1
昔王莽、更始之際，天下散亂，禮乐分崩，典文残落。 及光武中興，爱好經术，未及下車，而先访儒雅，采求阙文，补缀漏逸。 先是，四方學士多懷协图書，遁逃林薮。 自是莫不抱負坟策，云会京师，范升、陳元、鄭興、杜林、卫宏、劉昆、桓荣之徒，继踵而集。 于是立《五經》博士，各以家法教授，《易》有施、孟、梁丘、京氏，《尚書》歐陽、大小夏侯，《詩》齊、鲁、韓，《禮》大小戴，《春秋》严、颜、凡十四博士，太常差次总領焉。
Under Wang Mang and the Gengshi court the empire came apart: court ritual fell silent, music was forgotten, and the textual tradition of the classics lay in tatters. When Emperor Guangwu raised the house of Han again, he turned to classical learning with real passion: almost before his chariot wheels had stopped, he was already summoning scholars, hunting down lacunae in the canon, and piecing the tradition back together. Earlier, learned men across the provinces had fled the cities with their annotated manuscripts, taking refuge deep in the hills. After that, scholars arrived in Luoyang in waves, their satchels heavy with old texts—Fan Sheng, Chen Yuan, Zheng Xing, Du Lin, Wei Hong, Liu Kun, Huan Rong, and others—until the capital thronged with classicists. The court then set up chairs for the Five Classics—fourteen Erudites in all, each line teaching its own school: the Changes in the traditions of Shi, Meng, Liangqiu, and Jing; the Documents with Ouyang and the two Xiahou houses; the Odes in Qi, Lu, and Han; the Rites under the two Dai masters; the Spring and Autumn in the two Gongyang houses associated with the Yan and Yan lineages—with the Grand Chamberlain supervising the whole corps.
2
建武五年，乃修起太學，稽式古典，笾豆干戚之容，备之于列，服方領习矩步者，委它乎其中。 中元元年，初建三雍。 明帝即位，親行其禮。 天子始冠通天，衣日月，备法物之驾，盛清道之仪，坐明堂而朝群后，登靈台以望云物，袒割辟雍之上，尊养三老五更。 飨射禮毕，帝正坐自講，諸儒执經問难于前，冠带缙绅之人，圜桥门而觀听者盖億萬计。 其后复爲功臣子孫、四姓末属别立校舍，搜选高能以受其業，自期门羽林之士，悉令通《孝經》章句，匈奴亦遣子入學。 濟濟乎，洋洋乎，盛于永平矣！
In 29 CE the emperor rebuilt the Imperial Academy on classical lines: ritual vessels and dance regalia stood ranked for instruction, and students in their square-cut collars paced the courtyards with a scholar's deliberate tread. In 56 CE the court began work on the three ritual precincts—the Bright Hall, the Circular Moat, and the suburban altars. Emperor Ming, on taking the throne, went in person to celebrate the great state ceremonies. The emperor now wore the Tongtian crown and the ritual robes emblazoned with sun and moon; his state chariot rolled out with full panoply and an escort that cleared every avenue. From the Bright Hall he received the feudatories, from the Spirit Terrace he read the omens in sky and weather, and at the Circular Moat he offered the joint sacrifice and received the Three Elders and Five Renewed with all due reverence. After the banquet and archery ritual ended, the emperor took the teacher's seat and expounded the texts himself while classicists pressed him with knotty questions; gentry in court dress packed the approaches to the Academy's Bridge Gate, the crowd said to number in the hundreds of thousands. The court then added halls for the heirs of founding generals and for cadet lines of the great consort houses, enrolling only the brightest pupils; even guardsmen of the Palace Guard and Feathered Forest were required to learn the Classic of Filial Piety by heart, and Xiongnu princes were sent to sit among the students. Never was learning so august, never so wide-flung—the Yongping years were the high summer of Han scholarship.
3
初，光武遷還洛陽，其經牒秘書載之二千余两，自此以后，参倍于前。 及董卓移都之際，吏民扰亂，自辟雍、東觀、兰台、石室、宣明、鸿都諸藏典策文章，竞共剖散，其缣帛图書，大則连爲帷盖，小乃制爲□囊。 及王允所收而西者。 裁七十余乘，道路艰远，复弃其半矣。 后長安之亂，一時焚荡，莫不泯盡焉。
When Guangwu restored Luoyang as the capital, he shipped more than two thousand cartloads of archives and classical texts eastward, and the imperial library soon held three times what it had under the Western Han. Dong Zhuo's forced removal of the court unleashed chaos: depositories from the Academy to the Hongdu archive were looted wholesale; bolts of silk that had carried the classics were torn up for tent hangings or cut into money purses. What Wang Yun managed to salvage and convoy toward Chang'an was another matter. That rescue train came to barely seventy wagons, and the long march west cost half of them along the way. Then came the sack of Chang'an: flames finished what banditry had begun, and almost nothing survived.
4
東京學者猥衆，难以详載，今但录其能通經名家者，以爲《儒林篇》。 其自有列傳者，則不兼書。 若师资所承，宜标名爲证者，乃著之云。
Eastern Han produced more classicists than any catalogue could hold; this chapter limits itself to those who mastered a canon and won lasting repute—the 'Forest of Confucians.' Anyone granted a separate biography elsewhere is not repeated in these pages. Where a teacher-pupil line needs a name for verification, I note it explicitly.
5
《前書》云：田何傳《易》授丁寬，丁寬授田王孫，王孫授沛人施雠、東海孟喜、琅邪梁丘贺，由是《易》有施、孟、梁丘之學。 又東郡京房受《易》于梁國焦延壽，别爲京氏學。 又有東莱费直，傳《易》，授琅邪王横，爲费氏學。 本以古字，号《古文易》。 又沛人高相傳《易》，授子康及兰陵毋将永，爲高氏學。 施、孟、梁丘、京氏四家皆立博士，费、高二家未得立。
The Former Han History says: Tian He transmitted the Changes and taught Ding Kuan; Ding Kuan taught Tian Wangsun; and Wangsun taught Shi Chou of Pei, Meng Xi of Donghai, and Liangqiu He of Langya. From this there came to be the Shi, Meng, and Liangqiu schools of the Changes. Jing Fang of Dong commandery studied under Jiao Yanshou in Liang and founded a fourth line, the Jing school. Fei Zhi of Donglai taught Wang Heng of Langye, and their commentary became the Fei tradition. It relied on old-graph forms and was known as the archaic-text Changes. Gao Xiang of Pei passed the text to his son Gao Kang and to Wu Jiang Yong in Lanling, founding the Gao school. Court chairs went to Shi, Meng, Liangqiu, and Jing; Fei and Gao never won imperial recognition.
6
劉昆字桓公，陳留東昏人，梁孝王之胤也。 少习容禮。 平帝時，受《施氏易》于沛人戴宾。 能弹雅琴，知清角之操。
Liu Kun (Huanggong), a native of Donghun in Chenliu, traced his descent from Prince Xiao of Liang. As a boy he trained in ritual bearing and formal etiquette. Under Emperor Ping he studied the Shi Changes with Dai Bin of Pei. He played the qin to a professional standard and had mastered the demanding "Clear Corner" mode.
7
王莽世，教授弟子恒五百余人。 每春秋飨射，常备列典仪，以素木瓠叶爲俎豆，桑弧蒿矢，以射“菟首”。 每有行禮，县宰辄率吏属而觀之。 王莽以昆多聚徒衆，私行大禮，有僭上心，乃系昆及家属于外黄狱。 寻莽敗得免。 既而天下大亂，昆避难河南負犊山中。
Under Wang Mang he kept a private academy of well over five hundred students. Each spring and autumn he staged the full village archery ritual with scrupulous simplicity—wooden vessels, gourd ladles, mulberry bows, artemisia shafts—aiming at the classic "rabbit" butt. The county magistrate would round up his entire office to watch whenever Kun held ceremony. Wang Mang decided that a private teacher who drew such crowds and staged state-sized rituals was lèse-majesté; he threw Kun and his family into the Waihuang jail. He walked free as soon as Wang Mang fell. When the civil wars began, he took refuge in the Fudou range south of the Yellow River.
8
建武五年，舉孝廉，不行，遂逃，教授于江陵。 光武聞之，即除爲江陵令。 時，县连年火災，昆辄向火叩頭，多能降雨止風。 征拜議郎，稍遷侍中、弘農太守。
In 29 CE a nomination as Filial and Incorrupt reached him; he declined, went underground, and reopened his school at Jiangling. Emperor Guangwu, hearing of the recluse-scholar, named him magistrate of Jiangling on the spot. Fires raged year after year until Kun, kneeling toward the blaze, prayed rain down and calmed the wind—so the county believed. The court recalled him as a Gentleman Consultant, then moved him up to Palace Attendant and governor of Hongnong.
9
先是，崤、黾驿道多虎災，行旅不通。 昆爲政三年，仁化大行，虎皆負子度河。 帝聞而异之。 二十二年，征代杜林爲光禄勋。 詔問昆曰：“前在江陵，反風灭火，后守弘農，虎北度河，行何德政而致是事？ ”昆對曰：“偶然耳。 ”左右皆笑其质讷。 帝叹曰：“此乃長者之言也。 ”顧命書諸策。 乃令入授皇太子及諸王小侯五十余人。 二十七年，拜骑都尉。 三十年，以老乞骸骨，詔賜洛陽第舍，以千石禄終其身。 中元二年卒。
For years the courier road through the Xiao and Meng passes had been a killing ground for tigers, and caravans dared not use it. Within three years of Kun's humane government the tigers were said to have ferried their cubs north across the Yellow River, leaving the district in peace. The emperor heard the story and marveled. In 46 CE he was called to the capital to succeed Du Lin as Superintendent of the Imperial Household. The emperor asked him point-blank: "At Jiangling you prayed a head wind around and snuffed a blaze; in Hongnong you cleared the hills of tigers. What magic of good government produced that?" Kun answered simply, "Sheer chance, Your Majesty." The attendants snickered at his wooden honesty. The emperor sighed. "That is how a gentleman speaks." He ordered the reply copied into the court diary. Kun was then brought in to tutor the crown prince and more than fifty royal sons and young nobles. In 51 CE he received the rank of Chief Commandant of Cavalry. In 54 CE he asked to retire; the court gave him a house in Luoyang and a full thousand-picul stipend for the rest of his life. He died in 57 CE.
10
子軼，字君文，傳昆業，门徒亦盛。 永平中，爲太子中庶子。 建初中，稍遷宗正，卒官，遂世掌宗正焉。
His son Liu Yi (Junwen) inherited the school, and the lecture hall stayed as crowded as ever. During the Yongping era he became a senior attendant of the crown prince's household. Under Emperor Zhang he rose to Director of the Imperial Clan and died in that post; his descendants held the same office for generations.
11
洼丹字子玉，南陽育陽人也。 世傳《孟氏易》。 王莽時，常避世教授，专志不仕，徒衆数百人。 建武初，爲博士，稍遷，十一年，爲大鸿胪。 作《易通論》七篇，世号《洼君通》。 丹學义研深，《易》家宗之，稱爲大儒。 十七年，卒于官，年七十。
Wa Dan (Ziyu) came from Yuyang in Nanyang commandery. His family had taught the Meng commentary on the Changes for generations. Under Wang Mang he withdrew from public life, refused every summons, and kept several hundred private students. Early in Guangwu's reign he entered the academy as an Erudite, rose step by step, and in 35 CE reached the post of Grand Herald. His seven treatises On the Changes circulated under the nickname "Wa the Generalist." Changes scholars deferred to him as the deepest voice of their generation and hailed him as a great master. He died in harness in 41 CE, at the age of seventy.
12
時，中山觟陽鸿，字孟孫，亦以《孟氏易》教授，有名稱，永平中爲少府。
About the same time Guiyang Hong of Zhongshan (Mengsun) taught the same Meng Changes to wide acclaim and ended up as Privy Treasurer during the Yongping years.
13
任安字定祖，广汉绵竹人也。 少游太學，受《孟氏易》，兼通数經。 又从同郡楊厚學图谶，究極其术。 時人稱曰：“欲知仲桓問任安。 ”又曰：“居今行古任定祖。 ”學終，還家教授，諸生自远而至。 初仕州郡。 后太尉再辟，除博士，公車征，皆稱疾不就。 州牧劉焉表荐之，時王涂隔塞，詔命竟不至。 年七十九，建安七年，卒于家。
Ren An (Dingzu) was a native of Mianzhu in Guanghan. He read the Meng Changes at the Imperial Academy and picked up the other canons besides. He also apprenticed himself to Yang Hou of Guanghan in chart divination and pushed that occult science as far as it would go. Contemporaries had a saying: "Need news of Zhonghuan? Ask Ren An." Another rhyme ran: "Living in today, walking like the ancients—that is Ren Dingzu." When he finished his course of study he went home and opened a school that drew pupils from distant commanderies. He began his career on the staff of local government. The Grand Commandant called him twice; the court named him Erudite and sent the imperial coach—each time he pleaded sickness and stayed home. Governor Liu Yan recommended him for higher office, but the roads were choked by rebellion and the summons never reached him. He died at home in 202 CE, aged seventy-nine.
14
楊政字子行，京兆人也。 少好學，从代郡范升受《梁丘易》，善说經書。 京师爲之语曰：“说經铿铿楊子行。 ”教授数百人。
Yang Zheng (Zixing) came from the metropolitan area around Chang'an. He studied the Liangqiu Changes under Fan Sheng of Dai and excelled at lively exegesis. The capital coined a jingle: "Clang-clang exegesis—that is Yang Zixing." His lecture hall held hundreds.
15
范升尝爲出妇所告，坐系狱，政乃肉袒，以箭贯耳，抱升子潜伏道傍，候車驾，而持章叩頭大言曰：“范升三娶，唯有一子，今适三歲，孤之可哀。 ”武骑虎贲惧惊乘舆，舉弓射之，犹不肯去； 旄頭又以戟叉政，伤胸，政犹不退。 哀泣辞请，有感帝心，詔曰：“乞楊生师。 ”即尺一出升，政由是显名。
When Fan Sheng landed in jail on a complaint from a former wife, Yang stripped to the waist, threaded an arrow through his own earlobe, and hid by the roadside with Fan's toddler in his arms. As the emperor's train approached he thrust forward his memorial and shouted that Fan, thrice married, had but this one three-year-old boy—would the throne orphan him? Household guards raised bows, fearing he would spook the imperial horses, but he would not budge; plumed halberdiers jabbed him in the chest, yet he still pressed forward. His weeping plea moved the throne, which issued an edict acceding to Master Yang's plea on Fan's behalf. An express edict freed Fan Sheng at once, and Yang Zheng's name was on every tongue.
16
爲人嗜酒，不拘小節，果敢自矜，然笃于义。 時，帝婿梁松、皇后弟陰就，皆慕其聲名，而请与交友。 政每共言論，常切磋恳至，不爲屈挠。 尝诣楊虚侯馬武，武难見政，稱疾不爲起。 政入户，径升床排武，把臂责之曰：“卿蒙國恩，备位籓辅，不思求贤以报殊宠，而骄天下英俊，此非养身之道也。 今日动者刀入胁。 ”武諸子及左右皆大惊，以爲見劫，操兵满侧，政颜色自若。 会陰就至，责数武，令爲交友。 其刚果任情，皆如此也。 建初中，官至左中郎将。
He loved wine, scorned petty decorum, and swaggered with a brawler's confidence, yet he was fiercely loyal. Emperor Ming's son-in-law Liang Song and Empress Ma's brother Yin Jiu courted his friendship for the glamour of his name. In debate he pressed them hard and never flattered their rank. Once he called on Ma Wu, Marquis of Yangxu, who snubbed him, pleading sickness and refusing to rise. Yang walked in, shoved Ma aside on his own couch, seized his arm, and scolded him: "You owe the dynasty everything, yet you sneer at men of talent instead of recruiting them. That is no way to keep body and fortune safe." "Stir again and the blade goes between your ribs." Ma's sons and guards panicked, thinking it a hold-up, and leveled weapons from every side while Yang chatted on as calmly as if he were at a wine party. Yin Jiu walked in, berated Ma Wu, and ordered him to make peace with Yang. His rash courage was always of that stamp. Under Emperor Zhang he rose to Left Leader of Court Gentlemen.
17
張興字君上，颍川鄢陵人也。 习《梁丘易》以教授。 建武中，舉孝廉爲郎，谢病去，复歸聚徒。 后辟司徒冯勤府，勤舉爲教廉，稍遷博士。 永平初，遷侍中祭酒。 十年，拜太子少傅。 显宗数访問經术。 既而聲稱著聞，弟子自远至者，著录且萬人，爲梁丘家宗。 十四年，卒于官。
Zhang Xing (Junshang) was a native of Yanling in Yingchuan. He made his career teaching the Liangqiu Changes. During the Jianwu years he took a nominal court appointment on a Filial-and-Incorrupt nomination, resigned on grounds of health, and went back to his school. Grand Minister of Education Feng Qin later took him on staff and nominated him on the recommendee rolls; he rose to become an Erudite. Early in the Yongping era he became chief academician among the emperor's Palace Attendants. In 67 CE he was named Junior Tutor to the crown prince. Emperor Ming often summoned him to talk about the classics. His reputation spread until nearly ten thousand students had enrolled from every quarter, and he stood as the foremost voice of the Liangqiu school. He died in office in 71 CE.
18
子鲂，傳興業，位至張掖属國都尉。
His son Zhang Fang carried on the school and rose to chief commandant of the Zhangye dependent state.
19
戴憑字次仲，汝南平舆人也。 习《京氏易》。 年十六，郡舉明經，征试博士，拜郎中。
Dai Ping, Cizhong, came from Pingyu in Runan commandery. He trained in the Jing commentary on the Changes. At sixteen he won a provincial nomination for classical learning, passed the Erudite examination, and received a Gentleman's appointment.
20
時，詔公卿大会，群臣皆就席，憑独立。 光武問其意。 憑對曰：“博士说經皆不如臣，而坐居臣上，是以不得就席。 ”帝即召上殿，令与諸儒难说，憑多所解释。 帝善之，拜爲侍中，数进見問得失。 帝謂憑曰：“侍中当匡补國政，勿有隐情。 ”憑對曰：“陛下严。 ”帝曰：“朕何用严？ ”憑曰：“伏見前太尉西曹掾蒋遵，清亮忠孝，學通古今，陛下纳肤受之诉，遂致禁锢，世以是爲严。 ”帝怒曰：“汝南子欲复党乎？ ”憑出，自系廷尉，有詔敕出。 后复引見，憑谢曰：“臣无謇谔之節，而有狂瞽之言，不能以尸伏谏，偷生苟活，诚惭聖朝。 ”帝即敕尚書解遵禁锢，拜憑虎贲中郎将，以侍中兼領之。
When the court convened the high ministers for a great audience, every official took his seat except Dai Ping, who remained standing. Emperor Guangwu asked why. Dai Ping said, "The doctoral scholars cannot match me in exegesis, yet they rank above me—that is why I refuse to sit." The emperor had him brought to the dais to debate the other classicists, and Dai carried most of the points. Pleased with his performance, the emperor named him Palace Attendant and often called him in to discuss policy. He told Dai, "A Palace Attendant is supposed to shore up the government—hold nothing back." Dai answered, "Your Majesty's rule is harsh." "In what way am I harsh?" Dai said, "Jiang Zun, who served on the Grand Commandant's staff, was loyal, learned, and upright; Your Majesty listened to shallow slander and threw him in prison. The world calls that severity." The emperor snapped, "Are you Runan men trying to form another clique?" Dai walked out and surrendered himself to the prison bureau until an edict ordered him freed. When summoned again he apologized: "I lack the courage of a straight remonstrator; I spoke rashly and failed to lay down my life in protest—I am ashamed before the throne." The emperor at once ordered Jiang Zun released, made Dai Ping a colonel of the imperial guard, and let him keep his Palace Attendant duties as well.
21
正旦朝贺，百僚毕会，帝令群臣能说經者更相难诘，义有不通，辄夺其席以益通者，憑遂重坐五十余席。 故京师爲之语曰：“解經不穷戴侍中。 ”在职十八年，卒于官，詔賜東园梓器，钱二十萬。
At the New Year's audience the emperor set the classicists to debating one another, stripping a mat from anyone who lost a point and giving it to the victor; Dai Ping ended up sitting on a stack of more than fifty. The capital rhyme ran: "Ask Dai the Palace Attendant—his exegesis never runs dry." He served eighteen years and died in post; the court supplied a state coffin from the imperial workshop and two hundred thousand cash toward the funeral.
22
時南陽魏满字叔牙，亦习《京氏易》，教授。 永平中，至弘農太守。
Wei Man of Nanyang, known as Shuya, also taught the Jing Changes. During the Yongping era he rose to governor of Hongnong.
23
孫期字仲彧，濟陰成武人也。 少爲諸生，习《京氏易》、《古文尚書》。 家贫，事母至孝，牧豕于大澤中，以奉养焉。 远人从其學者，皆执經壟畔以追之，里落化其仁讓。 黄巾贼起，過期里陌，相約不犯孫先生舍。 郡舉方正，遣吏赍羊、酒请期，期驱豕入草不顧。 司徒黄琬特辟，不行，終于家。
Sun Qi, Zhongyu, was from Chengwu in Jiyin commandery. As a young scholar he mastered the Jing Changes and the archaic-text Documents. Poor but devoted to his mother, he kept a herd of pigs in the marshlands to pay for her care. Students from distant places trailed him along the furrows with their scrolls open, and the whole countryside took its tone from his gentleness and courtesy. When the Yellow Turbans swept through the district, they pledged among themselves to spare Master Sun's home. Nominated as a candidate of unimpeachable character, he was offered sheep and wine by the county clerk; he only drove his pigs deeper into the reeds and ignored the summons. Grand Minister of Education Huang Wan called for him by special appointment, but he never took office and died at home.
24
建武中，范升傳《孟氏易》，以授楊政，而陳元、鄭衆皆傳《费氏易》，其后馬融亦爲其傳。 融授鄭玄，玄作《易注》，荀爽又作《易傳》，自是《费氏》興，而《京氏》遂衰。
Under Guangwu, Fan Sheng passed the Meng Changes to Yang Zheng, while Chen Yuan and Zheng Zhong taught the Fei line that Ma Rong later championed. Ma Rong taught Zheng Xuan, who wrote a commentary, and Xun Shuang added a subcommentary; the Fei school eclipsed the Jing house.
25
《前書》云：濟南伏生傳《尚書》，授濟南張生及千乘歐陽生，歐陽生授同郡B6F9寬，寬授歐陽生之子，世世相傳，至曾孫歐陽高，爲《尚書》歐陽氏學； 張生授夏侯都尉，都尉授族子始昌，始昌傳族子胜，爲大夏侯氏學； 胜傳从兄子建，建别爲小夏侯氏學：三家皆立博士。 又鲁人孔安國傳《古文尚書》授都尉朝，朝授胶東庸谭，爲《尚書》古文學，未得立。
The Han shu traces the Documents from Fu Sheng of Jinan to Zhang Sheng and Ouyang Sheng of Qiancheng; Ouyang's pupil Ni Kuan of Jinan passed the text to Ouyang's son, and eight generations later Ouyang Gao headed what became the Ouyang school of the Documents. Zhang Sheng's line ran to Xiahou the commandant, then to Xiahou Shichang and Xiahou Sheng—the Greater Xiahou commentary. Xiahou Sheng taught his cousin's son Jian, who founded the Lesser Xiahou variant; all three lines received chairs at court. Kong Anguo's archaic-text Documents passed to Commandant Chao and then to Yong Tan of Jiaodong—a line that never won a doctoral chair.
26
歐陽歙
Ouyang Xi
27
歐陽歙字正思，乐安千乘人也。 自歐陽生傳《伏生尚書》，至歙八世，皆爲博士。
Ouyang Xi, Zhengsi, came from Qiancheng in Le'an. Eight generations of his family had held the Ouyang Documents chair without a break.
28
歙既傳業，而恭谦好禮讓。 王莽時，爲長社宰。 更始立，爲原武令。 世祖平河北，到原武，見歙在县修政，遷河南都尉，后行太守事。 世祖即位，始爲河南尹，封被陽侯。 建武五年，坐事免官。 明年，拜楊州牧，遷汝南太守。 推用贤俊，政稱异迹。 九年，更封夜侯。
He inherited the tradition and wore it lightly—deferential, courteous, quick to yield. Under Wang Mang he served as magistrate of Changshe. The Gengshi regime named him magistrate of Yuanwu. When Emperor Guangwu pacified the north and passed through Yuanwu, he was so impressed by Xi's administration that he promoted him to chief commandant of Henan and then acting governor. After the accession he became intendant of Henan and received the marquisate of Beiyang. In 29 CE he lost his post over an unspecified offense. The following year he was named governor of Yang province, then transferred to Runan as administrator. He lifted able men into office, and his administration was counted among the most distinguished of the day. In 33 CE his title was moved to the marquisate of Ye.
29
歙在郡，教授数百人，視事九歲，征爲大司徒。 坐在汝南臧罪千余萬发觉下狱。 諸生守阙爲歙求哀者千余人，至有自髡剔者。 平原禮震，年十七，聞狱当断，驰之京师，行到河内获嘉县，自系，上書求代歙死。 曰：“伏見臣师大司徒歐陽歙，學爲儒宗，八世博士，而以臧咎当伏重辜。 歙门单子幼，未能傳學，身死之后，永爲廢絕，上令陛下获殺贤之讥，下使學者丧师资之益。 乞殺臣身以代歙命。 ”書奏，而歙已死狱中。 歙掾陳元上書追訟之，言甚切至，帝乃賜棺木，赠印绶，赙缣三千匹。
In Runan he taught hundreds of students; after nine years in office the court summoned him to be grand minister of education. He was jailed when an investigation uncovered more than ten million in corrupt gains from his years in Runan. More than a thousand of his students camped at the palace gate to plead for his life; some shaved their heads or cut their flesh in protest. Li Zhen, a seventeen-year-old from Pingyuan, raced toward Luoyang when he heard the sentence was near, chained himself at Huojia in Henei, and offered his life for his teacher. He wrote: "My teacher Ouyang Xi, grand minister of education, head of the Ru for eight generations of doctoral chairs, now faces execution for a fiscal crime." His household is small and his heir too young to carry on the school; if he dies the line ends, the throne earns the name of killer of sages, and students lose their master. I beg you to take my life instead of his. The memorial reached the throne only after Ouyang Xi had died in his cell. His aide Chen Yuan filed a blistering posthumous appeal; the emperor relented enough to send a coffin, posthumous insignia, and three thousand rolls of silk toward the burial.
30
子复嗣。 复卒，无子，國除。
His son Ouyang Fu inherited the marquisate. When Fu died without an heir, the fief lapsed.
31
濟陰曹曾字伯山，从歙受《尚書》，门徒三千人，位至谏議大夫。 子祉，河南尹，傳父業教授。
Cao Zeng of Jiyin studied the Documents under Xi, drew three thousand students, and rose to grandee remonstrant. His son Cao Zhi became intendant of Henan and continued the family school.
32
留陳弇，字叔明，亦受《歐陽尚書》于司徒丁鸿，仕爲蕲長。
Chen Yan of Liu, called Shuming, also studied the Ouyang Documents under Ding Hong and served as magistrate of Qi.
33
牟長字君高，乐安臨濟人也。 其先封牟，春秋之末，國灭，因氏焉。
Mou Chang, Jungao, hailed from Linji in Le'an. The clan took its name from the lost state of Mou, extinguished at the close of the Spring and Autumn era.
34
長少习《歐陽尚書》，不仕王莽世。 建武二年，大司空弘特辟，拜博士，稍遷河内太守，坐垦田不實免。
He mastered the Ouyang Documents in youth and refused office under Wang Mang. In 26 CE Grand Minister of Works Zhu Hong gave him a special summons; he became an Erudite, then governor of Henei, until padded land figures cost him his post.
35
長自爲博士及在河内，諸生講學者常有千余人，著录前后萬人。 著《尚書章句》，皆本之歐陽氏，俗号爲《牟氏章句》。 复征爲中散大夫，賜告一歲，卒于家。
As Erudite and as governor of Henei he seldom addressed fewer than a thousand auditors; his enrollment rolls ran to ten thousand names over the years. His chapter-and-verse gloss on the Documents followed Ouyang throughout and circulated as the Mou commentary. Recalled as counsellor of the palace, he was granted a year's sick leave and died at home.
36
子纡，又以隐居教授，门生千人。 肃宗聞而征之，欲以爲博士，道物故。
His son Mou Yu taught from seclusion and kept a thousand disciples. Emperor Zhang summoned him for an Erudite chair, but he died en route.
37
宋登字叔陽，京兆長安人也。 父由，爲太尉。
Song Deng, Shuyang, was a Chang'an man of the metropolitan area. His father Song You had served as grand commandant.
38
登少傳《歐陽尚書》，教授数千人。 爲汝陰令，政爲明能，号稱“神父”。 遷趙相，入爲尚書仆射。 顺帝以登明識禮乐，使持節臨太學，奏定曲律，轉拜侍中。 数上封事，抑退权臣，由是出爲颖川太守。 市无二價，道不拾遺。 病免，卒于家，汝陰人配社祠之。
In youth he taught the Ouyang Documents to thousands. As magistrate of Ruyin he governed so well that people called him the divine father. He advanced to chancellor of Zhao, then to deputy director of the secretariat. Emperor Shun, valuing his expertise in ritual music, sent him to the Imperial Academy with imperial credentials to settle pitch standards, then promoted him to Palace Attendant. His sealed memorials checked powerful ministers at court, and he was eased out as governor of Yingchuan. Under his rule the markets showed a single fair price and lost goods were returned untouched. Illness forced his retirement; he died at home, and the people of Ruyin enshrined him beside the soil god.
39
張驯字子鯭，濟陰定陶人也。 少游太學，能誦《春秋左氏傳》。 以《大夏侯尚書》教授。 辟公府，舉高第，拜議郎。 与蔡邕共奏定《六經》文字。 擢拜侍中，典領秘書近署，甚見纳异。 多因便宜陳政得失，朝廷嘉之。 遷丹陽太守，化有惠政。 光和七年，征拜尚書，遷大司農。 初平中，卒于官。
Zhang Xun, Ziru, was from Dingtao in Jiyin. At the Imperial Academy he memorized the entire Zuo commentary on the Spring and Autumn. He taught the Greater Xiahou recension of the Documents. Summoned to the top bureaucracy and graded at the head of his class, he became a gentleman consultant. With Cai Yong he helped fix the official text of the Six Classics on the stone tablets. Promoted to Palace Attendant, he supervised the palace library and became a favorite at court. He often seized the moment to speak frankly on policy, and the court welcomed it. As governor of Danyang he earned a reputation for humane rule. In 184 CE he was recalled as a master of writing and promoted to grand minister of agriculture. He died in office during the Chuping era.
40
尹敏字幼季，南陽堵陽人也。 少爲諸生。 初习《歐陽尚書》，后受《古文》，兼善《毛詩》、《穀梁》、《左氏春秋》。
Yin Min, Youji, came from Duyang in Nanyang. He began as a student at the provincial academy. He started with the Ouyang Documents, added the archaic text, and mastered the Mao Odes, Guliang, and Zuo commentary on the Spring and Autumn.
41
建武二年，上疏陳《洪范》消災之术。 時，世祖方草创天下，未遑其事，命敏待詔公車，拜郎中，辟大司空府。
In 26 CE he memorialized on how the "Great Plan" chapter might be used to avert disaster. Guangwu was still fighting for the empire and set the proposal aside, but he put Yin on waiting status at the coach office, named him a gentleman, and later added him to the grand minister of works' staff.
42
帝以敏博通經記，令校图谶，使蠲去崔发所爲王莽著录次比。 敏對曰：“谶書非聖人所作，其中多近鄙别字，颇类世俗之辞，恐疑误后生。 ”帝不纳。 敏因其阙文增之曰：“君无口，爲汉辅。 ”帝見而怪之，召敏問其故。 敏對曰：“臣見前人增損图書，敢不自量，窃幸萬一。 ”帝深非之，雖竟不罪，而亦以此沈滞。
The emperor, knowing Yin's breadth of learning, put him to editing the prophetic corpus and purging the entries Cui Fa had arranged for Wang Mang. Yin replied that the apocrypha were not the work of sages, that they bristled with vulgar characters and folk phrasing, and that they would mislead the young. The emperor brushed the warning aside. Yin filled a lacuna in the text with a forged line: "The lord without a mouth shall be helper to Han." When the emperor noticed the tampering, he called Yin Min in and demanded an explanation. Yin answered, "I saw earlier editors alter the prophetic texts and hoped, foolishly, that I might luck into the same favor." The emperor rebuked him harshly; though no formal sentence followed, Yin's career never recovered.
43
与班彪親善，每相遇，辄日旰忘食，夜分不寝，自以爲钟期、伯牙，庄周、惠施之相得也。
He and Ban Biao were close as brothers: a single conversation could keep them talking past supper and far into the night, each sure he had found his Zhuangzi to the other's Huizi.
44
后三遷長陵令。 永平五年，詔書捕男子周虑。 虑素有名稱，而善于敏，敏坐系免官。 及出，叹曰：“喑聾之徒，真世之有道者也。 何謂察察而遇斯患乎？ ”十一年，除郎中，遷谏議大夫。 卒于家。
Three promotions later he was magistrate of Changling. In 62 CE an imperial warrant went out for one Zhou Lü. Zhou Lü was a man of reputation and a friend of Yin Min; the connection landed Yin in jail and cost him his post. On his release he sighed that the truly wise were the deaf who heard nothing of politics. Why should clarity of mind buy a man such trouble? In 68 CE he became a gentleman of the palace, then grandee remonstrant. He died at home.
45
周防字伟公，汝南汝陽人也。 父揚，少孤微，常修逆旅，以供過客，而不受其报。
Zhou Fang, Weigong, was a native of Ruyang in Runan. His father Yang, orphaned and poor, kept an inn for travelers and refused payment for the lodging.
46
防年十六，仕郡小吏。 世祖巡狩汝南，召掾史试經，防尤能誦讀，拜爲守丞。 防以未冠，谒去。 师事徐州剌史盖豫，受《古文尚書》。 經明，舉孝廉，拜郎中。 撰《尚書杂記》三十二篇，四十萬言。 太尉張禹荐补博士，稍遷陳留太守，坐法免。 年七十八，卒于家。
At sixteen Zhou Fang was a commandery clerk. When Emperor Guangwu inspected Runan he examined the staff on the canons; Zhou Fang topped the trial recitation and was named assistant magistrate. He declined the post because he was still under twenty. He studied the archaic-text Documents under Regional Inspector Gai Yu of Xu. Once his mastery was certified he took a Filial-and-Incorrupt nomination and a gentleman's appointment. He produced thirty-two fascicles of miscellaneous notes on the Documents—some four hundred thousand characters. Grand Commandant Zhang Yu nominated him for the academy; he rose to governor of Chenliu until a legal offense ended his career. He died at home at seventy-eight.
47
子舉，自有傳。
His son Zhou Ju has a separate biography in this history.
48
孔僖字仲和，鲁國鲁人也。 自安國以下，世傳《古文尚書》、《毛詩》。 曾祖父子建，少游長安，与崔篆友善。 及篆仕王莽爲建新大尹，尝勸子建仕。 對曰：“吾有布衣之心，子有衮冕之志，各从所好，不亦善乎！ 道既乘矣，请从此辞。 ”遂歸，終于家。
Kong Xi, Zhonghe, came from the ducal seat of Lu. Since Kong Anguo's day the house had taught the archaic Documents and the Mao Odes. His collateral ancestor Zijian studied in Chang'an and befriended Cui Zhuan. When Cui Zhuan became Wang Mang's grand intendant of Jianxin, he tried to coax Zijian into government service. Zijian replied, "You crave the court; I am content in coarse cloth—let each follow his own bent." Our paths have forked—let us part here. He went home and never took office again.
49
僖与崔篆孫駰复相友善，同游太學，习《春秋》。 因讀吴王夫差時事，僖廢書叹曰：“若是，所謂画龍不成反爲狗者。 ”駰曰：“然。 昔孝武皇帝始爲天子，年方十八，崇信聖道，师則先王，五六年间，号胜文、景。 及后恣己，忘其前之爲善。 ”僖曰：“書傳若此多矣！ ”邻房生梁郁□和之曰：“如此，武帝亦是狗邪？ ”僖、駰默然不對。 郁怒恨之，陰上書告駰、僖誹谤先帝，刺讥当世。 事下有司，駰诣吏受讯。 僖以吏捕方至，恐誅，乃上書肃宗自訟曰：
Kong Xi and Cui Yin, Zhuan's grandson, became friends at the Imperial Academy over the Spring and Autumn. Reading of King Fuchai of Wu, Kong Xi slammed the book shut and said, "So much for painting a dragon—you only end up with a dog." Cui Yin agreed. "Emperor Wu began at eighteen," said Cui, "revering the classics and modeling himself on the ancient kings—within a few years people said he had outshone Emperors Wen and Jing." Then he indulged every whim and forgot the good ruler he had been. Kong Xi said, "The histories are full of such turns." A student in the next cell, Liang Yu, chimed in: "By that logic, was Emperor Wu a dog too?" Kong Xi and Cui Yin said nothing. Liang Yu, furious, filed a secret denunciation accusing them of defaming past emperors and mocking the reign. The case went to the judiciary; Cui Yin surrendered for questioning. Kong Xi, hearing that the bailiffs were on their way, feared execution and rushed a memorial to Emperor Zhang in his own defense. It read:
50
帝始亦无罪僖等意，及書奏，立詔勿問，拜僖兰台令史。
The emperor had meant no harm; when the memorial arrived he dropped the case at once and named Kong Xi a clerk of the Orchid Terrace.
51
元和二年春，帝東巡狩，還過鲁，幸阙里，以太牢祠孔子及七十二弟子，作六代之乐，大会孔氏男子二十以上者六十三人，命儒者講《論语》。 僖因自陳谢。 帝曰：“今日之会，宁于卿宗有光荣乎？ ”對曰：“臣聞明王聖主，莫不尊师贵道。 今陛下親屈萬乘，辱臨敝里，此乃崇禮先师，增辉聖德。 至于光荣，非所敢承。 ”帝大笑曰：“非聖者子孫，焉有斯言乎！ ”遂拜僖郎中，賜褒成侯損及孔氏男女线、帛，詔僖从還京师，使校書東觀。
In the spring of 85 CE, returning from an eastern tour, the emperor stopped at Qufu, offered the great sacrifice to Confucius and the seventy-two disciples, staged the ancient six-dynasty dances, gathered sixty-three Kong clansmen over twenty, and had scholars lecture on the Analects. Kong Xi came forward to give thanks. The emperor asked, "Does today's gathering bring honor to your house?" Kong Xi answered, "Every worthy ruler honors teachers and exalts learning." That Your Majesty should humble the imperial chariot and visit our humble town exalts the First Teacher and adds luster to Your own virtue. As for glory to ourselves—we dare not claim it. The emperor laughed aloud. "Only a descendant of the sage could speak so." He named Kong Xi a gentleman of the court, gave silk to Marquis Sun of Baocheng and the Kong family, and ordered Kong Xi back to Luoyang to collate texts in the Eastern Pavilion library.
52
冬，拜臨晋令，崔駰以《家林》筮之，謂爲不吉，止僖曰：“子盍辞乎？ ”僖曰：“學不爲人，仕不择官，凶吉由己，而由卜乎？ ”在县三年，卒官，遺令即葬。
That winter he was made magistrate of Linjin; Cui Yin cast the family divination text and found ill omens, and urged him to decline the post. Kong Xi replied, "One studies for truth, not for patrons; one serves where sent. Are we ruled by milfoil or by ourselves?" He governed three years and died in post, leaving orders to be buried on the spot.
53
二子：長彦、季彦，并十余歲。 蒲坂令许君然勸令反鲁。 對曰：“今載柩而歸，則违父令； 舍墓而去，心所不忍。 ”遂留华陰。
His sons Changyan and Jiyan were still young boys. The magistrate of Puban, Xu Junran, urged the boys to take their father's body home to Lu. They answered, "To haul the coffin north would disobey our father's last words;" to abandon him here would break our hearts. So they buried him at Huayin.
54
初，平帝時王莽秉政，乃封孔子后孔均爲褒成侯，追谥孔子爲褒成宣尼。 及莽敗，失國。 建武十三年，世祖复封均子志爲褒成侯。 志卒，子損嗣。 永元四年，徙封褒亭侯。 損卒，子曜嗣。 曜卒，子完嗣。 世世相傳，至献帝初，國絕。
Under Emperor Ping, Wang Mang had enfeoffed Kong Jun as marquis of Baocheng and posthumously titled Confucius Expositor Ni of Baocheng. When Wang Mang fell, the marquisate lapsed. In 37 CE Emperor Guangwu restored the title on Kong Jun's son Kong Zhi. When Zhi died, his son Sun succeeded. In 92 CE the fief was moved to the marquisate of Baoting. Sun was succeeded by his son Yao. Yao was succeeded by his son Wan. The line continued until the early years of Emperor Xian, when the marquisate died out.
55
楊伦字仲理，陳留東昏人也。 少爲諸生，师事司徒丁鸿，习《古文尚書》。 爲郡文學掾。 更历数将，志乘于時，以不能人间事，遂去职，不复應州郡命。 講授于大澤中，弟子至千余人。 元初中，郡禮请，三府并辟，公車征，皆辞疾不就。
Yang Lun, Zhongli, was from Donghun in Chenliu. As a young scholar he studied the archaic Documents under Grand Minister of Education Ding Hong. He served as the commandery's education officer. He served under a succession of generals but despised the compromises of public life, resigned, and ignored every summons from province or commandery. He taught in the marsh country to an audience of more than a thousand. During the Yuanchu era the commandery, the three excellencies, and the imperial coach all called for him; each time he pleaded illness.
56
后特征博士，爲清河王傅。 是歲，安帝崩，伦辄弃官奔丧，号泣阙下不絕聲。 閻太后以其专擅去职，坐抵罪。
He was eventually summoned to an Erudite chair and made tutor to the king of Qinghe. When Emperor An died that year, Yang Lun threw down his post and rushed to the capital, weeping without pause beneath the palace gate. Empress Dowager Yan had him prosecuted for abandoning his post without leave.
57
陽嘉二年，征拜太中大夫。 大将军梁商以爲長史。 谏诤不合，出补常山王傅，病不之官。 詔書敕司隶催促发遣，伦乃留河内朝歌，以疾自上，曰：“有留死一尺，无北行一寸。 刎颈不易，九裂不恨。 匹夫所执，强于三军。 固敢有辞。 ”帝乃下詔曰：“伦出幽升高，宠以籓傅，稽留王命，擅止道路，托疾自从，苟肆狷志。 ”遂征诣廷尉，有詔原罪。
In 133 CE he was recalled as grand counsellor of the palace. Grand General Liang Shang named him chief clerk. His blunt advice offended his superiors; he was sent out as tutor to the king of Changshan but never took up the post, pleading illness. An edict ordered the metropolitan commandant to hurry him north; Yang Lun stopped at Zhaoge in Henei and sent up a memorial: "I would sooner die here than move one inch toward the north." You may cut my throat or tear me limb from limb—I will not go. A commoner's resolve can outface an army. That is why I dare to refuse. The emperor answered with an edict accusing him of defying an imperial summons, blocking the highway, feigning illness, and indulging obstinacy. He was summoned before the commandant of justice but then pardoned.
58
伦前后三征，皆以直谏不合。 既歸，闭门講授，自絕人事。 公車复征，逊遁不行，卒于家。
Three times the court summoned him; each time his blunt counsel cost him his place. Back home he shut his gate, taught his students, and broke with the world. Another imperial summons found him in hiding; he died at home without serving again.
59
中興，北海牟融习《大夏侯尚書》，東海王良习《小夏侯尚書》，沛國桓荣习《歐陽尚書》。 荣世习相傳授，東京最盛。 扶風杜林傳《古文尚書》，林同郡贾逵爲之作訓，馬融作傳，鄭玄注解，由是《古文尚書》遂显于世。
After the restoration, Mou Rong of Beihai taught the Greater Xiahou Documents, Wang Liang of Donghai the Lesser Xiahou recension, and Huan Rong of Pei the Ouyang text. The Huan family transmitted the Ouyang Documents from father to son until it overshadowed every other line in Luoyang. Du Lin of Fufeng brought the archaic-text Documents south; Jia Kui of the same commandery glossed them, Ma Rong wrote a commentary, and Zheng Xuan annotated them—until the old-graph recension rivaled the Ouyang school in influence.