1
董卓字仲穎， 〈《卓別傳》曰：「卓父君雅為穎川輪氏尉，生卓及弟旻，故卓字仲穎，旻字叔穎。」〉 隴西臨洮人也。 性麤猛有謀。 少嘗游羌中，盡與豪帥相結。
Dong Zhuo, whose courtesy name was Zhongying, 〈The Separate Biography of Dong Zhuo states: "Zhuo's father Junya was commandant of Lunshi in Yingchuan; he begat Zhuo and his younger brother Min; therefore Zhuo's courtesy name was Zhongying and Min's was Shuying."〉 He came from Lintao in Longxi commandery. By temperament he was blunt and fearless, yet shrewd. In his youth he traveled among the Qiang and won the friendship of every tribal leader he met.
2
後歸耕於野，諸豪帥有來從之者，卓為殺耕牛，與共宴樂，豪帥感其意，歸相斂得雜畜千餘頭以遺之，由是以健俠知名。 為州兵馬掾，常徼守塞下。 〈《說文》曰：「徼，巡也。」 《前書》曰：「中尉巡徼京師。」 《音義》曰：「所謂游徼，備盜賊。」〉 卓膂力過人，雙帶兩鞬，左右馳射， 〈《方言》曰：「所以藏箭謂之服，藏弓謂之鞬。」 《左氏傳》云：「右屬櫜鞬。」〉 為羌胡所畏。
Later, when he was farming in the countryside, tribal leaders who rallied to him found him slaughtering his draft ox to host them in revelry. Touched by his generosity, they went home and pooled more than a thousand head of mixed livestock as gifts. From that episode his name spread as a bold man of chivalrous repute. He was appointed aide in charge of the provincial army's horses and spent much of his time patrolling the frontier garrisons. 〈The Shuowen dictionary glosses jiao as "to patrol." The Former Documents states: "The commandant of the capital patrolled and inspected the capital region." The Sound and Meaning states: "What is called patrol officer is to prepare against bandits and thieves."〉 Dong Zhuo's strength was extraordinary: he wore paired quivers at his belt and could shoot at full gallop to either side, 〈The Fangyan states: "That by which one stores arrows is called fu; that by which one stores a bow is called jian." The Zuo Tradition says: "On the right were attached quiver and bow-case."〉 The Qiang and other frontier peoples held him in awe.
3
桓帝末，以六郡良家子為羽林郎，從中郎將張奐為軍司馬，共擊漢陽叛羌，破之，拜郎中，賜縑九千匹。 卓曰：「為者則己，有者則士。」 〈為功者雖己，共有者乃士。〉 乃悉分與吏兵，無所留。 稍遷西域戊己校尉，坐事免。 後為并州刺史，河東太守。
Toward the end of Emperor Huan's reign, Dong Zhuo entered the Feathered Forest guard as a youth of respectable families from the northwestern Six Commanderies. He served under General Zhang Huan as army major, helped crush the Qiang rebellion in Hanyang, was promoted to gentleman of the interior, and received a reward of nine thousand bolts of silk. Dong Zhuo declared, "The credit for the deed is mine; the spoils belong to the troops." 〈The gloss explains that although Zhuo had earned the distinction, he treated the bounty as belonging collectively to his men.〉 He distributed the entire grant among officers and rank-and-file, keeping not a single bolt for himself. He rose to the post of Colonel of the Wu and Ji garrisons on the Western Regions frontier, then lost the office over an unspecified offense. He later served as inspector of Bing province and as administrator of Hedong commandery.
4
三年春，遣使者持節就長安拜張溫為太尉。 三公在外，始之於溫。 其冬，徵溫還京師，韓遂乃殺邊章及伯玉、文侯，擁兵十餘萬，進圍隴西。 太守李相如反，與遂連和，共殺涼州刺史耿鄙。 而鄙司馬扶風馬騰， 〈《典略》曰：「騰字壽成，扶風茂陵人，馬援後也。 長八尺餘，身體洪大，面鼻雄異，而性賢厚，人多敬之。」〉 亦擁兵反叛，又漢陽王國，自號「合眾將軍」，皆與韓遂合。 共推王國為主，悉令領其眾，寇掠三輔。
In the spring of the third year of Zhongping, the court sent an envoy with imperial credentials to Chang'an to appoint Zhang Wen grand commandant. Zhang Wen was the first of the Three Dukes to receive his seal of office outside the capital. That winter Zhang Wen was recalled to Luoyang. Han Sui then murdered his former allies Bian Zhang, Boyu, and Wenhou, rallied well over a hundred thousand men, and marched to lay siege to Longxi. The grand administrator Li Xiangru rose in revolt, joined forces with Han Sui, and together they slew Geng Bi, the provincial inspector of Liangzhou. Geng Bi's army major Ma Teng of Fufeng, meanwhile, 〈The Dianlüe states: "Teng, courtesy name Shoucheng, was a man of Maoling in Fufeng, a descendant of Ma Yuan. He stood over eight chi tall, with a massive frame and striking features, yet his manner was open and kindly, which won him wide respect among the people."〉 Ma Teng likewise took up arms in rebellion. Wang Guo of Hanyang declared himself "General Who Unites the Masses," and every faction entered Han Sui's coalition. They acknowledged Wang Guo as their overall leader and placed all their forces under his command, then swept eastward to pillage the capital region known as the Three Adjuncts.
5
五年，圍陳倉。 乃拜卓前將軍，與左將軍皇甫嵩擊破之。 韓遂等復共廢王國，而劫故信都令漢陽閻忠， 〈《英雄記》曰：「王國等起兵，劫忠為主，統三十六部，號『車騎將軍』。」〉 使督統諸部。 忠恥為眾所脅，感恚病死。 遂等稍爭權利，更相殺害，其諸部曲並各分乖。
In the fifth year of Zhongping they laid siege to Chencang. The court then named Dong Zhuo general of the van and, with General of the Left Huangfu Song, broke the rebel ring around the city. Han Sui and his allies then deposed Wang Guo and seized Yan Zhong—a former magistrate of Xindu in Hanyang—to force him into their ranks, 〈The Yingxiong ji states: "Wang Guo and others raised troops, coerced Zhong to be lord, commanded thirty-six divisions, and styled themselves 'Chariots and Cavalry General'."〉 They compelled him to take overall command of the allied hosts. Mortified at serving as a puppet, Yan Zhong sank into resentment, took sick, and died. Han Sui's confederates soon quarreled over spoils and precedence, turned their blades on one another, and the coalition splintered into feuding bands.
6
六年，徵卓為少府，不肯就，上書言：「所將湟中義從及秦胡兵皆詣臣曰：『牢直不畢，稟賜斷絕， 〈《前書音義》曰：「牢，稟食也。 古者名稟為牢。」〉 妻子饑凍。』 牽挽臣車，使不得行。 羌胡敝腸狗態， 〈言羌胡心腸敝惡，情態如狗也。 《續漢書》「敝」作「憋」。 《方言》云：「憋，惡也。」 郭璞曰：「憋怤，急性也。」 憋音芳烈反，怤音芳于反。〉 臣不能禁止，輒將順安慰。 增異復上。」 〈如其更增異志，當復聞上。〉 朝廷不能制，頗以為慮。 及靈帝寑疾，璽書拜卓為并州牧，令以兵屬皇甫嵩。 卓復上書言曰：「臣既無老謀，又無壯事，天恩誤加，掌戎十年。 士卒大小相狎彌久，戀臣畜養之恩，為臣奮一旦之命。 乞將之北州，效力邊垂。」 於是駐兵河東，以觀時變。
In the sixth year, Zhuo was summoned to be Minister of the Treasury; he was unwilling to take office and submitted a memorial stating: "The volunteer followers from the Huang region and the Qin and Hu troops whom I lead all came to me saying: 'The full ration pay is not completed, the grain allowances are cut off, 〈A Han shu commentary glosses lao as the soldiers' grain ration. Classical usage, it adds, often called issued grain lao.〉 Their wives and children are starving and cold. They have seized my carriage and will not let me move. These Qiang and Hu allies are coarse and fickle as curs, 〈The commentator explains that the phrase paints their hearts as corrupt and their temperaments as brutish as dogs'. The Xù Han shu substitutes the graph bie (meaning surly, pent-up) for bi (worn, base) in this line. The Fangyan defines bi as "vicious" or "ill-natured." Guo Pu glosses the compound as describing a hot-tempered disposition. The text supplies fanqie spellings for both syllables.〉 I cannot restrain them by force; I have done no more than humor them and try to calm the uproar. Should their mood worsen, I will memorialize again without delay." 〈The gloss clarifies that Dong Zhuo promises further memorials if the soldiers' disaffection deepens.〉 The court had no means to compel him and grew distinctly uneasy. When Emperor Ling took to his deathbed, an imperial rescript named Dong Zhuo governor of Bing province and instructed him to place his army under Huangfu Song's command. Dong Zhuo answered with another memorial: "I possess neither the cunning of age nor the vigor of youth, yet Heaven's favor misled you into leaving me at arms for a full decade. My officers and men have lived cheek by jowl so long that they cling to the kindness I have shown them in camp; they would lay down their lives for me in an instant. I beg leave to march them north and spend what strength we have on the frontier." With that excuse he halted his host in Hedong and waited to see how events at court would unfold.
7
及帝崩，大將軍何進、司隸校尉袁紹謀誅閹宦，而太后不許，乃私呼卓將兵入朝，以脅太后。 卓得召，即時就道。 並上書 〈並猶兼也。〉 曰：「中常侍張讓等竊倖承寵，濁亂海內。 臣聞揚湯止沸，莫若去薪； 〈前漢枚乘上書曰：「欲湯之滄，一人吹之，百人揚之，無益也。 不如絕薪止火而已。」 滄音測亮反，寒也。〉 潰癕雖痛，勝於內食。 昔趙鞅興晉陽之甲，以逐君側之惡人。 〈《公羊傳》曰：「晉趙鞅取晉陽之甲以逐荀寅與士吉射。 荀寅與士吉射者曷為者也？ 君側之惡人也。 此逐君側之惡人，曷為以叛言之？ 無君命也。」〉 今臣輒鳴鐘鼓如洛陽， 〈鳴鍾鼓者，聲其罪也。 論語曰：「小子鳴鼓而攻之。」 《典略》載卓表曰：「張讓等慆慢天常，擅操王命，父子兄弟並據州郡，一書出門，高獲千金，下數百萬膏腴美田，皆屬讓等。 使變氣上蒸，妖賊蜂起。」〉 請收讓等，以清姦穢。」 卓未至而何進敗，虎賁中郎將袁術乃燒南宮，欲討宦官，而中常侍段珪等 〈《山陽公載記》「段」字作「殷」。〉 劫少帝及陳留王夜走小平津。
After Emperor Ling's death, General-in-chief He Jin and Colonel of the Metropolitan Region Yuan Shao plotted to exterminate the palace eunuchs. The empress dowager refused, so He Jin secretly summoned Dong Zhuo to march on the capital and intimidate her into consenting. Dong Zhuo accepted the call and set out at once. At the same time he forwarded a memorial 〈The particle bing here means "also" or "at the same time."〉 that read: "Attendants-in-ordinary such as Zhang Rang have wormed their way into favor and turned the realm upside down. I have heard it said that ladling boiling water to cool it avails less than lifting the fuel from the fire; 〈Mei Sheng of the Western Han once warned that a hundred men skimming the surface cannot cool a cauldron the way one man can by cutting off the heat— nothing matches simply snuffing the blaze at its source." The gloss notes the rare character for "cold" and gives its fanqie reading.〉 Lancing a boil hurts, yet it is kinder than letting the poison eat you from within. Long ago Zhao Yang of Jin mobilized the garrison at Jinyang to drive the villains from his lord's flank. 〈The Gongyang commentary recounts how Zhao Yang of Jin marched the troops of Jinyang against Xun Yin and Shi Jishe— Who, the classic asks, were Xun Yin and Shi Jishe? They were the evil counselors at the ruler's elbow. If Zhao Yang was only purging his prince's enemies, why does the text call it rebellion? Because he acted without a royal mandate."〉 Therefore I am beating drums and sounding bells as I advance on Luoyang— 〈The ritual of bells and drums proclaims the culprits' guilt in public. Confucius told his disciples to "beat the drum and assail" a man who had lost the Way— The Dianlüe preserves a longer version of Dong Zhuo's memorial accusing Zhang Rang of trampling natural order, hijacking imperial authority, planting kinsmen in every province, selling offices for fortunes large and small, and seizing the empire's richest farmland for himself and his clan. Their corruption rises like steam into Heaven itself, and omens of rebellion swarm like wasps."〉 I ask permission to arrest Zhang Rang and his confederates and scour this filth from the court." Before Dong Zhuo reached the capital, He Jin fell in a coup. Colonel Yuan Shu set fire to the Southern Palace in a bid to flush out the eunuchs, who—led by the attendant Duan Gui— "〈The Annals of the Duke of Shanyang writes the character for Duan as Yin.〉" abducted the young emperor and the Prince of Chenliu and fled with them by night toward Xiaoping Ford.
8
卓遠見火起，引兵急進，未明到城西，聞少帝在北芒，因往奉迎。 帝見卓將兵卒至，恐怖涕泣。 〈《典略》曰：「帝望見卓涕泣，羣公謂卓有詔却兵。 卓曰：『公諸人為國大臣，不能匡正王室，至使國家播蕩，何却兵之有？』 遂俱入城。」〉 卓與言，不能辭對； 與陳留王語，遂及禍亂之事。 卓以王為賢，且為董太后所養，卓自以與太后同族，有廢立意。
Seeing the glow of Yuan Shu's fires from miles away, Dong Zhuo pressed his column forward and reached the west wall of Luoyang before dawn. Learning that the young emperor had fled toward Beimang, he rode out to "rescue" him. The boy emperor burst into frightened tears when Dong Zhuo's armored host suddenly surrounded him. 〈The Dianlüe states: "The emperor looked and saw Zhuo and wept; the host of nobles said Zhuo had an edict to withdraw troops. Dong Zhuo retorted, 'You call yourselves pillars of the state, yet you let the house of Han come to this pass—what business have you asking me to turn back?' With that he escorted the whole party through the gates into Luoyang."〉 When Dong Zhuo questioned him, the emperor was too terrified to string a sentence together; yet with the Prince of Chenliu he could hold a coherent conversation about the crisis that had engulfed the capital. Dong Zhuo decided the prince was the abler of the two boys, remembered that Empress Dowager Dong had raised him, and—fancying himself kin to that same Dong clan—began to contemplate deposing one brother in favor of the other.
9
卓遷太尉，領前將軍事，加節傳斧鉞虎賁，更封郿侯。 〈傳音陟戀反。 郿，今岐州縣。〉 卓乃與司徒黃琬、司空楊彪，俱帶鈇鑕詣闕上書，追理陳蕃、竇武及諸黨人，以從人望。 於是悉復蕃等爵位，擢用子孫。
He was elevated to grand commandant with continuing command of the van, invested with the full insignia of a frontier marshal—imperial tally, ceremonial axe, and an imperial guard of picked champions—and enfeoffed afresh as marquis of Mei. 〈The tally (chuan) is glossed with the fanqie spelling zhilian. Mei corresponds to a county in modern Qizhou.〉 Next Dong Zhuo marched to the palace gates with Ministers Huang Wan and Yang Biao, all three wearing the ceremonial axe and manacles of a man offering his life for his plea. They demanded posthumous justice for Chen Fan, Dou Wu, and the victims of the partisan proscriptions, winning an instant surge of popular approval. The court restored their titles, recalled their exiled kin, and appointed their descendants to office.
10
尋進卓為相國，入朝不趨，劔履上殿。 封母為池陽君，置丞令。
Before long he was named chancellor of state with the old tyrants' privileges: he might enter the throne hall without quickening his step, wearing sword and shoes. His mother received the title lady of Chiyang, complete with her own household staff of chancellor and county magistrate.
11
是時洛中貴戚室第相望，金帛財產，家家殷積。 卓縱放兵士，突其廬舍，淫略婦女，剽虜資物，謂之「搜牢」。 〈言牢固者皆搜索取之也。 一曰牢，漉也。 二字皆從去聲，今俗有此言。〉 人情崩恐，不保朝夕。 及何后葬，開文陵， 〈靈帝陵。〉 卓悉取藏中珍物。 又姦亂公主，妻略宮人，虐刑濫罰，睚眦必死，群僚內外莫能自固。 卓嘗遣軍至陽城，時人會於社下，悉令就斬之，駕其車重，載其婦女，以頭系車轅，歌呼而還。 又壞五銖錢，更鑄小錢，悉取洛陽及長安銅人、鐘虡、飛廉、銅馬之屬，以充鑄焉。 〈鍾虡以銅為之，故賈山上書云「懸石鑄鍾虡」。 前書《音義》曰：「虡，鹿頭龍身，神獸也。」 《說文》：「鍾鼓之跗，以猛獸為飾也。」 武帝置飛廉館。 《音義》云：「飛廉，神禽，身似鹿，頭如爵，有角，蛇尾，文如豹文。」 明帝永平五年，長安迎取飛廉及銅馬置上西門外，名平樂館。 銅馬則東門京所作，致於金馬門外者也。 張璠《紀》曰：「太史靈臺及永安候銅蘭楯，卓亦取之。」〉 故貨賤物貴，穀石數萬。 又錢無輪郭文章，不便人用。 〈《魏志》曰：「卓鑄小錢，大五分，無文章，肉好無輪郭，不磨鑢。」〉 時人以為秦始皇見長人於臨洮，乃鑄銅人。 〈《三輔舊事》曰：「秦王立二十六年，初定天下，稱皇帝。 大人見臨洮，身長五丈，跡長六尺，作銅人以厭之，立在阿房殿前。 漢徙長樂宮中大夏殿前。」 史記曰：「始皇鑄天下兵器為十二金人。」〉 卓，臨洮人也，而今毀之。 雖成毀不同，凶暴相類焉。
Luoyang's great families lived in mansions that crowded one another along every boulevard, each vault overflowing with gold and silk. Dong Zhuo gave his troops free rein to smash into those houses, rape the women, and cart off valuables in raids they cynically nicknamed "searching the stronghold." 〈The phrase implies looting every household that still had anything left worth taking. Another gloss derives lao from "to strain" or "to sieve," as if wringing the city dry. Both words are read in the fourth tone; the expression survives in colloquial speech even now.〉 Terror unmanned the populace; families no longer counted on living from dawn to dusk. When Empress Dowager He was laid to rest, the workmen broke open Emperor Ling's mausoleum, the Wen tumulus, 〈that is, Emperor Ling's burial mound.〉 Dong Zhuo looted every treasure cached inside. He raped imperial princesses, carried off palace ladies as concubines, and ruled by torture and whim: a single hard look could mean death. High and low, inside the court and out, no one could feel safe in his own skin. He once sent soldiers to Yangcheng, where villagers had gathered for the spring sacrifice at the earth god's shrine. His men cut every celebrant down, piled the dead onto captured wagons, heaped the women aboard, and tied severed heads to the axles while they sang their way back to camp. He abolished the old five-zhu coinage and ordered tiny, debased cash struck instead, melting down the great bronze statues, bell racks, Flying-Lian spirits, and bronze horses of both capitals to feed the furnaces. 〈The bell racks were cast in bronze—hence Jia Shan's memorial spoke of "hanging stone" and "casting bell-stands." The Former Documents Sound and Meaning states: "The ju is deer-head dragon-body, a divine beast." The Shuowen: "The bases of bells and drums, using fierce beasts as ornament." Emperor Wu had built a hall named for the Flying-Lian spirit. The Sound and Meaning states: "Flying-Lian is a divine bird; its body resembles a deer, its head like a finch, it has horns, snake tail, markings like leopard markings." In 62 CE the court moved the Flying-Lian figure and the bronze horses to a site outside Chang'an's Upper West Gate and called the complex the Pingle gallery. The bronze horses were the work of the craftsman Dongmen Jing, set long ago outside the Golden Horse Gate. Zhang Fan's chronicle adds that Dong Zhuo even stripped the observatory's spirit terrace and the bronze "orchid" shields from Yong'an's watchtowers.〉 Money became worthless while grain soared to tens of thousands of cash a bushel. The new coins lacked raised rims and legible inscriptions, so they were clumsy in trade. 〈The Wei Records states: "Zhuo cast small coins, large as five fen, without inscriptions, flesh and hole without rim, not polished."〉 Contemporaries remembered how the First Emperor, after sighting giants at Lintao, had ordered the twelve bronze giants cast—and shuddered. 〈The Old Matters of the Three Adjuncts states: "The King of Qin, having established twenty-six years, first settled all under Heaven, styled himself emperor. when a giant appeared at Lintao—five zhang tall, leaving six-chi footprints—he cast bronze colossi to lay the omen and set them before Epang Palace. The Han later moved the statues to the Great Summer Hall in the Changle Palace." The Shiji famously says he melted down every weapon in the empire to forge twelve golden giants."〉 Dong Zhuo himself was a son of Lintao; now he was tearing down what the First Emperor had raised. Different though their ends were, the two men matched each other in savagery.
12
初，靈帝末，黃巾餘黨郭太等復起西河白波谷，轉寇太原，遂破河東，百姓流轉三輔，號為「白波賊」，眾十餘萬。 卓遣中郎將牛輔擊之，不能却。 及聞東方兵起，懼，乃鴆殺弘農王，欲徙都長安。 會公卿議，太尉黃琬﹑司徒楊彪廷爭不能得，而伍瓊﹑周珌又固諫之。 卓因大怒曰：「卓初入朝，二子勸用善士，故相從，而諸君到官，舉兵相圖。 此二君賣卓，卓何用相負！」 遂斬瓊﹑珌。 而彪﹑琬恐懼，詣卓謝曰：「小人戀舊，非欲沮國事也，請以不及為罪。」 卓既殺瓊﹑珌，旋亦悔之，故表彪﹑琬為光祿大夫。 於是遷天子西都。
Late in Emperor Ling's reign the Yellow Turban holdout Guo Tai (written Tai in some texts) rallied the "White Wave" rebels in the Baibo ravines of Xihe. They swept through Taiyuan, overran Hedong, and drove refugees by the tens of thousands into the capital region, where the band came to be known as the White Wave army—more than a hundred thousand strong. Dong Zhuo sent General Niu Fu against them, but Fu could not drive them back. When word came that eastern coalition armies were on the march, panic seized him: he had the deposed emperor—the Prince of Hongnong—put to death with poisoned wine and resolved to move the court west to Chang'an. He summoned the high ministers to endorse the move. Grand Commandant Huang Wan and Minister Yang Biao argued themselves hoarse in open court, while Wu Qiong and Zhou Bi pleaded with equal stubbornness—all to no avail. Dong Zhuo exploded: "When I first came to Luoyang, you two urged me to appoint worthy men, and I listened. Yet the moment you took your posts you raised armies against one another! Those two have sold me out—why should I owe them any loyalty?" With that he had Wu Qiong and Zhou Bi executed. Shaking with terror, Yang Biao and Huang Wan went to Dong Zhuo to apologize: "We are small men, attached to the old capital; we never meant to block state policy. Punish us for our shortsightedness." Almost as soon as Dong Zhuo killed Qiong and Bi, he regretted it, and therefore memorialized to appoint Biao and Wan as Grandees of Splendid Happiness. The emperor was then bundled off to the western capital.
13
初，長安遭赤眉之亂，宮室營寺焚滅無餘，是時唯有高廟﹑京兆府舍，遂便時幸焉。 〈便時謂時日吉便。〉 後移未央宮。 於是盡徙洛陽人數百萬口於長安，步騎驅蹙，更相蹈藉，飢餓寇掠，積尸盈路。 卓自屯留畢圭苑中，悉燒宮廟官府居家，二百里內無復孑遺。 又使呂布發諸帝陵，及公卿已下冢墓，收其珍寶。
Chang'an had been gutted generations earlier by the Red Eyebrows: almost every palace and monastery lay in ashes. Only the dynastic High Temple and the Jingzhao governor's compound still stood, so the court provisionally lodged the emperor there. 〈The phrase means they chose an auspicious day for the move.〉 Later the court shifted into the Weiyang Palace. Several million Luoyang residents were herded west at spearpoint. Cavalry rode down anyone who faltered; the dying trampled the dead; famine and roadside banditry left corpses stacked along every highway. Dong Zhuo made his headquarters in the Bigui hunting park outside Luoyang while his men torched every palace, shrine, yamen, and private house for two hundred li around, leaving not a roof standing. He sent Lü Bu to rifle the imperial tombs and, descending rank by rank through the nobility, every family vault, stripping gold and jade from the dead.
14
時長沙太守孫堅亦率豫州諸郡兵討卓。 卓先遣將徐榮、李蒙四出虜掠。 榮遇堅於梁， 〈故城在今汝州梁縣西南。〉 與戰，破堅，生禽穎川太守李旻，亨之。 卓所得義兵士卒，皆以布纏裹，倒立於地，熱膏灌殺之。
Meanwhile Sun Jian, the grand administrator of Changsha, marched the allied forces of Yu province east against Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo had already sent Xu Rong and Li Meng on wide-ranging raids. Xu Rong intercepted Sun Jian at Liang— 〈the old town southwest of present-day Liang County in Ruzhou.〉 defeated him in battle, took Grand Administrator Li Min of Yingchuan alive, and boiled him alive. Coalition prisoners were swathed in cloth, strung head-down from frames, and killed by pouring boiling oil over them.
15
時河內太守王匡 〈《英雄記》曰：「匡字公節，泰山人。 輕財好施，以任俠聞。」〉 屯兵河陽津，將以圖卓。 卓遣疑兵挑戰，而潛使銳卒從小平津過津北，破之，死者略盡。 明年，孫堅收合散卒，進屯梁縣之陽人。 〈梁縣屬河南郡，今汝州縣也。 陽人，聚，故城在梁縣西。〉 卓遣將胡軫、呂布攻之，布與軫不相能，軍中自驚恐，士卒散亂。 〈《九州春秋》曰：「卓以東郡太守胡軫為大督，呂布為騎督。 軫性急，豫宣言『今此行也，要當斬一青綬，乃整齊耳』。 布等惡之，宣言相警云『賊至』，軍衆大亂奔走。」〉 堅追擊之，軫、布敗走。 卓遣將李傕詣堅求和，堅拒絕不受，進軍大谷，距洛九十里。 〈大谷口在故嵩陽西北三十五里，北出對洛陽故城。 張衡《東京賦》云「盟津達其後，大谷通其前」是也。 距，至也。〉 卓自出與堅戰於諸陵墓閒，卓敗走，却屯黽池，聚兵於陝。 堅進洛陽宣陽城門， 〈《洛陽記》洛陽城南面有四門，從東第三門。〉 更擊呂布，布復破走。 堅乃埽除宗廟，平塞諸陵，分兵出函谷關，至新安、黽池閒，以𢧵卓後。 卓謂長史劉艾曰：「關東諸將數敗矣，無能為也。 唯孫堅小戇， 〈《說文》曰：「戇，愚也。」 音都降反。〉 諸將軍宜慎之。」 乃使東中郎將董越屯黽池，中郎將段煨屯華陰， 〈《典略》曰：「煨在華陰，特修農事。 天子東遷，煨迎，貢饋周急。」 《魏志》曰：「武威人也。」 煨音壹回反。〉 中郎將牛輔屯安邑，其餘中郎將、校尉布在諸縣，以禦山東。
Meanwhile Wang Kuang, the grand administrator of Henei, 〈The Yingxiong ji states: "Kuang, courtesy name Gongjie, was a man of Taishan. a man who scattered his fortune in charity and was known as a chivalrous adventurer."〉 had camped his army at the Heyang crossing, intending to strike at Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo offered a feint to draw their fire, then slipped crack troops across the Yellow River at Xiaoping Ford, fell on Wang Kuang from the rear, and slaughtered his army almost to a man. The following year Sun Jian rallied his broken units and advanced to Yangren in Liang County. 〈Liang County lay in Henan commandery—present-day Ruzhou— while Yangren was a hamlet whose old walls stood west of the county seat.〉 Dong Zhuo dispatched Hu Zhen and Lü Bu against him, but the two generals despised each other; their camps panicked without cause and the assault dissolved in confusion. 〈The Jiuzhou chunqiu states: "Zhuo made Grand Administrator of Dong commandery Hu Zhen grand marshal and Lü Bu cavalry marshal. Hu Zhen, a hothead, had boasted publicly, "On this march I mean to take the head of at least one man with the green ribbon of a full two-thousand-dan official—that will restore discipline." Lü Bu and his officers, taking the remark as a threat against themselves, spread a false alarm of "enemy attack" and stampeded their own men in the night."〉 Sun Jian pursued and routed them; Hu Zhen and Lü Bu fled the field. Dong Zhuo sent Li Jue to sue for peace; Sun Jian spurned the offer and marched to Dagu Pass, ninety li from Luoyang. 〈The pass lies thirty-five li northwest of old Songyang and opens north toward ruined Luoyang— as Zhang Heng wrote in his Eastern Capital rhapsody: "Meng Ford at its back, Great Valley before its gates." Here ju means "to reach."〉 Dong Zhuo rode out to meet Sun Jian among the imperial tombs, was beaten, fell back to Mianchi, and concentrated reinforcements at Shan. Sun Jian entered Luoyang through the Xuanyang Gate— 〈the third gate from the east on the city's south wall, according to the Luoyang ji.〉 turned and struck Lü Bu again, putting him to flight a second time. He swept the imperial shrines, secured the tombs, and detached a column through Hangu Pass toward Xin'an and Mianchi to threaten Dong Zhuo's retreat. Dong Zhuo told his chief clerk Liu Ai, "The lords east of the passes have been whipped again and again; they are spent. Only Sun Jian shows a little stubborn fight— 〈The Shuowen glosses zhuang as "obtuse" or "pigheaded." The commentary gives the fanqie spelling dujiang.〉 Tell every general to watch him closely." He then posted General Dong Yue at Mianchi, General Duan Wei at Huayin, 〈The Dianlüe states: "Wei at Huayin especially cultivated agricultural affairs. when the emperor fled eastward, Wei met him with supplies and emergency rations." The Wei Records states: "He was a man of Wuwei." The name Wei is spelled with the fanqie yihui.〉 stationed Niu Fu at Anyi, and scattered other household generals and colonels through the counties to block any thrust from the east.
16
卓諷朝廷使光祿勳宣璠 〈璠音煩，又音甫袁反。〉 持節拜卓為太師，位在諸侯王上。 乃引還長安。 百官迎路拜揖，卓遂僭擬車服，乘金華青蓋，爪畫兩轓，時人號「竿摩車」，言其服飾近天子也。 〈金華，以金為華飾車也。 爪者，蓋弓頭為爪形也。 轓音甫袁反。 《廣雅》云：「車箱也。」 畫為文彩。 《續漢志》曰：「轓長六尺，下屈，廣八寸。」 又云：「皇太子青蓋金華蚤畫轓。」 竿摩謂相逼近也。 今俗以事干人者，謂之「相竿摩」。〉 以弟旻為左將軍，封鄠侯，兄子璜為侍中、中軍校尉，皆典兵事。 於是宗族內外，並居列位。 其子孫雖在髫齔，男皆封侯，女為邑君。
Dong Zhuo then manipulated the court into dispatching Superintendent of the Household Xuan Fan 〈The graph Fan is glossed fan or fuyuan in fanqie.〉 with credentials to invest him as grand tutor, a title that outranked every prince of the blood. Thus bolstered, he withdrew to Chang'an. The whole bureaucracy lined the road in obeisance as Dong Zhuo rolled west in regalia fit for an emperor: gilt lotus motifs on a green silk canopy, taloned dragons painted on both chariot rails. Onlookers jeered that he rode a "canopy-scraping carriage," so close had his trappings crept to the Son of Heaven's own. 〈"Gold flowers" were gold appliqués on the chariot— while "claws" referred to canopy spokes carved like raptor talons. Fan "sideboard" is read fuyuan in fanqie. The Guangya states: "It is the chariot box." Dong Zhuo's were painted with polychrome designs. The Continued Han Treatise states: "The fan is six chi long, bent downward, eight cun wide." It also states: "The heir apparent has green canopy, gold flowers, claw-patterned fan." Ganmo "pole rubbing" meant riding so high that one's canopy poles brushed the imperial equipage. Later slang used the same phrase for anyone who importunes the powerful."〉 He named his brother Dong Min general of the left and marquis of Hu, his nephew Dong Huang palace attendant and colonel of the central army—every kinsman holding real military power. Inside and outside the palace, the Dong clan monopolized every chair of consequence. Even infants still in swaddling clothes received marquisates; every girl was made a district lady.
17
數與百官置酒宴會，淫樂縱恣。 乃結壘於長安城東以自居。 又築塢於郿，高厚七丈，號曰「萬歲塢」。 〈今案：塢舊基高一丈，周迴一里一百步。〉 積穀為三十年儲。 自云：「事成，雄據天下； 不成，守此足以畢老。」 嘗至郿行塢，公卿已下祖道於橫門外。 〈橫音光。〉 卓施帳幔飲設，誘降北地反者數百人，於坐中殺之。 先斷其舌，次斬手足，次鑿其眼目，以鑊煑之。 未及得死，偃轉柸案閒。 會者戰慄，亡失匕箸，而卓飲食自若。 諸將有言語蹉跌，便戮於前。 又稍誅關中舊族，陷以叛逆。
Time and again he forced the high ministers into debauched banquets of music and excess. East of the capital he threw up a fortified camp where he kept his own headquarters. Moreover he built a fortified village at Mei, high and thick seven zhang, styled "Long-Life Fort." 〈A later survey found the surviving foundation about one zhang high, with a circuit of just over a li.〉 He stockpiled enough grain to feed an army for thirty years. He boasted, "If fortune favors me, I will rule the realm; if not, this fort alone will let me live out my days." On one visit to inspect the Mei fortress, the entire bureaucracy turned out to stage a farewell banquet for him outside the Heng Gate. 〈The gate name is read with the guang pronunciation.〉 Under draped tents he laid a feast, lured several hundred surrendered rebels from Beidi to their seats, then butchered them in cold blood. First their tongues were cut out, then their limbs, then their eyes were gouged, and finally they were boiled alive in cauldrons. Still not dead, they writhed across the banquet tables and cups. The guests shook until spoons and chopsticks clattered to the floor; Dong Zhuo went on eating and drinking as though nothing were amiss. Any general who misspoke in his presence was cut down on the spot. Bit by bit he exterminated the great houses of the Guanzhong heartland on trumped-up charges of treason.
18
時太史望氣，言當有大臣戮死者。 卓乃使人誣衛尉張溫與袁術交通，遂笞溫於市，殺之，以塞天變。 前溫出屯美陽，令卓與邊章等戰無功，溫召又不時應命，既到而辭對不遜。 時孫堅為溫參軍，勸溫陳兵斬之。 溫曰：「卓有威名，方倚以西行。」 堅曰：「明公親帥王師，威振天下，何恃於卓而賴之乎？ 堅聞古之名將，杖鉞臨眾，未有不斷斬以示威武者也。 故穰苴斬莊賈， 〈《史記》齊景公時，晉伐阿、鄄而燕侵河上，以司馬穰苴為將軍，使寵臣莊賈監軍。 賈期後至，穰苴斬以徇三軍，鄄音絹。〉 魏絳戮楊干。 〈魏絳，晉大夫。 楊干，晉公弟。 會諸侯於曲梁，楊干亂行，魏絳戮其僕。 事在《左傳》。〉 今若縱之，自虧威重，後悔何及！」 溫不能從，而卓猶懷忌恨，故及於難。
The court astrologers read omens in the clouds and warned that a great minister would die by violence. Dong Zhuo framed Commandant Zhang Wen for colluding with Yuan Shu, had him publicly flogged to death in the marketplace, and called it appeasing Heaven's wrath. The grudge was old: at Meiyang Zhang Wen had ordered Dong Zhuo against Bian Zhang's rebels; Zhuo had failed, ignored repeated summons, and when he finally appeared he answered his superior with open insolence. Sun Jian, then serving as Zhang Wen's adviser, had urged his chief to draw up the army and execute Dong Zhuo for it. Zhang Wen had refused: "Dong Zhuo's name carries weight in the west; I still need him for the campaign." Sun Jian had answered, "You command the imperial host in person and awe the empire—why lean on a man like Dong Zhuo? The famous generals of old, halberd in hand before the ranks, never hesitated to take a head when discipline required it. That is why Tian Rangju executed Zhuang Jia— 〈the Shiji tells how Duke Jing of Qi appointed Sima Rangju general against Jin and Yan and sent the favorite Zhuang Jia to oversee him— Zhuang Jia arrived late, and Rangju had him executed before the whole army as a warning. (Juan is read juan.)"〉 and why Wei Jiang of Jin slew the charioteer of Prince Yang Gan. 〈Wei Jiang was a senior minister of Jin— Yang Gan a younger brother of the duke— who broke formation at the league of Quliang, so Wei Jiang executed his charioteer to restore order. The story is in the Zuo zhuan."〉 Spare him now and you gut your own authority—you will regret it too late!" Zhang Wen did not act on the advice, and Dong Zhuo nursed the grudge until it cost Wen his life.
19
溫字伯慎， 〈《漢官儀》曰：「溫，穰人。」〉 少有名譽，累登公卿，亦陰與司徒王允共謀誅卓，事未及發而見害。 越騎校尉汝南伍孚 〈謝承書曰：「孚字德瑜，汝南吳房人。 質性剛毅，勇壯好義，力能兼人。」〉 忿卓凶毒，志手刃之，乃朝服懷佩刀以見卓。 孚語畢辭去，卓起送至閤，以手撫其背，孚因出刀刺之，不中。 卓自奮得免，急呼左右執殺之，而大詬 〈詬，罵也，音許豆反。〉 曰：「虜欲反耶！」 孚大言曰：「恨不得磔裂姦賊於都市， 〈磔，車裂之也，音丁格反。 獻帝春秋「磔」作「車」。〉 以謝天地！」 言未畢而斃。
Zhang Wen, courtesy name Boshen, 〈The Han Official Precedents states: "Wen was a man of Rang."〉 He had risen young to high renown and climbed step by step to the summit of official rank. He had also joined Minister Wang Yun's secret plot to kill Dong Zhuo, but was murdered before the coup could be launched. Colonel Wu Fu of Runan— 〈Xie Cheng's Book states: "Fu, courtesy name Deyu, was a man of Wufang in Runan. a man of iron nerve, dauntless courage, and strength greater than most."〉 Burning at Dong Zhuo's cruelties, he resolved to stab the tyrant with his own hand. He donned full court dress, concealed a dagger at his belt, and asked for an audience. When the interview ended, Dong Zhuo walked him to the door and clapped him paternally on the back. Wu Fu spun about and drove his blade at the tyrant's breast—but missed. Dong Zhuo twisted free and screamed for his guards to seize the assassin. He rained abuse— 〈The graph gou means "to revile," read xudou in fanqie.〉 "So the barbarian slave would rebel!" Wu Fu shouted back, "My only regret is that I could not tear the traitor limb from limb in the public square— 〈Zhe means execution by tearing apart with chariots, read dingge— though the Xiandi chunqiu manuscript writes the word as che instead."〉 and so offer Heaven and Earth their due!" He died mid-sentence under the guards' blades.
20
時王允與呂布及僕射士孫瑞謀誅卓。 〈《三輔決錄》曰：「瑞字君榮，扶風人，博達無不通。 天子都許，追論瑞功，封子萌津亭侯。 萌字文始，有才學，與王粲善，粲作詩贈萌。」〉 有人書「呂」字於布上，負而行於市，歌曰：「布乎！」 有告卓者，卓不悟。 〈《英雄記》曰：「有道士書布為『呂』字，將以示卓，卓不知其為呂布也。」〉
Meanwhile Minister Wang Yun, Lü Bu, and Supervisor Shisun Rui were laying plans to murder Dong Zhuo. 〈The Sanfu Judgment Record states: "Rui, courtesy name Junrong, was a man of Fufeng, broadly learned with nothing he did not master. when the court moved to Xu, his son Meng was enfeoffed marquis of Jinting in posthumous honor of his father's service. Meng, style Wenshi, was a gifted writer and friend of Wang Can, who composed verse in his praise."〉 Someone daubed the characters for "Lü" on a sheet, paraded it through the market on his back, and chanted, "Lü—cloth!" Informants brought the riddle to Dong Zhuo, who failed to grasp that it named Lü Bu. 〈The Yingxiong ji states: "There was a Daoist who wrote on cloth the character 'Lü' and was about to show it to Zhuo; Zhuo did not know it referred to Lü Bu."〉
21
三年四月，帝疾新愈，大會未央殿。 卓朝服升車，既而馬驚墯泥，還入更衣。 其少妻止之，卓不從，遂行。 乃陳兵夾道，自壘及宮，左步右騎，屯衛周帀，令呂布等扞衛前後。 王允乃與士孫瑞密表其事，使瑞自書詔以授布，令騎都尉李肅 〈《獻帝紀》曰：「肅，呂布同郡人也。」〉 與布同心勇士十餘人，偽著衛士服於北掖門內以待卓。 卓將至，馬驚不行，怪懼欲還。 呂布勸令進，遂入門。 肅以戟刺之，卓衷甲不入，傷臂墯車，顧大呼曰：「呂布何在？」 布曰：「有詔討賊臣。」 卓大罵曰：「庸狗敢如是邪！」 布應聲持矛刺卓，趣兵斬之。 〈趣音促。 《九州春秋》曰：「布素使秦誼、陳衞、李黑等偽作宮門衞士，持長戟。 卓到宮門，黑等以長戟俠叉卓車，或叉其馬。 卓驚呼布，布素施鎧於衣中，持矛，即應聲刺卓，墜於車。」〉 主簿田儀 〈《九州春秋》「儀」字作「景」。〉 及卓倉頭前赴其尸，布又殺之。 馳繼赦書，以令宮陛內外。 士卒皆稱萬歲，百姓歌舞於道。 長安中士女賣其珠玉衣裝市酒肉相慶者，填滿街肆。 使皇甫嵩攻卓弟旻於郿塢，殺其母妻男女，盡滅其族。 〈《英雄記》曰：「卓母年九十，走至塢門，曰：『乞脫我死。』 即時斬首。」〉 乃尸卓於市。 天時始熱，卓素充肥，脂流於地。 守尸吏然火置卓臍中，光明達曙，如是積日。 諸袁門生又聚董氏之尸，焚灰揚之於路。 塢中珍藏有金二三萬斤，銀八九萬斤，錦綺繢縠紈素奇玩，積如丘山。
In the fourth month of the third year of Chuping the emperor, recovered from a recent illness, held a great court in Weiyang Palace. Dong Zhuo mounted his chariot in full court dress, but his horses shied and threw him into the mud; he went back inside to change. His young concubine begged him not to go; he brushed her aside and set out anyway. He lined the route from his fortress to the palace with alternating foot and horse, ringed the precinct with guards, and ordered Lü Bu to screen him fore and aft. Wang Yun and Shisun Rui secretly memorialized the plot, had Rui draft the edict in his own hand for Lü Bu, and assigned Chief of Cavalry Li Su 〈The Annals of Emperor Xian states: "Su was a fellow-countryman of Lü Bu."〉 to pick a dozen trusted fighting men who donned fake palace-guard uniforms inside the north Ye gate and waited for Dong Zhuo. As he approached, his horses balked again; uneasy, he ordered the driver to turn back. Lü Bu urged him forward, and the chariot passed the gate. Li Su drove a halberd at his breast, but the hidden mail turned the blow aside—only an arm was gashed and Dong Zhuo tumbled from the car, roaring, "Where is Lü Bu?" Lü Bu answered, "An edict commands us to punish the traitor." Dong Zhuo howled, "Miserable cur—how dare you!" Lü Bu drove his spear home and signaled the soldiers to finish the work with the sword. 〈The gloss notes that qu in this sense is read like the word cu, "urgent." The Jiuzhou chunqiu states: "Bu had long ordered Qin Yi, Chen Wei, Li Hei and others falsely to act as palace gate guards, holding long halberds. who crossed their halberds to pin Dong Zhuo's carriage and horses when he reached the gate. When Dong Zhuo screamed for him, Lü Bu—mail already under his robe—thrust with his spear and pitched the tyrant from the chariot."〉 Registrar Tian Yi "〈The Jiuzhou chunqiu writes the character for Yi as Jing.〉" When a household slave of Dong Zhuo's ran to the body, Lü Bu cut him down as well. Riders galloped the amnesty edict through every corridor of the palace. The troops roared long life to the emperor while commoners danced in the streets. Gentry and townsfolk pawned jewels and silks for wine and meat until every lane was jammed with revelers. Huangfu Song was sent to storm the Mei fortress where Dong Min held out; mother, wives, children, and every Dong clansman were put to the sword. 〈The Yingxiong ji records that Dong Zhuo's ninety-year-old mother crawled to the gate crying, "Spare an old woman's life— They beheaded her on the spot."〉 Dong Zhuo's corpse was displayed in the marketplace. Heat was setting in, and Dong Zhuo's obese frame began to melt until fat pooled on the ground. The warden lit a wick in the tyrant's navel like a lamp; its flame burned clear to dawn, night after night. Students of the Yuan clan heaped the Dong dead, reduced them to ash, and scattered the dust in the streets. Inside the fortress lay twenty or thirty thousand jin of gold, eighty or ninety thousand of silver, and treasure-mountains of brocade, damask, gauze, and curios.
22
李傕、郭汜
Li Jue and Guo Si
23
初，卓以牛輔子婿，素所親信，使以兵屯陝。 輔分遣其校尉李傕﹑郭汜﹑張濟將步騎數萬， 〈《英雄記》：「傕，北地人。」 劉艾《獻帝紀》曰：「傕字稚然。 汜，張掖人。」〉 擊破河南尹朱儁於中牟。 因掠陳留﹑穎川諸縣，殺略男女，所過無復遺類。 呂布乃使李肅以詔命至陝討輔等，輔等逆與肅戰，肅敗走弘農，布誅殺之。 其後牛輔營中無故大驚，輔懼，乃齎金寶踰城走。 左右利其貨，斬輔，送首長安。 〈《獻帝紀》曰：「輔帳下支胡赤兒等，素待之過急，盡以家寶與之，自帶二十餘餅金、大白珠瓔。 胡謂輔曰：『城北已有馬，可去也。』 以繩繫輔腰，踰城懸下之，未及地丈許放之，輔傷腰不能行，諸胡共取其金并珠，斬首詣長安。」〉
Earlier Dong Zhuo had posted his son-in-law Niu Fu—a man he trusted implicitly—with an army at Shan. Niu Fu detached his colonels Li Jue, Guo Si, and Zhang Ji at the head of several tens of thousands of foot and horse— 〈The Yingxiong ji: "Jue was a man of Beidi." Liu Ai's Annals of Emperor Xian states: "Jue, courtesy name Zhiran. and Guo Si as a man of Zhangye."〉 who crushed Grand Administrator Zhu Jun of Henan at Zhongmou. They swept through Chenliu and Yingchuan, slaughtering and dragging off the population until no living thing remained in their path. Lü Bu then sent Li Su with forged orders to demand Niu Fu's submission at Shan. Fu attacked instead; Su fled in defeat to Hongnong, where Lü Bu had him executed. Soon afterward Niu Fu's camp panicked in the night for no clear reason. Terrified, Fu loaded gold and jewels, scaled the wall, and fled alone. His bodyguards murdered him for the treasure and carried his head to Chang'an. 〈The Annals of Emperor Xian states: "Fu's tent followers, the branch Hu Chier and others, he had always treated too harshly; he entirely gave them his household treasures, himself carrying more than twenty ingots of gold and great white pearl neck-strings. while the Qiang told him, "Horses wait beyond the north wall—flee now." They tied a rope around his waist to lower him from the wall, cut it when he was still a man's height above the ground, crippled him with the fall, seized gold and pearls, and decapitated him for the reward at Chang'an."〉
24
傕﹑汜等以王允﹑呂布殺董卓，故忿怒并州人，并州人其在軍者男女數百人，皆誅殺也。 牛輔既敗，眾無所依，欲各散去。 傕等恐，乃先遣使詣長安，求乞赦免。 王允以為一歲不可再赦，不許之。 傕等益懷憂懼，不知所為。 武威人賈詡時在傕軍，說之 〈《魏志》曰：「卓之入洛陽，詡以太尉掾為平津尉，遷討虜校尉。」 牛輔屯陝，詡在輔軍。 輔旣死，故詡在傕軍。〉 曰：「聞長安中議欲盡誅涼州人，諸君若弃軍單行，則一亭長能束君矣。 不如相率而西，以攻長安，為董公報仇。 事濟，奉國家以正天下； 若其不合，走未後也。」 傕等然之，各相謂曰：「京師不赦我，我當以死決之。 若攻長安克，則得天下矣； 不克，則鈔三輔婦女財物，西歸鄉里，尚可延命。」 眾以為然，於是共結盟，率軍數千，晨夜西行。 王允聞之，乃遣卓故將胡軫﹑徐榮擊之於新豐。 〈《九州春秋》曰：「胡文才、楊整脩皆涼州人，王允素所不善也。 及李傕之叛，乃召文才、整脩，使東曉喻之。 不假借以溫顏，謂曰：『關東鼠子欲何為乎？ 卿往曉之。』 於是二人往，實召兵而還。」〉 榮戰死，軫以眾降。 傕隨道收兵，比至長安，已十餘萬，與卓故部曲樊稠﹑李蒙等合， 〈袁宏《紀》曰：「蒙後為傕所殺。」〉 圍長安。 城峻不可攻，守之八日，呂布軍有叟兵內反， 〈叟兵即蜀兵也。 漢代謂蜀為叟。〉 引傕眾得入。 城潰，放兵虜掠，死者萬餘人。 殺衛尉种拂等。 呂布戰敗出奔。 王允奉天子保宣平城門樓上。 〈《三輔黃圖》曰：「長安城東面北頭門號宣平門。」〉 於是大赦天下。 李傕﹑郭汜﹑樊稠等皆為將軍。 〈袁山松書曰「允謂傕等曰：『臣無作威作福，將軍乃放縱，欲何為乎？』 傕等不應。 自拜署傕為揚武將軍，汜為揚烈將軍，樊稠等皆為中郎將」也。〉 遂圍門樓，共表請司徒王允出，問「太師何罪」？ 允窮蹙乃下，後數日見殺。 傕等葬董卓於郿，並收董氏所焚尸之灰，合斂一棺而葬之。 葬日，大風雨，霆震卓墓，流水入藏，漂其棺木。 〈《獻帝起居注》曰：「冢戶開，大風暴雨，水土流入，抒出之。 棺向入，輒復風雨，水溢郭戶，如此者三四。 冢中水半所，稠等共下棺，天風雨益暴甚，遂閉戶。 戶閉，大風復破其冢。」〉
Li Jue and Guo Si blamed the men of Bing province for Dong Zhuo's death; every soldier from Bingzhou in their camps—several hundred men and women—was massacred. With Niu Fu dead, the army had no leader and prepared to break up. Li Jue and his confederates panicked and sent envoys ahead to Chang'an pleading for a general amnesty. Wang Yun insisted that the empire could not issue two general amnestes in a single year and refused. Li Jue and his allies grew desperate, with no plan left but the sword. Jia Xu of Wuwei was attached to Li Jue's command and urged them 〈The Wei Records states: "When Zhuo entered Luoyang, Xu as Grand Commandant aide became Pingjin commandant, was promoted to Colonel Who Strikes the Barbarians." while Niu Fu held Shan, Jia Xu served on his staff. After Niu Fu's death Jia Xu fell in with Li Jue's host.〉 He said, "I have heard that the discussions in Chang'an intend to execute all the men of Liang Province. If you gentlemen abandon the army and travel alone, then a single station chief could bind you. Better march west together, storm Chang'an, and avenge Dong Zhuo. If you win, you can restore the throne and set the realm to rights; if you fail, you can still run for the border before the end." They agreed. "The capital will never forgive us," they said; "we stake everything on one throw. If we take Chang'an, the empire is ours; if not, we strip the capital region of women and loot, ride home to the west, and live out our lives as bandit kings." The army took the oath and, a few thousand strong, struck west without pause. Wang Yun dispatched Dong Zhuo's old officers Hu Zhen and Xu Rong to intercept them at Xinfeng. 〈The Jiuzhou chunqiu states: "Hu Wencai and Yang Zhengxiu were both Liangzhou men, whom Wang Yun had never favored. were summoned when Li Jue rose and sent east to "reason" with the rebels. Yun offered no courtesy. "What do those rats beyond the pass think they are doing?" he demanded. Go and talk sense into them." The two went—and used the mission to raise troops for Li Jue instead."〉 Xu Rong fell fighting; Hu Zhen surrendered his command to the rebels. Li Jue swept up recruits along the march until his column topped a hundred thousand men, then merged with Dong Zhuo's old officers Fan Chou and Li Meng, 〈Yuan Hong's Annals states: "Meng was later killed by Jue."〉 and together they ringed Chang'an. The walls were too high for a quick storm. On the eighth day of the siege Shu auxiliaries in Lü Bu's ranks turned traitor, 〈The term "Shu soldiers" means troops from Ba-Shu— Han usage often called the region Sou.〉 and opened the gates to Li Jue's horde. The city fell. The invaders looted at will and left more than ten thousand corpses in the streets. Among the slain was Commandant of the Guards Zhong Fu and many others. Lü Bu was beaten and fled the capital. Wang Yun shepherded the emperor onto the tower above the Xuanyi Gate. 〈The Sanfu Huangtu states: "On Chang'an's east face the northernmost gate is styled Xuanyi Gate."〉 The court then proclaimed a general amnesty. Li Jue, Guo Si, Fan Chou, and their confederates were all enfeoffed as generals. 〈Yuan Shansong records Wang Yun rebuking them: "I never abused my power; you generals run wild—what do you mean by it? They answered him with silence. Yun then himself named Li Jue general who displays martial might, Guo Si general who displays fierce might, and Fan Chou and the rest generals of the household—so runs another account.〉" They surrounded the tower and demanded that Minister Wang Yun descend, shouting, "What crime had the grand tutor?" Trapped, Wang Yun came down; within days they murdered him. They reburied Dong Zhuo at Mei, scraped together the ashes of his clan from the pyres, and interred all in a single coffin. On the burial day a tempest broke; lightning struck the mound; floodwater poured into the crypt and washed the coffin away. 〈The Xiandi qiju zhu states: "The tomb door opened; great wind and violent rain; earth and water flowed in; they bailed it out. each time they lowered the coffin, wind and rain redoubled until water lapped the outer gate—three or four rounds of this. When the crypt was half full of water, Fan Chou and the rest tried again; the storm raged worse than ever and they sealed the doors. The wind then burst the sealed tomb open again."〉
25
傕又遷車騎將軍，開府，領司隸校尉，假節。 汜後將軍，稠右將軍，張濟為鎮東將軍，並封列侯。 傕、汜、稠共秉朝政。 濟出屯弘農。 以賈詡為左馮翊，欲侯之。 詡曰：「此救命之計，何功之有！」 固辭乃止。 更以為尚書典選。
Li Jue was raised to general of chariots and cavalry with his own bureau, concurrent colonel of the metropolitan region, and imperial credentials. Guo Si became general of the rear, Fan Chou general of the right, Zhang Ji general who guards the east; each received a full marquisate. Li Jue, Guo Si, and Fan Chou divided civil power among themselves. Zhang Ji withdrew to camp at Hongnong. They named Jia Xu administrator of left Fengyi and offered him a marquisate. Jia Xu replied, "That was a stratagem to save our necks, not an exploit fit for noble rank." He refused until they dropped the idea. Instead they made him supervisor of writing in charge of appointments.
26
明年夏，大雨晝夜二十餘日，漂沒人庶，又風如冬時。 帝使御史裴茂訊詔獄，原繫者二百餘人。 其中有為傕所枉繫者，傕恐茂赦之，乃表奏茂擅出囚徒，疑有姦故，請收之。 詔曰：「災異屢降，陰雨為害，使者銜命宣佈恩澤，原解輕微，庶合天心。 欲釋冤結而復罪之乎！ 一切勿問。」
The following summer brought twenty days and nights of rain that drowned thousands and winds as cold as midwinter. The emperor sent Imperial Clerk Pei Mao to review the imperial prison and free over two hundred inmates. Some were men Li Jue had jailed on false charges. Fearing Pei Mao would liberate them, Li Jue memorialized that Mao had illegally emptied the prisons and should be arrested. The rescript read, "Disasters have piled up and endless rain has scourged the land. The envoy was sent to spread mercy and free minor offenders so as to please Heaven. Would you undo one injustice only to invent another? Let the matter drop entirely."
27
初，卓之入關，要韓遂﹑馬騰共謀山東。 〈《獻帝傳》曰：「騰父平，扶風人。 為天水蘭干尉，失官，遂留隴西，與羌雜居。 家貧無妻，遂取羌女，生騰。」〉 遂、騰見天下方亂，亦欲倚卓起兵。 興平元年，馬騰從隴右來朝，進屯霸橋。 時騰私有求於傕，不獲而怒，遂與侍中馬宇﹑右中郎將劉範﹑ 〈焉之子。〉 前涼州刺史种劭﹑中郎將杜稟 〈《獻帝紀》曰：「稟與賈詡有隙，脅扶風吏人為騰守槐里，欲共攻傕。 傕令樊稠及兄子利數萬人攻圍槐里，夜梯城，城陷，斬稟梟首。」〉 合兵攻傕，連日不決。 韓遂聞之，乃率眾來欲和騰﹑傕，既而復與騰合。 傕使兄子利共郭汜﹑樊稠與騰等戰於長平觀下。 〈前書音義曰：「長平，阪名也，在池陽南。 有長平觀，去長安五十里。」〉 遂﹑騰敗，斬首萬餘級，种劭﹑劉範等皆死。 遂﹑騰走還涼州，稠等又追之。 韓遂使人語稠曰：「天下反覆未可知，相與州裡，今雖小違，要當大同，欲共一言。」 乃駢馬交臂相加， 〈駢，並也。〉 笑語良久。 軍還，利告傕曰：「樊﹑韓駢馬笑語，不知其辭，而意愛甚密。」 於是傕﹑稠始相猜疑。 猶加稠及郭汜開府，與三公合為六府，皆參選舉。 〈《獻帝起居注》曰：「傕等各欲用其所舉，若壹違之，便忿憤恚怒。 主者患之，乃以次第用其所舉，先從傕起，汜次之，稠次之。 三公所舉，終不見用。」〉
When Dong Zhuo first entered the passes he had summoned Han Sui and Ma Teng to join him against the coalition east of the mountains. 〈The Xiandi zhuan states: "Teng's father Ping was a man of Fufeng. served as commandant of Langan in Tianshui, lost his post, and stayed in Longxi among the Qiang. Too poor to marry a Chinese wife, he took a Qiang woman and fathered Ma Teng."〉 Seeing the realm dissolve into chaos, Han Sui and Ma Teng had likewise looked to Dong Zhuo as their patron for raising troops. In the first year of Xingping Ma Teng rode in from Longyou for an audience and camped his host at Ba Bridge. Ma Teng had asked private favors of Li Jue and, when refused, flew into a rage. He joined Palace Attendant Ma Yu, General of the Gentlemen of the Household of the Right Liu Fan, 〈Liu Fan was the son of Liu Yan.〉 former inspector of Liangzhou Zhong Shao, and General of the Gentlemen of the Household Du Bing 〈The Xiandi ji states: "Bing had a rift with Jia Xu, coerced the officials and people of Fufeng to hold Huali for Teng, wishing together to attack Jue. until Li Jue sent Fan Chou and his nephew Li with tens of thousands to storm Huali by night, took the town, and beheaded Du Bing."〉 Their combined forces besieged Li Jue for days without victory. Han Sui marched in hoping to mediate between Ma Teng and Li Jue, then sided with Ma Teng after all. Li Jue sent his nephew Li with Guo Si and Fan Chou to give battle to Ma Teng below the Changping Watch. 〈The Former Documents Sound and Meaning states: "Changping is a slope name south of Chiyang. with a watchtower fifty li from Chang'an."〉 Han Sui and Ma Teng were routed with more than ten thousand heads counted; Zhong Shao and Liu Fan fell among the dead. The survivors bolted for Liangzhou while Fan Chou pressed the pursuit. Han Sui sent word to Fan Chou: "The world is chaos—we hail from the same commandery. Though we fight today, we may need each other tomorrow. Let us talk. They rode stirrup to stirrup, arms linked, 〈pian meaning "abreast."〉 and laughed and talked for a long while. When the army marched back, Li Jue's nephew Li whispered, "Fan Chou and Han Sui rode laughing together like brothers—I could not hear their words, but their fondness looked dangerously close. From that day Li Jue and Fan Chou nursed mutual suspicion. Nonetheless Li Jue let Fan Chou and Guo Si open their own bureaus alongside the three dukes—six personnel offices in all, each naming its own men. 〈The Xiandi qiju zhu states: "Jue and each wished to employ those whom he nominated; if once opposed them, they were resentful and furious. so the clerks rotated strictly in order: Li Jue's list first, then Guo Si's, then Fan Chou's. Candidates put forward by the three dukes were ignored altogether."〉
28
時長安中盜賊不禁，白日虜掠，傕﹑汜﹑稠乃參分城內，各備其界，猶不能制，而其子弟縱橫，侵暴百姓。 是時穀一斛五十萬，豆麥二十萬，人相食啖， 〈啖音徒敢反。〉 白骨委樍，臭穢滿路。 帝使侍御史侯汶 〈音問。〉 出太倉米豆為饑人作糜，經日而死者無降。 帝疑賦恤有虛， 〈賦，布也。 卹，憂也。〉 乃親於御前自加臨檢。 既知不實，使侍中劉艾出讓有司。 於是尚書令以下皆詣省閣謝，奏收侯汶考實。 詔曰：「未忍致汶于理，可杖五十。」 自是後多得全濟。
Banditry ran unchecked in broad daylight. Li Jue, Guo Si, and Fan Chou carved Chang'an into three zones, each policing his own third, yet could not stop the mayhem as their kinsmen preyed on the populace. Grain hit five hundred thousand cash a hu, beans and wheat two hundred thousand; neighbors fed on neighbors' flesh— 〈dan "devour" is read tugan in fanqie.〉 bones heaped like cordwood and stench choking every road. The emperor sent Attending Imperial Clerk Hou Wen 〈the name read like the word "ask."〉 to issue grain and beans from the imperial granary as gruel for the starving, yet after a full day the death toll did not fall. The emperor suspected embezzlement in the relief effort, 〈Fu means to distribute, xu to show compassion.〉 and personally ladled porridge beside the throne to test the ration. Finding the fraud proved, he sent Palace Attendant Liu Ai to rebuke the ministers in charge. From the supervisor of writing down, the whole secretariat presented itself to apologize and asked that Hou Wen be arrested and interrogated. The rescript spared him execution: "fifty strokes of the heavy stick would suffice." After that, far more famine victims actually survived the relief.
29
明年春，傕因會刺殺樊稠於坐， 〈《獻帝紀》曰：「傕見稠果勇而得衆心，疾害之，醉酒，潛使外生騎都尉胡封於坐中拉殺稠。」〉 由是諸將各相疑異，傕﹑汜遂復理兵相攻。 〈袁宏《紀》曰「李傕數設酒請汜，或留汜止宿。 汜妻懼與傕婢妾私而奪己愛，思有以離閒之。 會傕送饋，汜妻乃以豉為藥。 汜將食，妻曰：『食從外來，儻或有故？』 遂摘藥示之，曰：『一栖不兩雄，我固疑將軍之信李公也。』 他日傕請汜，大醉，汜疑傕藥之，絞糞汁飲之乃解，於是遂相猜疑」也。〉 安西將軍楊定者，故卓部曲將也。 懼傕忍害，乃與汜合謀迎天子幸其營。 傕知其計，即使兄子暹 〈音纖。〉 將數千人圍宮。 以車三乘迎天子﹑皇后。 太尉楊彪謂暹曰：「古今帝王，無在人臣家者。 諸君舉事，當上順天心，柰何如是！」 暹曰：「將軍計決矣。」 帝於是遂幸傕營，彪等皆徒從。 亂兵入殿，掠宮人什物，傕又徙御府金帛乘輿器服，而放火燒宮殿官府居人悉盡。 帝使楊彪與司空張喜等十餘人和傕﹑汜，汜不從，遂質留公卿。 彪謂汜曰：「將軍達人閒事，柰何君臣分爭，一人劫天子，一人質公卿，此可行邪？」 汜怒，欲手刃彪。 彪曰：「卿尚不奉國家，吾豈求生邪！」 左右多諫，汜乃止。 遂引兵攻傕，矢及帝前， 〈《獻帝紀》曰：「汜與傕將張苞、張龍謀誅傕，汜將兵夜攻傕門。 候開門內汜兵，苞等燒屋，火不然。 汜兵弓弩並發，矢及天子樓帷簾中。」〉 又貫傕耳。 傕將楊奉本白波賊帥，乃將兵救傕，於是汜眾乃退。
The following spring Li Jue assassinated Fan Chou at a banquet, 〈The Xiandi ji states: "Jue saw that Chou was truly brave and won the host's hearts, envied and harmed him, got him drunk, secretly ordered his sister's son Chief of Cavalry Hu Feng in the midst of the seating to throttle and kill Chou."〉 Mutual suspicion split the warlord clique, and Li Jue and Guo Si went back to open war. 〈Yuan Hong's Annals states "Li Jue repeatedly set wine feasts and invited Si, sometimes detaining Si to lodge overnight. Guo Si's wife suspected her husband was sleeping with Li Jue's women and set out to turn him against his ally. When Li Jue sent gifts of food, she sprinkled the dish with beans to make it look drugged. As Guo Si lifted his chopsticks she cried, "Food from outside—who knows what they mixed into it?" She fished out the beans as "proof" and said, "Two cocks cannot share one perch—I knew you trusted Li Jue too much." Another night Li Jue got Guo Si blind drunk; Si thought he had been poisoned and drank fecal broth as an emetic—after that the two were enemies."〉 Yang Ding, the general who pacifies the west, had been an officer under Dong Zhuo. Terrified of Li Jue, he conspired with Guo Si to abduct the emperor into his own lines. Li Jue learned of it and sent his nephew Li Xian 〈the name read xian, "fine silk."〉 with several thousand men to surround the palace. He brought three chariots to carry away the emperor and empress. Grand Commandant Yang Biao told Li Xian, "No true Son of Heaven has ever lodged in a minister's camp. If you mean to move the throne, at least do it with Heaven's blessing—how can you behave like bandits?" Li Xian answered, "My uncle's mind is made up." The emperor was marched to Li Jue's fortress; Yang Biao and the courtiers had to trail behind on foot. Rioters looted the harem while Li Jue carted off the imperial treasury and torched palace, yamen, and private house until nothing remained. The emperor sent Yang Biao, Minister Zhang Xi, and a dozen others to mediate; Guo Si refused and took the high ministers hostage. Yang Biao demanded of Guo Si, "You know the world—how can one warlord kidnap the emperor while his rival holds the whole cabinet for ransom?" Guo Si drew his sword to strike Yang Biao down. Yang Biao retorted, "You no longer serve the Han—do you think I cling to mine?" Attendants talked Guo Si out of the murder. He assaulted Li Jue's lines until arrows whistled past the emperor's ear— 〈The Xiandi ji states: "Si plotted with Jue's officers Zhang Bao and Zhang Long to kill Jue; Si led troops by night to attack Jue's gate. Guo Si's men slipped inside, yet the planned fire failed to spread. A volley from Guo Si's archers punched bolts through the curtains of the imperial tower."〉 One bolt grazed Li Jue's ear. Li Jue's officer Yang Feng, once a White Wave chieftain, rode to Li Jue's rescue and drove Guo Si back.
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是日，傕復移帝幸其北塢，唯皇后﹑宋貴人俱。 傕使校尉監門，隔絕內外。 〈《獻帝紀》曰：「傕令門設反關，校尉守察。 盛夏炎暑，不能得冷水，飢渴流離。 上以前移宮人及侍臣，不得以穀米自隨，入門有禁防，不得出市，困乏，使就傕索粳米五斛，牛骨五具，欲為食賜宮人左右。 傕不與米，取乆牛肉牛骨給，皆已臭蟲，不可啖食。」〉 尋復欲徙帝於池陽黃白城， 〈池陽，縣，故城在今涇陽縣西北。〉 君臣惶懼。 司徒趙溫深解譬之，乃止。 詔遣謁者僕射皇甫酈和傕﹑汜。 酈先譬汜，汜即從命。 又詣傕，傕不聽。 曰：「郭多，盜馬虜耳，何敢欲與我同邪！ 必誅之。 君觀我方略士眾，足辦郭多不？ 多又劫質公卿。 所為如是，而君苟欲左右之邪！」 〈左右，助也，音佐又。〉 汜一名多。 酈曰：「今汜質公卿，而將軍脅主，誰輕重乎？」 傕怒，呵遣酈，因令虎賁王昌追殺之。 昌偽不及，酈得以免。 傕乃自為大司馬。 〈《獻帝起居注》曰：「傕性喜鬼怪左道之術，常有道人及女巫歌謳擊鼓下神祭，六丁符劾厭勝之具，無所不為。 又於朝廷省門外為董卓作神坐，數以牛羊祠之。 天子使左中郎將李國持節拜傕為大司馬，在三公之右。 傕自以為得鬼神之助，乃厚賜諸巫。」〉 與郭汜相攻連月，死者以萬數。
That same day Li Jue dragged the court to his northern redoubt, leaving only the empress and Lady Song at the emperor's side. He posted colonels at every gate to seal the compound. 〈The Xiandi ji states: "Jue ordered the gates fitted with reverse bars, colonels to guard and watch. and in midsummer heat no clean water—hunger, thirst, and misery. Earlier moves had stripped the court of provisions; the gates were locked so none could buy food. The emperor begged Li Jue for five hu of rice and five ox skeletons to feed his starving household— Li Jue sent rotten meat and worm-eaten bones instead."〉 He next threatened to march the throne to the Huangbai stockade in Chiyang— 〈modern northwest of Jingyang County.〉 court and emperor were terrified. Minister Zhao Wen argued him out of it. The court ordered Huangfu Li, supervisor of the household, to mediate between Li Jue and Guo Si. Huangfu Li won over Guo Si first; he yielded at once. Li Jue would not hear him out. Li Jue snarled that "Guo Duo"—Guo Si—was a horse-thieving captive who dared rival him, and must die for it, then dared Huangfu Li to judge whether his host could crush Guo Si. Guo Si had taken ministers hostage, yet Li accused the envoy of siding with the villain." 〈Zuo-you here means "to favor" or "assist."〉 Guo Si's childhood name was Duo. Huangfu Li shot back, "Guo Si holds hostages while you hold the emperor—which is the graver crime?" Li Jue raged, ordered Huangfu Li driven off, and sent guards to kill him. Wang Chang deliberately let him escape. Li Jue then named himself grand marshal. 〈The Xiandi qiju zhu states: "Jue's nature delighted in ghostly left-path arts; constantly there were Daoists and witch women singing, beating drums, descending gods, sacrificing, six-ding talismans, spell-binding, apotropaics—nothing he would not do. outside the ministry gates he even set up a spirit throne to Dong Zhuo and sacrificed cattle and sheep. The emperor was forced to send Li Guo with the seal of grand marshal, ranking Li Jue above the three dukes. Li Jue believed the spirits favored him and heaped gold on his witches."〉 Their civil war raged for months and cost tens of thousands of lives.
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張濟自陝來和解二人，仍欲遷帝權幸弘農。 帝亦思舊京，因遣使敦請傕求東歸，十反乃許。 〈袁宏《紀》曰：「濟使太官令孫篤、校尉張式宣諭十反。」〉 車駕即日發邁。 〈《獻帝起居注》曰：「初，天子出，到宣平門，當度橋，汜兵數百人遮橋曰：『是天子非？』 車不得前。 傕兵數百人皆持大戟在乘輿車前，侍中劉艾大呼云：『是天子也！』 使侍中楊琦高舉車帷。 帝言諸兵：『汝却，何敢迫近至尊邪！』 汜等兵乃却。 旣度橋，士衆咸稱萬歲。」〉 李傕出屯曹陽。 以張濟為驃騎將軍，復還屯陝。 遷郭汜車騎將軍，楊定後將軍，楊奉興義將軍。 又以故牛輔部曲董承為安集將軍。 〈《蜀志》曰：「承，獻帝舅也。」 裴松之注曰：「承，靈帝母太后之姪。」〉 汜等並侍送乘輿。 汜遂復欲脅帝幸郿，定﹑奉﹑承不聽。 汜恐變生，乃弃軍還就李傕。 車駕進至華陰。 〈《帝王紀》曰：「帝以尚書郎郭溥喻汜，汜以屯部未定，乞須留之。 溥因罵汜曰：『卿真庸人賤夫，為國上將，今天子有命，何須留之？ 吾不忍見卿所行，請先殺我，以章卿惡。』 汜得溥言切，意乃少喻。」〉 寧輯將軍段煨乃具服御及公卿以下資儲，請帝幸其營。 初，楊定與煨有隙，遂誣煨欲反，乃攻其營，十餘日不下。 〈袁宏《紀》曰：「煨與楊定有隙，煨迎乘輿，不敢下馬，揖馬上。 侍中种輯素與定親，乃言曰：『段煨欲反。』 上曰：『煨屬來迎，何謂反？』 對曰：『迎不至界，拜不下馬，其色變，必有異心。』 太尉楊彪等曰：『煨不反，臣等敢以死保，車駕可幸其營。』 董承、楊定言曰：『郭汜今且將七百騎來入煨營。』 天子信之，遂露次於道南，奉、承、定等功也。」〉 而煨猶奉給御膳，稟贍百官，終無二意。
Zhang Ji rode from Shan to broker peace and urged moving the court east toward Hongnong. The emperor himself longed for Luoyang and sent ten embassies before Li Jue agreed to let the cortège leave. 〈Yuan Hong's Annals states: "Ji ordered Grand Provisioner Sun Du and Colonel Zhang Shi to proclaim and instruct ten times."〉 The imperial train set out the same day. 〈The diary describes the cortège halted at Xuanyi Gate by hundreds of Guo Si's men shouting, "Is this really the emperor? The chariots could not pass. Li Jue's halberdiers ringed the imperial car while Liu Ai roared, "It is the Son of Heaven!" Palace Attendant Yang Qi was told to lift the curtain so all could see the imperial face. The boy emperor leaned out and shouted, "Stand back—you dare crowd your sovereign!" Guo Si's men fell back. Once the bridge was crossed the whole army shouted long life."〉" Li Jue encamped at Caoyang. Zhang Ji was named general of agile cavalry and went back to Shan. Guo Si became general of chariots and cavalry, Yang Ding general of the rear, Yang Feng general who raises righteousness. Dong Cheng, once Niu Fu's officer, was named general who pacifies and gathers. 〈The Shu Records states: "Cheng was the Son of Heaven's uncle by marriage." Pei Songzhi identifies him as a nephew of Empress Dowager Dong."〉 Guo Si and the other warlords escorted the train. Guo Si tried again to drag the court toward Mei; Yang Ding, Yang Feng, and Dong Cheng blocked him. Fearing a coup, Guo Si abandoned his command and fled back to Li Jue. The imperial procession reached Huayin. 〈The Diwang ji states: "The emperor ordered Masters of Writing Gentleman Guo Pu to instruct Si; Si said his encampment was not yet settled and begged to detain him awhile. Guo Pu called him a craven who disobeyed an imperial order, begging Guo Si to kill him instead to expose his villainy, until Guo Si, stung by the rebuke, relented slightly."〉 General Duan Wei offered full transport and provisions for emperor and ministers and invited the court into his camp. Yang Ding, who hated Duan Wei, accused him of treason and besieged his camp for ten days without success. 〈Yuan Hong's Annals states: "Wei and Yang Ding had a rift; when Wei welcomed the carriage host he did not dare dismount but bowed from the horse. Palace Attendant Zhong Ji, Yang Ding's friend, whispered that Duan Wei meant treason, but the emperor answered, "He came to welcome us—where is the treason?" Zhong Ji said he had not met the train at the border, had not dismounted, and his face betrayed guilt, while Yang Biao swore with his life that Duan Wei was loyal and safe to join, until Dong Cheng and Yang Ding lied that Guo Si was riding in with seven hundred horse to attack Duan Wei, which frightened the emperor into camping in the open—the work of Yang Feng, Dong Cheng, and Yang Ding."〉 Through it all Duan Wei fed the emperor and paid the ministers, never wavering in loyalty.
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李傕、郭汜既悔令天子東，乃來救段煨，因欲劫帝而西，楊定為汜所遮，亡奔荊州。 而張濟與楊奉﹑董承不相平，乃反合傕﹑汜，共追乘輿，大戰於弘農東澗。 承﹑奉軍敗，百官士卒死者不可勝數，皆弃其婦女輜重，御物符策典籍，略無所遺。 〈《獻帝傳》曰：「掠婦女衣被，遲違不時解，即斫刺之。 有美髮者斷取。 凍死及嬰兒隨流而浮者塞水。」〉 射聲校尉沮儁被創墜馬。 李傕謂左右曰：「尚可活不？」 儁罵之曰：「汝等凶逆，逼迫天子，亂臣賊子，未有如汝者！」 傕使殺之。 〈袁山松《書》曰：「儁年二十五，其督戰訾寶負其尸而瘞之。」〉 天子遂露次曹陽。 承、奉乃譎傕等與連和，而密遣閒使至河東，招故白波帥李樂、韓暹、胡才及南匈奴右賢王去卑，並率其眾數千騎來，與承、奉共擊傕等，大破之，斬首數千級，乘輿乃得進。 董承、李樂擁衛左右，胡才、楊奉、韓暹、去卑為後距。 傕等復來戰，奉等大敗，死者甚於東澗。 自東澗兵相連綴四十里中，方得至陝，乃結營自守。 時殘破之餘，虎賁羽林不滿百人，皆有離心。 承、奉等夜乃潛議過河， 〈袁宏紀曰：「傕、汜繞營叫呼，吏士失色，各有分散意。 李樂懼，欲令車駕御舡過砥柱，出盟津。 楊彪曰：『臣弘農人也。 自此以東，有三十六難，非萬乘所當登。』 宗正劉艾亦曰：『臣前為陝令，知其危險。 舊故河師，猶時有傾危，況今無師。 太尉所慮是也。』」〉 使李樂先度具舟舡，舉火為應。 帝步出營，臨河欲濟，岸高十餘丈，乃以絹縋而下。 〈縋音直類反。〉 餘人或匍匐岸側，或從上自投，死亡傷殘，不復相知。 爭赴舡者，不可禁制，董承以戈擊披之，斷手指於舟中者可掬。 同濟唯皇后、宋貴人、 〈宋貴人名都，常山太守泓之女也。 見獻帝起居注。〉 楊彪、董承及后父執金吾伏完等數十人。 其宮女皆為傕兵所掠奪，凍溺死者甚眾。 既到大陽，止於人家， 〈大陽，縣，屬河東郡。 前書音義曰「在大河之陽」也。 即今陝州河北縣是也。 《十三州記》曰：「傅巖在其界，今住穴尚存。」〉 然後幸李樂營。 百官飢餓，河內太守張楊 〈《魏志》曰：「楊字稚叔，雲中人。」〉 使數千人負米貢餉。 帝乃御牛車，因都安邑。 河東太守王邑奉獻綿帛，悉賦公卿以下。 封邑為列侯， 〈邑字文都，北地涇陽人，鎮北將軍。 見同歲名。〉 拜胡才征東將軍，張楊為安國將軍，皆假節、開府。 其壘壁群豎，競求拜職，刻印不給，至乃以錐畫之。 或齎酒肉就天子燕飲。 〈《魏志》曰「乘輿時居棘籬中，門戶無關閉，天子與羣臣會，兵士伏籬上觀，互相鎮壓以為笑。 諸將或遣婢詣省問，或齎酒送天子，侍中不通，喧呼罵詈」也。〉 又遣太僕韓融至弘農，與傕、汜等連和。 傕乃放遣公卿百官，頗歸宮人婦女，及乘輿器服。
Li Jue and Guo Si regretted releasing the court, marched to "relieve" Duan Wei, and tried to drag the emperor west again; Yang Ding, cut off by Guo Si, fled to Jingzhou. Zhang Ji, feuding with Yang Feng and Dong Cheng, switched sides to Li Jue and Guo Si; together they overtook the imperial train and fought a great battle in the eastern defile of Hongnong. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng were routed. Officials and troops died in heaps, abandoning women, wagons, regalia, tallies, and books until scarcely a scrap was left. 〈The Xiandi zhuan states: "They plundered women's clothing and quilts; if they were slow and did not promptly strip them, they hacked and stabbed them. those with fine hair had it sheared off as trophies— while frozen corpses and baby bodies choked the stream."〉 Ju Jun, colonel of the archers who shoot at a sound, was wounded and tumbled from the saddle. Li Jue said to those at his side: "Can he still be kept alive?" Ju Jun cursed them: "You are traitors who bully the Son of Heaven—there has never been a viler pack of rebel ministers!" Li Jue had him executed. 〈Yuan Shansong's Book states: "Jun was twenty-five years old; his battle supervisor Zi Bao bore his corpse away and buried him."〉 The emperor was forced to camp in the open at Caoyang. Dong Cheng and Yang Feng feigned a truce while secret messengers brought Li Le, Han Xian, Hu Cai, and the Xiongnu Worthy King Qubiji from Hedong with thousands of horsemen. With them they shattered Li Jue's army, took thousands of heads, and the imperial train rolled forward again. Dong Cheng and Li Le shielded the flanks while Hu Cai, Yang Feng, Han Xian, and Qubiji covered the rear. Li Jue counterattacked; Yang Feng's coalition collapsed with even heavier losses than at the eastern defile. For forty li the retreating column was strung out under fire until it straggled into Shan, where the survivors threw up palisades. The imperial bodyguard counted fewer than a hundred effectives, every man ready to desert. That night Dong Cheng, Yang Feng, and their allies plotted a secret crossing of the Yellow River, 〈Yuan Hong's Annals states: "Jue and Si circled the camp shouting; clerks and soldiers lost color, each having thoughts of scattering. Li Le wanted to float the court through the Zhuzhu rapids and out at Meng Ford— Yang Biao protested, "I am a son of Hongnong. East of here lie thirty-six treacherous reaches—no place for an emperor's barge." Liu Ai, director of the imperial clan, added, "I once governed Shan—I know those waters." Even veteran boatmen sometimes wreck there, let alone with none aboard. The grand commandant's fear is well founded.""〉 Li Le was sent ahead to ready boats and signal with beacon fires. The emperor walked out of the camp to the river, where banks rose ten zhang above the water; attendants lowered him on silk ropes. 〈Zhui "lower on ropes" is read zhilei in fanqie.〉 Others crawled along the cliff or leaped to their deaths until the living and dead could not be told apart. A mob stormed the boats until Dong Cheng hacked at them with a halberd; severed fingers littered the hulls by the handful. Only the empress and Honored Lady Song reached the far bank— 〈Honored Lady Song—personal name Du—was a daughter of Grand Administrator Hong of Changshan— according to the imperial diary.〉 together with Yang Biao, Dong Cheng, and the empress's father Fu Wan, bearer of the gilded mace, and a few dozen courtiers. Every palace woman left behind was seized by Li Jue's men; countless froze or drowned. They halted at Dayang in a private home, 〈Dayang County lay in Hedong— the Han shu gloss explains the name as "north of the great river." Today it is Hebei County on the north shore of Shanzhou. The Shisan zhou ji notes that Fu Yan's cliff is in the same district, with his cave still visible."〉 From there the emperor moved to Li Le's camp. The ministers were starving when Grand Administrator Zhang Yang of Henei 〈The Wei Records states: "Yang, courtesy name Zhishu, was a man of Yunzhong."〉 sent several thousand porters with grain as tribute. The emperor rode in an oxcart to Anyi, which became the temporary capital. Grand Administrator Wang Yi of Hedong sent silk, which was shared out among the high ministers down to the lowest rank. Wang Yi was enfeoffed as a full marquis. 〈He was Wang Yi, style Wendu, of Jingyang in Beidi, later general who guards the north— listed in the alumni roster of his examination year.〉 Hu Cai was named general who strikes the east, Zhang Yang general who pacifies the state; each received credentials and his own bureau. Every petty warlord clamored for a commission; seal engravers could not keep pace and scratched titles with awls. Some shouldered wine and meat into the emperor's presence for drunken revels. 〈The Wei Records states "The carriage host at times dwelt inside a thorn hedge; doors and gates had no bars; the Son of Heaven met with the host of nobles while soldiers lay atop the hedge watching, mutually pressing one another for laughter. generals sent servant girls to the ministries or barged in with wine until attendants blocked them and brawls broke out."〉 Grand Coach Han Rong was sent to Hongnong to negotiate peace with Li Jue and Guo Si. Li Jue then freed the ministers, returned some palace ladies, and sent back part of the imperial baggage.
33
初，帝入關，三輔戶口尚數十萬，自傕汜相攻，天子東歸後，長安城空四十餘日，強者四散，羸者相食，二三年閒，關中無復人跡。 建安元年春，諸將爭權，韓暹遂攻董承，承奔張楊，楊乃使承先繕修洛宮。 七月，帝還至洛陽，幸楊安殿。 張楊以為己功，故因以「楊」名殿。 〈《獻帝起居注》曰：「舊時宮殿悉壞，倉卒之際，拾摭故瓦材木，工匠無法度之制，所作並無足觀也。」〉 乃謂諸將曰：「天子當與天下共之，朝廷自有公卿大臣，楊當出扞外難，何事京師？」 遂還野王。 楊奉亦出屯梁。
When the emperor first entered the passes Guanzhong still counted hundreds of thousands of households. After Li Jue and Guo Si tore the region apart and the court fled east, Chang'an stood empty for forty days: the fit scattered while the weak cannibalized one another until, within two or three years, no human footprint remained in the heartland. In the spring of the first year of Jian'an the warlords quarreled; Han Xian attacked Dong Cheng, who fled to Zhang Yang. Zhang Yang put him to work restoring the Luoyang palaces. In the seventh month the emperor reached Luoyang and took up residence in Yang'an Hall. Zhang Yang named the hall for himself—Yang'an, "Yang's peace." 〈The Xiandi qiju zhu states: "Formerly the palaces and halls were all ruined; in the hasty interval they gathered old tiles and timber; workmen had no regulated standards; what was made was altogether not worth viewing."〉 He told the other generals, "The emperor belongs to the realm, not to me; Luoyang has its own ministers. I belong on the frontier warding off invaders, not loafing in the capital." With that he withdrew to Yewang. Yang Feng marched out to camp at Liang.
34
乃以張楊為大司馬，楊奉為車騎將軍，韓暹為大將軍，領司隸校尉，皆假節鉞。 暹與董承並留宿衛。
Zhang Yang became grand marshal, Yang Feng general of chariots and cavalry, Han Xian grand general with concurrent colonelship of the metropolitan region; each received the axe of command. Han Xian and Dong Cheng stayed behind as night guards.
35
暹矜功恣睢， 〈恣睢，自任用之貌。 睢音火季反。〉 干亂政事，董承患之，潛召兗州牧曹操。 操乃詣闕貢獻，稟公卿以下，因奏韓暹、張楊之罪。 暹懼誅，單騎奔楊奉。 帝以暹、楊有翼車駕之功，詔一切勿問。 於是封衛將軍董承、輔國將軍伏完等十餘人為列侯，贈沮儁為弘農太守。 〈袁宏紀曰：「誅議郎侯祈、尚書馮碩、侍中臺崇，討有罪也。 封衞將軍董承、輔國將軍伏完、侍中丁沖、种輯、尚書僕射鍾繇、尚書郭溥、御史中丞董芬、彭城相劉艾、馮翊韓斌、東郡太守楊衆、議郎羅邵、伏德、趙蕤為列侯，賞有功也。 贈射聲校尉沮儁為弘農太守，旌死節也。」〉 曹操以洛陽殘荒，遂移帝幸許。 楊奉、韓暹欲要遮車駕，不及，曹操擊之， 〈《獻帝春秋》曰：「車駕出洛陽，自轘轅而東，楊奉、韓暹引軍追之。 輕騎旣至，操設伏兵要於陽城山峽中，大敗之。」〉 奉、暹奔袁術，遂縱暴楊、徐閒。 明年，左將軍劉備誘奉斬之。 暹懼，走還并州，道為人所殺。 〈《九州春秋》曰：「暹失奉，孤特，與千餘騎欲歸并州，為張宣所殺。」〉 胡才、李樂留河東，才為怨家所害，樂自病死。 張濟飢餓，出至南陽，攻穰，戰死。 郭汜為其將伍習所殺。
Han Xian swaggered on the strength of his past service, 〈zisui describes a man who follows only his own whim— sui is read huoji in fanqie.〉 meddled in policy until Dong Cheng, alarmed, secretly summoned Cao Cao, governor of Yan province. Cao Cao appeared at court with gifts, paid his respects to the ministers, and memorialized the crimes of Han Xian and Zhang Yang. Han Xian, fearing arrest, galloped alone to Yang Feng. The emperor pardoned them for shielding the throne during the flight. Dong Cheng was enfeoffed as general who guards the palace, Fu Wan as general who supports the state, and a dozen others as marquises; Ju Jun was honored posthumously as grand administrator of Hongnong. 〈Yuan Hong's Annals states: "They executed Gentleman Consultant Hou Qi, Masters of Writing Feng Shuo, Palace Attendant Tai Chong—punishing guilt. while a long list of loyalists including Dong Cheng, Fu Wan, Ding Chong, Zhong Ji, Zhong Yao, Guo Pu, Dong Fen, Liu Ai, Han Bin, Yang Zhong, Luo Shao, Fu De, and Zhao Rui received marquisates for merit. Ju Jun was again posthumously named grand administrator of Hongnong to honor his martyrdom."〉 Finding Luoyang a ruin, Cao Cao transferred the court to Xu. Yang Feng and Han Xian tried to cut off the train but arrived too late; Cao Cao attacked them, 〈The Xiandi chunqiu states: "When the carriage host left Luoyang, east from Huanyuan, Yang Feng and Han Xian led troops in pursuit. until Cao Cao's ambush in the Yangcheng gorge broke their light horse."〉 The pair fled to Yuan Shu and raided across Yang and Xu provinces. The following year General of the Left Liu Bei lured Yang Feng in and had him executed. Han Xian bolted for Bing province and was murdered on the road. 〈The Jiuzhou chunqiu states: "Xian, having lost Feng, was isolated; with more than a thousand cavalry he wished to return to Bing province and was killed by Zhang Xuan."〉 Hu Cai stayed in Hedong and was killed by a private foe; Li Le died of sickness. Zhang Ji, starving, marched into Nanyang, besieged Rang, and died in the assault. Guo Si was murdered by his subordinate Wu Xi.
36
三年，使謁者僕射裴茂詔關中諸將段煨等討李傕，夷三族。 〈《典略》曰：「傕頭至，有詔高縣之。」〉 以段煨為安南將軍，封閺鄉侯。 〈闅鄉，今虢州縣也。 說文「闅」，今作「閿」，流俗誤也。〉
In the third year of Jian'an the court ordered Pei Mao to command Duan Wei and other Guanzhong generals to destroy Li Jue and extirpate his clan to the third degree. 〈The Dianlüe states: "When Jue's head arrived, there was an edict to hang it high."〉 Duan Wei was named general who pacifies the south and enfeoffed marquis of Wenxiang. 〈The marquisate centered on Wenxiang, in the old Guozhou region— "The Shuowen writes the cited text; now it is written the cited text-vulgar usage is mistaken."
37
四年，張楊為其將楊醜所殺。 〈《魏志》曰：「楊素與呂布善。 曹公之圍布，楊欲救之不能，乃出兵東巿，遙為之埶。 其將楊醜殺楊以應曹公。」〉 以董承為車騎將軍，開府。
In the fourth year of Jian'an Zhang Yang was assassinated by his officer Yang Chou. 〈The Wei Records states: "Yang had always been on good terms with Lü Bu. when Cao Cao besieged Lü Bu at Xiapi, Zhang Yang tried to raise a relief column in the eastern market to distract the besiegers. Yang Chou slew him to curry favor with Cao Cao."〉 Dong Cheng was promoted general of chariots and cavalry with his own bureau.
38
自都許之後，權歸曹氏，天子緫己，百官備員而已。 帝忌操專偪，乃密詔董承，使結天下義士共誅之。 承遂與劉備同謀，未發，會備出征，承更與偏將軍王服、長水校尉种輯、議郎吳碩結謀。 事泄，承、服、輯、碩皆為操所誅。
Once the court settled at Xu, real power passed to the Caos; the emperor ruled in name only and the ministries were hollow shells. The emperor, chafing at Cao Cao's grip, issued a secret belt edict to Dong Cheng, bidding him league loyalists across the realm to kill the warlord. Dong Cheng allied with Liu Bei, but before they could strike Liu Bei marched away; Dong Cheng then conspired with Wang Fu, Zhong Ji, and Wu Shuo to renew the plot. The plot was discovered; Cao Cao executed Dong Cheng, Wang Fu, Zhong Ji, and Wu Shuo.
39
韓遂、馬騰
The narrative turns to Han Sui and Ma Teng.
40
韓遂與馬騰自還涼州，更相戰爭，乃下隴據關中。 操方事河北，慮其乘閒為亂，七年，乃拜騰征南將軍，遂征西將軍，並開府。 後徵段煨為大鴻臚，病卒。 復徵馬騰為衛尉，封槐里侯。 騰乃應召，而留子超領其部曲。 十六年，超與韓遂舉關中背曹操，操擊破之，遂、超敗走，騰坐夷三族。 超攻殺涼州刺史韋康， 〈太僕端之子也。 弟誕，魏光祿大夫。〉 復據隴右。 十九年，天水人楊阜破超， 〈《魏志》曰：「阜字義山，天水兾人也。 韋康以為別駕。 馬超率萬餘人攻兾城，阜率國士大夫及宗族子弟勝兵者千餘人，使弟岳於城上作偃月營，與超接戰。 自正月至八月拒守，而救兵不至。 超入，拘岳於兾，殺刺史太守。 阜內有報超之志，而未得其便。 外兄姜敘屯歷城，阜少長詣敘家，見敘母，說前在兾中時事，歔欷悲甚。 敘曰：『何為爾？』 阜曰：『守城不能完，君亡不能死，亦何面目以視息天下？』 時敘母慨然勑從阜計。 超聞阜等兵起，自將出襲歷城，得敘母。 敘母罵之曰：『若背父之逆子，殺君之桀賊，天地豈乆容，敢以面目視人乎？』 超怒，殺之。 阜與戰，身被五創，宗族昆季死者七人，超遂南奔張魯。」〉 超奔漢中，降劉備。 〈《蜀志》曰：「超字孟起。 旣奔漢中，聞備圍劉璋於成都，密書請降。 備遣迎超，將兵徑到城下。 漢中震怖，璋即稽首。」〉 韓遂走金城羌中，為其帳下所殺。 初，隴西人宗建在枹罕，自稱「河首平漢王」， 〈建以居河上流，故稱「河首」也。〉 署置百官三十許年。 曹操因遣夏侯淵擊建，斬之，涼州悉平。 〈《魏志》曰：「泉字妙才，沛國人也，為征西護軍，魏太祖使帥諸將討建，拔之。」〉
Back in Liangzhou, Han Sui and Ma Teng turned on each other, then swept down Long Mountain to seize the Guanzhong plain. Busy with the Hebei campaigns, Cao Cao bought peace in the northwest: in the seventh year of Jian'an he named Ma Teng general who campaigns south and Han Sui general who campaigns west, each with his own staff. Duan Wei was later recalled as grand herald and died in office. Ma Teng was summoned to the capital as commandant of the guards and enfeoffed as marquis of Huaili. Ma Teng obeyed the call but left his son Ma Chao in command of his army. In the sixteenth year Ma Chao and Han Sui rebelled in Guanzhong against Cao Cao, were crushed, and fled; Ma Teng paid with the extermination of his entire clan. Ma Chao besieged and killed Inspector Wei Kang of Liangzhou— 〈the son of Grand Coach Wei Duan— His younger brother Wei Dan later served Cao Wei as grand master of splendid happiness.〉 Ma Chao again dominated Longyou. In the nineteenth year Yang Fu of Tianshui broke Ma Chao's power, 〈The Wei Records states: "Fu, courtesy name Yishan, was a man of Ji in Tianshui. whom Wei Kang had employed as chief clerk. Ma Chao brought ten thousand men against Ji. Yang Fu rallied over a thousand gentry and kinsmen fit to bear arms, posted his brother Yang Yue on the walls in a crescent formation, and fought Ma Chao month after month. From the first month through the eighth they held the walls, yet no relief column came. When the city fell Ma Chao seized Yang Yue and executed both the inspector and the grand administrator. Yang Fu nursed a secret vow to destroy Ma Chao but waited for the right moment. His cousin Jiang Xu held Licheng. Yang Fu went to Jiang Xu's house, told Xu's mother the story of Ji's fall, and wept until she wept with him. Jiang Xu asked why he wept so bitterly. Yang Fu answered, "I failed to save Ji or die with Wei Kang—what right have I to live?" Jiang Xu's mother rose, wiped her eyes, and bade them follow Yang Fu's plan. Ma Chao marched on Licheng and took Jiang Xu's mother hostage. She screamed at him, "Patricide, regicide—how long will Heaven shelter you? How dare you look any honest man in the eye?" Ma Chao cut her down in fury. Yang Fu gave battle, took five wounds, and lost seven kinsmen before Ma Chao broke and fled south to Zhang Lu."〉 From Hanzhong Ma Chao went over to Liu Bei. 〈The Shu Records states: "Chao, courtesy name Mengqi. while in Hanzhong he learned that Liu Bei was investing Chengdu and sent a secret offer of defection. Liu Bei welcomed him; Ma Chao marched his column straight to Chengdu's gates. The shock broke Liu Zhang's nerve and he capitulated at once."〉 Han Sui fled among the Jincheng Qiang and was murdered by his own men. Earlier a Longxi adventurer named Zong Jian had seized Fuhan and styled himself "Prince Who Pacifies the Han from the River's Head," 〈Because Jian dwelt upriver on the Yellow River he was called "river head."〉 where he played emperor for some thirty years. Cao Cao sent Xiahou Yuan to crush him; Zong Jian died on the block and Liangzhou was quiet again. 〈The Wei Records states: "Yuan, courtesy name Miaocai, was a man of Pei; he was Colonel Protecting the West, and Wei Taizu ordered him to lead the various generals to attack Jian and capture him."〉
41
論曰：董卓初以虓闞為情， 〈《詩·大雅》曰：「闞如虓虎。」 毛傳曰：「虎怒之貌也。」〉 因遭崩剝之埶， 〈剝猶亂也。 《左傳》曰：「天實剝亂。」〉 故得蹈藉彝倫，毀裂畿服。 〈彝，常也。 倫，理也。 書云：「我不知其彝倫攸敘。」 《左傳》曰：「裂冠毀冕。」 畿謂王畿也。 服，九服也。〉 夫以刳肝斮趾之性， 〈刳，剖也。 斮，斬也。 紂刳剔孕婦，剖比干之心，斮朝涉之脛。〉 則群生不足以厭其快，然猶折意縉紳，遲疑陵奪， 〈折，屈也。 謂忍性屈情，擢用鄭泰、蔡邕、何顒、荀爽等。〉 尚有盜竊之道焉。 〈《莊子》曰：「跖之徒問於跖曰：『盜亦有道乎？』 跖曰：『何適無有邪？ 夫妄意室中之藏，聖也； 入先，勇也； 出後，義也； 知可否，智也； 分均，仁也：五者不備而能成大盜者，天下未之有也。』」〉 及殘寇乘之， 〈殘寇謂傕、汜等。〉 倒山傾海，昆岡之火，自茲而焚， 〈《書》曰：「火炎崑岡，玉石俱焚。」〉 版蕩之篇，於焉而極。 〈《詩．大雅》曰：「上帝版版，下人卒癉。」 毛萇注：「版，反也。 癉，病也。 言厲王為政，反先王之道，下人盡病也。」 又《蕩之什》曰：「蕩蕩上帝，下人之辟，疾威上帝，其命多辟。」 鄭玄注云：「蕩蕩，法度廢壞之貌。」〉 嗚呼，人之生也難矣！ 〈《左傳》曰：「人生實難，其有不獲死乎？」〉 天地之不仁甚矣！ 〈《老子》曰：「天地不仁，以萬物為芻狗。」〉
The historian's verdict: Dong Zhuo began as a roaring tiger— 〈the Odes say "fierce as a roaring tiger"— The Mao commentary states: "The appearance of an angry tiger."〉 He rode the collapse of Han authority, 〈bo meaning "to strip away" or disorder— The Zuo Tradition states: "Heaven truly strips and disorders."〉 so he could trample every moral tie and rip the king's domain to shreds. 〈Yi is "constant," lun "pattern" or right order— The Documents states: "I do not know how its constant patterns should be ordered." The Zuo Tradition states: "Tearing caps and destroying crowns." ji is the royal demesne around the capital, fu the nine concentric zones of tribute.〉 With a temper that flayed men as Zhou of Shang flayed men— 〈ku means to disembowel, zhuo to hack off— the tyrant Zhou's mutilations of the pregnant, of Bi Gan, of the river-crosser at dawn.〉 Not even endless cruelty could sate him—yet he still courted great ministers, still paused before claiming the throne, 〈zhe meaning to force down his temper— enough to elevate men such as Zheng Tai, Cai Yong, He Yong, and Xun Shuang.〉 so that even he still observed a bandit chieftain's code. 〈Zhuangzi's Robber Zhi lists the "Way" of brigandage— the art of guessing a hoard, of leading the rush in, of covering the retreat, of knowing when to strike and when to quit, of dividing spoils fairly— five "virtues" without which no great outlaw succeeds."〉 When lesser wolves—Li Jue and Guo Si— 〈seized their chance,〉 they overturned mountain and sea; the blaze on Kunlun's slope, 〈The Documents states: "Fire blazes on Kun's slope; jade and stone burn together."〉 found its image in the age of Dong Zhuo. 〈The Odes' "God is contrary" and "How vast, High God"— Mao Chang's commentary: "Ban means contrary. dan as sickness— King Li's misrule—" the "Dang" ode's vision of lawless Heaven— all describe an age as broken as this."〉 Alas—human life is a brittle thing. 〈The Zuo Tradition states: "Human life is truly hard—is there not the failure to obtain death?"〉 Heaven and earth seem heartless indeed. 〈The Laozi states: "Heaven and earth are not benevolent; they treat the myriad things as straw dogs."〉
42
贊曰：百六有會， 〈前書《音義》曰：「四千五百歲為一元，一元之中有九戹，陽戹五，陰戹四。 陽為旱，陰為水。」 初入元百六歲有陽戹，故曰「百六之會」。〉 過、剝成災。 〈《易》曰大過：「棟撓，本末弱也。」 剝：「不利有攸往，小人長也。」〉 董卓滔天，干逆三才。 〈滔，漫也。 《書》曰：「象龔滔天。」〉 方夏崩沸， 〈方，四方； 夏，華夏也。 《詩．小雅》云：「百川沸騰，山冢崒崩。」〉 皇京烟埃。 無禮雖及，餘祲遂廣。 〈《左傳》曰：「多行無禮，必自及。」〉 矢延王輅，兵纏魏象。 〈《周禮》巾車氏掌王之五輅。 纏，遶也。 魏象，闕也。〉 區服傾回，人神波蕩。
The closing hymn: When the hundred-six calamity falls— 〈Han glosses explain that every forty-five centuries form a cosmic "yuan" riven by nine disasters— five yang scourges of drought, four yin scourges of flood—" and the hundred-sixth year of the cycle marks the deadliest yang e, the "hundred-six meeting."〉 —the hexagrams of Excess and Stripping spell ruin. 〈The Changes, Da guo: "The ridge-beam bends; root and tip are weak." Bo that the petty man waxes while the roof falls."〉 Dong Zhuo swelled until he drowned Heaven, Earth, and Man. 〈Tao means to overspread, The Documents states: "Xiang and Gong flooded to Heaven."〉 The four quarters and the heartland boiled together— 〈fang the four directions, Xia the civilized core— as a lesser ode cries when mountains slide into foaming rivers."〉 until the royal capital choked on dust. The tyrant fell, yet the evil he uncorked rolled on. 〈The Zuo Tradition states: "Much unrighteousness is sure to rebound on oneself."〉 Arrows whistled round the emperor's carriage; spearmen ringed the Wei ancestral temple— 〈the Zhou li speaks of the five imperial chariots— The gloss: chan means to encircle or coil about. Wei xiang refers to the twin gate-towers of the Wei ancestral shrine.〉 The feudal domains reeled; human order and the spirits alike were cast adrift.
43
校勘記
Editorial collation notes
44
二三一九頁三行董卓字仲穎按：刊誤謂依注則「穎」當作「穎」。
Collation: "editors harmonize the ying character between text and commentary."
45
二三二０頁三行殺護羌校尉泠征按：沉家本謂靈紀「泠」作「伶」。
Collation: "variant spelling of the colonel's name Ling versus Ling."
46
二三二一頁二行涼州義從宋建王國等反「涼」原作「梁」，各本同，逕改正。 按：《种暠傳》「後涼州羌動，以暠為涼州刺史」，汲本、殿本「涼」並作「梁」，集解引陳景雲說，謂「梁」當作「涼」，漢無梁州，至晉始置耳。
Collation: "misprint Liang for Liangzhou emended throughout." Collation: "the graphs for Liangzhou versus the unrelated Liang region are confused in early editions."
47
二三二一頁二行太守陳懿勸之使* (王) **[往]*按：刊誤謂此「王」當作「往」，陳懿勸約使往也。 今據改。
Collation: damaged line on Chen Yi's memorial— —insertion mark for emendation— —reading wang "to go" for the graph wang. Adopted in the critical text.
48
二三二一頁三行國等扶以到護羌營按：校補謂作「扶」無義，當是「挾」之訛。
Collation: fu "support" emended to xie "drag along" or "seize."
49
二三二二頁七行又無壯事按：殿本「事」作「士」，疑訛。
Collation: "zhuang shi versus zhuang shi in Dong Zhuo's memorial."
50
二三二二頁一四行濁亂海內按：集解引王補說，謂袁紀「濁」作「汨」。
Collation: "variant graphs fou versus gu in Dong Zhuo's memorial."
51
二三二三頁二行中常侍段珪「段」原作「弃」，逕改正。 下同，不悉出校記。
Collation: "Duan Gui's surname miswritten as qi in some blocks." Subsequent identical corrections are silently applied.
52
二三二三頁八行晉趙鞅取晉陽之甲以逐荀寅與士吉射*[荀寅與士吉射]*者曷為*[者也]*注有脫文，不可句讀，今據公羊傳補。
Collation: restored missing words in the Gongyang quotation from the received Gongyang text.
53
二三二三頁一一行下數百萬膏腴美田按：沉家本謂「下」字不可解，當依魏志董卓傳注作「京畿諸郡」四字。
Collation: "below" emended to a longer phrase about the capital region in the Wei zhi parallel.
54
二三二五頁八行今岐州縣按：「岐」原作「歧」，逕改正。
Collation: "placename Qi versus qi."
55
二三二五頁九行置* (丞) *令*[丞]*刊誤謂漢書內皆言「令丞」，此不合倒之。 今據改。 按：魏志卓傳作「置家令丞」。
Collation: office title— —insertion— Collation: order of "grand administrator" and "chancellor" titles corrected. Adopted. Note: Wei zhi Dong Zhuo biography reads "established household chancellor and grand administrator."
56
二三二六頁一二行漢陽周珌按：集解引錢大昕說，謂章懷注引英雄記，雲周毖武威人，此與蜀志許靖傳俱云「漢陽」，未知孰是。 又引惠棟說，謂袁宏紀云「侍中周毖」，魏志亦作「毖」。
Collation: "Zhou Bi's home commandery varies between sources." Also cites Hui Dong that Yuan Hong ji writes "Palace Attendant Zhou Bi," and Wei zhi also writes Bi.
57
二三二六頁一二行侍中汝南伍瓊按：集解引惠棟說，謂魏志云「城門校尉汝南伍瓊」。
Collation: "Wu Qiong's office title differs in Wei zhi."
58
二三二七頁六行獻帝春秋咨作資按：魏志亦作「資」。
Collation: "zi versus zi in a quotation."
59
二三二七頁一五行悉燒宮廟官府居家按：集解引惠棟說，謂魏志引續漢書「居家」作「民家」。
Collation: "dwellings" versus "people's houses" in parallel texts.
60
二三二八頁一一行聚兵於陝「陝」原作「陜」，逕改正。 下同。
Collation: "Shan versus Shan (homophone error)." Applied throughout.
61
二三二九頁五行從東第三門按：刊誤謂案文少「名宣陽」三字。
Collation: "lacuna supplying the gate name Xuanyang."
62
二三二九頁七行* (貢) **[弃]*饋周急據殿本改。 按：王先謙謂作「弃」是。
Collation: damaged— —emendation— Collation: gong versus qi in "presented tribute and relieved distress." Note: "Wang Xianqian says writing qi is correct."
63
二三二九頁一四行今俗以事干人者謂之相竿摩汲本「相竿摩」之「竿」作「干」。 按：校補謂注本通竿於干，承上「干人」來，作「干」為長。
Collation: "gan versus gan in the slang phrase gan-mo." Note: Jiaobu says the commentary puns gan with the preceding gan "interfere"; writing gan is preferable.
64
二三三０頁一行卓施帳幔飲設按：校補謂：案《魏志》原文本無「設」字，此「飲設」當作「設飲」。
Collation: "word order yin she versus she yin."
65
二三三０頁二行偃轉* (柸) **[杯]*案閒按：「柸」非「杯」字，各本並訛，今改正。
Collation headline for page 2330, line 2: the compound yan zhuan is split mid-character; the next line prints the damaged graph, which editors normalize to bei «cup» in the phrase «among cups and cases.» —graph— Collation: bei "cup" for wrong graph in "cups and cases."
66
二三三一頁一一行騎都尉李肅按：通鑒考異謂袁紀作「李順」。
Collation: "Li Su versus Li Shun."
67
二三三一頁一四行主簿田儀按：魏志作「田景」。
Collation: "Tian Yi versus Tian Jing."
68
二三三二頁五行瑞字君榮殿本考證謂：何焯校本「榮」改「策」。 按：王允傳作「策」。
Collation: "Junrong versus Junce in Shisun Rui's name." Note: "Wang Yun biography writes ce."
69
二三三二頁五行封子萌津亭侯按：殿本「津」作「車」。
Collation: "Jinting versus Cheting marquisate name."
70
二三三二頁九行俠叉卓車汲本「俠」作「挾」。 按：俠與挾通。
Collation: xia versus xie for "pin with halberds." The two graphs are cognate variants.
71
二三三三頁一三行弃尉種拂按：集解引錢大昕說，謂案獻帝紀、種拂傳皆云「太常」，非「弃尉」也。
Collation: Zhong Fu held the post of grand master of ceremonies at death; "commandant of the guards" is a textual error.
72
二三三四頁五行袁宏紀曰「紀」原作「記」，逕改正。 按：注中紀記互誤，各本多有，以後徑改正，不出校記。
Collation: ji versus ji for "annals." Standing policy on this misprint.
73
二三三五頁四行右中郎將劉范集解引惠棟說，謂本紀及種劭傳皆云「左中郎將」。 按：沈家本謂魏志卓傳、蜀志劉焉傳並作「左中郎將」。
Collation: "left versus right general for Liu Fan." Further support for "left."
74
二三三五頁五行前涼州刺史種劭按：「劭」原作「邵」，各本並訛，徑改正。
Collation: "Zhong Shao versus homophone misprint."
75
二三三六頁二行便忿憤恚怒按：「恚」原作「喜」，逕據汲本、殿本改正。
Collation: hui "resent" versus xi "joy" scribal error.
76
二三二六頁七行皆詣省閣謝按：刊誤謂案文「閣」當作「合」。
Collation: "sheng-ge versus sheng-he for the secretariat gate."
77
二三三七頁一三行尋復欲徙帝於池陽黃白城按：「徙」原作「徒」，逕改正。
Collation: xi "move" versus tu scribal error.
78
二三三八頁九行歌謳擊鼓下神祭按：沈家本謂魏志裴注引獻帝起居注，「祭」上有「祠」字，此奪。
Collation: "lacuna of si in Li Jue's shamanic ritual list."
79
二三三八頁一０行左中郎將李國持節拜傕為大司馬按：沈家本謂魏志注「李國」作「李固」。 又按：「持」原作「特」，逕改正。
Collation: "Li Guo versus Li Gu." Collation: chi "bear" versus te misprint.
80
二三三九頁二行濟使太官令孫篤校尉張式按：校補引柳從辰說，謂袁紀作「太官令狐篤、綏民校尉張裁」。
Collation: "names and offices in Zhang Ji's embassy."
81
二三三九頁三行是天子非按：袁紀作「此天子非也」。 沈家本謂魏志注「非」作「邪」。
Collation: "wording of the bridge challenge." "Shen Jiaben says Wei zhi commentary writes fei as ye."
82
二三四０頁一一行拜胡才征東將軍按：校補謂案照下文「征」上亦應有「為」字。
Collation: "missing wei before military title."
83
二三四０頁一五行儁年二十五按：「儁」原作「俊」，逕據汲本、殿本改正。
Collation: "Ju Jun versus homophone."
84
二三四０頁一五行其督戰訾寶按：校補引柳從辰說，謂袁紀「訾寶」作「訾置」。
Collation: "Zi Bao versus Zi zhi."
85
二三四一頁二行有三十六難按：袁紀同。 汲本、殿本「難」作「灘」，魏志注引獻帝紀同。
Collation: nan "perils" reading. Variant nan versus tan "rapids" for the Yellow River hazards.
86
二三四一頁二行舊故*[有]*河師猶時有傾危「舊故河師」不成文理，今據袁紀補一「有」字。 按：魏志注作「有師猶有傾覆」。
Collation: "inserted you for grammar in Yang Biao's speech." Note: Wei zhi commentary reads "with pilots there are still capsizings."
87
二三四一頁五行按：校補謂此注當在上文「唯皇后、宋貴人俱」下。
Collation: "misplaced commentary block noted for reordering."
88
二三四一頁一０行魏* (志) **[書]*曰據惠棟補注改。 按：注所引乃王沈魏書文，魏志董卓傳裴注亦引之。
Collation headline for page 2341, line 10: the word Wei begins a lacuna that the following line closes with zhi, yielding the book title Wei shu «Documents of Wei» cited from Wang Chen. —emendation— Collation: citation header Wei shu for Wang Chen's text. Note: the passage quoted in the commentary is from Wang Chen's Wei shu; Pei Songzhi's commentary to the Dong Zhuo biography in Wei zhi also cites it.
89
二三四一頁一０行諸將或遣婢詣省問刊誤謂「問」當作「合」。 今按：魏志董卓傳裴注引正作「合」。 集解引周壽昌說，謂此時天子居棘籬中，尚有何省合可詣乎？ 省問即存問，恐魏書本如是，不必作「合」字也。
Collation: wen versus he for "secretariat compound." Now: "Wei zhi Dong Zhuo Pei commentary correctly writes he." Zhou Shouchang's objection to the he emendation. Alternative: keep wen as "inquire."
90
二三四二頁七行明年左將軍劉備誘奉斬之按：李慈銘謂案三國誌先主傳，是時尚為鎮東將軍，未拜左將軍也。
Collation: Liu Bei's rank at the time of Yang Feng's death.
91
二三四二頁一０行侍中* (壺) **[台]*崇集解引惠棟說，謂「壺」當作「台」，詳見獻帝紀。 今據改。
Collation headline for page 2342, line 10: the title shi zhong «palace attendant» is split here; the next line supplies the graphs for tai «podium» in the name Tai Chong, correcting a miswritten hu «jar». —graph— Collation: "Palace Attendant Tai Chong versus Hu Chong." Adopted.
92
二三四三頁四行四年張楊為其將楊丑所殺集解引錢大昕說，謂案獻帝紀，在三年十二月。 按：校補謂袁紀亦屬之三年，與獻紀合。 又「楊丑」袁紀作「眭固」，亦異。
Collation: dating of Zhang Yang's death—third versus fourth year. Yuan ji agrees with third year. Collation: "killer's name Yang Chou versus Sui Gu."
93
二三四三頁一五行太僕端之子也按：殿本「端」作「瑞」。
Collation: "Wei Duan versus Wei Rui for Wei Kang's father."
94
二三四四頁二行使弟岳於城上作偃月營按：「岳」原作「岳」，而下文又作「岳」，今據汲本、殿本徑改為「岳」，俾前後一致，與魏志亦合。
Collation: "Yang Yue name graphs unified."
95
二三四四頁三行阜少長* (詣) *弃家刊誤謂此言阜自少長於弃家，後人不曉，妄加一「詣」字。 按：《魏志·楊阜傳》亦作「阜少長弃家」，今據刪。
Collation headline for page 2344, line 3: the phrase shao zhang is interrupted at the asterisk; later editors wrongly inserted yu «go to» before qi jia «in Xu’s household» in the following sentence, a gloss the Wei zhi biography of Yang Fu does not support. —erroneous insertion— Collation: "deletion of spurious yu before qi jia." Note: Wei zhi Yang Fu biography also reads "Fu from youth grew up in Qi's household"; now deleted per that.
96
二三四四頁五行得棄母*[棄母]*罵之曰按：不重「弃母」二字，則文意不明，今據魏志楊阜傳補。
Collation: "duplicated phrase for clarity in Ma Chao scene."
97
二三四四頁一０行泉字妙才汲本、殿本「泉」作「淵」。 按：此避唐諱，漏未追改。
Collation: "Xiahou Yuan name taboo—Tang avoidance left yuan for yuan." Editorial note on incomplete reversal of the Tang taboo change.