1
《前書》魯人申公受《詩》於浮丘伯，為作詁訓，是為《魯詩》； 齊人轅固生亦傳《詩》，是為《齊詩》； 燕人韓嬰亦傳《詩》，是為《韓詩》； 三家皆立博士。 趙人毛萇傳《詩》，是為《毛詩》，未得立。
The Han shu records that Shen Gong of Lu studied the Odes under Fuqiu Bo and compiled glosses—what became the Lu school of the classic. Yuan Gu of Qi handed down another line—the Qi Odes. Han Ying of Yan founded the Han school of the Odes. All three received chairs at the imperial academy. Mao Chang of Zhao taught what became the Mao commentary, which had no doctoral chair in Western Han.
2
1高詡
1. Gao Xu
3
高詡字季回，平原般人也。 曾祖父嘉，以《魯詩》授元帝，仕至上谷太守。 父容，少傳嘉學，哀、平間為光祿大夫。
Gao Xu, Jihui, came from Pan in Pingyuan commandery. His great-grandfather Jia had taught the Lu Odes to Emperor Yuan and risen to governor of Shanggu. His father Rong inherited Jia's scholarship and served as grand master of splendid carriages under Emperors Ai and Ping.
4
舉孝廉，除郎中。 建武中，入授皇太子《論語》，又為其章句。 拜諫議大夫、侍中、右中郎將。 永平五年，遷大鴻臚。 每進見，錫以几杖，入屏不趨，贊事不名。 經傳有疑，輒遣小黃門就舍即問。
A Filial-and-Incorrupt nomination brought him a gentleman's appointment. During the Jianwu years he tutored the crown prince in the Analects and wrote a chapter-and-verse commentary for him. He rose to grandee remonstrant, palace attendant, and leader of court gentlemen of the right. In 62 CE he became grand herald. At each audience the emperor gave him a seat and staff, waived the rule that he must hurry past the screen, and had him announced without his personal name. Whenever the throne puzzled over a classical passage, a junior eunuch would be sent to Xu's house for an immediate ruling.
5
顯宗以咸有師傅恩，而素清苦，常特賞賜珍玩束帛，奉祿增於諸卿，咸皆散與諸生之貧者。 病篤、帝親輦駕臨視。 八年，年七十二，卒於官。
Emperor Ming honored Gao Xu as a former tutor of the crown prince: knowing his frugal habits, he showered him with gifts and a stipend above the usual ministerial rate, and Xu passed every cash string to needy students. When he lay dying, the emperor drove his own carriage to his bedside. He died in office in 65 CE at seventy-two.
6
子福，拜郎中，亦以《論語》入授和帝。
His son Gao Fu became a gentleman of the palace and likewise tutored Emperor He in the Analects.
7
魏應字君伯，任城人也。 少好學。 建武初，詣博士受業，習《魯詩》。 閉門誦習，不交僚黨，京師稱之。 後歸為郡吏，舉明經，除濟陰王文學。 以疾免官，教授山澤中，徒眾常數百人。 永平初，為博士，再遷侍中。 十三年，遷大鴻臚。 十八年，拜光祿大夫。 建初四年，拜五官中郎將，詔入授千乘王伉。
Wei Ying, Junbo, was a native of Rencheng. He loved books from boyhood. Early in the Jianwu era he enrolled under an Erudite and mastered the Lu Odes. He shut himself in to memorize the text, shunned political cliques, and won praise in Luoyang. He went home as a commandery clerk, took a classical-learning nomination, and became tutor to the king of Jiyin. Ill health ended his post; he taught in the hill country and seldom addressed fewer than a few hundred pupils. Early in the Yongping era he took an Erudite chair, then rose twice to palace attendant. In 70 CE he became grand herald. In 75 CE he was named grand master of splendid carriages. In 79 CE he became a general of the household and was ordered to tutor Prince Kang of Qiancheng.
8
應經明行修，弟子自遠方至，著錄數千人。 肅宗甚重之，數進見，論難於前，特受賞賜。 時會京師諸儒於白虎觀，講論《五經》同異，使應專掌難問，侍中淳于恭奏之，帝親臨稱制，如石渠故事。 明年，出為上黨太守，徵拜騎都尉，卒於官。
Renowned for learning and character, he drew thousands of students from every quarter. Emperor Zhang held him in high regard, often summoned him for disputations on the dais, and heaped gifts on him. When the court gathered classicists at the White Tiger Hall to debate the Five Classics, Wei Ying was put in charge of the floor; Chunyu Gong reported the proceedings, and the emperor presided in person after the manner of the Western Han debates at Stone Canal. The following year he became governor of Shangdang, was recalled as chief commandant of cavalry, and died in that post.
9
伏恭字叔齊，琅邪東武人，司徒湛之兄子也。 湛弟黯，字稚文，以明《齊詩》，改定章句，作《解說》九篇，位至光祿勳，無子，以恭為後。
Fu Gong, Shuqi, of Dongwu in Langye, was a nephew of Minister of Education Fu Zhan. Fu Zhan's brother Fu An, Zhiwen, was an authority on the Qi Odes who rewrote the chapter glosses and published nine essays on the text; he rose to superintendent of the imperial household and, childless, adopted Fu Gong as his heir.
10
恭性孝，事所繼母甚謹，少傳黯學，以任為郎。 建武四年，除劇令。 視事十三年，以惠政公廉聞。 青州舉為尤異，太常試經第一，拜博士，遷常山太守。 郭修學校，教授不輟，由是北州多為伏氏學。 永平二年，代梁松為太僕。 四年，帝臨辟雍，於行禮中拜恭為司空，儒者以為榮。
Deeply filial toward his adoptive mother, he mastered Fu An's scholarship in youth and entered the court on a privilege appointment. In 28 CE he was named magistrate of the difficult county of Ji. Thirteen years in office earned him a reputation for humane and incorrupt rule. Qingzhou nominated him as an outstanding official; he topped the Grand Chamberlain's classical examination, took an Erudite chair, and became governor of Changshan. He expanded the county schools and never stopped lecturing until the northern provinces swarmed with students of the Fu line. In 59 CE he succeeded Liang Song as grand coachman. In 61 CE, during the suburban rites at the Circular Moat, the emperor named him minister of work—a moment classicists still cite with pride.
11
初，父黯章句繁多，恭乃省減浮辭，定為二十萬言。 在位九年，以病乞骸骨罷，詔賜千石奉以終其身。 十五年，行幸琅邪，引遇如三公儀。 建初二年冬，肅宗行饗禮，以恭為三老。 年九十，元和元年卒，賜葬顯節陵下。
His adoptive father Fu An's gloss had grown unwieldy; Fu Gong pruned the verbiage down to two hundred thousand characters. After nine years he retired ill; the court granted him a full thousand-picul stipend for life. In 72 CE, when the emperor toured Langye, Fu Gong was received with the honors due a chief minister. In the winter of 77 CE Emperor Zhang held the state banquet and named Fu Gong one of the Three Elders. He died in 84 CE at ninety and was buried beside Emperor Ming's tomb with imperial honors.
12
子壽，官至東郡太守。
His son Fu Shou rose to governor of the eastern commandery.
13
任末字叔本，蜀郡繁人也。 少習《齊詩》，遊京師，教授十餘年。 友人董奉德於洛陽病亡，末乃躬推鹿車，載奉德喪致其墓所，由是知名。 為郡功曹，辭以病免。 後奔師喪，於道物故。 臨命，敕兄子造曰：「必致我屍於師門，使死而有知，魂靈不慚； 如其無知，得土而已。」 造從之。
Ren Mo, Shuben, came from Fan in Shu commandery. He trained in the Qi Odes, studied in Luoyang, and taught there for over a decade. When his friend Dong Fengde died in Luoyang, Ren Mo hauled the coffin on a handcart to the burial ground himself and won fame for it. He briefly served as merit assessor, then resigned on grounds of health. He later set out to mourn a teacher and died on the journey. Near death he told his nephew Zao, "Lay my body at my teacher's door—if the dead know, my spirit need not hang its head; if not, any soil will do." Zao did as he asked.
14
景鸞字漢伯，廣漢梓潼人也。 少隨師學經，涉七州之地。 能理《齊詩》、《施氏易》、兼受《河》、《洛》圖緯，作《易說》及《詩解》，文句兼取《河》、《洛》，以類相從，名為《交集》。 又撰《禮內外記》，號曰《禮略》。 又抄風角雜書，列其占驗，作《興道》一篇。 及作《月令章句》。 凡所著述五十餘萬言。 數上書陳救災變之術。 州郡辟命不就，以壽終。
Jing Luan, Hanbo, was from Zitong in Guanghan. As a young man he studied under many masters and traveled through seven provinces. He mastered the Qi Odes and the Shi Changes, absorbed the River and Luo apocrypha, and wrote treatises on the Changes and Odes that wove canonical text with prophetic lore in a work he called the Interwoven Collection. He also compiled inner and outer notes on the Rites under the title Rites in Brief. He abstracted works on wind-omen divination, listed their predictive hits, and wrote a chapter called Raising the Way. He produced a chapter-and-verse gloss on the Monthly Ordinances as well. His published corpus exceeded half a million characters. He repeatedly memorialized on how to avert disaster and prodigies. He turned down every provincial and commandery appointment and died at home in old age.
15
薛漢字公子，淮陽人也。 世習《韓詩》，父子以章句著名。 漢少傳父業，尤善說災異讖緯，教授常數百人。 建武初，為博士，受詔校定圖讖。 當世言《詩》者，推漢為長。 永平中，為千乘太守，政有異跡。 後坐楚事辭相連，下獄死。 弟子犍為杜撫、會稽澹台敬伯、鉅鹿韓伯高最知名。
Xue Han, Gongzi, was a native of Huaiyang. The family had taught the Han Odes for generations; father and son were famed for their glosses. Xue Han inherited his father's school, excelled at correlating disasters with apocrypha, and kept several hundred students. Early in Guangwu's reign he became an Erudite and was ordered to edit the prophetic corpus. His contemporaries ranked him first among Odes scholars. During the Yongping era he governed Qiancheng with a record that drew notice at court. He was later implicated in the Chu conspiracy, jailed, and died there. His best-known pupils were Du Fu of Qianwei, Tantai Jingbo of Kuaiji, and Han Bogao of Julu.
16
杜撫字叔和，犍為武陽人也。 少有高才。 受業於薛漢，定《韓詩章句》。 後歸鄉里教授。 沈靜樂道，舉動必以禮。 弟子千餘人。 後為驃騎將軍東平王蒼所辟，及蒼就國，掾史悉補王官屬，未滿歲，皆自劾歸。 時，撫為大夫，不忍去，蒼聞，賜車馬財物遣之。 辟太尉府。 建初中，為公車令，數月卒官。 其所作《詩題約義通》，學者傳之，曰《杜君法》云。
Du Fu, Shuhe, came from Wuyang in Qianwei. He showed exceptional gifts early. He studied under Xue Han and produced a definitive chapter gloss on the Han Odes. He then went home and opened a private school. Quiet and devoted to the Way, he let ritual govern every action. He taught more than a thousand students. Grand General Liu Cang of Dongping took him on staff; when the prince went to his fief, every aide was given a place in the princely household, but within a year they had all asked to resign. Du Fu, now a senior official, could not bear to leave; Liu Cang heard of it and sent him off with horses, a carriage, and gifts. The grand commandant's bureau then summoned him. Under Emperor Zhang he became overseer of the imperial coach and died in office a few months later. His Odes: Topics Binding Meaning Through circulated among scholars as Master Du's method.
17
召馴字伯春，九江壽春人也。 曾祖信臣，元帝時為少府。 父建武中為卷令，俶儻不拘小節。
Shao Xun, Bochun, was from Shouchun in Jiujiang. His great-grandfather Shao Xinchen had been privy treasurer under Emperor Yuan. His father had been magistrate of Juan under Guangwu—a man of bold spirit who scorned petty convention.
18
孫休，位至青州刺史。
His grandson Shao Xiu rose to provincial inspector of Qing.
19
楊仁字文義，巴郡閬中人也。 建武中，詣師學習《韓詩》，數年歸，靜居教授。 仕郡為功曹，舉孝廉，除郎。 太常上仁經中博士，仁自以年未五十，不應舊科，上府讓選。
Yang Ren, Wenyi, came from Langzhong in Ba commandery. During the Jianwu years he studied the Han Odes under a master, then came home and taught in seclusion. He became commandery merit assessor, won a Filial-and-Incorrupt nomination, and received a gentleman's appointment. The Grand Chamberlain nominated him for an Erudite chair, but Yang Ren, still under fifty, thought himself ineligible under the old rule and declined the nomination.
20
顯宗特詔補北宮衛士令，引見，問當世政跡。 仁對以寬和任賢，抑黜驕戚為先。 又上便宜十二事，皆當世急務。 帝嘉之，賜以縑錢。
Emperor Ming specially named him captain of the Northern Palace guard, received him in audience, and asked his views on current government. Yang Ren urged leniency, the appointment of worthy men, and checking the excesses of powerful consort clans as the first priorities. He also memorialized twelve practical measures, each addressing an urgent problem of the day. The emperor approved and rewarded him with silk and money.
21
及帝崩，時諸馬貴盛，各爭欲入宮，仁被甲持戟，嚴勒門衛，莫敢輕進者。 肅宗既立，諸馬共譖仁刻峻，帝知其忠，愈善之，拜什邡令。 寬惠為政，勸課掾史弟子，悉令就學。 其有通明經術者，顯之右署，或貢之朝，由是義學大興。 墾田千餘頃。 行兄喪去官。
After Emperor Ming's death the Ma clan tried to force the palace gates; Yang Ren armored himself, took a halberd, and held the guard line so firmly that no one dared rush the doors. When Emperor Zhang came to the throne the Ma faction slandered Yang Ren as harsh, but the emperor knew him for loyal, treated him with greater favor, and named him magistrate of Shifang. He governed with kindness and ordered every clerk and clerk's son in the county to attend school. Anyone who mastered the classics was given a post on the right wing of the yamen or recommended to the capital, and learning flourished county-wide. Under his administration more than a thousand qing of new fields were brought under the plough. He resigned to observe mourning for his elder brother.
22
後辟司徒桓虞府。 掾有宋章者，貪奢不法，仁終不與交言同席，時人畏其節。 後為閬中令，卒於官。
He was later recruited to the staff of Minister of Education Huan Yu. A clerk named Song Zhang was corrupt and flashy; Yang Ren refused ever to speak with him or sit beside him, and contemporaries respected his steel. He later served as magistrate of Langzhong and died in that post.
23
趙曄字長君，會稽山陰人也。 少嘗為縣吏，奉檄迎督郵，曄恥於斯役，遂棄車馬去。 到犍為資中，詣杜撫受《韓詩》，究竟其術。 積二十年，絕問不還，家為發喪制服。 撫卒乃歸。 州召補從事，不就。 舉有道。 卒於家。
Zhao Ye, Changjun, came from Shanyin in Kuaiji. Once, as a county clerk ordered to greet the touring inspector, he found the errand beneath him, abandoned his carriage, and walked away. He went to Zizhong in Qianwei to study the Han Odes under Du Fu to the bottom of the tradition. For twenty years he sent no word home; his family assumed he was dead and went into mourning. He came home only after Du Fu died. The provincial government offered him a staff appointment; he declined. He received a nomination as a man of moral attainment. He died at home.
24
曄著《吳越春秋》、《詩細歷神淵》。 蔡邕至會稽，讀《詩細》而歎息，以為長於《論衡》。 邕還京師，傳之，學者咸誦習焉。
He wrote Spring and Autumn of Wu and Yue and a work on the Odes subtitled Penetrating the Divine Abyss. Cai Yong, visiting Kuaiji, read the Odes treatise and declared it finer than Wang Chong's Balanced Discourse. Back in Luoyang Cai Yong circulated the text until scholars everywhere were studying it.
25
時，山陽張匡，字文通，亦習《韓詩》，作章句。 後舉有道，博士徵，不就。 卒於家。
About the same time Zhang Kuang of Shanyang, Wentong, also taught the Han Odes and wrote glosses. Nominated for moral stature and summoned as an Erudite, he refused both. He died at home.
26
衛宏字敬仲，東海人也。 少與河南鄭興俱好古學。
Wei Hong, Jingzhong, hailed from Donghai. In youth he and Zheng Xing of Henan shared a passion for archaic texts.
27
初，九江謝曼卿善《毛詩》，乃為其訓。 宏從曼卿受學，因作《毛詩序》，善得《風雅》之旨，於今傳於世。 後從大司空杜林更受《古文尚書》，為作《訓旨》。 時濟南徐巡師事宏，後從林受學，亦以儒顯，由是古學大興。 光武以為議郎。
Xie Manqing of Jiujiang first mastered the Mao Odes and wrote a commentary. Wei Hong studied under Xie and composed the preface to the Mao Odes that still captures the spirit of the Airs and Elegances and remains standard today. He later studied the archaic-text Documents under Grand Minister of Works Du Lin and wrote a gloss on their meaning. Xu Xun of Jinan first studied under Wei Hong, then under Du Lin, and rose to classical fame himself, so that the archaic-text school flourished. Emperor Guangwu named him a gentleman consultant.
28
宏作《漢舊儀》四篇，以載西京雜事； 又著賦、頌、誄七首，皆傳於世。
His four scrolls of Han Old Protocols preserve anecdotes of the Western capital; he also left seven rhapsodies, eulogies, and dirges still read today.
29
中興後，鄭眾、賈逵傳《毛詩》，後馬融作《毛詩傳》，鄭玄作《毛詩箋》。
After the Han restoration Zheng Zhong and Jia Kui taught the Mao Odes; Ma Rong wrote a subcommentary and Zheng Xuan the famous interlinear notes.
30
《前書》魯高堂生，漢興傳《禮》十七篇。 後瑕丘蕭奮以授同郡後蒼，蒼授梁人戴德及德兄子聖、沛人慶普。 於是德為《大戴禮》，聖為《小戴禮》，普為《慶氏禮》，三家皆立博士。 孔安國所獻《禮》古經五十六篇及《周官經》六篇，前世傳其書，未有名家。 中興已後，亦有《大》、《小戴》博士，雖相傳不絕，然未有顯於儒林者。 建武中，曹充習慶氏學，傳其子褒，遂撰《漢禮》，事在《褒傳》。
The Han shu records that Gao Tang Sheng of Lu taught the seventeen-chapter Rites when the dynasty was founded. The line passed from Xiao Fen of Xiaqiu to Hou Cang, then to Dai De of Liang, Dai De's nephew Dai Sheng, and Qing Pu of Pei. Hence the Elder Dai, Younger Dai, and Qing recensions of the Rites, each with its own doctoral chair. Kong Anguo's fifty-six-chapter archaic Rites and the six scrolls of the Offices of Zhou circulated without a dominant scholarly school. Eastern Han still appointed Dai Erudites, yet no master of those lines won a major place among court classicists. Under Guangwu, Cao Chong studied the Qing tradition and passed it to his son Cao Bao, who codified Han court ritual as told in Cao Bao's biography.
31
董鈞字文伯，犍為資中人也。 習《慶氏禮》。 事大鴻臚王臨。 元始中，舉明經，遷禀犧令。 病去官。 建武中，舉孝廉，辟司徒府。
Dong Jun, Wenbo, was from Zizhong in Qianwei. He trained in the Qing recension of the Rites. He served on the staff of Grand Herald Wang Lin. Under Wang Mang's Yuanshi era he took a classical nomination and became overseer of the imperial sacrifice granary. Illness forced him to resign. Guangwu nominated him Filial and Incorrupt and called him to the minister of education's bureau.
32
鈞博通古今，數言政事。 永平初，為博士。 時草創五郊祭祀，及宗廟禮樂，威儀章服，輒令鈞參議，多見從用，當世稱為通儒。 累遷五官中郎將，常教授門生百餘人。 後坐事左轉騎都尉。 年七十餘，卒於家。
Dong Jun ranged widely over past and present and often spoke on policy. Early in the Yongping era he took an Erudite chair. When the court first designed the five suburban sacrifices and temple music, regalia, and vestments, Dong Jun was always asked to advise; the throne adopted most of his counsel and hailed him as a universal scholar. Promoted to general of the household for all purposes, he still kept more than a hundred students at his door. A later demotion made him chief commandant of cavalry. He died at home in his seventies.
33
中興，鄭眾傳《周官經》，後馬融作《周官傳》，授鄭玄，玄作《周官注》。 玄本習《小戴禮》，後以古經校之，取其義長者，故為鄭氏學。 玄又注小戴所傳《禮記》四十九篇，通為《三禮》焉。
Zheng Zhong taught the Offices of Zhou after the restoration; Ma Rong wrote a tradition, Ma's pupil Zheng Xuan a commentary, and the text became canonical. Zheng Xuan began with the Younger Dai Rites, compared them with the archaic scrolls, and kept the stronger reading at each point—hence the Zheng synthesis. He also glossed the forty-nine chapters of the Record of Rites in the Younger Dai line, completing his trilogy on the Three Rites.
34
《前書》齊胡母子都傳《公羊春秋》，授東平贏公，贏公授東海孟卿，孟卿授魯人眭孟，眭孟授東海嚴彭祖、魯人顏安樂。 彭祖為《春秋》嚴氏學，安樂為《春秋》顏氏學，又瑕丘江公傳《穀梁春秋》，三家皆立博士。 梁太傅賈誼為《春秋左氏傳訓詁》，授趙人貫公。
The Han shu traces the Gongyang line from Hu Muzi of Qi through Ying Gong, Meng Qing, Sui Meng, to Yan Pengzu and Yan Anle. Yan Pengzu founded the Gongyang line later distinguished as the strict-graph Yan school, Yan Anle the Gongyang line distinguished as the facial-graph Yan school; Jiang Gong of Xiaqiu taught the Guliang commentary—all three received doctoral chairs. Grand Tutor Jia Yi of Liang wrote a gloss on the Zuo commentary and passed it to Guan Gong of Zhao.
35
丁恭字子然，山陽東緡人也。 習《公羊嚴氏春秋》。 恭學義精明，教授常數百人，州郡請召不應。 建武初，為諫議大夫、博士，封關內侯。 十一年，遷少府。 諸生自遠方至者，著錄數千人，當世稱為大儒。 太常樓望、侍中承宮、長水校尉樊儵等皆受業於恭。 二十年，拜侍中祭酒、騎都尉，與侍中劉昆俱在光武左右，每事諮訪焉。 卒於官。
Ding Gong, Ziran, came from Dongmin in Shanyang. He trained in Yan Pengzu's Gongyang commentary. His exegesis was razor-sharp; hundreds sat at his feet, yet he ignored every provincial summons. Early in Guangwu's reign he was grandee remonstrant, Erudite, and marquis within the passes. In 35 CE he became privy treasurer. Thousands enrolled from afar; contemporaries hailed him as a great master. Lou Wang, Cheng Gong, Fan Shu, and others had all been his pupils. In 44 CE he became chief academician among palace attendants and chief commandant of cavalry, serving beside Liu Kun as Guangwu's constant advisers. He died in office.
36
澤果敢直言，數有據爭。 後北地太守廖信坐貪穢下獄，沒入財產，顯宗以信臧物班諸廉吏，唯澤及光祿勳孫堪、大司農常衝特蒙賜焉。 是時京師翕然，在位者咸自勉勵。
Zhou Ze spoke bluntly and often argued his case in debate. When corrupt governor Liao Xin of Beidi was stripped of his fortune, Emperor Ming gave the loot to honest officials; Zhou Ze, Sun Kan, and Chang Chong alone received shares. The capital buzzed with the story, and every official took it as a spur to integrity.
37
堪字子稺，河南緱氏人也。 明經學，有志操，清白貞正，愛士大夫，然一毫未嘗取於人，以節介氣勇自行。 王莽末，兵革並起，宗族老弱在營保間，堪常力戰陷敵，無所迴避，數被創刃，宗族賴之，郡中咸服其義勇。
Sun Kan, Zhi, came from Gou shi in Henan. A classical scholar of spotless honor, he loved the company of gentlemen and never accepted a gift, living by sheer principle and courage. When Wang Mang fell and war engulfed the land, Sun Kan fought through sieges to shield his kin, took wound after wound, and won the county's admiration for valor.
38
建武中，仕郡縣。 公正廉潔，奉祿不及妻子，皆以供賓客。 及為長吏，所在有跡，為吏人所敬仰。 喜分明去就。 嘗為縣令，謁府，趨步遲緩，門亭長譴堪禦吏，堪便解印綬去，不之官。 後復仕為左馮翊，坐遇下促急，司隸校尉舉奏免官。 數月，徵為侍御史，再遷尚書令。 永平十一年，拜光祿勳。
Under Guangwu he held county posts. He was just and frugal: his stipend went to guests, not to his household. As a senior magistrate he left a mark everywhere and won the people's respect. He cared sharply about when to serve and when to withdraw. Once, visiting the commandery, he walked too slowly for the gate captain, who abused his driver; Sun Kan resigned on the spot and never took the post. As governor of Left Fengyi he was impeached for driving his staff too hard and lost the post. Months later he was recalled as palace attendant censor, then rose twice to director of the secretariat. In 68 CE he became superintendent of the imperial household.
39
堪清廉，果於從政，數有直言，多見納用。 十八年，以病乞身，為侍中騎都尉，卒於官。 堪行類於澤，故京師號曰「二稺」。
Sun Kan governed cleanly and spoke plainly; the throne often took his advice. In 75 CE he retired ill to a combined post as palace attendant and chief commandant of cavalry, and died there. Kan's conduct was of a kind with Ze's; therefore the capital styled them "the two Zhi."
40
十二年，以澤行司徒事，如真。 澤性簡，忽威儀，頗失宰相之望。 數月，復為太常。 清潔循行，盡敬宗廟。 常臥疾齋宮，其妻哀澤老病，窺問所苦。 澤大怒，以妻干犯齋禁，遂收送詔獄謝罪。 當世疑其脆激。 時人為之語曰：「生世不諧，作太常妻，一歲三百六十日，三百五十九日齋。」 十八年，拜侍中騎都尉。 後數為三老五更。 建初中致仕，卒於家。
In 69 CE Zhou Ze was put in charge of the minister of education's duties as acting minister. Zhou Ze was blunt and careless of ceremony, which disappointed those who expected a grand minister's dignity. Within months he was back as grand chamberlain. He kept the ancestral cult with scrupulous purity. He often kept vigil ill in the fasting hall; his wife, pitying his age, looked in to ask how he felt. Furious that she had broken the fast-day rule, he had her jailed to expiate the offense. People thought him harsh and excessive. A rhyme ran: "marry the grand chamberlain and you fast three hundred fifty-nine days a year." In 75 CE he was named palace attendant and chief commandant of cavalry. He later served several terms as elder of state at the great suburban rites. Under Emperor Zhang he retired and died at home.
41
鍾興字次文，汝南汝陽人也。 少從少府丁恭受《嚴氏春秋》。 恭薦興學行高明，光武召見，問以經義，應對甚明。 帝善之，拜郎中，稍遷左中郎將。 詔令定《春秋》章句，去其復重，以授皇太子。 又使宗室諸侯從興受章句。 封關內侯。 興自以無功，不敢受爵。 帝曰：「生教訓太子及諸王侯，非大功邪？」 興曰：「臣師於恭。」 於是復封恭，而興遂固辭不受爵，卒於官。
Zhong Xing, Ciwen, was from Ruyang in Runan. He studied Yan Pengzu's Gongyang commentary under Privy Treasurer Ding Gong. Ding Gong praised his learning; Guangwu quizzed him on the classics and liked his answers. The emperor named him a gentleman, then moved him up to left leader of court gentlemen. He was ordered to prune the Gongyang gloss for the crown prince. Imperial princes were told to study the same gloss with him. He was enfeoffed marquis within the passes. Zhong Xing thought himself undeserving and tried to refuse the title. The emperor said, "You tutored the heir and the princes—is that not great service?" Zhong Xing replied, "My teacher was Ding Gong." The court renewed Ding Gong's title, but Zhong Xing still refused the marquisate and died in harness.
42
甄宇字長文，北海安丘人也。 清淨少欲。 習《嚴氏春秋》，教授常數百人。 建武中，為州從事，徵拜博士，稍遷太子少傅，卒於官。
Zhen Yu, Changwen, came from Anqiu in Beihai. He lived simply and asked little of the world. He taught Yan Pengzu's Gongyang commentary to hundreds at a time. Under Guangwu he rose from provincial aide to Erudite and junior tutor of the crown prince, dying in post.
43
傳業子普，普傳子承。 承尤篤學，未嘗視家事，講授常數百人。 諸儒以承三世傳業，莫不歸服之。 建初中，舉孝廉，卒於梁相。 子孫傳學不絕。
His son Zhen Pu inherited the school, Pu's son Zhen Cheng after him. Zhen Cheng was still more single-minded, ignored domestic cares, and taught hundreds. Classicists deferred to him for three generations of uninterrupted transmission. Nominated Filial and Incorrupt in the Jianchu era, he died as chancellor of the Liang kingdom. His descendants kept the school alive for generations.
44
樓望字次子，陳留雍丘人也。 少習《嚴氏春秋》。 操節清白，有稱鄉閭。 建武中，趙節王栩聞其高名，遣使齎玉帛請以為師，望不受。 後仕郡功曹。 永平初，為侍中、越騎校尉，入講省內。 十六年，遷大司農。 十八年，代周澤為太常。 建初五年，坐事左轉太中大夫，後為左中郎將。 教授不倦，世稱儒宗，諸生著錄九千餘人。 年八十，永元十二年，卒於官，門生會葬者數千人，儒家以為榮。
Lou Wang, Cizi, was from Yongqiu in Chenliu. He trained in Yan Pengzu's Gongyang line. His probity won praise in his home district. Prince Xu of Zhao sent jade and silk to retain him as tutor; Lou Wang refused. He later became commandery merit assessor. Early in Yongping he was palace attendant and colonel of the agile cavalry, lecturing inside the palace. In 73 CE he became grand minister of agriculture. In 75 CE he succeeded Zhou Ze as grand chamberlain. In 80 CE a demotion made him grand counsellor of the palace, then left leader of court gentlemen. He never tired of teaching; contemporaries called him dean of the Ru; more than nine thousand students enrolled. He died in office in 100 CE at eighty; thousands of students attended his funeral—a classicist's dream.
45
程曾字秀升，豫章南昌人也。 受業長安，習《嚴氏春秋》，積十餘年，還家講授。 會稽顧奉等數百人常居門下。 著書百餘篇，皆《五經》通難，又作《孟子章句》。 建初三年，舉孝廉，遷海西令，卒於官。
Cheng Zeng, Xiusheng, was from Nanchang in Yuzhang. He studied Yan's Gongyang in Chang'an for over a decade, then went home to teach. Hundreds from Kuaiji, led by Gu Feng, boarded with him year round. He wrote over a hundred essays on knotty points in the Five Classics and a gloss on Mencius. In 78 CE a Filial-and-Incorrupt nomination took him to magistrate of Haixi, where he died.
46
張玄字君夏，河內河陽人也。 少習《顏氏春秋》，兼通數家法。 建武初，舉明經，補弘農文學，遷陳倉縣丞。 清淨無欲，專心經書，方其講問，乃不食終日。 及有難者，輒為張數家之說，令擇從所安，諸儒皆伏其多通，著錄千餘人。
Zhang Xuan, Junxia, came from Heyang in Henei. He mastered Yan Anle's Gongyang and several rival glosses. Early in Jianwu he took a classical nomination, became tutor in Hongnong, then assistant magistrate of Chencang. Austere and bookish, he would forget meals when debating texts. On hard questions he laid out rival schools and let students pick; peers marveled at his range, and a thousand enrolled.
47
玄初為縣丞，嘗以職事對府，不知官曹處，吏白門下責之。 時，右扶風琅邪徐業，亦大儒也，聞玄諸生，試引見之，與語，大驚曰：「今日相遭，真解□矣！」 遂請上堂，難問極日。
New as county assistant, he once could not find the right office at commandery headquarters and was scolded by the gate staff. At that time Xu Ye of Langye in Right Fufeng was also a great Confucian; hearing that Xuan was a student, he tried summoning him to audience, and conversing with him, cried in great surprise: "To meet you today is truly to resolve what was obscure!" He brought him to the hall and debated until nightfall.
48
後玄去官，舉孝廉，除為郎。 會《顏氏》博士缺，玄試策第一，拜為博士。 居數月，諸生上言玄廉說《嚴氏》、《冥氏》，不宜專為《顏氏》博士。 光武且令還署，未及遷而卒。
Zhang Xuan later resigned, took a Filial-and-Incorrupt nomination, and became a gentleman. When the Yan Gongyang chair fell vacant, he topped the policy exam and won it. Within months students protested that he taught other Gongyang lines as well and should not monopolize the Yan chair. Guangwu sent him back to his old post; he died before another promotion.
49
李育字元春，扶風漆人也。 少習《公羊春秋》。 沉思專精，博覽書傳，知名太學，深為同郡班固所重。 固奏記薦育於驃騎將軍東平王蒼，由是京師貴戚爭往交之。 州郡請召，育到，輒辭病去。
Li Yu, Yuanchun, was from Qi in Fufeng. He trained in the Gongyang commentary. A deep reader famed at the Imperial Academy, he won Ban Gu's respect. Ban Gu recommended him to Prince Liu Cang of Dongping, and Luoyang grandees crowded his door. Whenever summoned, he would appear, plead sickness, and leave.
50
常避地教授，門徒數百。 頗涉獵古學。 嘗讀《左氏傳》，雖樂文采，然謂不得聖人深意，以為前世陳元、範升之徒更相非折，而多引圖讖，不據理體，於是作《難左氏義》四十一事。
He taught in hiding to a few hundred pupils. He read widely in older scholarship. He admired the Zuo commentary's prose yet doubted it captured the sages; he faulted Chen Yuan and Fan Sheng for dueling with apocrypha instead of reason, and wrote forty-one objections.
51
再遷尚書令。 及馬氏廢，育坐為所舉免歸。 歲餘复徵，再遷侍中，卒於官。
He rose twice to director of the secretariat. When the Ma faction fell, he was sent home for having recommended their men. A year later he was recalled, rose twice to palace attendant, and died in office.
52
何休字邵公，任城樊人也。 父豹，少府。 休為人質樸訥口，而雅有心思，精研《六經》，世儒無及者。 以列卿子詔拜郎中，非其好也，辭疾而去。 不仕州郡。 進退必以禮。
He Xiu, Shaogong, was from Fan in Rencheng. His father He Bao had been privy treasurer. Plain-spoken but brilliant, he plumbed the Six Classics deeper than any peer. Named a gentleman as a minister's son, he disliked court life and resigned on health grounds. He never served in provincial or commandery posts. Advance or retreat, he hewed to ritual propriety.
53
太傅陳蕃辟之，與參政事。 蕃敗，休坐廢錮，乃作《春秋公羊解詁》，覃思不窺門，十有七年。 又注訓《孝經》、《論語》、風角七分，皆經緯典謨，不與守文同說。 又以《春秋》駁漢事六百餘條，妙得《公羊》本意。 休善曆算，與其師博士羊弼，追述李育意以難二傳，作《公羊墨守》、《左氏膏肓》、《穀梁廢疾》。
Grand Tutor Chen Fan brought him into government. When Chen Fan fell, He Xiu was banned from office and spent seventeen years indoors writing his Gongyang gloss. He also glossed the Classic of Filial Piety, the Analects, and wind-omen lore, aiming at classical models rather than narrow literalism. He used Gongyang to critique over six hundred Han precedents, capturing the school's core intent. With his teacher Erudite Yang Bi he developed Li Yu's attacks on the Zuo and Guliang schools in three famous polemics.
54
黨禁解，又辟司徒。 群公表休道術深明，宜侍帷幄，單臣不悅之，乃拜議郎，屢陳忠言。 再遷諫議大夫，年五十四，光和五年卒。
After the prohibition on partisans ended, the minister of education called him again. Ministers wanted him at court; rivals blocked a high post, so he served as gentleman consultant and spoke frankly. He rose to grandee remonstrant and died in 182 CE at fifty-four.
55
服虔字子慎，初名重，又名祇，後改為虔，河南滎陽人也。 少以清苦建志，入太學受業。 有雅才，善著文論，作《春秋左氏傳解》，行之至今。 又以《左傳》駁何休之所駁漢事六十條。 舉孝廉，稍遷，中平末，拜九江太守。 免，遭亂行客，病卒。 所著賦、碑、誄、書記、《連珠》、《九憤》，凡十餘篇。
Fu Qian, Zishen, born Chong, also called Zhi, later Qian, was from Xingyang in Henan. Poor but determined, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy. His commentary on the Zuo tradition is still read. He answered He Xiu's sixty Han precedents with Zuo-based rebuttals. Filial and Incorrupt, he rose to governor of Jiujiang at the end of Zhongping. Stripped of office, he wandered as a refugee and died sick on the road. His rhapsodies, steles, dirges, letters, linked pearls, and Nine Indignations fill more than ten scrolls.
56
穎容字子嚴，陳國長平人也。 博學多通，善《春秋左氏》，師傅太尉楊賜。 郡舉孝廉，州辟，公車徵，皆不就。 初平中，避亂荊州，聚徒千餘人。 劉表以為武陵太守，不肯起。 著《春秋左氏條例》五萬餘言，建安中卒。
Ying Rong, Ziyan, was from Changping in Chen. A polymath, he mastered the Zuo commentary under Grand Commandant Yang Ci. He refused commandery, provincial, and imperial summonses. In the Chuping era he fled to Jingzhou with a thousand students. Liu Biao offered him Wuling; he would not serve. He wrote fifty thousand characters on Zuo procedure and died in the Jian'an years.
57
謝該字文儀，南陽章陵人也。 善明《春秋左氏》，為世名儒，門徒數百千人。 建安中，河東人樂詳條《左氏》疑滯數十事以問，該皆為通解之，名為《謝氏釋》，行於世。
Xie Gai, Wenyi, came from Zhangling in Nanyang. A celebrated Zuo scholar, he taught hundreds or thousands. Le Xiang of Hedong sent him dozens of Zuo puzzles in Jian'an; Xie Gai answered each in a work still called Xie's Exegesis.
58
仕為公車司馬令，以父母老，託病去官。 欲歸鄉里，會荊州道斷，不得去。 少府孔融上書薦之曰：
As overseer of the imperial coach he quit to care for aging parents. He could not reach home because Jingzhou's roads were blocked by war. Kong Rong memorialized the throne on his behalf:
59
臣聞高祖創業，韓、彭之將征討暴亂，陸賈、叔孫通進說《詩》、《書》。 光武中興，吳、耿佐命，範升、衛宏修述舊業，故能文武並用，成長久之計。 陛下聖德欽明，同符二祖，勞謙厄運，三年乃讙。 今尚父鷹揚，方叔翰飛，王師電鷙，群凶破殄，始有橐弓臥鼓之次，宜得名儒，典綜禮紀。 竊見故公車司馬令謝該，體曾、史之淑性，兼商、偃之文學，博通群藝，周覽古今，物來有應，事至不惑，清白異行，敦悅道訓。 求之遠近，少有疇匹。 若乃巨骨出吳，隼集陳庭，黃能入寢，亥有二首，非夫洽聞者，莫識其端也。 雋不疑定北闕之前，夏侯勝辯常陰之驗，然後朝士益重儒術。 今該實卓然比跡前列，間以父母老疾，棄官欲歸，道路險塞，無自由致。 猥使良才抱朴而逃，逾越山河，沉淪荊楚，所謂往而不反者也。 後日當更饋樂以釣由餘，克像以求傅說，豈不煩哉？ 臣愚以為可推錄所在，召該令還。 楚人止孫卿之去國，漢朝追匡衡於平原，尊儒貴學，惜失賢也。
"When Gaozu built the dynasty, Han Xin and Peng Yue fought while Lu Jia and Shusun Tong preached the Odes and Documents." "At Guangwu's revival Wu Han and Geng Yan won the field while Fan Sheng and Wei Hong restored the classics—civil and military together." "Your sage virtue matches the two founders; through hardship you brought peace after three years of strife." "With generals triumphant and weapons ready to be stowed, the throne needs a great ritualist to codify ceremony." "Xie Gai unites the virtues of Zeng and Shi, the learning of Shang and Yan, encyclopedic mastery, and unshakable judgment—pure, devoted, rare." "Few scholars anywhere rival him." "Giant bones, omens in Chen, bears in the chamber, calendrical puzzles—only a learned man can read such signs." "Jun Buyi and Xiahou Sheng proved how classics settle crises—then the court prized the Ru." "Xie Gai matches those worthies yet cannot reach his parents because the roads are closed." "To lose such a man to the south would be an irreparable waste." "Must you later hunt the empire for a Fu Yue when the man is already found?" "I beg you trace him, recall him, and restore him to office." "Chu kept Xunzi; Han recalled Kuang Heng—states prosper when they keep their scholars."
60
書奏，詔即徵還，拜議郎。 以壽終。
The edict recalled him at once as gentleman consultant. He died in old age.
61
建武中，鄭興、陳元傳《春秋左氏》學。 時尚書令韓歆上疏，欲為《左氏》立博士，範升與歆爭之未決，陳元上書訟《左氏》，遂以魏郡李封為《左氏》博士。 後群儒蔽固者數廷爭之。 及封卒，光武重違眾議，而因不復補。
Under Guangwu, Zheng Xing and Chen Yuan taught the Zuo commentary. Director Han Xin asked for a Zuo doctoral chair; Fan Sheng objected; Chen Yuan argued back until Li Feng of Wei was named the first Zuo Erudite. Obstructionist classicists then fought the appointment again and again in open court. When Li Feng died, Guangwu let the Zuo doctoral chair stay vacant rather than fight the faculty again.
62
許慎字叔重，汝南召陵人也。 性淳篤，少博學經籍，馬融常推敬之，時人為之語曰：「《五經》無雙許叔重。」 為郡功曹，舉孝廉，再遷除洨長。 卒於家。
Xu Shen, Shuzhong, came from Shaoling in Runan. Earnest and widely read, he won Ma Rong's respect; contemporaries said, "No one matches Xu Shuzhong across the Five Classics." He served as commandery merit assessor, took Filial and Incorrupt, and became magistrate of Jiao after two promotions. He died at home.
63
初，慎以《五經》傳說臧否不同，於是撰為《五經異義》，又作《說文解字》十四篇，皆傳於世。
Finding the Five Classics glosses contradictory, he wrote Divergent Meanings of the Five Classics and the fourteen-scroll Shuowen jiezi, both still extant.
64
蔡玄字叔陵，汝南南頓人也。 學通《五經》，門徒堂千人，其著錄者萬六千人。 徵辟並不就。 順帝特詔徵拜議郎，講論《五經》異同，甚合帝意。 遷侍中，出為弘農太守，卒官。
Cai Xuan, Shuling, was from Nandun in Runan. He mastered the Five Classics; a thousand sat in his hall and sixteen thousand names appeared on his rolls. He turned down every summons. Emperor Shun named him gentleman consultant to debate the Five Classics and was well pleased. He rose to palace attendant, governed Hongnong, and died in post.
65
論曰：自光武中年以後，干戈稍戢，專事經學，自是其風世篤焉。 其服儒衣，稱先王，遊庠序，聚橫塾者，蓋布之於邦域矣。 若乃經生所處，不遠萬里之路，精廬暫建，贏糧動有千百，其耆名高義開門受徒者，編牒不下萬人，皆專相傳祖，莫或訛雜。 至有分爭王庭，樹朋私裡，繁其章條，穿求崖穴，以合一家之說。 故楊雄曰：「今之學者，非獨為之華藻，又從而繡其鞶帨。」 夫書理無二，義歸有宗，而碩學之徒，莫之或徙，故通人鄙其固焉，又雄所謂「譊々之學，各習其師」也。 且觀成名高第，終能遠至者，蓋亦寡焉，而迂滯若是矣。 然所談者仁義，所傳者聖法也。 故人識君臣父子之綱，家知違邪歸正之路。
After mid-Guangwu the swords were sheathed and the court turned to the classics until scholarship dominated public life. Men in scholars' dress, invoking the ancient kings, filled the schools and private lecture halls of every province. Classicists traveled endless roads to study; a master would pitch a hut and draw hundreds carrying their own rice; famous teachers enrolled ten thousand pupils each, transmitting a single lineage without adulteration. They wrangled in the palace, built cliques in the lanes, spun ever finer rules, and tortured the text to vindicate one school. Therefore Yang Xiong said: "Today's scholars not only weave flowery embroidery for them, they also embroider their leather sashes." The pattern of writing admits no duality, meaning returns to a single source, yet the host of pedantic specialists will not budge from their positions; therefore comprehensive scholars despise their obstinacy—this is also what Xiong meant by "wrangling learning, each practicing his own teacher." Few who win degrees ever rise to greatness; most remain mired in pedantry. Still, their theme was humanity and justice, their legacy the teaching of the sages. So people learned the duties of ruler and father, and every home heard the call from wrong to right.
66
自桓、靈之間，君道秕僻，朝綱日陵，國隙屢啟，自中智以下，靡不審其崩離； 而權強之臣，息其窺盜之謀，豪俊之夫，屈於鄙生之議者，人誦先王言也，下畏逆順勢也。 至如張溫、皇甫嵩之徒，功定天下之半，聲馳四海之表，俯仰顧眄，則天業可移，猶鞠躬昏主之下，狼狽折札之命，散成兵，就繩約，而無悔心，暨乎剝橈自極，人神數盡，然後群英乘其運，世德終其祚。 跡衰敝之所由致，而能多歷年所者，斯豈非學之效乎？ 故先師垂典文，褒勵學者之功，篤矣切矣。 不循《春秋》，至乃比於殺逆，其將有意乎！
Under Emperors Huan and Ling government rotted, court discipline frayed, and even common minds foresaw the fall— yet warlords checked their usurpations and bravos bowed to village teachers—because the classics were on every tongue and men feared the moral verdict of history. Zhang Wen and Huangfu Song held half the empire and could have seized the throne, yet they knelt to weak emperors, obeyed scraps of orders, disbanded their hosts, and accepted fetters without regret until ruin ran its course—then new heroes rose and the Han mandate closed. That rotten government lasted so long—does that not show the power of learning? The old masters left texts that honored study—earnestly, urgently. To ignore the Spring and Autumn is almost to invite the charge of regicide—perhaps the historian meant that sting.
67
贊曰：斯文未陵，亦各有承。 塗方流別，專門並興。 精疏殊會，通閡相徵。 千載不作，淵原誰澄？
Verdict: the tradition had not died; each school found heirs. Paths diverged and specialist lines multiplied. Subtle and crude readings clashed; insight and obstruction tested each other. When no sage appears for ages, who purifies the fountainhead?