor Gengshi, <Hangu Pass is named for the narrow gorge, first cut west of Lingbao until Emperor Wu relocated it east to Xin'an so hero officers need not camp 'outside the barrier,' leaving the Ming-era gorge east of Xin'an in western Henan.> Guangwu answered by sending Deng Yu with six brigadier generals west to exploit the civil war between Gengshi and the Red Eyebrows, while Gengshi's Grand Marshal Zhu You and the king of Wuyin, Li Yi, still held the Luoyang front, <Wuyin in Nanyang—northwest of the Biyang district in southern Henan.> Guangwu told Feng Yi to seal the Meng crossing and block them, <Kong Anguo glosses Meng as the great ford north of the Luo where every road converged, and the Lun heng recalls how King Wu's allies swore the covenant there, folk memory still calls it the garrison ford at Heyang.>
20
光武北擊尤來、大搶、五幡於元氏,追至右北平,連破之。 〈北平,縣,屬中山國,今易州永樂縣也。 臣賢案:東觀記、續漢書並無「右」字,此加「右」,誤也。 營州西南別有右北平郡故城,非此地。〉 又戰於順水北, 〈酈元水經注云:「徐水經北平縣故城北,光武追銅馬、五幡,破之於順水,即徐水之別名也。 」在今易州。 本或作「慎」者,誤也。〉 乘勝輕進,反為所敗。 賊追急,短兵接, 〈短兵謂刀劔也。 楚辭曰:「車錯轂兮短兵接。」〉 光武自投高岸,遇突騎王豐,下馬授光武,光武撫其肩而上,顧笑謂耿弇曰:「幾為虜嗤。 」弇頻射却賊,得免。 士卒死者數千人,散兵歸保范陽。 〈縣名,在范水之陽,屬涿郡,故城在今易州易縣東南。〉 軍中不見光武,或云已歿, 〈《東觀記》曰:「上已乘王豐小馬先到矣,營門不覺。」〉 諸將不知所為。 吳漢曰:「卿曹努力! 〈曹,輩也。〉 王兄子在南陽,何憂無主?」 〈兄子謂伯升子章及興也。〉 衆恐懼,數日乃定。 賊雖戰勝,而素懾大威, 〈懾,懼也,音之涉反。〉 客主不相知,夜遂引去。 大軍復進至安次, 〈縣名,屬勃海郡,今幽州縣也,故城在縣東。〉 與戰,破之,斬首三千餘級。 賊入漁陽,乃遣吳漢率耿弇、陳俊、馬武等十二將軍追戰于潞東, 〈潞,縣名,屬漁陽郡,今幽州縣也。 有潞水,因以為名。 蕭該音義云:「潞屬上黨。 」臣賢案:潞與漁陽相接,言上黨潞者非也。〉 及平谷,大破滅之。 〈平谷,縣,屬漁陽郡,故城在今潞縣北。〉
He drove north from Yuanshi against Youlai, the Great Spear, and the Five Banners, chasing them into Zhongshan's Beiping county—later copyists wrongly added 'Right' before Beiping—and beat them again and again, <Beiping in Zhongshan corresponds to Yongle on the Yi River plain, Li Xian notes that neither the Dongguan ji nor the Xu Han shu reads 'You Beiping' here—the extra graph is a scribal blunder, because the Liaodong commandery of that name lies far to the northeast.> He fought them again on the north bank of the Shun, <Li Daoyuan identifies the stream as the Xu River curling past old Beiping, in the Baoding–Yi county region today, and warns against reading the river name as 'Shen.'> Flush with victory he pushed too hard and the bandits turned the tables, pursuing so close that swords crossed hilts, <'Short weapons' means blades, as the Chu ci line has it when chariots lock hubs.> Guangwu scrambled up a bluff, borrowed Wang Feng's mount, clapped Feng on the shoulder once he was in the saddle, and grinned back at Geng Yan, 'Nearly the butt of a bandit joke.' Geng Yan's bow kept the pursuers at bay until they broke off. Thousands died in the melee; survivors straggled back to regroup at Fanyang, <Fanyang north of the Fan River in Zhuo—southeast of Yi county today.> For a time no one could find him in the rout, and rumor said he had fallen, <The Dongguan ji says he had already slipped into camp on Wang Feng's pony before the guards knew.> His generals stood paralyzed, until Wu Han roared, 'Stand fast, all of you!' <Cao means 'company' or 'lot.'> Your late brother's sons are still in Nanyang—the Liu house will not lack an heir.'" <Those nephews are Bo Sheng's sons Liu Zhang and Liu Xing.> Panic held the camp for days before order returned, yet even in victory the bandits dreaded Guangwu's name, <She 'fear' is read zhi-she.> neither side quite knew the other's strength, so at nightfall the rebels drew off, and the Han army crawled forward to Anci, <Anci in Bohai—east of the modern Langfang county seat.> where another clash cost the rebels over three thousand heads, until the survivors bolted into Yuyang and Wu Han took twelve generals—including Geng Yan, Chen Jun, and Ma Wu—to fight them east of Lu county, <Lu county in Yuyang—modern Tongzhou east of Beijing, named from the Lu River, though Xiao Gai wrongly assigns it to Shangdang, Li Xian corrects: this Lu borders Yuyang, not the Shangdang Lu.> The pursuit ended at Pinggu, where the column was wiped out, <Pinggu in Yuyang—north of Tongzhou today.>
21
朱鮪遣討難將軍蘇茂攻溫, 〈今洛州縣。〉 馮異、寇恂與戰,大破之,斬其將賈彊。
Back in the west, Zhu You detached Su Mao, general of difficulty suppression, against Wen, <Wen county in the eastern Henan belt.> Feng Yi and Kou Xun met him, broke his line, and took the head of his champion Jia Qiang.
22
於是諸將議上尊號。 馬武先進曰:「天下無主。 如有聖人承敝而起,雖仲尼為相,孫子為將,猶恐無能有益。 反水不收,後悔無及。 〈言早當即尊位以定衆心,今執謙退,失於事機也。 孫子名武,吳王闔閭將,善用兵,有兵法十三篇。 反音翻。〉 大王雖執謙退,柰宗廟社稷何! 冝且還薊即尊位,乃議征伐。 今此誰賊而馳騖擊之乎?」 〈誰謂未有主也。 《前書》音義曰:「直騁曰馳,亂馳曰騖。」〉 光武驚曰:「何將軍出是言? 可斬也! 」武曰:「諸將盡然。 」光武使出曉之, 〈使曉諭諸將。〉 乃引軍還至薊。
With Hebei nearly quiet, the generals began to press an imperial title on him, Ma Wu spoke first: 'The realm has no true sovereign,' and if a true king does not step into the breach, even Confucius as chancellor and Sun Wu as marshal could not set it right,' water spilled cannot be scooped back—hesitate now and regret will come too late.' <The gloss urges him to take the throne at once to steady the empire; excessive modesty only loses the moment, Sun Wu served King Helu and left the thirteen chapters of the Art of War, fan 'reverse' is read fan.> but what of the altars of state if you cling to false humility?' Return to Ji, take the throne, and only then plan the campaigns that must follow.' Who is the enemy worth chasing while the throne sits empty?' <'Who' means no acknowledged Son of Heaven, and the Han shu yin yi distinguishes orderly charge from reckless scatter.'" Guangwu started and said, 'General, how can you speak like that?' You could lose your head for talk like that!' Ma Wu answered, 'Every commander in this camp thinks as I do.' Guangwu sent him out to quiet the others, <Meaning he used Ma Wu to talk sense to the staff.> then marched the host back to Ji.
23
夏四月,公孫述自稱天子。
That summer, in the fourth month, Gongsun Shu crowned himself emperor in the southwest,
24
光武從薊還,過范陽,命收葬吏士。 至中山,諸將復上奏曰:「漢遭王莽,宗廟廢絕,豪傑憤怒,兆人塗炭。 〈《尚書》曰:「人墜塗炭。 」孔安國注云:「若陷泥墜火,無救之者。」〉 王與伯升首舉義兵,更始因其資以據帝位,而不能奉承大統,敗亂綱紀,盜賊日多,羣生危蹙。 〈蹙,迫也,音子六反。〉 大王初征昆陽,王莽自潰; 後拔邯鄲,北州弭定; 參分天下而有其二,跨州據土,帶甲百萬。 言武力則莫之敢抗,論文德則無所與辭。 臣聞帝王不可以乆曠,天命不可以謙拒,惟大王以社稷為計,萬姓為心。 」光武又不聽。
and Guangwu, withdrawing from Ji through Fanyang, commanded proper burial for the men lost on the northern campaign, at Zhongshan his generals renewed their memorial: Mang had snuffed the Liu shrines, stirred every able man to fury, and plunged the common folk into ruin, <The Shang shu image of people sinking in mire and fire, Kong Anguo glosses as helpless drowning in mud and flame.> You and Bo Sheng first raised the Han banner; Gengshi rode your strength to the throne, then squandered it—law collapsed, robbers multiplied, and the people gasped for air, <Cu means cornered; read zi-lu.> from your first victory at Kunyang, where Mang's host shattered, through Handan, which stilled the north, you now hold two of China's three parts, garrison a million men, and rule half the map, in force none can meet you, in legitimacy none can answer you, yet Heaven abhors an empty throne and will not brook false modesty—take the altars and the people as your charge.' Guangwu refused again.
25
行到南平棘, 〈縣名,屬常山郡,今趙州縣,故城在縣南。〉 諸將復固請之。 光武曰:「寇賊未平,四面受敵,何遽欲正號位乎? 諸將且出。 」耿純進曰:「天下士大夫捐親戚,弃土壤,從大王於矢石之閒者,其計固望其攀龍鱗,附鳳翼,以成其所志耳。 〈楊雄法言曰:「攀龍鱗,附鳳翼,巽以揚之。」〉 今功業即定,天人亦應,而大王留時逆衆,不正號位,純恐士大夫望絕計窮,則有去歸之思,無為乆自苦也。 大衆一散,難可復合。 時不可留,衆不可逆。 」純言甚誠切,光武深感,曰:「吾將思之。」
On the road south he reached Nanpingji, <Nanpingji in Changshan—south of the modern Zhaozhou county seat.> the generals pressed the issue once more, and Guangwu replied, 'Rebels still swarm; we are surrounded—why fixate on enthronement now?' Leave me; we will speak again.'" Geng Chun broke in: 'The men who left home and fortune to follow you through arrow storms meant to ride a dragon to glory, <Yang Xiong's Fa yan supplies the image of attaching to a rising sovereign.> yet now that victory is won and omens pile up, you stall against the tide—if you withhold the throne, men will decide their hopes are dead and drift away, and a host once scattered cannot be reassembled, while time and popular will will not wait.'" Chun spoke with such blunt force that Guangwu softened: 'I will think on it.'"
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行至鄗, 〈縣名,今趙州高邑縣也。 鄗音火各反。〉 光武先在長安時同舍生彊華 〈《續漢書》曰:「彊華,潁川人也。 」彊音其兩反。〉 自關中奉赤伏符,曰「劉秀發兵捕不道,四夷雲集龍鬬野,四七之際火為主」。 〈四七,二十八也。 自高祖至光武初起,合二百二十八年,即四七之際也。 漢火德,故火為主也。〉 羣臣因復奏曰:「受命之符, 〈謂彊華奉赤伏符也。〉 人應為大,萬里合信,不議同情,周之白魚,曷足比焉? 〈尚書中候曰「武王伐紂,度孟津,中流白魚躍入王舟,長三尺,赤文有字,告以伐紂之意」也。〉 今上無天子,海內淆亂,符瑞之應,昭然著聞,冝荅天神,以塞羣望。 」光武於是命有司設壇場於鄗南千秋亭五成陌。 〈壇謂築土,場謂除地。 秦法,十里一亭。 南北為阡,東西為陌。 其地在今趙州柏郷縣。 水經注曰,亭有石壇,壇有圭頭碑,其陰云常山相隴西狄道馮龍所造。 壇廟之東,枕道有兩石翁仲,南北相對焉。〉
When the column reached Gao, <The place later renamed Gaoyi in southern Hebei, read huo-ge in fanqie.> his old Chang'an roommate Qiang Hua <The Xu Han shu says Qiang Hua came from Yingchuan, the surname read qi-liang.> arrived from the west bearing the Red Manifest prophecy: 'Liu Xiu marshals arms against the wicked; barbarians swarm like clouds; dragons contend in the field; at the four-seven turning fire rules,' <Four times seven is twenty-eight, the years from Gaozu to your first uprising numbering two hundred twenty-eight, matching Han's fire phase and the omen of fire's supremacy.> The courtiers seized on the omen: 'Heaven's credential <brought by Qiang Hua— unites the realm without a word spoken in concert—what was King Wu's white fish beside this?' <The Shang shu zhong hou tells of King Wu's omen fish at Meng Ford.> there is no true emperor, the realm is chaos, and every portent points here—you must answer Heaven and still the people's longing.'" Guangwu then told the ministry to build an altar south of Gao at Thousand Autumns pavilion, <An altar is heaped earth, a sacred field cleared ground, per Qin's ten-mile post-house rule, with north-south paths called qian and east-west called mo, the site now in Baixiang county, the Shuijing zhu adding that a stone altar and stele survived, crediting Chancellor Feng Long of Changshan, with paired stone guardians still flanking the road east of the site.>
27
六月己未,即皇帝位。 燔燎告天, 〈天高不可達,故燔柴以祭之,庶高煙上通也。 《爾雅》云:「祭天曰燔柴。 」燔音煩。 燎音力弔反。〉 禋于六宗, 〈精意以享謂之禋。 《續漢志》:「平帝元始中,謂六宗為易卦六子之氣,水、火、雷、風、山、澤也。 光武中興,遵而不改。 至安帝即位。 初改六宗為天地四方之宗,祠於洛陽之北,戌亥之地。」〉 望於羣神。 〈山林川谷能興致雲雨者皆曰神。 不可徧至,故望而祭之。 《尚書》曰:「望于山川,徧于羣神。」〉 其祝文曰:「皇天上帝,后土神祇,眷顧降命,屬秀黎元,屬音燭。 為人父母,秀不敢當。 羣下百辟, 〈詩大雅曰:「百辟卿士。 」鄭玄注云:「百辟,畿內諸侯也。」〉 不謀同辭,咸曰:『王莽篡位,秀發憤興兵,破王尋、王邑於昆陽,誅王郎、銅馬於河北,平定天下,海內蒙恩。 上當天地之心,下為元元所歸。』 〈元元謂黎庶也。 元元由言喁喁,可矜怜之辭也。〉 讖記曰:『劉秀發兵捕不道,卯金修德為天子。』 〈卯金,劉字也。 《春秋演孔圖》曰:「卯金刀名劉,為赤帝後,次代周。」〉 〈秀猶固辭,至于再,至于三。 羣下僉曰:『皇天大命,不可稽留。 』敢不敬承。 」於是建元為建武,大赦天下,改鄗為高邑。〉
On jiwei in the sixth month he mounted the throne, offered the burnt ascent to Heaven, <Because Heaven is unreachable, the sacrifice sends smoke aloft, the Erya defining burnt brushwood as the proper Heaven rite, fan 'burn' read fan, liao read li-diao.> performed the yin offering to the Six Powers, <Yin means offering with concentrated intent, the Xu Han zhi tracing the Six to the six trigram forces of water, fire, thunder, wind, mountain, and marsh, a definition Guangwu kept at his accession, until Emperor An, who redefined them as heaven, earth, and the four directions, worshipping north of Luoyang.> and performed the wang rite toward the myriad spirits, <Every height and watercourse that could summon rain counted as a spirit, too many to visit, so the king merely faced their direction, as the Documents prescribe for the wang offering.> The prayer ran: 'High God and sovereign Earth, you have fixed your gaze on me, Liu Xiu, and entrusted the people to my care'—the graph for entrust read zhu, to be father and mother to the realm—yet Xiu dares not accept,' while the assembled nobles <The Shi jing speaks of the 'hundred nobles,' Zheng Xuan glossing them as the great officers of the capital ring.> answered with one voice: 'Mang stole the throne; Xiu took arms in wrath, broke Wang Xun at Kunyang, destroyed Wang Lang and the Bronze Horse in Hebei, and brought peace—the world owes him gratitude, he matches Heaven and Earth above and holds the people's allegiance below.' <Yuan yuan means the common folk, a doubling like yong yong—words of pity.> while prophecy adds: 'Liu Xiu punishes the wicked; the Liu house refines its virtue and takes the throne.' <Mao plus metal graphs spell the surname Liu, and the Yan Kong tu decodes the Liu graphs as red-emperor heirs fated after Zhou.> <The annalist notes Xiu still refused twice and thrice, until his ministers cried in unison, 'Heaven's charge cannot wait,' and 'we dare not refuse reverently to obey.' whereupon he took the reign title Jianwu, proclaimed a general amnesty, and renamed Gao county Gaoyi.>
28
是月,赤眉立劉盆子為天子。
That same month the Red Eyebrows set Liu Penzi on the throne in the east,
29
甲子,前將軍鄧禹擊更始定國公王匡於安邑,大破之, 〈安邑,縣,屬河東郡,今蒲州縣也。〉 斬其將劉均。
on jiazi Deng Yu shattered Gengshi's general Wang Kuang at Anyi, <Anyi in Hedong—modern Yongji on the Yellow River bend.> and struck down Liu Jun, Wang's champion,
30
秋七月辛未,拜前將軍鄧禹為大司徒。 丁丑,以野王令王梁為大司空。 〈野王,縣,屬河內郡,故城在今懷州。 時據赤伏符文,故從縣宰而超拜之,事具梁傳。〉 壬午,以大將軍吳漢為大司馬,偏將軍景丹為驃騎大將軍,大將軍耿弇為建威大將軍,偏將軍蓋延為虎牙大將軍,偏將軍朱祐為建義大將軍,中堅將軍杜茂為大將軍。
In autumn, on xinwei in the seventh month, he named Deng Yu Grand Steward, on dingchou he raised Wang Liang from magistrate of Yewang to Grand Minister of Works, <Yewang in Henei—modern Qinyang in Henan, skipped up the ladder because the talisman text singled out his county; Wang Liang's biography tells the story.> on renwu he stacked the top commands: Wu Han as Grand Marshal, Jing Dan as flying-cavalry general-in-chief, Geng Yan as establish-might, Gai Yan as tiger-fang, Zhu You as establish-righteousness, and Du Mao as Grand General.
31
時宗室劉茂自號「厭新將軍」, 〈王莽號新室,言欲厭勝之。〉 率衆降,封為中山王。
About then Prince Liu Mao styled himself 'Overthrow-the-Xin' general, <A dig at Wang Mang's dynastic name Xin, 'new.'> brought his host in and received the Zhongshan kingship,
32
己亥,幸懷。 〈縣名,屬河內郡,故城在今懷州武陟縣西。 天子所行必有恩幸,故稱幸。〉 遣耿弇率彊弩將軍陳俊軍五社津, 〈《水經注》曰:「鞏縣北有五社津,一名土社津。 有山臨河,其下有穴,潛通淮浦。 有渚,謂之鮪渚。 」呂覽云「武王伐紂至鮪水」,即此地。〉 備滎陽以東。 使吳漢率朱祐及廷尉岑彭、 〈《前書》「廷尉,秦官」也。 聽獄必質於朝廷,與衆共之。 尉,平也,故稱廷尉。〉 執金吾賈復、 〈《前書》曰:「中尉,秦官,武帝改為執金吾。 」吾,禦也,掌執兵革以禦非常。〉 揚化將軍堅鐔等十一將軍 〈鐔音徒南反。〉 圍朱鮪於洛陽。
on jihai he traveled to Huai, <Huai county in Henei—west of Wuzhi in Henan, imperial visits being styled xing because they bring favor to the place.> he sent Geng Yan with Chen Jun's crossbow corps to hold the Five Altars crossing, <The Shuijing zhu begins its note: north of Gong county lies Five Altars Ford, alias Earth Altars Ford— A bluff overhangs the Yellow River; beneath it a cavern is said to run through to the Huai basin, and mid-river a bar they call Sturgeon Shoal, the Lu shi chun qiu identifying it as King Wu's 'sturgeon ford.'> securing everything east of Xingyang against a breakout from Luoyang, he ordered Wu Han, Zhu You, and Commandant of Justice Cen Peng, <The Han shu lists the commandant of justice as a Qin title, because capital trials were meant to be weighed in open court with the bureaucracy, wei meaning 'to balance'—hence the name of the office.> with Bearer of the Gilded Mace Jia Fu, <The central commandant became the gilded-mace guard under Emperor Wu, charged with bearing arms against sudden danger.> Jian Tan, general who spreads transformation, and eleven other column commanders <Tan is read tu-nan.> to invest Zhu You in Luoyang.
33
八月壬子,祭社稷。 癸丑,祠高祖、太宗、世宗於懷宮。 進幸河陽。 更始廩丘王田立降。 〈廩丘,縣,屬東郡,城在今濮州雷澤縣北也。〉
On renzi in the eighth month he offered at the altars of soil and millet, on guichou he worshipped Gaozu, Emperor Wen, and Emperor Wu in the temporary palace at Huai, then moved on to Heyang on the north bank, while Tian Li, Gengshi's king of Linqiu, came over to Han, <Linqiu in Dong—north of Leize in modern Henan-Shandong border country.>
34
九月,赤眉入長安,更始奔高陵。 辛未,詔曰: 〈《漢制度》曰:「帝之下書有四:一曰策書,二曰制書,三曰詔書,四曰誡勑。 策書者,編簡也,其制長二尺,短者半之,篆書,起年月日,稱皇帝,以命諸侯王。 三公以罪免亦賜策,而以隷書,用尺一木,兩行,唯此為異也。 制書者,帝者制度之命,其文曰制詔三公,皆璽封,尚書令印重封,露布州郡也。 詔書者,詔,告也,其文曰告某官云,如故事。 誡勑者,謂勑刺史、太守,其文曰有詔勑某官。 它皆倣此。」〉 「更始破敗,棄城逃走,妻子裸袒,流宂道路。 〈冗音人勇反。 冗,散也。〉 朕甚愍之。 今封更始為淮陽王。 〈淮陽,郡,故城在今陳州宛丘縣西南。〉 吏人敢有賊害者,罪同大逆。」
In the ninth month the Red Eyebrows took Chang'an and drove Emperor Gengshi to Gaoling, whereupon on xinwei he issued an edict: <Court ritual distinguished four written forms from the throne, the first being bound 'policy' slips for enfeoffing kings, the second for dismissing high ministers, the third sealed 'ordinances' to the three excellencies broadcast to the provinces, and the fourth ordinary edicts opening with 'told to such office,' plus special instructions to inspectors and prefects. All other paperwork followed these molds.> 'Gengshi has lost his throne—his family wanders the roads in rags,' <The graph for 'scattered' is read ren-yong, meaning straggling or adrift.> the edict continued; 'we pity them deeply. We therefore enfeoff Liu Xuan as king of Huaiyang.' <Huaiyang in the old Chenzhou belt southwest of Zhoukou.> Whoever harms him will be treated as a traitor to the Han house.'"
35
甲申,以前高密令卓茂為太傅。 〈高密,縣,屬高密國,今密州縣,故城在今縣之西南。 卓以平帝時為密令,故曰「前」。〉
On jiashen he named Zhuo Mao, once magistrate of Gaomi, as grand tutor, <Gaomi lay in the Gaomi princedom—southwest of the modern Shandong county seat, Zhuo having been Mi's magistrate under Emperor Ping, hence 'former.'>
36
辛卯,朱鮪舉城降。
On xinmao Zhu You opened Luoyang's gates,
37
冬十月癸丑,車駕入洛陽,幸南宮却非殿,遂定都焉。 〈蔡質《漢典職儀》曰:「南宮至北宮,中央作大屋,複道,三道行,天子從中道,從官夾左右,十步一衞。 兩宮相去七里。 」又洛陽宮閣名有却非殿。 臣賢案:俗本或作「御北殿」者,誤。〉
and on guichou in the tenth month the court rode into Luoyang, lodged in the Quefei hall of the Southern Palace, and declared the eastern capital restored, <Cai Zhi describes the roofed causeway linking the twin palace complexes, seven li apart, and lists Quefei among the hall names, Li Xian warning against the corrupt reading 'Yubei.'>
38
遣岑彭擊荊州羣賊。
He then sent Cen Peng to clear the bandits from Jing province,
39
十一月甲午,幸懷。
and in the eleventh month returned to Huai on jiawu,
40
劉永自稱天子。
while Liu Yong proclaimed himself emperor in the east,
41
十二月丙戌,至自懷。
returning from Huai on bingxu in the twelfth month.
42
赤眉殺更始,而隗嚻據隴右,盧芳起安定。 〈郡名,今涇州縣。〉 破虜大將軍叔壽擊五校賊於曲梁,戰歿。 〈曲梁屬廣平國,今洺州縣也。〉
That season the Red Eyebrows murdered Gengshi, Wei Ao locked the Longxi corridor, and Lu Fang raised Anding, <Anding commandery around the old Pingliang/Jingzhou belt in Gansu.> General Who Destroys Captives Shushou died fighting the Five Camps at Quliang, <Quliang in Guangping—modern Yongnian in southern Hebei.>
43
二年春正月甲子朔,日有食之。 〈《續漢志》曰:「在危八度。 虛、危,齊地。 賊張步擁兵據齊,至五年乃破。」〉 大司馬吳漢率九將軍擊檀郷賊於鄴東,大破降之。 庚辰,封功臣皆為列侯,大國四縣,餘各有差。 下詔曰:「人情得足,苦於放縱,快須臾之欲,忘慎罰之義。 〈《尚書》曰:「罔不明德慎罰,亦克用勸。 」孔安國注云「慎刑罰,亦能用勸善」也。〉 惟諸將業遠功大,誠欲傳於無窮,冝如臨深淵,如履薄冰,戰戰慄慄,日慎一日。 〈《太公金匱》曰:「黃帝居人上,惴惴若臨深淵; 舜居人上,矜矜如履薄冰; 禹居人上,慄慄如不滿日。 敬勝怠則吉,義勝欲則昌,日慎一日,壽終無殃。」〉 其顯效未詶,名籍未立者,大鴻臚趣上, 〈《續漢志》曰:「大鴻臚,卿一人,中二千石,掌諸王入朝及拜諸侯封者。 」趣音促。〉 朕將差而錄之。 」博士丁恭議曰:「古帝王封諸侯不過百里, 〈《史記》太史公曰:「武王、成、康所封數百,而同姓五十,地不過百里。」〉 故利以建侯,取法於雷, 〈易屯卦震下坎上,震為雷,初九曰「利建侯」,又曰「震驚百里」,故封諸侯地方百里,以法雷也。〉 強榦弱枝,所以為治也。 今封諸侯四縣,不合法制。 」帝曰:「古之亡國,皆以無道,未甞聞功臣地多而滅亡者。 」乃遣謁者即授印綬, 〈《前書》曰:「謁者,秦官,掌賔讚受事,員七十人,秩比六百石。 」中興但三十人。 蔡質《典職儀》曰:「皆選儀容端正,任奉使者。 」《前書》曰:「諸侯王,金璽盭綬。 列侯,金印紫綬。 」盭音戾,草名也。 似艾,可染綠,因以名綬也。〉 策曰:「在上不驕,高而不危; 制節謹度,滿而不溢。 敬之戒之。 傳爾子孫,長為漢藩。」 〈藩,屏也。 言建諸侯所以為國之藩蔽也。 詩大雅曰:「四國于藩。」〉
In the first month of Jianwu 2, new year's day jiazi, the sun was eclipsed, <The Xu Han zhi places the disk in the Wei lunar lodge, the Xu-Wei sector mapping to Qi, where Zhang Bu still held out until the fifth year of the reign.> Wu Han then took nine generals against Tanxiang east of Ye, broke them, and accepted their surrender, and on gengchen he enfeoffed his captains: the greatest fiefs held four counties, the rest graded downward, adding an edict: 'Men grow reckless once rewarded; they chase pleasure and forget how carefully punishments must fit crimes,' <The Shang shu urges clear virtue and cautious penalties, Kong Anguo glossing that just sentences build good order.> yet you who have marched farthest must now guard your fame as if on cliff's edge or thin ice—each day more careful than the last,' <The Taigong jin kui says the Yellow Emperor ruled in dread, Shun as if on ice, Yu as if noon might never come,' promising blessing to the reverent and ruin to the rash.> Any hero whose reward still lags or whose patent is not filed—the grand herald must hurry the paperwork, <The Xu Han zhi makes the grand herald keeper of enfeoffment lists, qu here read cu, 'hasten.'> and the throne will sort and confirm each grant.'" Erudite Ding Gong objected: 'Ancient kings never gave a vassal more than a hundred li,' <Sima Qian recalls that even Zhou enfeoffments rarely passed a hundred li, hence the Changes line 'favorable to establish lords' paired with thunder's hundred-li roll, <The commentary ties the hundred-li fief to the shock of thunder in the Tun hexagram.> strong center and weak limbs being the recipe for stability,' so four counties per marquis breaks precedent,' Guangwu answered, 'Ancient realms fell through vice, not through rewarding captains too richly,' and sent heralds the same day to deliver seals and ribbons, <Han shu: heralds were Qin ushers at six hundred shi, thirty remaining at the restoration, Cai Zhi adding that only men of impeccable bearing carried patents, while kings took gold seals with green tassels, full marquises gold with purple, the royal green 'li' tassel named after a dye plant, like wormwood used for green dye.> The patent read: 'High station without arrogance, measure and restraint so fullness never spills, revere these warnings,' and hand the fief down as a shield for the Liu house.'" <Fan means bulwark, the sense being that vassals screen the throne.' as the Shi jing says of the four quarters as fence.>
44
壬午,更始復漢將軍鄧曅、輔漢將軍于匡降,皆復爵位。
On renwu Gengshi holdouts Deng Ye and Yu Kuang submitted and recovered their titles,
45
壬子,起高廟,建社稷於洛陽,立郊兆于城南,始正火德,色尚赤。 〈《漢禮制度》曰:「人君之居,前有朝,後有寢。 終則制廟以象朝,後制寢以象寢。 光武都洛陽,乃合高祖以下至平帝為一廟,藏十一帝主於其中。 元帝次當第八,光武第九,故立元帝為祖廟,後遵而不改。 」《續漢志》曰:「立社稷於洛陽,在宗廟之右,皆方壇,四面及中各依方色,無屋,有牆門而已。 」白虎通曰:「天子之壇方五丈,諸侯之壇半天子之壇。 社者,土也,人非土不立,非穀不食,故封土立社,示有土也。 稷者,五穀之長,得陰陽中和之氣,故祭之也。 」《續漢書》曰:「制郊兆於洛陽城南七里,為壇,八陛,中又為重壇,天地位皆在壇上。 其外壇上為五帝位,青帝位在甲寅,赤帝位在丙巳,黃帝位在丁未,白帝位在庚申,黑帝位在壬亥。 其外為壝,重營皆紫,以象紫宮。 營有通道以為門,日月在營內南道,日在東,月在西。 北斗在北道之西。 外營、中營凡千五百一十四神,高皇帝配食焉。 北郊在洛陽城北四里,方壇,四陛。 地祇位南面,西上; 高皇后配,西面,皆在壇上; 地理羣后從食,皆在壇下; 中岳在末; 四岳各依其方,淮、海俱在東,河在西,濟在北,江在南,餘山川各如其方。 」漢初土德,色尚黃,至此始明火德,妃幟尚赤,服色於是乃正。〉
on renzi he dedicated the High Ancestor's shrine, planted the soil-and-millet altars at Luoyang, laid out the suburban altar south of the walls, and formally embraced Han's fire phase with red as the court color, <Court ritual paired front court with rear chamber, then mirrored them in temple and private shrine, Guangwu housing eleven sovereign tablets from Gaozu through Ping in one Luoyang temple, set Yuan as nominal 'ancestor' because the count made Guangwu ninth in line, a precedent later courts kept, the Xu Han zhi describing square earthen altars east of the imperial shrines, while the Baihu tong fixes the sovereign's altar at five zhang and vassal altars at half that span.' The grain altar means earth: without land men cannot live, without grain they cannot eat—hence the earthen mound of the soil altar, while the millet lord is chief of the five grains, embodying balanced qi—both receive sacrifice.' The Xu Han shu lays out the southern suburb: seven li south of Luoyang, an eight-ramp terrace with an inner double tier for Heaven and Earth, the outer ring holding the five directional sovereigns in their stem-branch slots, purple double palisades symbolizing the circumpolar court, with gated lanes: sun east and moon west along the southern track, the Big Dipper west of the northern aisle, fifteen hundred fourteen spirits in all sharing the rite, Gaozu paired as chief ancestor, while the northern suburb sat four li north—a square terrace with four ramps, Earth facing south with seats mounting from the west, Empress Lü paired to the west on the upper terrace, lesser earth gods ranked below, central Marchmount closing the row, the four peaks by quarter, the great rivers in their proper sectors.' Early Han had claimed earth and yellow; Guangwu now proclaimed fire and red as orthodox court colors.>
46
是月,赤眉焚西京宮室,發掘園陵, 〈園謂塋域,陵謂山墳。〉 寇掠關中。 大司徒鄧禹入長安,遣府掾奉十一帝神主,納於高廟。 〈《漢官儀》曰:「司徒府掾屬三十一人,秩千石。 」十一帝謂高祖至平帝。 神主,以木為之,方尺二寸,穿中央,達四方。 天子主長尺二寸,諸侯主長一尺,虞主用桑。 練主用栗。 衞宏舊漢儀曰:「已葬,收主,為木函,藏廟太室中西壁坎中,去地六尺一寸,祭則立主於坎下。」〉
That month the Red Eyebrows torched Chang'an's palaces and looted the imperial tombs, <Yuan is the mausoleum park, ling the burial mound.> then swept the Guanzhong plain for plunder, until Deng Yu rode into Chang'an and had eleven imperial tablets escorted to the High Ancestor's shrine in Luoyang, <The Han guan yi lists thirty-one steward's clerks at a thousand shi, meaning sovereigns from Gaozu through Ping, each tablet a foot-two block of wood pierced to 'open' to the four directions, the emperor's tablet longest, vassals' shorter, interim mulberry tablets before burial, permanent chestnut after the lien rite.' Wei Hong adds how the tablets were boxed and lodged in the temple wall until offerings called them forth.>
47
真定王楊、臨邑侯讓謀反, 〈楊,景帝七代孫。 讓即楊弟。〉 遣前將軍耿純誅之。
King Yang of Zhending and his brother Rang, marquis of Linyi, plotted revolt, <Yang was Emperor Jing's seventh-generation descendant, Rang being his younger brother.> Guangwu sent Geng Chun to extirpate them,
48
二月己酉,幸修武。 〈縣名,屬河內郡,本殷之甯邑。 韓詩外傳曰:「武王伐紂,勒兵於甯,改曰修武。 」今懷州縣也。〉
and on jiyou in the second month visited Xiuchu, <Xiuchu in Henei—old Shang territory once called Ning, renamed Xiuchu when King Wu paused there to drill, in the modern Jiaozuo belt.>
49
大司空王梁免。 壬子,以太中大夫宋弘為大司空。
Grand Minister of Works Wang Liang was removed, on renzi Song Hong rose from grand counselor to fill the post,
50
遣驃騎大將軍景丹率征虜將軍祭遵等二將軍擊弘農賊,破之,因遣祭遵圍蠻中賊張滿。 〈蠻中,聚名,故戎蠻子國,在今汝州西南,俗謂之麻城。〉
ordered Jing Dan with Ji Zun to clear Hongnong, then detached Ji Zun to invest Zhang Man at Manzhong, <Manzhong southwest of Ruzhou—old Manzi polity, folk 'Macheng.'>
51
漁陽太守彭寵反,攻幽州牧朱浮於薊。
Peng Chong of Yuyang mutinied and besieged Zhu Fu in Ji,
52
延岑自稱武安王於漢中。
while Yan Cen styled himself king of Wu'an in Hanzhong,
53
辛卯,至自修武。
Guangwu returned from Xiuchu on xinmao,
54
三月乙未,大赦天下,詔曰:「頃獄多冤人,用刑深刻,朕甚愍之。 孔子云:『刑罰不中,則民無所措手足。』 〈《論語》之文。〉 其與中二千石、諸大夫、博士、議郎議省刑法。」
On yiwei in the third month he proclaimed amnesty and said, 'Jails are full of innocents and torture has run cruel—we pity them,' quoting Confucius that misapplied law leaves the people paralyzed,' <A Lun yu passage.> and ordered the high ministers and academicians to draft a leaner penal code.'"
55
遣執金吾賈復率二將軍擊更始郾王尹遵,破降之。 〈「遵」或作「尊」。〉
Jia Fu was sent against Gengshi's king of Yan, Yin Zun, broke him, and took his surrender, <One variant reads a homophone for Zun's name.>
56
驍騎將軍劉植擊密賊,戰歿。 〈密,縣,屬河南郡,今洛州縣。〉
Liu Zhi, general of nimble cavalry, fell fighting bandits at Mi county, <Mi in Henan—east of Luoyang today.>
57
遣虎牙大將軍蓋延率四將軍伐劉永。 夏四月,圍永於睢陽。 更始將蘇茂殺淮陽太守潘蹇而附劉永。
Gai Yan took four generals east against Liu Yong, and in the fourth month ringed Suiyang, while Su Mao killed Huaiyang's prefect Pan Jian and went over to Yong,
58
甲午,封叔父良為廣陽王,兄子章為太原王,章弟興為魯王,舂陵侯嫡子祉為城陽王。 〈城陽,國,故城在今沂州臨沂縣南。〉
on jiawu he ennobled kin—uncle Liang as king of Guangyang, Bo Sheng's sons Zhang and Xing as kings of Taiyuan and Lu, and Zhi of Chunling as king of Chengyang, <Chengyang south of Linyi in southern Shandong.>
59
五月庚辰,封更始元氏王歙為泗水王, 〈泗水,國,今兌州縣也。〉 故真定王楊子得為真定王,周後姬常為周承休公。 〈武帝封周後姬嘉為周子南君,成帝封姬延為周承休公,常即延之後。 承休所封,故城在今汝州東北。〉
on gengchen he moved Gengshi's prince Liu She to Sishui, <Sishui in the Yanzhou belt of Shandong (commentary graph for Yan).> restored De as king of Zhending and named the Zhou descendant Ji Chang marquis of Zhou's continued rest, <Han had already enfeoffed Zhou heirs under Wudi and Chengdi; Chang continues that line, the fief centered northeast of Ruzhou.>
60
癸未,詔曰:「民有嫁妻賣子欲歸父母者,恣聽之。 敢拘執,論如律。」
On guiwei he decreed that wives sold in famine and children sold into bondage might return to their parents freely, and anyone who held them back would face the full law.'"
61
六月戊戌,立貴人郭氏為皇后,子彊為皇太子,大赦天下。 增郎、謁者、從官秩各一等。 〈《前書》曰:「郎官掌守門戶,出充車騎。 有議郎、中郎、侍郎、郎中,秩六百石已下。」〉 丙午,封宗子劉終為淄川王。 〈淄川,國,今淄州縣。〉
On wuxu in the sixth month he raised Lady Guo to empress, named her son crown prince, and amnestied the realm, while boosting stipends for palace gentlemen, heralds, and attendants one notch, <Palace gentlemen guarded doors and rode escort, in grades from deliberation down to six hundred shi.> on bingwu he made Liu Zhong king of Zichuan, <Zichuan in central Shandong.>
62
秋八月,帝自將征五校。 丙辰,幸內黃, 〈縣名屬魏郡,今相州縣。〉 大破五校於羛陽,降之。 〈羛陽,聚名,屬魏郡,故城在今相州堯城縣東。 諸本有作「茀」者,誤也。 左傳云:「晉荀盈如齊逆女,還,卒於戲陽。 」杜預注云:「內黃縣北有戲陽城。 」戲與羛同,音許冝反。〉
In the eighth month Guangwu took the field in person against the Five Camps, reaching Neihuang on bingchen, <Neihuang in Wei—north of Anyang today.> where he shattered the Five Camps at Yiyang and took their surrender, <Yiyang hamlet east of Neihuang— not to be confused with a similar-looking graph, the Zuo zhuan placing Xiyang near Neihuang, Du Yu locating it north of Neihuang, the graphs read xu-yi.>
63
遣游擊將軍鄧隆救朱浮,與彭寵戰於潞,隆軍敗績。
Deng Long's relief column for Zhu Fu met Peng Chong at Lu and was crushed,
64
蓋延拔睢陽,劉永奔譙。 〈今亳州縣。〉
while Gai Yan stormed Suiyang and Liu Yong bolted for Qiao, <Modern Bozhou in Anhui.>
65
破虜將軍鄧奉據淯陽反。
Deng Feng seized Qingyang and rose in arms,
66
九月壬戌,至自內黃。
Guangwu rode back from Neihuang on renxu in the ninth month.
67
驃騎大將軍景丹薨。
Jing Dan died that autumn,
68
延岑大破赤眉於杜陵。 〈縣名,屬京兆,周之杜伯國,在今萬年縣東南。〉
while Yan Cen smashed the Red Eyebrows at Duling, <Duling in the Chang'an suburbs—old Du polity.>
69
關中饑,民相食。
Famine in Guanzhong drove men to cannibalism,
70
冬十一月,以廷尉岑彭為征南大將軍,率八將軍討鄧奉於堵郷。 〈《水經注》曰:「堵水南經小堵郷。 」在今唐州方城縣。 堵音者。〉
so in the eleventh month Cen Peng was named southern campaign general and sent with eight columns against Deng Feng at Duxiang, <The Du River passes Little Duxiang— in present Fangcheng, Henan, Du read zhe.>
71
銅馬、青犢、尤來餘賊共立孫登為天子於上郡。 〈《春秋保乾圖》曰:「賊臣起,名孫登,巧用法,多技方。 」蓋立以應之。 上郡故城在今涇州上縣東南。〉 登將樂玄殺登,以其衆五萬餘人降。
while surviving Bronze Horse, Green Calf, and Youlai bands crowned Sun Deng in Shang commandery, <A prophecy had warned of a rebel named Sun Deng, and the bandits enthroned him to fulfill it, the old Shang seat southeast of Yan'an's Shang county.> until Sun Deng's own general Yue Xuan slew him and brought fifty thousand men over to Han,
72
遣偏將軍馮異代鄧禹伐赤眉。
and Guangwu swapped Feng Yi in for Deng Yu against the Red Eyebrows,
73
使太中大夫伏隆持節安輯青徐二州,招張步降之。 〈《爾雅》曰:「輯,和也。 」音集。〉
sending Fu Long east with the baton to soothe Qing and Xu and talk Zhang Bu down, <Ji glosses as 'to harmonize,' read ji.>
74
十二月戊午,詔曰:「惟宗室列侯為王莽所廢,先靈無所依歸,朕甚愍之。 其並復故國。 若侯身已歿,屬所上其子孫見名尚書,封拜。」 〈屬所謂侯子孫所屬之郡縣也。 錄其見名上於尚書,封拜之。〉
On wuwu in the twelfth month he offered to restore princedoms Wang Mang had abolished, reinstating every princedom Mang had voided, and if the holder was dead, ordered local officials to forward heirs' names to the secretariat for patents.'" <Shu suo is the circuit responsible for the heir's registration,> which must forward names to the secretariat for patents.>
75
是歲,蓋延等大破劉永於沛西。 〈沛,今徐州縣也。〉 初,王莽末,天下旱蝗,黃金一斤易粟一斛; 至是野穀旅生, 〈旅,寄也。 不因播種而生,故曰旅。 今字書作穭,音呂,古字通。〉 麻尗尤盛,野蠶成繭,被於山阜,人收其利焉。
That year Gai Yan shattered Liu Yong west of Pei, <Pei county in northern Jiangsu.> In Mang's last years drought and locusts had driven the exchange rate to a pound of gold for a bushel of grain, but now volunteer grain sprouted untended in the fields, <Lu means 'volunteer' or 'lodged,' crops that appear without planting— modern lexicons spell the word differently but read it lu.> hemp and beans ran riot, wild silkworms spun cocoons over the hills, and farmers reaped unexpected bounty,
76
三年春正月甲子,以偏將軍馮異為征西大將軍,杜茂為驃騎大將軍,大司徒鄧禹及馮異與赤眉戰於回溪, 〈溪名也,俗名回坑,在今洛州永寧縣東。〉 禹、異敗績。
In Jianwu 3, first month jiazi, he named Feng Yi western campaign general and Du Mao flying-cavalry general-in-chief; Deng Yu and Feng Yi met the Red Eyebrows at Huixi, <Huixi east of Luoning in western Henan.> and suffered a sharp defeat,
77
征虜將軍祭遵破蠻中,斬張滿。
while Ji Zun cleared Manzhong and took Zhang Man's head,
78
辛巳,立皇考南頓君已上四廟。
on xinsi he dedicated four shrines to his father and ascending ancestors through Nandun,
79
壬午,大赦天下。
on renwu he proclaimed a general amnesty,
80
閏月乙巳,大司徒鄧禹免。
in the intercalary month yisi removed Deng Yu as grand steward,
81
馮異與赤眉戰於崤底,大破之, 〈崤,山名; 底,阪也。 一名嶔岑山,在今洛州永寧縣西北。〉 餘衆南向冝陽, 〈縣名,屬弘農郡,韓國都也,故城在今洛州福昌縣東韓城是也。〉 帝自將征之。 己亥,幸冝陽。 甲辰,親勒六軍,大陳戎馬,大司馬吳漢精卒當前,中軍次之,驍騎、武衞分陳左右。 赤眉望見震怖,遣使乞降。 丙午,赤眉君臣面縛, 〈面,偝也。 謂反偝而縛之。〉 奉高皇帝璽綬, 〈蔡邕《獨斷》曰:「皇帝六璽,皆玉螭虎紐,文曰『皇帝行璽』、『皇帝之璽』、『皇帝信璽』、『天子行璽』、『天子之璽』、『天子信璽』,皆以武都紫泥封之。 」《玉璽譜》曰:「傳國璽是秦始皇初定天下所刻,其玉出藍田山,丞相李斯所書,其文曰『受命于天,旣壽永昌』。 高祖至霸上,秦王子嬰獻之。 至王莽篡位,就元后求璽,不與,以威逼之,乃出璽投地。 璽上螭一角缺。 及莽敗,李松持璽詣宛上更始; 更始敗,璽入赤眉; 劉盆子旣敗,以奉光武。」〉 詔以屬城門校尉。 〈《前書》曰「城門校尉,掌京師城門屯兵,秩比二千石」也。〉 戊申,至自冝陽,己酉,詔曰:「羣盜縱橫,賊害元元,盆子竊尊號,亂惑天下。 朕奮兵討擊,應時崩解,十餘萬衆束手降服,先帝璽綬歸之王府。 斯皆祖宗之靈,士人之力,朕曷足以享斯哉! 〈享,當也。〉 其擇吉日祠高廟,賜天下長子當為父後者爵,人一級。」
then Feng Yi crushed the Red Eyebrows at the Yaoxiao pass, <Yao names the range, di the defile below, northwest of Luoning today.> the survivors fled south toward Yiyang in Hongnong, <Yiyang—old Han capital east of Fuchang, Henan.> Guangwu marched in person to intercept them, reaching Yiyang on jihai, on jiachen he drew up six hosts: Wu Han's veterans in the van, the main body behind, shock horse and palace guard on the wings, until the Red Eyebrows quailed and sued for peace, on bingwu their chiefs came hands bound behind backs, <Mian means the back turned, the phrase describing arms tied behind.> bearing Gaozu's imperial seal and cords, <Cai Yong lists the six imperial jade seals with their paired 'emperor' and 'Son of Heaven' legends, sealed in purple paste, while the fabled 'transmission' jade bore Li Si's eight characters of mandate, passed from Ziying to Gaozu at Bashang, seized by Wang Mang from the empress dowager who dashed it down—chipping one horn, the chipped horn still visible, then carried by Li Song to Gengshi at Wan, passed to the Red Eyebrows with Liu Penzi, until Penzi's surrender brought it to Guangwu.> An edict lodged the regalia with the colonel of the city gates, <That officer commanded the Luoyang gate guard at two thousand shi.> On wushen he returned from Yiyang; next day he proclaimed that Penzi's puppet throne had tormented the people, the campaign broke them in short order, disarmed a hundred thousand men, and brought Gaozu's seal back to the Han treasury, yet that victory was the work of the imperial ancestors and every loyal officer—how could the throne claim it alone?' <Xiang here means 'to deserve.'> He ordered a thanksgiving at Gaozu's shrine and a one-rank gift to every eldest son who would inherit a household.'"
82
二月己未,祠高廟,受傳國璽。
On jiwei in the second month he took the transmission seal before Gaozu's tablet,
83
劉永立董憲為海西王, 〈海西,縣,屬琅邪郡。〉 張步為齊王。 步殺光祿大夫伏隆而反。
Liu Yong named Dong Xian king of Haixi, <Haixi county in coastal Shandong.> and Zhang Bu king of Qi, until Zhang Bu murdered Fu Long and revolted,
84
幸懷。 遣吳漢率二將軍擊青犢於軹西,大破降之。 〈軹,縣,屬河內郡,故城在今洛州濟源縣東南。〉
Guangwu traveled to Huai, sent Wu Han west of Zhi against the Green Calf, broke them, and took their surrender, <Zhi southeast of Jiyuan, Henan.>
85
三月壬寅,以大司徒司直伏湛為大司徒。 〈《續漢志》曰:「光武即位,依武帝故事置司徒司直,建武十一年省。」〉
on renyin he promoted Fu Zhan from steward's investigator to grand steward, <Guangwu briefly revived the steward's investigator post from Emperor Wu's day.>
86
彭寵陷薊城,寵自立為燕王。
Peng Chong seized Ji and declared himself king of Yan,
87
帝自將征鄧奉,幸堵陽。 夏四月,大破鄧奉於小長安,斬之。
while Guangwu marched on Deng Feng, halting at Duyang, and in the fourth month shattered Deng Feng at Little Chang'an and beheaded him,
88
馮異與延岑戰於上林,破之。 〈關中上林苑也。〉
Feng Yi meanwhile drove Yan Cen from the Shanglin park, <The old imperial hunting park near Chang'an.>
89
吳漢率七將軍與劉永將蘇茂戰於廣樂,大破之。 〈廣樂地闕,今宋州虞城縣有長樂故城,蓋避隋煬帝諱。〉 虎牙大將軍蓋延圍劉永於睢陽。
Wu Han met Su Mao at Guangle and broke him, <Toponym uncertain—likely near Yucheng, Henan, renamed to avoid Sui taboo.> Gai Yan kept Liu Yong bottled in Suiyang,
90
五月己酉,車駕還宮。
and on jiyou in the fifth month Guangwu re-entered the palace,
91
乙卯晦,日有食之。 〈《續漢志》曰:「日在柳十四度。 柳,河南也。 時樊崇謀作亂,其七月伏誅。」〉
while the month's last day yimao brought an eclipse, <The Xu Han zhi places the sun in the Liu lodge, the Willow lunar lodge mapping to the Henan sky quarter, omen tied to Fan Chong's later conspiracy and death.>
92
六月壬戌,大赦天下。
On renxu in the sixth month he amnestied again,
93
耿弇與延岑戰於穰,大破之。 〈穰,縣,屬南陽郡,今鄧州縣。〉
Geng Yan crushed Yan Cen at Rang, <Rang in Nanyang—modern Dengzhou area.>
94
秋七月,征南大將軍岑彭率三將軍伐秦豐,戰於黎丘,大破之,獲其將蔡宏。
That autumn, in the seventh month, Cen Peng struck Qin Feng at Liqiu, broke his line, and captured Cai Hong,
95
庚辰,詔曰:「吏不滿六百石,下至墨綬長、相,有罪先請。 〈《續漢志》曰:「縣大者置令一人,千石; 其次置長,四百石; 小者三百石。 侯國之相亦如之。 皆掌理人,並秦制。」〉 男子八十以上,十歲以下,及婦人從坐者,自非不道,詔所名捕,皆不得繫。 〈詔書有名而特捕者。〉 當驗問者即就驗。 女徒雇山歸家。」 〈《前書》音義曰:「令甲:女子犯徒遣歸家,每月出錢雇人於山伐木,名曰雇山。」〉
On gengchen he ruled that any county magistrate under six hundred shi must obtain imperial leave before arrest, <Large counties had thousand-shi magistrates, midsize chiefs at four hundred, small ones three hundred, with the same ladder for marquisate seats, all Qin-era survivals.> He exempted octogenarians, infants, and implicated women from jail except in capital crimes or named warrants, <Unless the edict singled them out.> and ordered quick inquest for those who still needed questioning, while female laborers could buy out their 'mountain service' and go home.'" <Han statute let women commute gulag to a monthly lumber fee.>
96
蓋延拔睢陽,獲劉永,而蘇茂、周建立永子紆為梁王。
Gai Yan finally stormed Suiyang and killed Yong, only for Su Mao and Zhou Jian to set Yong's son Yu on the Liang throne as puppet,
97
冬十月壬申,幸舂陵,祠園廟,因置酒舊宅,大會故人父老。 〈光武舊宅在今隨州棗陽縣東南。 宅南二里有白水焉,即張衡所謂「龍飛白水」也。〉 十一月乙未,至自舂陵。
On renshen in the tenth month he toured Chunling, offered at the family tombs, feasted his boyhood neighbors at the old farm, <The farm stood southeast of Zaoyang in Hubei, two li from the White Water ford Zhang Heng sang of.> He rode back to Luoyang on yiwei in the eleventh month,
98
涿郡太守張豐反。 〈涿郡故城在今幽州范陽縣。〉
while Zhang Feng, prefect of Zhuo, rose in revolt, <Zhuo's seat at modern Zhuozhou.>
99
是歲,李憲自稱天子。 西州大將軍隗嚻奉奏。 〈時鄧禹承制命嚻為西州大將軍,專制涼州、朔方事。〉 建義大將軍朱祐率祭遵與延岑戰於東陽,斬其將張成。 〈東陽,聚名也,故城在今鄧州南。 臨淮郡復有東陽縣,非此地也。〉
and Li Xian declared himself emperor in the south, Wei Ao, grand general of the western provinces, forwarded a loyal memorial, <Deng Yu had vested him with Liang and Shuofang.> Zhu You and Ji Zun met Yan Cen at Dongyang and killed his general Zhang Cheng. <This Dongyang hamlet south of Dengzhou— not the Dongyang county on the Huai.>
100
四年春正月甲申,大赦天下。
Jianwu 4 opened with jiashen in the first month and another great amnesty,
101
二月壬子,幸懷。 壬申,至自懷。
on renzi in the second month he went to Huai, returning from Huai on renshen.
102
遣右將軍鄧禹率二將軍與延岑戰於武當,破之。 〈武當,縣,屬南陽郡,有武當山,今均州縣也。〉
Deng Yu met Yan Cen at Wudang and broke his line, <Wudang in Nanyang—modern Junzhou, Hubei.>
103
夏四月丁巳,幸鄴。 己巳,進幸臨平。 〈縣名,屬鉅鹿郡,故城在今定州鼓城縣東南。〉
On dingsi in the fourth month he traveled to Ye, on jisi pushed on to Linping, <Linping southeast of Gucheng in Hebei.>
104
遣大司馬吳漢擊五校賊於箕山,大破之。 〈吳漢傳曰東郡箕山。〉
Wu Han crushed the Five Camps at Ji Mountain, <The Wu Han zhuan places the fight on Ji Mountain in Dong.>
105
五月,進幸元氏。 辛巳,進幸盧奴。
In the fifth month he moved on to Yuanshi, on xinsi to Luunu,
106
遣征虜將軍祭遵率四將軍討張豐於涿郡,斬豐。
Ji Zun executed Zhang Feng in Zhuo,
107
六月辛亥,車駕還宮。
On xinhai in the sixth month the court was back in Luoyang,
108
七月丁亥,幸譙。 遣捕虜將軍馬武、偏將軍王霸圍劉紆於垂惠。 〈垂惠,聚名,在今亳州山桑縣西北,一名禮城。〉
On dinghai in the seventh month he rode to Qiao, detaching Ma Wu and Wang Ba to invest Liu Yu at Chuihui, <Chuihui northwest of modern Mengcheng, Anhui.>
109
董憲將賁休以蘭陵城降,憲圍之。 〈《前書》曰賁赫。 賁音肥,今姓作賁,音奔。 蘭陵,縣,屬東海郡,故城在今沂州丞縣東。〉 虎牙大將軍蓋延率平狄將軍龐萌救賁休,不克,蘭陵為憲所陷。
Ben Xiu handed Lucheng to Han, but Dong Xian invested the city anyway, <The Han shu parallel cites the minister Ben He, the graph read fei or ben in modern usage, Lucheng in Donghai—east of Lanling in Shandong.> Gai Yan and Pang Meng failed to lift the siege, and Dong Xian took Lucheng,
110
秋八月戊午,進幸壽春。 〈今壽州縣。〉
In the eighth month Guangwu reached Shouchun, <Modern Shou county, Anhui.>
111
太中大夫徐惲擅殺臨淮太守劉度,惲坐誅。
Xu Yun murdered Liu Du, prefect of Linhuai, and paid with his own life,
112
遣揚武將軍馬成率三將軍伐李憲。 九月,圍憲於舒。 〈縣名,故城在今廬州廬江縣西。〉
then sent Ma Cheng south against Li Xian, investing him at Shu county in the ninth month, <Shu west of Lujiang, Anhui.>
113
冬十月甲寅,車駕還宮。
returning to the palace on jiayin in the tenth month.
114
太傅卓茂薨。
Grand Tutor Zhuo Mao died,
115
十一月丙申,幸宛。 遣建義大將軍朱祐率二將軍圍秦豐於黎丘。 十二月丙寅,進幸黎丘。
On bingshen in the eleventh month he went to Wan, and Zhu You tightened the ring around Qin Feng at Liqiu, reaching Liqiu himself on bingyin in the twelfth month.
116
是歲,征西大將軍馮異與公孫述將程焉戰於陳倉,破之。
That year Feng Yi beat Cheng Yan at Cangcang on the western front,
117
五年春正月癸巳,車駕還宮。
and in Jianwu 5, first month guisi, he was back in Luoyang.
118
二月丙午,大赦天下。
On bingwu in the second month he proclaimed another amnesty,
119
捕虜將軍馬武、偏將軍王霸拔垂惠。
while Ma Wu and Wang Ba stormed Chuihui,
120
乙丑,幸魏郡。 〈今相州也。〉
On yichou he toured Wei commandery, <Around Anyang in Henan.>
121
壬申,封殷後孔安為殷紹嘉公。 〈成帝封孔吉為殷紹嘉公,安即吉之裔也。〉
on renshen he named Kong An, heir of Yin, as marquis who continues Yin's splendor, <Reviving Chengdi's patent to Kong Ji.>
122
彭寵為其蒼頭所殺,漁陽平。 〈秦呼人為黔首。 謂奴為蒼頭者,以別於良人也。〉
A trusted bondservant slew Peng Chong and Yuyang submitted, <Qin called commoners 'black heads,' and blue-head marked bondsmen off from freemen.>
123
大司馬吳漢率建威大將軍耿弇擊富平、獲索賊於平原,大破降之。 〈平原,郡,今德州縣也。〉 復遣耿弇率二將軍討張步。
Wu Han and Geng Yan cleared the Fuping and Huosuo hosts in Pingyuan, <Pingyuan in the Dezhou belt of Shandong.> Geng Yan was then turned east against Zhang Bu,
124
三月癸未,徙廣陽王良為趙王,始就國。
on guiwei he transferred Prince Liang from Guangyang to Zhao, who then took up his fief,
125
平狄將軍龐萌反,殺楚郡太守孫萌而東附董憲。
while Pang Meng mutinied, killed Sun Meng, prefect of Chu commandery, and fled east to Dong Xian,
126
遣征南大將軍岑彭率二將軍伐田戎於津郷,大破之。 〈南郡有津郷,故城在今荊州江陵縣東。〉
Cen Peng struck Tian Rong at Jinxiang and routed him, <Jinxiang east of Jiangling, Hubei.>
127
夏四月,旱,蝗。
The fourth month brought drought and locusts,
128
河西大將軍竇融始遣使貢獻。
and Dou Rong west of the river sent his first tribute mission,
129
五月丙子,詔曰:「乆旱傷麥,秋種未下,朕甚憂之。 將殘吏未勝,獄多冤結,元元愁恨,感動天氣乎? 其令中都官、三輔、郡、國出繫囚, 〈《前書》音義曰:「中都官謂京師諸官府也。 國謂諸侯王國也。」〉 罪非犯殊死一切勿案, 〈殊死謂斬刑。 殊,絕也。 左傳曰:「斬其木而弗殊。 」一切謂權時,非乆制也。 並見《前書》音義。〉 見徒免為庶人。 務進柔良,退貪酷,各正厥事焉。」 〈臣賢案:范曄序例云「帝紀略依春秋,唯孛彗、日食、地震書,餘悉備於志」。 流俗本於此下多有「甲申,白虹見,南北竟天」者,誤。 它皆放此。〉
on bingzi he fretted in an edict that drought had ruined the wheat and autumn sowing stalled, asking whether harsh magistrates and crowded jails had angered Heaven, he ordered every capital bureau and circuit to empty the jails, <Zhong du guan means Luoyang ministries, guo being princely kingdoms.> freeing all except capital cases from prosecution, <Shu si means beheading, shu 'to sever,' as in the Zuo zhuan usage, yi qie meaning a temporary measure, per the Han shu glosses.> and commuted labor convicts to commoner status. He urged promotion of humane officers and dismissal of cruel ones.'" <Li Xian cites Fan Ye's rule that omens belong in treatises, warning that interpolated rainbow lines are spurious, and other such insertions should be struck.>
130
六月,建義大將軍朱祐拔黎丘,獲秦豐; 而龐萌、蘇茂圍桃城。 〈任城國有桃聚,故城在今兖州任城縣北。〉 帝時幸蒙, 〈縣名,屬梁國,故城在今宋州北。〉 因自將征之。 先理兵任城,乃進救桃城,大破萌等。
In the sixth month Zhu You stormed Liqiu and bagged Qin Feng, while Pang Meng and Su Mao besieged Taocheng, <Taocheng north of Jining, Shandong.> Guangwu was then at Meng county, <Meng north of Shangqiu, Henan.> and led the host in person, marshaling at Rencheng before relieving Taocheng and shattering Pang Meng's ring,
131
秋七月丁丑,幸沛,祠高原廟。 〈《前書》音義曰:「原,再也。 」謂已立廟,更立者為原。〉 詔修復西京園陵。 進幸湖陵,征董憲。 〈湖陵,縣,屬山陽郡,故城在今兖州方與縣東,一名湖陸。〉 又幸蕃, 〈縣名,屬魯國,故城在今徐州滕縣。 蕃音皮。〉 遂攻董憲於昌慮,大破之。 〈昌慮,縣,屬東海郡,故城在今徐州滕縣東南。 古邾國之濫邑也。 左傳曰「邾庶其以濫來奔」,即此地。〉
In the seventh month, on dingchou, he worshipped at Gaoyuan's shrine in Pei, <Yuan means a second, duplicate shrine, built after an earlier temple to the same ancestor.> He also ordered Chang'an's mausolea repaired, pushed to Huling, and moved against Dong Xian, <Huling east of Yutai, Shandong.> called at Fan county, <Fan in Lu—modern Tengzhou, Fan read pi.> then smashed Dong Xian at Changlü, <Changlü southeast of Tengzhou, old Zhu polity of Lan, the Zuo zhuan Lan defection site.>
132
八月己酉,進幸郯, 〈縣名,屬東海郡,故城在今泗州下邳縣東北。 郯音談。〉 留吳漢攻劉紆、董憲等,車駕轉徇彭城、下邳。 吳漢拔郯,獲劉紆,漢進圍董憲、龐萌於朐。 〈縣名,屬東海郡,故城在今海州朐山縣西。 音其于反。〉
On jiyou in the eighth month he reached Tan, <Tan northeast of Suqian, Tan read tan.> left Wu Han to finish Liu Yu and Dong Xian while he swept Pengcheng and Xiapi, Wu Han stormed Tan, seized Liu Yu, then bottled Dong Xian and Pang Meng at Qu, <Qu west of Lianyungang, read qi-yu.>
133
冬十月,還,幸魯,使大司空祠孔子。
In the tenth month, returning west, he sacrificed to Confucius at Qufu through the minister of works,
134
耿弇等與張步戰於臨淄,大破之。 〈臨淄,今青州縣。〉 帝幸臨淄,進幸劇。 〈縣名,故城在今青州壽光縣南,故紀國城也。〉 張步斬蘇茂以降,齊地平。
Geng Yan shattered Zhang Bu at Linzi, <Linzi in Zibo, Shandong.> Guangwu followed the army to Linzi and Ju, <Ju south of Shouguang—old Ji capital.> Zhang Bu killed Su Mao and yielded; Qi was pacified,
135
初起太學。 〈陸機《洛陽記》曰:「太學在洛陽城故開陽門外,去宮八里,講堂長十丈,廣三丈。」〉 車駕還宮,幸太學,賜博士弟子各有差。
and he founded the Imperial Academy at the capital. <Lu Ji's Luoyang ji places the academy outside the Kaiyang Gate, eight li from the palace, with a lecture hall ten by three zhang.> Back in Luoyang he toured the new academy and distributed stipends to the doctoral students by grade,
136
十一月壬寅,大司徒伏湛免,尚書令侯霸為大司徒。
on renyin in the eleventh month Fu Zhan stepped down as grand steward and Hou Ba took his place,
137
十二月,盧芳自稱天子於九原。 〈縣名,屬五原郡,故城在今勝州銀成縣。〉
In the twelfth month Lu Fang proclaimed himself emperor at Jiuyuan on the northern frontier, <Jiuyuan in Wuyuan—modern Ordos-Yinchuan border region.>
138
西州大將軍隗嚻子恂入侍。
Wei Ao's heir Xun came to Luoyang as a hostage-attendant,
139
交阯牧鄧讓率七郡太守遣使奉貢。 〈交阯,郡,今交州縣也。 南濵大海。 《輿地志》云:「其夷足大指開析,兩足並立,指則相交。 」阯與趾同,古字通。 應劭《漢官儀》曰:「始開北方,遂交於南,為子孫基阯也。 」七郡謂南海、蒼梧、鬱林、合浦、交阯、九真、日南,並屬交州,見續漢書。〉
while Deng Rang of Jiaozhi brought seven southern prefects to send their first tribute mission, <Jiaozhi was the chief commandery of the far south— its coast opening on the South China Sea, folk geography claimed the natives' toes splayed so that standing feet interlaced— a folk etymology tying the place name to the word for toe.> Ying Shuo glossed Han expansion as first securing the north then linking the south as a base for posterity, naming the seven circuits—Nanhai through Rinan—that formed Jiaozhou.>
140
是歲,野穀漸少,田𠭇益廣焉。
By year's end the freak volunteer harvests were tapering off while normal plowland spread again across the empire.