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卷一上 光武帝紀

Volume 1a: Annals of Emperor Guangwu

Chapter 2 of 後漢書 ✓ Translated
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1
西 鹿 鹿 西 滿
Emperor Guangwu Shizu, whose given name was Xiu and courtesy name Wenshu, <According to the Rites: 'Ancestors with merit are zu, those with virtue are zong.' Guangwu restored the Han dynasty, hence his temple name is Shizu. According to the rules for posthumous titles: 'One who carries on past achievements is called Guang, one who overcomes chaos and calamity is called Wu.' > In Fu Hou's Notes on Ancient and Modern Affairs it says: 'Xiu's courtesy name was Mao.' Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji represent the birth order of brothers. The eldest brother was named Bo Sheng, the second was Zhong, hence his courtesy name Wenshu.> Native of Caiyang county in Nanyang commandery, <Nanyang was a commandery, now equivalent to Dengzhou county. Caiyang was a county; its ancient city lies southwest of present-day Zaoyang county in Suizhou.> He was Gaozu's ninth-generation descendant through Jingdi's son, King Ding of Changsha, named Fa. <Changsha was a commandery, now equivalent to Tanzhou county.> Fa was the father of Jiehou Mai of Chunling, <Chunling was a village name, originally part of Lengdao county in Lingling commandery, located north of present-day Tangxing county in Yongzhou. During Emperor Yuan's reign it was relocated to Nanyang but kept the name Chunling; its ancient site lies east of Zaoyang county in Suizhou today. Full details appear in the 'Biographies of the Four Imperial Princes of the Imperial Clan.'> Mai fathered Wai, Grand Administrator of Yulin, <Yulin was a commandery, now equivalent to Chenzhou county. According to the History of the Former Han: 'The commandery governor was an office established in the Qin dynasty.' With a salary rank of 2,000 shi. Emperor Jing renamed it Grand Administrator.> Wai fathered Hui, Commandant of Julu, <Julu was a commandery, now equivalent to Xingzhou county. According to the History of the Former Han: 'The commandant was originally the commandery captain, an office established in the Qin dynasty.' He assists the governor in administration and oversees military matters, with a rank equivalent to 2,000 shi. Emperor Jing renamed it Commandant.> Hui fathered Qin, Magistrate of Nandun, <Nandun was a county under Runan commandery; its ancient city lies west of present-day Xiangcheng county in Chenzhou. According to the History of the Former Han: 'Both magistrates and county chiefs were offices established in the Qin dynasty.' Counties with 10,000 or more households appoint magistrates with salaries ranging from 1,000 to 600 shi; Counties with fewer than 10,000 households appoint chiefs with salaries from 500 to 300 shi.> Qin was the father of Guangwu. Guangwu lost his parents at age nine and was raised by his uncle Liang. He stood seven chi three cun tall, with handsome beard and eyebrows, a large mouth, prominent nose, and forehead corners shaped like the sun. <Long means high. The physiognomist Xu Fu said: 'The tip of the nose is called zhun.' > Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhonghou omen in the Shangshu explains: 'Sun-like forehead corners refer to bones rising in the forehead, shaped like the sun.'> He was naturally diligent in agricultural work, <Sowing is called jia, gathering is called se.> His elder brother Bo Sheng, however, loved chivalric deeds and patronizing wandering scholars, and frequently mocked Guangwu for his farming pursuits, likening him to Gaozu's brother Zhong. <Zhong was Xi, Marquis of Heyang, who excelled at managing estates. See the History of the Former Han.> During the Tianfeng era of Wang Mang's reign, <Wang Mang renamed it Tianfeng in the sixth year of his Jian'guo period.> He traveled to Chang'an to study the Classic of Documents, acquiring a broad grasp of its fundamental teachings. <The Dongguan Records state: 'He studied the Classic of Documents under Xu Ziwei, Palace Attendant of Lujiang.' Short on resources, he combined funds with his roommate Han Zi to purchase a donkey, which his servant rented out to cover the costs for the various scholars.>
2
Near the end of Wang Mang's rule, the realm endured years of continuous calamities and locust plagues, with bandits rising up everywhere like sharpened blades. <Meaning bandits arose with sharpened blades, competing with each other. The character is alternatively written as 'bee', conveying the sense of multitude.> In the third year of the Dihuang reign period, <Renamed from Tianfeng to Dihuang in the sixth year.> Nanyang endured widespread famine, <According to the Han Poetry Outer Commentary: 'Failure of one grain to ripen is called scarcity, two grains is famine, three grains is dearth, four grains is desolation, five grains is great calamity.'> The retainers of many noble houses turned to minor banditry. Guangwu evaded government officials by taking refuge in Xinyye, <Xinyye was under Nanyang commandery, now equivalent to Dengzhou county. The Xu Han Shu records: 'Bo Sheng's retainers engaged in robbery, so the emperor took refuge from officials at Deng Chen's home in Xinyye.'> Thereupon he sold grain in Wan. <The Dongguan Records note: 'While Nanyang endured drought and famine at this time, only the emperor's fields produced a good harvest.' >Wan was a county under Nanyang commandery; its ancient site is now Nanyang county in Dengzhou.> Li Tong and other men of Wan persuaded Guangwu with prophetic charts, saying: 'The Liu clan will rise again, with the Li clan as their helpers.' <Tu refers to the Yellow River Diagram. Chen refers to writings containing omens of heavenly mandate. Chen means verification or proof. Meaning the signs that verify a ruler has received the Mandate of Heaven. The Book of Changes' Kun Spirit Diagram states: 'Li Yang is Han's minister.'> Initially Guangwu did not dare to accept the prophecy, but he reflected privately that his brother Bo Sheng had long cultivated ties with daring retainers and was certain to launch a major uprising. Moreover, signs of Wang Mang's defeat and downfall were already evident, and the empire was in turmoil. Thus he plotted with them and proceeded to purchase weapons and crossbows. In the tenth month, together with Li Tong's cousin Yi and others, he rose in rebellion at Wan, at that time twenty-eight years old.
3
宿 輿 西 西 西
In the eleventh month, a comet appeared in the constellation Zhang. <According to the Former Han's phonetic glosses: 'A bo star has short rays that appear disheveled.' Zhang is the southern constellation. >The Xu Han Treatise on Astronomy states: 'Zhang corresponds to Zhou territory.' The comet appeared in Zhang and traveled southeast toward the region between Yi and Zhen constellations. Yi and Zhen correspond to Chu lands, signifying that military turmoil will arise in Chu territory. The following year in the first month, Guangwu raised troops at Chunling, attacked Nanyang commandery, executed Fu, Ci, and their confederates, slaughtering tens of thousands of their soldiers and followers. Guangwu made Luoyang his capital, residing in the lands of Zhou, symbolizing the sweeping away of corruption and the inauguration of a new era.> Guangwu then led his retainers back to Chunling. By this time, Bo Sheng had already assembled a crowd and raised an army. At first, the young men from the various families were terrified and all fled to hide themselves, saying: 'Bo Sheng is going to kill me.' But when they saw Guangwu in crimson robes and a grand hat, <Dong Ba's Treatise on Ceremonial Regalia states: 'The grand hat refers to the martial crown, worn by military officials.' >The Dongguan Records note: 'At that time the emperor wore crimson robes and a grand hat, the uniform of a general.'> Everyone was astonished, saying: 'Even the cautious and upright one is joining them,' and gradually they became reassured. Bo Sheng then recruited troops from Xinshi and Pinglin, <Xinshi was a county under Jiangxia commandery; its ancient site lies northeast of Fushui county in present-day Yingzhou. Pinglin was a place name, situated northeast of Sui county in present-day Suizhou.> And together with their commanders Wang Feng and Chen Mu attacked the settlement of Changju to the west. <The Guangya dictionary states: 'Ju means residence, pronounced ci yu fan.' >The Former Han's phonetic glosses state: 'A ju is smaller than a xiang.'> Initially Guangwu rode an ox; he only acquired a horse after killing the magistrate of Xinyye. <According to the History of the Former Han: Wei was an office established in the Qin dynasty, with salaries ranging from 400 to 200 shi.> Advanced and slaughtered the inhabitants of Tangzi village, <Convention states: 'Massacring means executing many.' >Tangzi village includes Tangzi mountain, located southwest of Huyang county in present-day Tangzhou.> Also executed the magistrate of Huyang. <Huyang was under Nanyang commandery, now equivalent to Tangzhou county. According to the Dongguan Records: 'Liu Zhong falsely pretended to be a Jiangxia official and tricked him into being killed.'> Within the army, the distribution of spoils was unfair, causing widespread resentment and anger, with troops wanting to turn against the various Liu clans. Guangwu collected all the goods his clansmen had acquired and distributed them entirely to the soldiers, whereupon the troops became content. Advanced and seized Jiyang, <County name under Nanyang commandery, located north of the Jishui River, site of the ancient state of Xie; its former city lies northwest of Huyang county in present-day Tangzhou. Ji is pronounced ji li fan.> And battled Wang Mang's Front Division Grand Master Zhen Fu, <Wang Mang created six military divisions, with each commandery appointing one grand master whose responsibilities were equivalent to a governor. Nanyang formed the front division, Henei the rear division, Yingchuan the left division, Hongnong the right division, Hedong the vanguard division, and Xingyang the prayer division. Dui is pronounced sui.> And Assistant Commander Liangqiu Ci <Wang Mang appointed one assistant commander to each division, with responsibilities equivalent to a commandery captain.> Battled at Xiaochangan, <According to the Xu Han Shu, Yuanyang county contains the Xiaochangan settlement; its ancient site lies south of Nanyang county in present-day Dengzhou.> The Han forces suffered a major defeat and withdrew to defend Jiyang.
4
On the xinsi day of the second month, Liu Shenggong was enthroned as Son of Heaven, with Bo Sheng appointed Grand Minister of Works and Guangwu as Assistant General under the Grand Minister of Ceremonies. <According to the History of the Former Han: 'Fengchang was an office established in the Qin dynasty.' Emperor Jing renamed it Taichang. >Ying Shao's Han Official System states: 'To ensure the nation flourishes greatly and the altars of soil and grain endure forever, therefore called Taichang.' >Laozi states: 'The assistant general stands on the left, the supreme general on the right.' >The Dongguan Records note: 'There was no official seal at the time, so he obtained the household steward's seal of the Marquis of Dingwu and wore it when entering court.'>
5
西 西 使
At first, Wang Mang summoned sixty-three families skilled in military strategy from across the empire, several hundred individuals in total, and appointed them all as army officers; Selected and drilled martial guards, recruited valiant fighters, <The Shuowen dictionary states: 'Mu means to seek broadly.'> Banners and supply wagons extended for a thousand li without interruption. <According to the Rites of Zhou: 'Split feathers make banners, bears and tigers make flags.' >Zi refers to a type of cart. The Explanation of Names states: 'Zi means mixed together.' Meaning that military rations and various supplies are loaded together in a jumbled manner. Because they are heavy and burdensome, therefore called baggage. >Zhong is pronounced zhi yong fan.> At this time there was a giant named Ju Wuba, <Wang Mang's Regional Commander Han Bo submitted a memorial stating: 'There is a remarkable warrior, ten chi tall and ten wei in circumference, who calls himself Ju Wuba. He emerged from northwest of the Five Cities southeast of Penglai. His feet are like the seashore. Light carriages cannot carry him; three horses cannot pull him. When sleeping he uses drums as pillows and eats with iron chopsticks.' >See the History of the Former Han.> Ten chi tall and ten wei in circumference, appointed as Fortification Officer; <Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Zhou Rites states: 'Military fortifications are called ramparts.' >Cui Yuan's Admonition for the Central Rampart Colonel states: 'The majestic Yellow Emperor established fortifications and walls.' >Captains are responsible for matters concerning fortifications.> Also drove various ferocious beasts <'Meng' is alternatively written as 'guang'. Guang means fierce appearance, pronounced gu meng fan.> Tigers, leopards, rhinoceroses, elephants and similar beasts, to enhance martial prestige. Since the peak military campaigns of the Qin and Han dynasties, there has never been anything like this. Guangwu led several thousand soldiers and ambushed them at Yangguan. <Also a name for a settlement. Li Yuan's Commentary on the Classic of Waterways states: 'The Ying River flows southeast past the Yangguan settlement, with settlements facing each other across the Ying River.' >Located northwest of Yangdi county in present-day Luozhou.> When the various generals saw that Xun and Yi's forces were so numerous, they turned back in flight, galloped into Kunyang, all filled with terror, anxious about their wives and children, <Nu means offspring.> Wanting to scatter and return to their various cities. Guangwu addressed them: 'Our forces and provisions are already meager, but the enemy outside is powerful and numerous. If we unite our strength to resist them, we may yet achieve merit; If we disperse, none of us will survive unscathed.' Moreover, Wancheng has not yet fallen, <Meaning Bo Sheng's siege has not yet taken it.> Unable to aid one another, Kunyang will fall immediately, and within a single day, all our various units will be annihilated as well. If we do not now unite our hearts and resolve to achieve merit and fame together, do you wish instead to protect your wives, children, and possessions? >The various generals angrily exclaimed: 'General Liu, how dare you speak in such a manner!' >Guangwu smiled and rose to his feet. Just then the scouting cavalry returned, reporting that a massive army was approaching north of the city, with battle formations stretching hundreds of li, their rear invisible. The various generals hurriedly said to one another: 'Let us consult General Liu's strategy once more.' >Guangwu once more outlined the possibilities of victory and defeat. The various generals, filled with worry and urgency, all agreed. At this time the city held only eight or nine thousand men. Guangwu ordered the Duke of Chengguo Wang Feng and Grand General of the Court of Judicial Review Wang Chang to remain and defend it, while he himself went out at night with the Grand General of Agile Cavalry Zong Tiao, <The Grand General of Agile Cavalry was created by Emperor Wu, first held by Huo Qubing. Tiao is pronounced tai yao fan.> Five Majestic General Li Yi and thirteen other cavalrymen, <Wang Mang created the Five Majestic Generals, whose robes followed the colors of the five cardinal directions to intimidate the empire. Li Yi initially adopted it as a provisional title.> Exited through the south gate of the city and assembled troops beyond the walls. At this moment, Wang Mang's forces that had reached the city walls numbered nearly 100,000; Guangwu almost could not break out. <Ji is pronounced qi.> Upon reaching Yan and Dingling, they mobilized troops from all the camps, but the various generals, greedy for spoils, wanted to divide them up and leave some behind for defense. Guangwu said: 'If we defeat the enemy now, precious treasures will multiply ten thousand times, <Bao is the ancient form of the character 'bao' (treasure).> great merit can be accomplished; if we are defeated by them, not a single head will survive—what goods would remain!' >The multitude then complied.
6
使
Yan You advised Wang Yi: 'Kunyang city is small but impregnable. The pretender to the throne is currently in Wan. Quickly advance the main army <Ji means urgent, pronounced ji li fan.> and they will surely flee in disorder; once Wan falls, Kunyang will surrender without a fight.' >Yi replied: 'Once I surrounded Zhai Yi as Tiger Fang General, but because I failed to capture him alive, I was censured and reprimanded.' <Zhai Yi, courtesy name Wenzhong, was the youngest son of Fang Jin and served as Grand Administrator of Dongjun commandery. When Wang Mang served as regent, Yi hated him in his heart, so he enthroned Xin, son of Dongping King Yun, as Son of Heaven. Yi proclaimed himself Pillar Heaven Grand General to execute Wang Mang. Wang Mang then dispatched Sun Jian, Wang Yi, and others to lead troops against Yi, defeating him. Yi was dead—he had taken his own life—so under the law he counted as never having been captured alive. The commentary records the fanqie reading cai-wo for the word taken as 'offense' in this sentence. See the Book of Former Han.> Here I command a host in the hundreds of thousands, yet a single city blocks me—what kind of generalship is that?" <One variant substitutes the graph meaning 'pass by' for the one meaning 'encounter'.> They ringed the city in layer upon layer, pitched camp after camp—hundreds of them—and rolled up siege towers, the so-called cloud-ladders, more than ten zhang tall, <Commentary: the 'cloud-cart' is the assault tower; the name evokes height. Troops climbed it to overlook the walls—Mozi records Gongshu Ban's 'cloud-ladder' machines.> from which they peered straight down into the streets below, <The gloss defines the verb as 'look down from a height' and gives the fanqie ku-zan.> flags and pennants blotted out the open ground, <The Guangya defines the streamer word and assigns it the same reading as 'blaze' (zhi).> a haze of dust climbed to the heavens, while gongs and drums rolled for hundreds of li around. <The Shuowen classifies the signal bell as a variety of nao, hand-bell sized.> Sappers drove tunnels; rams and crowbars hammered the battlements. <The battering-ram is the assault engine. The Classic of Poetry has: 'Their rams rolled up, slow and steady.' Xu Shen glosses the siege-tower cart as the tall rolling tower. The commentary gives bu-geng as the fanqie for the siege-tower graph.> Volley-fire from heavy crossbows darkened the air; bolts fell like rain, and defenders had to hug their doors just to reach the wells. Wang Feng's party offered to yield; Wang Xun and Wang Yi would not hear of it. Wang Xun and Wang Yi were sure the city would fall within the hour; they grew cocky beyond measure. A meteor streaked into their lines at night; by day a mountain-shaped cloud broke over the encampment and dissolved a foot short of the earth—every soldier went cold with dread. <The Xu Han zhi explains the omen: a cloud like a shattered peak is the camp-head phenomenon. Prognostication reads: 'Where that star strikes, hosts perish and commanders die; blood may wash a thousand li.' The graph in question is read yi-ye, meaning to shrink or cower.>
7
使 西 西
On jimao in the sixth month Guangwu moved out with the allied camps, taking personal command of just over a thousand cavalry and infantry, and halted four or five li in front of the main army to form line. Wang Xun and Wang Yi likewise detached a few thousand men to meet him. Guangwu drove straight in and took several dozen heads in the first clash. <Qin practice awarded a noble grade per head; hence military tallies were still spoken of as rank-counts from beheadings.> The other columns exclaimed: 'General Liu has always hung back against petty enemies—now he throws himself at the mighty host! How odd—and he is out in front again.' Let us reinforce him!" Guangwu pressed the attack; Wang Xun's line buckled; the allied units piled in and piled up hundreds upon hundreds of heads. Win followed win, and the Han vanguard kept pushing. Bo Sheng had captured Wan three days earlier, though Guangwu had not yet heard; he had a courier 'lose' a dispatch to the besieged city claiming that Wan's garrison was marching to the rescue. When Wang Xun and Wang Yi read it, their faces fell. <The graph meaning 'pleased' is glossed xu-ji.> Flush with a run of successes, every officer fought as if he were worth a hundred men. Guangwu led three thousand volunteers along the stream west of Kunyang and rammed the enemy's iron core, <'Dare-to-die' troops were picked men sworn to fight to the last. In Han usage the general-in-chief stood in the middle, screened by his best unit—hence the phrase 'central firm' for that crack corps.> Wang Xun's line collapsed; Guangwu's men rode the momentum and cut down Wang Xun himself. The defenders thundered out to join the attack; inner blow and outer blow met; Mang's host disintegrated into a stampede that left the plain strewn with bodies for a hundred li. <The word means to fall prostrate; the reading given is yu-ji. Some manuscripts use the homophone meaning 'to choke' instead.> A storm broke—tiles flew, rain fell in sheets, and the Zhi torrent rose until its banks burst, <The Shuijing notes that the Zhi rises west of Mount Yao in Luyang (Nanyang), skirts Kunyang on the north, and joins the Ru to the east. The commentary gives zhi-li as the reading for the river-name graph.> Even the army's tigers and leopards shook in their haunches; men threw themselves into the flood until corpses choked the current and the river seemed to stand still. <The note explains that 'by the ten thousands' means a figure exceeding a full wan.> Wang Yi, Yan You, and Chen Mao escaped on fast horses, using floating corpses as rafts to ford the stream. The victors seized ordnance, wagons, mail, and treasure beyond counting—months of hauling could not move it all, and much was simply burned where it lay.
8
Guangwu then swept on and brought Yingyang to heel. <Yingyang county in Yingchuan; the ancient site lay in what was later called Xu prefecture, in modern Henan.> When the Gengshi regime murdered Bo Sheng, Guangwu raced from Fucheng to the capital at Wan to make his submission. <Fucheng in Yingchuan was the old Ying domain; its ruins lie northeast of Ye county (Xuchang). He went to disclaim any complicity in his brother's death, for he knew his own position was precarious.> Minister of Education Liu's subordinates came to offer sympathy; Guangwu refused intimate talk and confined himself to abject self-blame. He never mentioned the victory at Kunyang, dared not wear mourning for his brother, and kept to ordinary meals and conversation. Shamed by such restraint, Emperor Gengshi named him General Who Destroys Captives and Marquis of Wuxin.
9
On gengxu in the ninth month the gentry militias of the capital region slew Wang Mang and forwarded his head to Wan. <'Three Adjuncts' denotes the metropolitan region—Jingzhao, Left Fengyi, and Right Fufeng—around Chang'an. The Huainanzi defines a hao as a man wiser than a hundred ordinary fellows. The Baihu tong calls an outstanding champion a jie—a hero among ten thousand. Inside Chang'an, young bravos led by Zhang Yu stormed the Jian Terrace; the shopkeeper Du Wu struck Mang down; Colonel Gongbin Jiu severed the head; generals such as Shentu Jian carried it south to Wan.>
10
使 西
As Gengshi prepared to shift the court to Luoyang, he put Guangwu in charge as acting Metropolitan Governor to put the western palaces in order. <The Han shu explains that the Metropolitan Governorship revived a Zhou antecedent; Emperor Wu first instituted it with imperial staff and twelve hundred guards to hunt major criminals. Later the armed escort was stripped away, leaving the office to audit the capital districts, the three He commanderies, and Hongnong. Its rank matched the two-thousand-shi ministers. One gloss explains that watching convict labor gave the office its name as metropolitan convict-inspector. Guangwu at once set up a full secretariat and issued the standard forms of dispatch, <The Dongguan ji recalls 'written orders forwarded to every county under his eye.'> and his investigators policed the region exactly as in Former Han times. <The Xu Han shu lists twelve attendant investigators at one hundred shi, auditing documents and denouncing abuses.> When the local elite rode east to greet Gengshi, they saw imperial generals ride by in nothing but kerchiefs, <The Han guan yi remarks that the ze was humble headgear for men who went bareheaded by custom. Yang Xiong's Fangyan adds that a wrap over the topknot was also called a 'dew-catcher.'> yet those same officers flounced past in women's blouses with embroidered half-sleeves, <Han shu yin yi describes the zhu-yu as a broad-cut robe resembling a woman's gown. Lexicons omit the rare sleeve graph; the Xu Han shu spells it with a variant, both read qi-wu. Yang Xiong records that west of Hangu the short chan-yu robe was called xuan-jue. Guo Pu notes the folk term 'jue-sleeve' for the cut-off cuff. Taken together, the costume was a woman's upper gown with embroidered half-sleeves—much like a modern short jacket. Some editions insert 'gather' after 'embroidered' in the compound.> The onlookers roared with laughter—or bolted in superstitious fear. <The omen treatise remarks that sensible men took the mismatched dress for a portent of doom and fled to the frontier. Such dress counted as a 'clothing anomaly.' Sure enough, Gengshi later fell to the Red Eyebrows.> When the same crowds saw Guangwu's metropolitan staff, joy overwhelmed them. Veteran clerks wept: 'We never thought we would live to see Han dignity on the roads again!' Men of judgment knew then where true authority lay.
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Once Gengshi settled at Luoyang, he sent Guangwu north as acting Grand Marshal while retaining the title General Who Destroys Captives. In the tenth month he took imperial insignia and crossed the river into Hebei, <The Grand Marshal's post was the old Qin Grand Commandant, renamed under Emperor Wu.> The fu credential was an eight-chi bamboo baton hung with triple strands of yak tail to seal orders. Feng Yan once asked Tian Yi whether such awe rested on 'nothing but eight chi of bamboo and a yak's tail.' The Xu Han zhi preserves a Gengshi-era children's song: 'Whether peace comes lies with the Red Eyebrows; whether the throne is won lies with Hebei.' Gengshi died at the hands of the Red Eyebrows—not harmony, while Guangwu rose from the north—gaining it, as the rhyme foretold.> His mission was to calm and reassure every circuit he passed through. Wherever he went he called in the prefects, county heads, village elders, and every clerk from senior aides down to copyists, <The two-thousand-shi grade means the commandery governor. By 'senior magistrates' the gloss means the county magistrate or chief, plus the assistant and sheriff. The three elders were officially recognized village headmen. Emperor Gaozu had instituted the office. The Han shu prescribes: choose men past fifty of proven character who can guide the people; name one three-elder per township; promote a township elder to county elder, and let him counsel the magistrate, chief, assistant, and sheriff while exempting him from corvée and frontier service.' The Xu Han zhi adds that each inspector keeps attendants and aides, and every county maintains its bureau staff.> He audited local government much as a regional inspector on tour would, <Early Han used the Chancellor's agents to watch the circuits; Emperor Wu replaced them with regional inspectors at six hundred shi, and under Emperor Cheng the post became 'shepherd' at two thousand shi. The Han guan dian yi says inspectors on circuit review policy, advance able men, right wrongful jails, and censure the inept.> He emptied the jails where he could and repealed Mang's petty tyrannies, <The Shuowen glosses ke as a tiny weed— hence by extension 'nit-picking rule.' The Liji warns that oppressive law is worse than a tiger.> He brought back the old Han table of ranks and titles. Clerks and townsfolk were delighted, pressing beef and wine on his escort at every stop.
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使 輿 輿 使
He pressed on to Handan, <Handan county in Zhao; the town lies in present-day southern Hebei around the old Mingzhou prefecture. The Han shu yin yi derives Han from the hill, and dan as 'exhausted' or 'ended,' because the Han range stops there. City names take the 'mound' radical, whence the compound.> there waited Lin, son of Prince Miu of Zhao, <Prince Miu was Emperor Jing's seventh-generation descendant, Yuan by name. The Han shu records that Yuan was denounced to the Grand Herald for murder, and received the posthumous epithet Miu, punning on 'blunder.' The Dongguan ji variant spells his name with the character for 'approach' instead of 'forest'.> Lin told him: 'The Red Eyebrows are camped in Hedong—cut the levees and you will drown a hundred thousand rebels like minnows in a pond.'" <Fan Chong's host dyed their brows red so as not to merge with Mang's soldiers—hence the nickname Red Eyebrows. The Xu Han shu narrates: while Guangwu secured Hebei and passed Handan, Lin claimed he could finish the Red Eyebrows, The emperor asked how; Lin said the main channel ran north of Lieren county, and a deliberate break would sheet the floodplain until every man swam with the carp.' Guangwu dismissed the scheme. Lieren lay northeast of present-day Feixiang in southern Hebei.> He gave no reply and rode on toward Zhending, <Zhending county in the Zhending princedom—modern Zhengding near Shijiazhuang.> Lin then spread the fraud that the fortune-teller Wang Lang was Emperor Cheng's lost son Ziyu, <The Han shu cites General Sun Jian's memorial about a stranger who blocked his carriage claiming to be Liu Ziyu, Chengdi's posthumous heir, and Wang Lang simply recycled the imposture.> That winter they crowned Wang Lang at Handan and issued edicts demanding every circuit submit.
13
涿 使 使 紿 紿 西 西 鹿 鹿西 鹿 西 鹿 鹿
In the first month of the second Gengshi year, as Wang Lang's power peaked, Guangwu struck north for Ji county, <Ji lay in Zhuo commandery—present-day Ji county on Beijing's southwest flank. The orthography couples 'bond' with the place radical, per the Shuowen.> Wang Lang's proclamation promised a fief of a hundred thousand households to whoever seized him, <A xi proclamation was a foot-long wooden slip, named from its use in summonses, and gou meant a posted reward. Cao Cao's office rules add that urgent despatches carried a chicken feather.> while Liu Jie, son of the late Prince of Guangyang, <The prince's name was Jia, five generations down from Emperor Wu.> rose inside Ji for Wang Lang. Panic spread through the garrison: rumor said Handan's heralds were at the gates, and every official under two thousand shi rushed out to greet them. Guangwu whipped his carriage about and fled south, <The graph here means 'hurry' and is read like cu.> too frightened to enter walled towns by day or night; the column slept and ate in the ditches. They reached Raoyang, <Raoyang in Anping princedom—north of the Rao River, northeast of the modern county of the same name in Hebei.> His followers were starving. Guangwu bluffed his way into the post-house as a courier from Handan, <That is, the government hostel for traveling officials. The commentary gives the fanqie zhi-lian for chuan, here meaning relay station.> The postmaster was laying out a meal; the famished escort fell on the trays, which convinced the clerk he had impostors—he began pounding the alarm drum, <Chui 'to pound' is read zhi-zhui.> shouting that the Handan general had come, <Dai here means to lie, read like the dai of 'peril.'> Guangwu's officers went white. He leapt for his carriage to bolt, then thought better of it, sauntered back to his seat, and drawled, 'Show the general in.' A long, tense pause later he cantered off. A voice from the hostel yard ordered the gates barred, but the gate captain retorted, 'Who can read fate well enough to lock out a great man?' So the gates stayed open and Guangwu slipped south. They doubled day and night through ice and sleet, <Meng means to face into, until the cold split their cheeks raw. They came to the Hutuo River, <The Shan hai jing places the source on Mount Taixi, east of Fanzhi in Shanxi, then southeast past Shenze—this was Guangwu's crossing, still remembered as the 'peril ford.' Li Xian adds that the river shifted north after Cao Cao cut new channels, which is why it now lies north of Raoyang.> There was no ferry; the surface froze solid just in time, The Xu Han shu says men spread sand from sacks on the slick ice to get the horses across.> Only the last wagons broke through before they cleared the span. They pushed on to the west side of Xiabo, <Xiabo county in Xindu princedom, so named because it sits downstream on the Bo River, the ruins lying south of the modern Hebei county.> No one knew which road led to safety. An old man in white stood by the track, <Tradition calls him a deity; a shrine still marks the spot west of Xiabo.> He pointed and said, 'Press on!' Xindu commandery still flies Han's banner for Chang'an—only eighty li ahead.'" <That is the Xindu circuit around modern Hengshui in Hebei.> Guangwu spurred for Xindu, where Prefect Ren Guang threw open the walls to receive him. He then drafted four thousand men from nearby counties, struck Tangyang and Shi, and both places yielded, <Both counties stood in Julu commandery, Tangyang south of the Tang stream—southwest of present Lucheng in Hebei, Shi is read shi-ye.> while Pi Tong, Wang Mang's Heqing garrison commandant, brought his whole commandery over to Han. <The Dongguan ji notes that Mang carved Heqing out of Julu. The Heqing 'corps commandant' held powers equivalent to a prefect.> Liu Zhi from Changcheng and Geng Chun from Songzi joined him, <Changcheng lay in Xindu; the ruins stand northwest of the Hengshui region. Songzi was in Julu, north of present Pingxiang in Hebei.> each mustering kinsmen to hold his home county for Guangwu. He then took Lower Quyang on the march north, <Lower Quyang was a Julu county, distinguished from Upper Quyang in Changshan by the prefix 'Lower.'> Reinforcements trickled in until glad volunteers numbered in the tens of thousands.
14
鹿
He next drove into the Zhongshan princedom, <Zhongshan's capital sat northeast of present Tang county in Hebei, named from an in-town hill per Zhang Yao's local gazetteer.> and stormed Luunu. <Luunu belonged to Zhongshan; the site is near present Anxi, the Shuijing zhu deriving the name from a stagnant black pool.> Along the route he impressed 'run-on-signal' militia, <Han shu yin yi: standing militia were called out in crisis for instant marches—'run-on-signal' levies.> He sent circulars to the frontier garrisons to coordinate against Handan, and county after county answered. A southern sweep took Xinshi, Zhending, Yuanshi, and Fangzi in succession, <Xinshi in Julu—northeast of the old Hengzhou belt, while Yuanshi and Fangzi lay in Changshan, in the southern Zhao plain. Editors note that the county name could be spelled with either the 'dike' or the 'chamber' graph.> With that he crossed into the Zhao heartland.
15
西 鹿西 鹿 鹿 鹿
Wang Lang's general Li Yu held Bairen, <Bairen in Zhao—northwest of present Longyao in Xingtai prefecture.> Unaware, the Han vanguard under Zhu Fu and Deng Yu walked into an ambush and lost their wagons, but Guangwu collected the stragglers, met Li Yu at the outer gate of Bairen, routed him, and recaptured every cart. Li Yu shut himself inside; a siege would not crack the walls, so Guangwu swung away and stormed Guang'a, <Guang'a in Julu—northwest of the old Xiangcheng county seat.> About then Geng Kuang of Shanggu and Peng Chong of Yuyang, <Shanggu's walls stood in the Beijing northwest hills, while Yuyang took its name from the 'sunny' north bank of the Yu River.> each dispatched Wu Han, Kou Xun, and other captains with shock cavalry to reinforce the campaign against Wang Lang, <'Shock horse' meant troopers trained to pierce a battle line.> Emperor Gengshi ordered Vice Director Xie Gong to operate against Wang Lang, <The Secretariat began with four bureaus under Emperor Wu; Emperor Cheng added a fifth, among them the palace bureau watched the Chancellor and censor, another tracked inspectors and two-thousand-shi prefects, the household bureau handled common petitions, the host-guest secretariat handled relations with foreign courts and frontier peoples, and Chengdi added a 'three dukes' desk for appellate justice. The title vice director (pushe) was Qin in origin, pu meaning 'to oversee,' because every department once kept a master archer to drill its men. Xie Gong held that vice directorship.> Guangwu feasted the army and swung east to invest Julu, where Wang Rao held the walls for more than a month without yielding. Wang Lang then detached Ni Hong and Liu Feng <The surname Ni is read wu-xi.> with tens of thousands to raise the siege; Guangwu intercepted them at Nanluan, <Nanluan in Julu—northeast of present Bairen, the spot where the Zuo zhuan places the Jin town of Luan, later relocated southward—hence the prefix 'South,' folk pronunciation turning the name toward 'Luncheng.' The graph in the place name is read li-quan.> The Han charge took several thousand heads. In the fourth month he closed on Handan and beat sortie after sortie, and on jiachen in the fifth month the city fell and Wang Lang died. His clerks bagged cartloads of letters in which locals had flattered Wang Lang or defamed Guangwu, but he never opened them—he fed the pile to the flames before his captains, saying, 'Let every man who wavered sleep soundly tonight.'" <Fan-ce means restless minds, as in the Odes: 'I toss and turn and cannot rest.'>
16
使
Gengshi then sent an attendant censor with the imperial baton to invest him as Prince of Xiao, <Xiao county in Pei—the belt around modern Pei county in northern Jiangsu, the Xu Han shu naming Huang Dang as the envoy who bore the patent.> The edict ordered him to disband his army and report to the mobile court, <Cai Yong explains that the emperor's camp is always 'where he happens to be.'> Guangwu pleaded unfinished business in Hebei and stayed put, and from that moment his loyalty to Gengshi was divided. <Er means estrangement.>
17
西 禿
While Chang'an slid into anarchy and the provinces rose, Liu Yong, king of Liang, dictated law from Suiyang, <Suiyang in Liang—modern Shangqiu on the Henan plain, <Shan here means to act unilaterally.> Gongshu Shu crowned himself in the Ba–Shu basin, <Ba and Shu are paired because Ba was a Shu neighbor.> Li Xian styled himself king of Huainan, <The old Huainan commandery around Shou county.> Qin Feng proclaimed himself 'Chu king of Liqiu,' <Xi Zuochi records Qin Feng as a native of Liqiu township, Chu ground—hence the royal style 'Chu of Li,' with its old mound north of present Yicheng in Hubei.> Zhang Bu carved out Langye, <Named for Mount Langye near the coast northeast of Lianyungang.> Dong Xian seized Donghai, <The coastal Donghai belt around Lianyungang.> Yan Cen dominated Hanzhong, <Hanzhong's walls northeast of Hanzhong city in Shaanxi.> Tian Rong mobilized Yiling, <Yiling county in Nan commandery, named from Yi Mountain—modern Yichang, the ruins northwest of town.> Each band installed captains and raided the countryside, while nicknamed hosts—the Bronze Horse, Great Rong, Gao Lake, Double Link, Iron Shin, Great Spear, Youlai, Upper River, Green Calf, Five Camps, Tanxiang, Five Banners, Five Towers, Fuping, Huosuo, and more— <Commentators note names drawn from terrain or from bravado.> The Dongguan ji names the captains of each horde: Huangtu and Kuang for the Bronze Horse, Fan Zhong for the Great Rong, Fan Chong for Youlai, and so on down the list.> each commanding his own column, <The Xu Han zhi: a grand general's army had five divisions, three colonels per division, each colonel with companies watched by an army commandant.> until combined strength ran to millions and pillage was everywhere.
18
鹿鹿 西 西 滿 西 使
Before engaging the bandit hosts, Guangwu ordered Wu Han north to levy every circuit he could from ten commanderies. Youzhou's shepherd Miao Zeng balked at the levy, so Wu Han beheaded him and drafted his men. That autumn he brought the Bronze Horse to battle at Gao county, <Gao lay in Julu; the ruins stood east of Lucheng in the Jizhou belt, the place name read ku-yao. The Zhu shu ji nian records Shang Yang's fief at Gao, Li Xian observes that the narrative later pairs Gao with Qingyang and Guantao on the same march, so miscopying the county graph as homophones in Shanxi or Hubei is simply wrong.> while Wu Han swept in with shock cavalry to meet him at Qingyang. <Qingyang in Qinghe—northwest of the seat of what was later Beizhou.> The rebels baited him day after day, <A 'challenge' meant a lone champion stepping out—classical 'presenting troops' in the Zuo zhuan sense, with the verb read tu-liao.> but Guangwu kept the palisade closed, pouncing on every foraging party that strayed out, <Here 'raid' uses the graph usually written for 'captive-taking,' and Guo Pu glosses the verb as outright seizure.> until their supply lines were severed. After a month their granaries were empty; they broke camp at night and he ran them down at Guantao, <Guantao in Wei—later the seat around Daming in Hebei.> while disarmament was still underway, Gao Lake and Double Link swept in from the southeast to weld onto the Bronze Horse survivors; Guangwu met them again at Puyang, broke them utterly, and raised their chiefs to ranked marquisates, <The Han shu yin yi places the battlefield on the Pu watershed northwest of Tang county, though some manuscripts read the name as Manyang.> Qu in 'chief' means 'ringleader,' as in the Documents: 'wipe out their ringleaders.' The rank lie hou is the old che hou, lie simply meaning they were entered on the roster of nobility.> The new troops still trembled; Guangwu sensed it and told each band to go back to its own camp and stand to arms—then he toured every formation on a single mount, until they murmured among themselves, 'The Prince of Xiao lays his bare heart in our stomachs—who would not die for him?' <The phrase means pledging one's life in loyalty.> After that display they were his. He parceled the surrendered tens of thousands among his commanders until his army swelled past a hundred thousand—hence the western nickname 'Bronze Horse Emperor.' A Red Eyebrow column still linked with the Great Rong and Green Calf—more than a hundred thousand—held Shequan, <The Xu Han zhi places the hamlet north of what is now Wude in Henan.> Guangwu marched in, shattered them, and watched the horde scatter, then had Wu Han and Cen Peng assassinate Xie Gong inside Ye.
19
西 西 使 西
While the Green Calf and Red Eyebrows forced Hangu and marched on Emperor Gengshi, <Hangu Pass is named for the narrow gorge, first cut west of Lingbao until Emperor Wu relocated it east to Xin'an so hero officers need not camp 'outside the barrier,' leaving the Ming-era gorge east of Xin'an in western Henan.> Guangwu answered by sending Deng Yu with six brigadier generals west to exploit the civil war between Gengshi and the Red Eyebrows, while Gengshi's Grand Marshal Zhu You and the king of Wuyin, Li Yi, still held the Luoyang front, <Wuyin in Nanyang—northwest of the Biyang district in southern Henan.> Guangwu told Feng Yi to seal the Meng crossing and block them, <Kong Anguo glosses Meng as the great ford north of the Luo where every road converged, and the Lun heng recalls how King Wu's allies swore the covenant there, folk memory still calls it the garrison ford at Heyang.>
20
西 涿 歿
He drove north from Yuanshi against Youlai, the Great Spear, and the Five Banners, chasing them into Zhongshan's Beiping county—later copyists wrongly added 'Right' before Beiping—and beat them again and again, <Beiping in Zhongshan corresponds to Yongle on the Yi River plain, Li Xian notes that neither the Dongguan ji nor the Xu Han shu reads 'You Beiping' here—the extra graph is a scribal blunder, because the Liaodong commandery of that name lies far to the northeast.> He fought them again on the north bank of the Shun, <Li Daoyuan identifies the stream as the Xu River curling past old Beiping, in the Baoding–Yi county region today, and warns against reading the river name as 'Shen.'> Flush with victory he pushed too hard and the bandits turned the tables, pursuing so close that swords crossed hilts, <'Short weapons' means blades, as the Chu ci line has it when chariots lock hubs.> Guangwu scrambled up a bluff, borrowed Wang Feng's mount, clapped Feng on the shoulder once he was in the saddle, and grinned back at Geng Yan, 'Nearly the butt of a bandit joke.' Geng Yan's bow kept the pursuers at bay until they broke off. Thousands died in the melee; survivors straggled back to regroup at Fanyang, <Fanyang north of the Fan River in Zhuo—southeast of Yi county today.> For a time no one could find him in the rout, and rumor said he had fallen, <The Dongguan ji says he had already slipped into camp on Wang Feng's pony before the guards knew.> His generals stood paralyzed, until Wu Han roared, 'Stand fast, all of you!' <Cao means 'company' or 'lot.'> Your late brother's sons are still in Nanyang—the Liu house will not lack an heir.'" <Those nephews are Bo Sheng's sons Liu Zhang and Liu Xing.> Panic held the camp for days before order returned, yet even in victory the bandits dreaded Guangwu's name, <She 'fear' is read zhi-she.> neither side quite knew the other's strength, so at nightfall the rebels drew off, and the Han army crawled forward to Anci, <Anci in Bohai—east of the modern Langfang county seat.> where another clash cost the rebels over three thousand heads, until the survivors bolted into Yuyang and Wu Han took twelve generals—including Geng Yan, Chen Jun, and Ma Wu—to fight them east of Lu county, <Lu county in Yuyang—modern Tongzhou east of Beijing, named from the Lu River, though Xiao Gai wrongly assigns it to Shangdang, Li Xian corrects: this Lu borders Yuyang, not the Shangdang Lu.> The pursuit ended at Pinggu, where the column was wiped out, <Pinggu in Yuyang—north of Tongzhou today.>
21
Back in the west, Zhu You detached Su Mao, general of difficulty suppression, against Wen, <Wen county in the eastern Henan belt.> Feng Yi and Kou Xun met him, broke his line, and took the head of his champion Jia Qiang.
22
退 退 使 使
With Hebei nearly quiet, the generals began to press an imperial title on him, Ma Wu spoke first: 'The realm has no true sovereign,' and if a true king does not step into the breach, even Confucius as chancellor and Sun Wu as marshal could not set it right,' water spilled cannot be scooped back—hesitate now and regret will come too late.' <The gloss urges him to take the throne at once to steady the empire; excessive modesty only loses the moment, Sun Wu served King Helu and left the thirteen chapters of the Art of War, fan 'reverse' is read fan.> but what of the altars of state if you cling to false humility?' Return to Ji, take the throne, and only then plan the campaigns that must follow.' Who is the enemy worth chasing while the throne sits empty?' <'Who' means no acknowledged Son of Heaven, and the Han shu yin yi distinguishes orderly charge from reckless scatter.'" Guangwu started and said, 'General, how can you speak like that?' You could lose your head for talk like that!' Ma Wu answered, 'Every commander in this camp thinks as I do.' Guangwu sent him out to quiet the others, <Meaning he used Ma Wu to talk sense to the staff.> then marched the host back to Ji.
23
That summer, in the fourth month, Gongsun Shu crowned himself emperor in the southwest,
24
and Guangwu, withdrawing from Ji through Fanyang, commanded proper burial for the men lost on the northern campaign, at Zhongshan his generals renewed their memorial: Mang had snuffed the Liu shrines, stirred every able man to fury, and plunged the common folk into ruin, <The Shang shu image of people sinking in mire and fire, Kong Anguo glosses as helpless drowning in mud and flame.> You and Bo Sheng first raised the Han banner; Gengshi rode your strength to the throne, then squandered it—law collapsed, robbers multiplied, and the people gasped for air, <Cu means cornered; read zi-lu.> from your first victory at Kunyang, where Mang's host shattered, through Handan, which stilled the north, you now hold two of China's three parts, garrison a million men, and rule half the map, in force none can meet you, in legitimacy none can answer you, yet Heaven abhors an empty throne and will not brook false modesty—take the altars and the people as your charge.' Guangwu refused again.
25
On the road south he reached Nanpingji, <Nanpingji in Changshan—south of the modern Zhaozhou county seat.> the generals pressed the issue once more, and Guangwu replied, 'Rebels still swarm; we are surrounded—why fixate on enthronement now?' Leave me; we will speak again.'" Geng Chun broke in: 'The men who left home and fortune to follow you through arrow storms meant to ride a dragon to glory, <Yang Xiong's Fa yan supplies the image of attaching to a rising sovereign.> yet now that victory is won and omens pile up, you stall against the tide—if you withhold the throne, men will decide their hopes are dead and drift away, and a host once scattered cannot be reassembled, while time and popular will will not wait.'" Chun spoke with such blunt force that Guangwu softened: 'I will think on it.'"
26
西 西
When the column reached Gao, <The place later renamed Gaoyi in southern Hebei, read huo-ge in fanqie.> his old Chang'an roommate Qiang Hua <The Xu Han shu says Qiang Hua came from Yingchuan, the surname read qi-liang.> arrived from the west bearing the Red Manifest prophecy: 'Liu Xiu marshals arms against the wicked; barbarians swarm like clouds; dragons contend in the field; at the four-seven turning fire rules,' <Four times seven is twenty-eight, the years from Gaozu to your first uprising numbering two hundred twenty-eight, matching Han's fire phase and the omen of fire's supremacy.> The courtiers seized on the omen: 'Heaven's credential <brought by Qiang Hua— unites the realm without a word spoken in concert—what was King Wu's white fish beside this?' <The Shang shu zhong hou tells of King Wu's omen fish at Meng Ford.> there is no true emperor, the realm is chaos, and every portent points here—you must answer Heaven and still the people's longing.'" Guangwu then told the ministry to build an altar south of Gao at Thousand Autumns pavilion, <An altar is heaped earth, a sacred field cleared ground, per Qin's ten-mile post-house rule, with north-south paths called qian and east-west called mo, the site now in Baixiang county, the Shuijing zhu adding that a stone altar and stele survived, crediting Chancellor Feng Long of Changshan, with paired stone guardians still flanking the road east of the site.>
27
On jiwei in the sixth month he mounted the throne, offered the burnt ascent to Heaven, <Because Heaven is unreachable, the sacrifice sends smoke aloft, the Erya defining burnt brushwood as the proper Heaven rite, fan 'burn' read fan, liao read li-diao.> performed the yin offering to the Six Powers, <Yin means offering with concentrated intent, the Xu Han zhi tracing the Six to the six trigram forces of water, fire, thunder, wind, mountain, and marsh, a definition Guangwu kept at his accession, until Emperor An, who redefined them as heaven, earth, and the four directions, worshipping north of Luoyang.> and performed the wang rite toward the myriad spirits, <Every height and watercourse that could summon rain counted as a spirit, too many to visit, so the king merely faced their direction, as the Documents prescribe for the wang offering.> The prayer ran: 'High God and sovereign Earth, you have fixed your gaze on me, Liu Xiu, and entrusted the people to my care'—the graph for entrust read zhu, to be father and mother to the realm—yet Xiu dares not accept,' while the assembled nobles <The Shi jing speaks of the 'hundred nobles,' Zheng Xuan glossing them as the great officers of the capital ring.> answered with one voice: 'Mang stole the throne; Xiu took arms in wrath, broke Wang Xun at Kunyang, destroyed Wang Lang and the Bronze Horse in Hebei, and brought peace—the world owes him gratitude, he matches Heaven and Earth above and holds the people's allegiance below.' <Yuan yuan means the common folk, a doubling like yong yong—words of pity.> while prophecy adds: 'Liu Xiu punishes the wicked; the Liu house refines its virtue and takes the throne.' <Mao plus metal graphs spell the surname Liu, and the Yan Kong tu decodes the Liu graphs as red-emperor heirs fated after Zhou.> <The annalist notes Xiu still refused twice and thrice, until his ministers cried in unison, 'Heaven's charge cannot wait,' and 'we dare not refuse reverently to obey.' whereupon he took the reign title Jianwu, proclaimed a general amnesty, and renamed Gao county Gaoyi.>
28
That same month the Red Eyebrows set Liu Penzi on the throne in the east,
29
on jiazi Deng Yu shattered Gengshi's general Wang Kuang at Anyi, <Anyi in Hedong—modern Yongji on the Yellow River bend.> and struck down Liu Jun, Wang's champion,
30
In autumn, on xinwei in the seventh month, he named Deng Yu Grand Steward, on dingchou he raised Wang Liang from magistrate of Yewang to Grand Minister of Works, <Yewang in Henei—modern Qinyang in Henan, skipped up the ladder because the talisman text singled out his county; Wang Liang's biography tells the story.> on renwu he stacked the top commands: Wu Han as Grand Marshal, Jing Dan as flying-cavalry general-in-chief, Geng Yan as establish-might, Gai Yan as tiger-fang, Zhu You as establish-righteousness, and Du Mao as Grand General.
31
About then Prince Liu Mao styled himself 'Overthrow-the-Xin' general, <A dig at Wang Mang's dynastic name Xin, 'new.'> brought his host in and received the Zhongshan kingship,
32
西 使
on jihai he traveled to Huai, <Huai county in Henei—west of Wuzhi in Henan, imperial visits being styled xing because they bring favor to the place.> he sent Geng Yan with Chen Jun's crossbow corps to hold the Five Altars crossing, <The Shuijing zhu begins its note: north of Gong county lies Five Altars Ford, alias Earth Altars Ford— A bluff overhangs the Yellow River; beneath it a cavern is said to run through to the Huai basin, and mid-river a bar they call Sturgeon Shoal, the Lu shi chun qiu identifying it as King Wu's 'sturgeon ford.'> securing everything east of Xingyang against a breakout from Luoyang, he ordered Wu Han, Zhu You, and Commandant of Justice Cen Peng, <The Han shu lists the commandant of justice as a Qin title, because capital trials were meant to be weighed in open court with the bureaucracy, wei meaning 'to balance'—hence the name of the office.> with Bearer of the Gilded Mace Jia Fu, <The central commandant became the gilded-mace guard under Emperor Wu, charged with bearing arms against sudden danger.> Jian Tan, general who spreads transformation, and eleven other column commanders <Tan is read tu-nan.> to invest Zhu You in Luoyang.
33
On renzi in the eighth month he offered at the altars of soil and millet, on guichou he worshipped Gaozu, Emperor Wen, and Emperor Wu in the temporary palace at Huai, then moved on to Heyang on the north bank, while Tian Li, Gengshi's king of Linqiu, came over to Han, <Linqiu in Dong—north of Leize in modern Henan-Shandong border country.>
34
西
In the ninth month the Red Eyebrows took Chang'an and drove Emperor Gengshi to Gaoling, whereupon on xinwei he issued an edict: <Court ritual distinguished four written forms from the throne, the first being bound 'policy' slips for enfeoffing kings, the second for dismissing high ministers, the third sealed 'ordinances' to the three excellencies broadcast to the provinces, and the fourth ordinary edicts opening with 'told to such office,' plus special instructions to inspectors and prefects. All other paperwork followed these molds.> 'Gengshi has lost his throne—his family wanders the roads in rags,' <The graph for 'scattered' is read ren-yong, meaning straggling or adrift.> the edict continued; 'we pity them deeply. We therefore enfeoff Liu Xuan as king of Huaiyang.' <Huaiyang in the old Chenzhou belt southwest of Zhoukou.> Whoever harms him will be treated as a traitor to the Han house.'"
35
西
On jiashen he named Zhuo Mao, once magistrate of Gaomi, as grand tutor, <Gaomi lay in the Gaomi princedom—southwest of the modern Shandong county seat, Zhuo having been Mi's magistrate under Emperor Ping, hence 'former.'>
36
On xinmao Zhu You opened Luoyang's gates,
37
殿 殿 殿
and on guichou in the tenth month the court rode into Luoyang, lodged in the Quefei hall of the Southern Palace, and declared the eastern capital restored, <Cai Zhi describes the roofed causeway linking the twin palace complexes, seven li apart, and lists Quefei among the hall names, Li Xian warning against the corrupt reading 'Yubei.'>
38
He then sent Cen Peng to clear the bandits from Jing province,
39
and in the eleventh month returned to Huai on jiawu,
40
while Liu Yong proclaimed himself emperor in the east,
41
returning from Huai on bingxu in the twelfth month.
42
歿
That season the Red Eyebrows murdered Gengshi, Wei Ao locked the Longxi corridor, and Lu Fang raised Anding, <Anding commandery around the old Pingliang/Jingzhou belt in Gansu.> General Who Destroys Captives Shushou died fighting the Five Camps at Quliang, <Quliang in Guangping—modern Yongnian in southern Hebei.>
43
滿 使 滿
In the first month of Jianwu 2, new year's day jiazi, the sun was eclipsed, <The Xu Han zhi places the disk in the Wei lunar lodge, the Xu-Wei sector mapping to Qi, where Zhang Bu still held out until the fifth year of the reign.> Wu Han then took nine generals against Tanxiang east of Ye, broke them, and accepted their surrender, and on gengchen he enfeoffed his captains: the greatest fiefs held four counties, the rest graded downward, adding an edict: 'Men grow reckless once rewarded; they chase pleasure and forget how carefully punishments must fit crimes,' <The Shang shu urges clear virtue and cautious penalties, Kong Anguo glossing that just sentences build good order.> yet you who have marched farthest must now guard your fame as if on cliff's edge or thin ice—each day more careful than the last,' <The Taigong jin kui says the Yellow Emperor ruled in dread, Shun as if on ice, Yu as if noon might never come,' promising blessing to the reverent and ruin to the rash.> Any hero whose reward still lags or whose patent is not filed—the grand herald must hurry the paperwork, <The Xu Han zhi makes the grand herald keeper of enfeoffment lists, qu here read cu, 'hasten.'> and the throne will sort and confirm each grant.'" Erudite Ding Gong objected: 'Ancient kings never gave a vassal more than a hundred li,' <Sima Qian recalls that even Zhou enfeoffments rarely passed a hundred li, hence the Changes line 'favorable to establish lords' paired with thunder's hundred-li roll, <The commentary ties the hundred-li fief to the shock of thunder in the Tun hexagram.> strong center and weak limbs being the recipe for stability,' so four counties per marquis breaks precedent,' Guangwu answered, 'Ancient realms fell through vice, not through rewarding captains too richly,' and sent heralds the same day to deliver seals and ribbons, <Han shu: heralds were Qin ushers at six hundred shi, thirty remaining at the restoration, Cai Zhi adding that only men of impeccable bearing carried patents, while kings took gold seals with green tassels, full marquises gold with purple, the royal green 'li' tassel named after a dye plant, like wormwood used for green dye.> The patent read: 'High station without arrogance, measure and restraint so fullness never spills, revere these warnings,' and hand the fief down as a shield for the Liu house.'" <Fan means bulwark, the sense being that vassals screen the throne.' as the Shi jing says of the four quarters as fence.>
44
On renwu Gengshi holdouts Deng Ye and Yu Kuang submitted and recovered their titles,
45
西 西 西 西 西
on renzi he dedicated the High Ancestor's shrine, planted the soil-and-millet altars at Luoyang, laid out the suburban altar south of the walls, and formally embraced Han's fire phase with red as the court color, <Court ritual paired front court with rear chamber, then mirrored them in temple and private shrine, Guangwu housing eleven sovereign tablets from Gaozu through Ping in one Luoyang temple, set Yuan as nominal 'ancestor' because the count made Guangwu ninth in line, a precedent later courts kept, the Xu Han zhi describing square earthen altars east of the imperial shrines, while the Baihu tong fixes the sovereign's altar at five zhang and vassal altars at half that span.' The grain altar means earth: without land men cannot live, without grain they cannot eat—hence the earthen mound of the soil altar, while the millet lord is chief of the five grains, embodying balanced qi—both receive sacrifice.' The Xu Han shu lays out the southern suburb: seven li south of Luoyang, an eight-ramp terrace with an inner double tier for Heaven and Earth, the outer ring holding the five directional sovereigns in their stem-branch slots, purple double palisades symbolizing the circumpolar court, with gated lanes: sun east and moon west along the southern track, the Big Dipper west of the northern aisle, fifteen hundred fourteen spirits in all sharing the rite, Gaozu paired as chief ancestor, while the northern suburb sat four li north—a square terrace with four ramps, Earth facing south with seats mounting from the west, Empress Lü paired to the west on the upper terrace, lesser earth gods ranked below, central Marchmount closing the row, the four peaks by quarter, the great rivers in their proper sectors.' Early Han had claimed earth and yellow; Guangwu now proclaimed fire and red as orthodox court colors.>
46
西 穿 西
That month the Red Eyebrows torched Chang'an's palaces and looted the imperial tombs, <Yuan is the mausoleum park, ling the burial mound.> then swept the Guanzhong plain for plunder, until Deng Yu rode into Chang'an and had eleven imperial tablets escorted to the High Ancestor's shrine in Luoyang, <The Han guan yi lists thirty-one steward's clerks at a thousand shi, meaning sovereigns from Gaozu through Ping, each tablet a foot-two block of wood pierced to 'open' to the four directions, the emperor's tablet longest, vassals' shorter, interim mulberry tablets before burial, permanent chestnut after the lien rite.' Wei Hong adds how the tablets were boxed and lodged in the temple wall until offerings called them forth.>
47
King Yang of Zhending and his brother Rang, marquis of Linyi, plotted revolt, <Yang was Emperor Jing's seventh-generation descendant, Rang being his younger brother.> Guangwu sent Geng Chun to extirpate them,
48
and on jiyou in the second month visited Xiuchu, <Xiuchu in Henei—old Shang territory once called Ning, renamed Xiuchu when King Wu paused there to drill, in the modern Jiaozuo belt.>
49
Grand Minister of Works Wang Liang was removed, on renzi Song Hong rose from grand counselor to fill the post,
50
滿 西
ordered Jing Dan with Ji Zun to clear Hongnong, then detached Ji Zun to invest Zhang Man at Manzhong, <Manzhong southwest of Ruzhou—old Manzi polity, folk 'Macheng.'>
51
Peng Chong of Yuyang mutinied and besieged Zhu Fu in Ji,
52
while Yan Cen styled himself king of Wu'an in Hanzhong,
53
Guangwu returned from Xiuchu on xinmao,
54
On yiwei in the third month he proclaimed amnesty and said, 'Jails are full of innocents and torture has run cruel—we pity them,' quoting Confucius that misapplied law leaves the people paralyzed,' <A Lun yu passage.> and ordered the high ministers and academicians to draft a leaner penal code.'"
55
Jia Fu was sent against Gengshi's king of Yan, Yin Zun, broke him, and took his surrender, <One variant reads a homophone for Zun's name.>
56
歿
Liu Zhi, general of nimble cavalry, fell fighting bandits at Mi county, <Mi in Henan—east of Luoyang today.>
57
Gai Yan took four generals east against Liu Yong, and in the fourth month ringed Suiyang, while Su Mao killed Huaiyang's prefect Pan Jian and went over to Yong,
58
on jiawu he ennobled kin—uncle Liang as king of Guangyang, Bo Sheng's sons Zhang and Xing as kings of Taiyuan and Lu, and Zhi of Chunling as king of Chengyang, <Chengyang south of Linyi in southern Shandong.>
59
on gengchen he moved Gengshi's prince Liu She to Sishui, <Sishui in the Yanzhou belt of Shandong (commentary graph for Yan).> restored De as king of Zhending and named the Zhou descendant Ji Chang marquis of Zhou's continued rest, <Han had already enfeoffed Zhou heirs under Wudi and Chengdi; Chang continues that line, the fief centered northeast of Ruzhou.>
60
On guiwei he decreed that wives sold in famine and children sold into bondage might return to their parents freely, and anyone who held them back would face the full law.'"
61
On wuxu in the sixth month he raised Lady Guo to empress, named her son crown prince, and amnestied the realm, while boosting stipends for palace gentlemen, heralds, and attendants one notch, <Palace gentlemen guarded doors and rode escort, in grades from deliberation down to six hundred shi.> on bingwu he made Liu Zhong king of Zichuan, <Zichuan in central Shandong.>
62
In the eighth month Guangwu took the field in person against the Five Camps, reaching Neihuang on bingchen, <Neihuang in Wei—north of Anyang today.> where he shattered the Five Camps at Yiyang and took their surrender, <Yiyang hamlet east of Neihuang— not to be confused with a similar-looking graph, the Zuo zhuan placing Xiyang near Neihuang, Du Yu locating it north of Neihuang, the graphs read xu-yi.>
63
Deng Long's relief column for Zhu Fu met Peng Chong at Lu and was crushed,
64
while Gai Yan stormed Suiyang and Liu Yong bolted for Qiao, <Modern Bozhou in Anhui.>
65
Deng Feng seized Qingyang and rose in arms,
66
Guangwu rode back from Neihuang on renxu in the ninth month.
67
Jing Dan died that autumn,
68
while Yan Cen smashed the Red Eyebrows at Duling, <Duling in the Chang'an suburbs—old Du polity.>
69
Famine in Guanzhong drove men to cannibalism,
70
so in the eleventh month Cen Peng was named southern campaign general and sent with eight columns against Deng Feng at Duxiang, <The Du River passes Little Duxiang— in present Fangcheng, Henan, Du read zhe.>
71
while surviving Bronze Horse, Green Calf, and Youlai bands crowned Sun Deng in Shang commandery, <A prophecy had warned of a rebel named Sun Deng, and the bandits enthroned him to fulfill it, the old Shang seat southeast of Yan'an's Shang county.> until Sun Deng's own general Yue Xuan slew him and brought fifty thousand men over to Han,
72
and Guangwu swapped Feng Yi in for Deng Yu against the Red Eyebrows,
73
使
sending Fu Long east with the baton to soothe Qing and Xu and talk Zhang Bu down, <Ji glosses as 'to harmonize,' read ji.>
74
歿
On wuwu in the twelfth month he offered to restore princedoms Wang Mang had abolished, reinstating every princedom Mang had voided, and if the holder was dead, ordered local officials to forward heirs' names to the secretariat for patents.'" <Shu suo is the circuit responsible for the heir's registration,> which must forward names to the secretariat for patents.>
75
西
That year Gai Yan shattered Liu Yong west of Pei, <Pei county in northern Jiangsu.> In Mang's last years drought and locusts had driven the exchange rate to a pound of gold for a bushel of grain, but now volunteer grain sprouted untended in the fields, <Lu means 'volunteer' or 'lodged,' crops that appear without planting— modern lexicons spell the word differently but read it lu.> hemp and beans ran riot, wild silkworms spun cocoons over the hills, and farmers reaped unexpected bounty,
76
西
In Jianwu 3, first month jiazi, he named Feng Yi western campaign general and Du Mao flying-cavalry general-in-chief; Deng Yu and Feng Yi met the Red Eyebrows at Huixi, <Huixi east of Luoning in western Henan.> and suffered a sharp defeat,
77
滿
while Ji Zun cleared Manzhong and took Zhang Man's head,
78
on xinsi he dedicated four shrines to his father and ascending ancestors through Nandun,
79
on renwu he proclaimed a general amnesty,
80
in the intercalary month yisi removed Deng Yu as grand steward,
81
西 使
then Feng Yi crushed the Red Eyebrows at the Yaoxiao pass, <Yao names the range, di the defile below, northwest of Luoning today.> the survivors fled south toward Yiyang in Hongnong, <Yiyang—old Han capital east of Fuchang, Henan.> Guangwu marched in person to intercept them, reaching Yiyang on jihai, on jiachen he drew up six hosts: Wu Han's veterans in the van, the main body behind, shock horse and palace guard on the wings, until the Red Eyebrows quailed and sued for peace, on bingwu their chiefs came hands bound behind backs, <Mian means the back turned, the phrase describing arms tied behind.> bearing Gaozu's imperial seal and cords, <Cai Yong lists the six imperial jade seals with their paired 'emperor' and 'Son of Heaven' legends, sealed in purple paste, while the fabled 'transmission' jade bore Li Si's eight characters of mandate, passed from Ziying to Gaozu at Bashang, seized by Wang Mang from the empress dowager who dashed it down—chipping one horn, the chipped horn still visible, then carried by Li Song to Gengshi at Wan, passed to the Red Eyebrows with Liu Penzi, until Penzi's surrender brought it to Guangwu.> An edict lodged the regalia with the colonel of the city gates, <That officer commanded the Luoyang gate guard at two thousand shi.> On wushen he returned from Yiyang; next day he proclaimed that Penzi's puppet throne had tormented the people, the campaign broke them in short order, disarmed a hundred thousand men, and brought Gaozu's seal back to the Han treasury, yet that victory was the work of the imperial ancestors and every loyal officer—how could the throne claim it alone?' <Xiang here means 'to deserve.'> He ordered a thanksgiving at Gaozu's shrine and a one-rank gift to every eldest son who would inherit a household.'"
82
On jiwei in the second month he took the transmission seal before Gaozu's tablet,
83
西 西 祿
Liu Yong named Dong Xian king of Haixi, <Haixi county in coastal Shandong.> and Zhang Bu king of Qi, until Zhang Bu murdered Fu Long and revolted,
84
西
Guangwu traveled to Huai, sent Wu Han west of Zhi against the Green Calf, broke them, and took their surrender, <Zhi southeast of Jiyuan, Henan.>
85
on renyin he promoted Fu Zhan from steward's investigator to grand steward, <Guangwu briefly revived the steward's investigator post from Emperor Wu's day.>
86
Peng Chong seized Ji and declared himself king of Yan,
87
while Guangwu marched on Deng Feng, halting at Duyang, and in the fourth month shattered Deng Feng at Little Chang'an and beheaded him,
88
Feng Yi meanwhile drove Yan Cen from the Shanglin park, <The old imperial hunting park near Chang'an.>
89
Wu Han met Su Mao at Guangle and broke him, <Toponym uncertain—likely near Yucheng, Henan, renamed to avoid Sui taboo.> Gai Yan kept Liu Yong bottled in Suiyang,
90
and on jiyou in the fifth month Guangwu re-entered the palace,
91
while the month's last day yimao brought an eclipse, <The Xu Han zhi places the sun in the Liu lodge, the Willow lunar lodge mapping to the Henan sky quarter, omen tied to Fan Chong's later conspiracy and death.>
92
On renxu in the sixth month he amnestied again,
93
Geng Yan crushed Yan Cen at Rang, <Rang in Nanyang—modern Dengzhou area.>
94
That autumn, in the seventh month, Cen Peng struck Qin Feng at Liqiu, broke his line, and captured Cai Hong,
95
滿
On gengchen he ruled that any county magistrate under six hundred shi must obtain imperial leave before arrest, <Large counties had thousand-shi magistrates, midsize chiefs at four hundred, small ones three hundred, with the same ladder for marquisate seats, all Qin-era survivals.> He exempted octogenarians, infants, and implicated women from jail except in capital crimes or named warrants, <Unless the edict singled them out.> and ordered quick inquest for those who still needed questioning, while female laborers could buy out their 'mountain service' and go home.'" <Han statute let women commute gulag to a monthly lumber fee.>
96
Gai Yan finally stormed Suiyang and killed Yong, only for Su Mao and Zhou Jian to set Yong's son Yu on the Liang throne as puppet,
97
On renshen in the tenth month he toured Chunling, offered at the family tombs, feasted his boyhood neighbors at the old farm, <The farm stood southeast of Zaoyang in Hubei, two li from the White Water ford Zhang Heng sang of.> He rode back to Luoyang on yiwei in the eleventh month,
98
涿 涿
while Zhang Feng, prefect of Zhuo, rose in revolt, <Zhuo's seat at modern Zhuozhou.>
99
西 西
and Li Xian declared himself emperor in the south, Wei Ao, grand general of the western provinces, forwarded a loyal memorial, <Deng Yu had vested him with Liang and Shuofang.> Zhu You and Ji Zun met Yan Cen at Dongyang and killed his general Zhang Cheng. <This Dongyang hamlet south of Dengzhou— not the Dongyang county on the Huai.>
100
Jianwu 4 opened with jiashen in the first month and another great amnesty,
101
on renzi in the second month he went to Huai, returning from Huai on renshen.
102
Deng Yu met Yan Cen at Wudang and broke his line, <Wudang in Nanyang—modern Junzhou, Hubei.>
103
鹿
On dingsi in the fourth month he traveled to Ye, on jisi pushed on to Linping, <Linping southeast of Gucheng in Hebei.>
104
Wu Han crushed the Five Camps at Ji Mountain, <The Wu Han zhuan places the fight on Ji Mountain in Dong.>
105
In the fifth month he moved on to Yuanshi, on xinsi to Luunu,
106
涿
Ji Zun executed Zhang Feng in Zhuo,
107
On xinhai in the sixth month the court was back in Luoyang,
108
西
On dinghai in the seventh month he rode to Qiao, detaching Ma Wu and Wang Ba to invest Liu Yu at Chuihui, <Chuihui northwest of modern Mengcheng, Anhui.>
109
Ben Xiu handed Lucheng to Han, but Dong Xian invested the city anyway, <The Han shu parallel cites the minister Ben He, the graph read fei or ben in modern usage, Lucheng in Donghai—east of Lanling in Shandong.> Gai Yan and Pang Meng failed to lift the siege, and Dong Xian took Lucheng,
110
In the eighth month Guangwu reached Shouchun, <Modern Shou county, Anhui.>
111
Xu Yun murdered Liu Du, prefect of Linhuai, and paid with his own life,
112
西
then sent Ma Cheng south against Li Xian, investing him at Shu county in the ninth month, <Shu west of Lujiang, Anhui.>
113
returning to the palace on jiayin in the tenth month.
114
Grand Tutor Zhuo Mao died,
115
On bingshen in the eleventh month he went to Wan, and Zhu You tightened the ring around Qin Feng at Liqiu, reaching Liqiu himself on bingyin in the twelfth month.
116
西
That year Feng Yi beat Cheng Yan at Cangcang on the western front,
117
and in Jianwu 5, first month guisi, he was back in Luoyang.
118
On bingwu in the second month he proclaimed another amnesty,
119
while Ma Wu and Wang Ba stormed Chuihui,
120
On yichou he toured Wei commandery, <Around Anyang in Henan.>
121
on renshen he named Kong An, heir of Yin, as marquis who continues Yin's splendor, <Reviving Chengdi's patent to Kong Ji.>
122
A trusted bondservant slew Peng Chong and Yuyang submitted, <Qin called commoners 'black heads,' and blue-head marked bondsmen off from freemen.>
123
Wu Han and Geng Yan cleared the Fuping and Huosuo hosts in Pingyuan, <Pingyuan in the Dezhou belt of Shandong.> Geng Yan was then turned east against Zhang Bu,
124
on guiwei he transferred Prince Liang from Guangyang to Zhao, who then took up his fief,
125
while Pang Meng mutinied, killed Sun Meng, prefect of Chu commandery, and fled east to Dong Xian,
126
Cen Peng struck Tian Rong at Jinxiang and routed him, <Jinxiang east of Jiangling, Hubei.>
127
The fourth month brought drought and locusts,
128
西使
and Dou Rong west of the river sent his first tribute mission,
129
退
on bingzi he fretted in an edict that drought had ruined the wheat and autumn sowing stalled, asking whether harsh magistrates and crowded jails had angered Heaven, he ordered every capital bureau and circuit to empty the jails, <Zhong du guan means Luoyang ministries, guo being princely kingdoms.> freeing all except capital cases from prosecution, <Shu si means beheading, shu 'to sever,' as in the Zuo zhuan usage, yi qie meaning a temporary measure, per the Han shu glosses.> and commuted labor convicts to commoner status. He urged promotion of humane officers and dismissal of cruel ones.'" <Li Xian cites Fan Ye's rule that omens belong in treatises, warning that interpolated rainbow lines are spurious, and other such insertions should be struck.>
130
In the sixth month Zhu You stormed Liqiu and bagged Qin Feng, while Pang Meng and Su Mao besieged Taocheng, <Taocheng north of Jining, Shandong.> Guangwu was then at Meng county, <Meng north of Shangqiu, Henan.> and led the host in person, marshaling at Rencheng before relieving Taocheng and shattering Pang Meng's ring,
131
西
In the seventh month, on dingchou, he worshipped at Gaoyuan's shrine in Pei, <Yuan means a second, duplicate shrine, built after an earlier temple to the same ancestor.> He also ordered Chang'an's mausolea repaired, pushed to Huling, and moved against Dong Xian, <Huling east of Yutai, Shandong.> called at Fan county, <Fan in Lu—modern Tengzhou, Fan read pi.> then smashed Dong Xian at Changlü, <Changlü southeast of Tengzhou, old Zhu polity of Lan, the Zuo zhuan Lan defection site.>
132
西
On jiyou in the eighth month he reached Tan, <Tan northeast of Suqian, Tan read tan.> left Wu Han to finish Liu Yu and Dong Xian while he swept Pengcheng and Xiapi, Wu Han stormed Tan, seized Liu Yu, then bottled Dong Xian and Pang Meng at Qu, <Qu west of Lianyungang, read qi-yu.>
133
使
In the tenth month, returning west, he sacrificed to Confucius at Qufu through the minister of works,
134
Geng Yan shattered Zhang Bu at Linzi, <Linzi in Zibo, Shandong.> Guangwu followed the army to Linzi and Ju, <Ju south of Shouguang—old Ji capital.> Zhang Bu killed Su Mao and yielded; Qi was pacified,
135
and he founded the Imperial Academy at the capital. <Lu Ji's Luoyang ji places the academy outside the Kaiyang Gate, eight li from the palace, with a lecture hall ten by three zhang.> Back in Luoyang he toured the new academy and distributed stipends to the doctoral students by grade,
136
on renyin in the eleventh month Fu Zhan stepped down as grand steward and Hou Ba took his place,
137
In the twelfth month Lu Fang proclaimed himself emperor at Jiuyuan on the northern frontier, <Jiuyuan in Wuyuan—modern Ordos-Yinchuan border region.>
138
西
Wei Ao's heir Xun came to Luoyang as a hostage-attendant,
139
使 輿
while Deng Rang of Jiaozhi brought seven southern prefects to send their first tribute mission, <Jiaozhi was the chief commandery of the far south— its coast opening on the South China Sea, folk geography claimed the natives' toes splayed so that standing feet interlaced— a folk etymology tying the place name to the word for toe.> Ying Shuo glossed Han expansion as first securing the north then linking the south as a base for posterity, naming the seven circuits—Nanhai through Rinan—that formed Jiaozhou.>
140
𠭇
By year's end the freak volunteer harvests were tapering off while normal plowland spread again across the empire.
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