Volume 98 Biographies 36: Wan Yankuang, Wan Yangang younger brother: Dingnu

完顏匡

Wanyan Kuang

完顏匡，本名撒速，始祖九世孫。事豳王允成，為其府教讀。大定十九年，章宗年十餘歲，顯宗命詹事烏林答願擇德行淳謹、才學該通者，使教章宗兄弟。閱月，願啟顯宗曰：「豳王府教讀完顏撒速、徐王府教讀僕散訛可二人，可使教皇孫兄弟。」顯宗曰：「典教幼子，須用淳謹者。」已而召見于承華殿西便殿。顯宗問其年，對曰：「臣生之歲，海陵自上京遷中都，歲在壬申。」顯宗曰：「二十八歲爾，詹事乃雲三十歲何也？」匡曰：「臣年止如此，詹事謂臣出入宮禁，故增其歲言之耳。」顯宗顧謂近臣曰：「篤實人也。」命擇日，使皇孫行師弟子禮。七月丁亥，宣宗、章宗皆就學，顯宗曰：「每日先教漢字，至申時漢字課畢，教女直小字，習國朝語。」因賜酒及彩幣。頃之，世宗詔匡、訛可俱充太子侍讀。

Wanyan Kuang, whose original name was Sasu, was a ninth-generation descendant of the dynastic founder. He entered the service of Prince Bin Yongcheng and served as tutor-reader in his household. In the nineteenth year of Dading (1179), Zhangzong was in his early teens. Xianzong ordered the Household Mentor Wanyan Yuan to choose men of upright, careful character and broad learning to instruct Zhangzong and his brothers. A month later Yuan reported to Xianzong: "Wanyan Sasu, tutor-reader in the Bin princely household, and Pusan Yuke, tutor-reader in the Xu princely household—these two are fit to instruct the imperial grandsons and their brothers." Xianzong said, "To teach young boys properly, one must use men who are steady and conscientious." They were then summoned to audience in the western side chamber of the Chenghua Palace. Xianzong asked his age. He answered, "I was born in the year when Emperor Hailing moved the capital from Shangjing to Zhongdu—the renshen year." Xianzong said, "You are twenty-eight—why did the Household Mentor say thirty?" Kuang said, "My age is no more than that. The Household Mentor thought that because I move in and out of the palace precincts, he should speak of me as somewhat older." Xianzong turned to those beside him and said, "A man of genuine integrity." He ordered a day chosen for the imperial grandsons to perform the ceremony of master and pupil. On the dinghai day of the seventh month, Xuanzong and Zhangzong both began their lessons. Xianzong said, "Each day teach Chinese characters first; when the Chinese lesson ends at the hour of shen, teach the Jurchen small script and practice the national tongue." He then rewarded them with wine and colored silks. Before long Shizong appointed Kuang and Yuke both as tutors to the crown prince.

寢殿小底駝滿九住問匡曰：「伯夷、叔齊何如人？」匡曰：「孔子稱夷、齊求仁得仁。」九住曰：「汝輩學古，惟前言是信。夷、齊輕去其親，不食周粟餓死首陽山，仁者固如是乎？」匡曰：「不然，古之賢者行其義也，行其道也。伯夷思成其父之志以去其國，叔齊不苟從父之志亦去其國。武王伐紂，夷、齊叩馬而諫。紂死，殷為周，夷、齊不食周粟，遂餓而死。正君臣之分，為天下後世慮至遠也，非仁人而能若是乎！」是時，世宗如春水，顯宗從，二人者馬上相語遂後。顯宗遲九住至，問曰：「何以後也？」九住以對，顯宗歎曰：「不以女直文字譯經史，何以知此。主上立女直科舉，教以經史，乃能得其淵奧如此哉。」稱善者良久，謂九住曰：「《論語》'知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也'。汝不知不達，務辯口以難人。由是觀之，人之學、不學，豈不相遠哉。」顯宗嘗謂中侍局都監蒲察查刺曰：「入殿小底完顏訛出、侍讀完顏撒速，與我同族，汝知之乎？」對曰：「不知也。」顯宗曰：「撒速，始祖九世孫。訛出，保活裏之世也。始祖兄弟皆非常人，汝何由知此。」

Tuoman Jiuzhu, an attendant of the sleeping hall, asked Kuang, "What sort of men were Boyi and Shuqi?" Kuang said, "Confucius praised Boyi and Shuqi for seeking benevolence and attaining it." Jiuzhu said, "You scholars of antiquity believe only what the ancients said. Boyi and Shuqi lightly abandoned their kin, refused Zhou grain, and starved to death on Mount Shouyang—is that what a benevolent man does?" Kuang said, "Not at all. The sages of antiquity acted according to righteousness and followed the Way. Boyi wished to fulfill his father's intent and therefore left the state; Shuqi, unwilling to follow his father's intent merely for form's sake, left the state as well. When King Wu marched against King Zhou, Boyi and Shuqi seized the bridle of his horse and remonstrated with him. When Zhou fell and Yin became Zhou, Boyi and Shuqi refused Zhou grain and starved to death. They upheld the distinction between ruler and subject and looked far ahead for the realm and for generations to come—could anyone but a man of benevolence have acted thus?" At that time Shizong was at Chunshui and Xianzong accompanied him; the two men talked on horseback and fell behind the procession. Xianzong waited for Jiuzhu to catch up and asked, "Why have you fallen behind?" Jiuzhu gave his answer. Xianzong sighed and said, "Without translating the classics and histories into Jurchen script, how could one know such things? When His Majesty established the Jurchen examinations and taught the classics and histories, men could reach such depth of understanding!" He praised this at length, then told Jiuzhu, "The Analects says: 'To know when you know and to know when you do not know—this is knowledge. You neither know nor understand, yet you use clever talk to make things hard for others. Seen in this light, how far apart are those who study and those who do not!" Xianzong once told Pucha Zhaci, chief superintendent of the Central Attendants Bureau: "The palace attendant Wanyan Echu and the tutor Wanyan Sasu are of my clan. Did you know that?" He answered, "I did not know." Xianzong said, "Sasu is a ninth-generation descendant of the founding ancestor. Echu belongs to the generation of Baohuoli. The founder's brothers were all extraordinary men—how could you have known that?"

顯宗命匡作《睿宗功德歌》，教章宗歌之，其詞曰：「我祖睿宗，厚有陰德。國祚有傳，儲嗣當立。滿朝疑懼，獨先啟策。徂征三秦，震驚來附。富平百萬，望風奔僕。靈恩光被，時雨春暘。神化周浹，春生冬藏。」蓋取宗翰與睿宗定策立熙宗，及平陝西大破張浚于富平也。二十三年三月萬春節，顯宗命章宗歌此詞侑觴，世宗愕然曰：「汝輩何因知此？」顯宗奏曰：「臣伏讀《睿宗皇帝實錄》，欲使兒子知創業之艱難，命侍讀撒速作歌教之。」世宗大喜，顧謂諸王侍臣曰：「朕念睿宗皇帝功德，恐子孫無由知，皇太子能追念作歌以教其子，嘉哉盛事，朕之樂豈有量哉。卿等亦當誦習，以不忘祖宗之功。」命章宗歌數四，酒行極歡，乙夜乃罷。

Xianzong ordered Kuang to compose the "Song of the Merits and Virtues of Emperor Ruizong" and taught Zhangzong to sing it. The text begins: "My ancestor Emperor Ruizong possessed deep hidden virtue. The dynastic fortune had a line of succession; the heir ought to be established. The whole court was filled with doubt and fear; he alone first set forth the plan. He marched against the Three Qin; awed, they came to submit. At Fuping a million men scattered before the wind like servants in flight. His spiritual grace spread abroad; timely rain and spring sunshine followed. His transforming power reached everywhere; spring brought life and winter stored it away." The song alludes to Zonghan and Emperor Ruizong deciding the policy that established Emperor Xizong, and to the pacification of Shaanxi and the great defeat of Zhang Jun at Fuping. At the Wanchun festival in the third month of the twenty-third year, Xianzong had Zhangzong sing these lines to accompany the toasts. Shizong was astonished and said, "How do you know this?" Xianzong reported, "I have studied the Veritable Records of Emperor Ruizong and wished my son to understand the hardships of founding the dynasty. I ordered the tutor Sasu to compose a song and teach it to him." Shizong was greatly pleased and said to the princes and attendants, "I cherish Emperor Ruizong's merits and virtues and fear that posterity may never learn of them. The crown prince can commemorate them by composing a song to teach his son—what a splendid thing! My joy knows no measure. You too should learn and recite it, so as not to forget the achievements of our forebears." He had Zhangzong sing it several times. The banquet reached its height of joy and did not end until the second watch of the night.

二十五年，匡中禮部策論進士。是歲，世宗在上京，顯宗監國。三月甲辰，禦試，前一日癸卯，讀卷官吏部侍郎李晏、棣州防禦使把內刺、國史院編修官夾谷衡、國子助教尼龐古鑒進稟，策題問「契敷五教，皋陶明五刑，是以刑措不用，比屋可封。今欲興教化，措刑罰，振紀綱，施之萬世，何術可致？」匡已試，明日入見，顯宗問對策雲何，匡曰：「臣熟觀策問敷教、措刑兩事，不詳'振紀綱'一句，只作兩事對，策必不能中。」顯宗命匡誦所對策，終篇，曰：「是亦當中。」匡曰：「編修衡、助教鑒長於選校，必不能中。」已而匡果下第。顯宗惜之，謂侍臣曰：「我只欲問教化、刑罰兩事，乃添振紀綱一句，命刪去，李晏固執不可，今果誤人矣。」謂侍正石敦寺家奴、唐括曷答曰：「侍讀二十一年府試不中，我本不欲侍讀再試，恐傷其志，今乃下第，使人意不樂。」是歲初取止四十五人，顯宗命添五人，僕散訛可中在四十五人，後除書畫直長。匡與訛可俱為侍讀，匡被眷遇特異，顯宗謂匡曰：「汝無以訛可登第怏怏，但善教金源郡王，何官不可至哉。」是歲，顯宗薨，章宗判大興尹，封原王，拜右丞相，立為皇太孫。匡仍為太孫侍讀。二十八年，匡試詩賦，漏寫詩題下注字，不取，特賜及第，除中都路教授，侍讀如故。」

In the twenty-fifth year Kuang passed the Ministry of Rites policy-essay examination and became a presented scholar. That year Shizong was at Shangjing while Xianzong supervised affairs of state. On the jiachen day of the third month came the imperial examination. On the preceding guimao day the examiners—Vice Minister of Personnel Li Yan, Defender of Dizhou Baneici, Historiography Compiler Jiagu Heng, and National University Assistant Instructor Nipanggu Jian—submitted their report. The policy question asked: "Qi spread the Five Teachings and Gao Yao clarified the Five Punishments, so that punishments fell into disuse and every household could be sealed in praise. Now we wish to revive instruction and transformation, set punishments aside, strengthen discipline and statutes, and extend this for ten thousand generations—by what means can this be achieved?" Kuang had already taken the examination. The next day he was received in audience. Xianzong asked how his policy answer had gone. Kuang said, "I studied the question closely. It treats spreading instruction and setting punishments aside, but I did not address the phrase 'strengthen discipline and statutes' in full. If one answers only on two points, the essay certainly cannot pass." Xianzong had Kuang recite his answer from beginning to end and said, "This ought to pass as well." Kuang said, "Compiler Heng and Assistant Instructor Jian excel at collation—they certainly cannot pass." In the end Kuang failed the examination as he had predicted. Xianzong regretted the outcome and told his attendants, "I only wanted to ask about instruction and transformation and about punishments, yet someone added the phrase on strengthening discipline and statutes. I ordered it removed, but Li Yan stubbornly refused—and now it has indeed misled the candidates." He said to the attendant-in-chief Shi Dunsi Jianu and Tangguo Hedada, "The tutor failed the princely household examination in the twenty-first year. I did not want him to sit the examination again for fear of wounding his spirit—and now he has failed after all. It is disheartening." That year only forty-five candidates were initially selected. Xianzong ordered five more added. Pusan Yuke passed among the forty-five and was later appointed director of calligraphy and painting. Kuang and Yuke remained tutors together, but Kuang enjoyed exceptional favor. Xianzong told him, "Do not brood because Yuke passed the examination. Teach the Prince of Jinyuan well, and what office may you not attain?" That year Xianzong died. Zhangzong was made administrator of Daxing, enfeoffed as Prince Yuan, appointed Right Chancellor, and established as imperial great-grandson heir. Kuang continued as tutor to the great-grandson heir. In the twenty-eighth year Kuang took the poetry-and-rhapsody examination but omitted the subscript characters under the poem title and was not selected. He was specially granted passage, appointed professor on the Zhongdu circuit, and retained his post as tutor."

章宗立提刑司，專糾察黜陟，當時號為外台，匡與司空襄，參政揆奏：「息民不如省官，聖朝舊無提刑司，皇統、大定間每數歲一遣使廉察，郡縣稱治。自立此官，冀達下情，今乃是非混淆，徒煩聖聽。自古無提點刑獄專薦舉之權者，若陛下不欲遽更，不宜使兼採訪廉能之任。歲遣監察體究，仍不時選使廉訪。」上從其議，於是監察體訪之使出矣。

Zhangzong established the Office for Punishing Crime, devoted solely to investigation and promotion or demotion; at the time it was called the Outer Court. Kuang, together with Sikong Xiang and Participating Minister Kui, memorialized: "Giving the people rest is better achieved by reducing officials. The holy dynasty formerly had no such office; during Huangtong and Dading an honest-investigation envoy was sent every few years, and the commanderies and counties were well governed. Since this office was established, it was meant to reach the sentiments of the people below, yet now right and wrong are confused and the sovereign's attention is troubled in vain. Never in antiquity did the post of supervising punishments carry exclusive authority to recommend and promote. If Your Majesty does not wish to abolish the office at once, its holders should not also be charged with investigating and recommending the honest and capable. Each year send surveillance commissioners for thorough investigation, and from time to time select envoys for honest visitation." The emperor accepted their proposal, and the surveillance and investigation envoys were dispatched.

初，匡行院於撫州，障葛將攻邊境，會西南路通事黃摑按出使烏都碗部知其謀，奔告行院為之備，迎擊障葛，敗其兵。按出與八品職，遷四官。匡遷三官。匡奏乞以所遷三官讓其兄奉禦賽一，上嘉其義，許之。改樞密副使，授世襲謀克。

Earlier, when Kuang was acting commissioner at Fuzhou, Zhangge was about to attack the border. The Southwest Circuit interpreter Huangcha Anchu, while on mission to the Wuduwang tribe, learned of the plot, hurried back to warn the acting commission and make preparations, met Zhangge in battle, and defeated his forces. Anchu was granted an eighth-rank post and advanced four ranks. Kuang was advanced three ranks. Kuang memorialized asking to transfer the three ranks of his advancement to his elder brother, the palace attendant Saiyi. The emperor praised his conduct and granted the request. He was made Vice Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs and granted a hereditary military command (mouke).

宋主相韓侂胄。侂胄嘗再為國使，頗知朝廷虛實。及為相，與蘇師旦倡議復仇，身執其咎，繕器械，增屯戍，初未敢公言征伐，乃使邊將小小寇鈔以嘗試朝廷。泰和五年正月，入確山界奪民馬。三月，焚平氏鎮，剽民財物，掠鄧州白亭巡檢家貲，持其印去。遂平縣獲宋人王俊，唐州獲宋諜者李忤，俊襄陽軍卒，忤建康人。俊言宋人於江州、鄂、嶽屯大兵，貯甲仗，修戰艦，期以五月入寇。忤言侂胄謂大國西北用兵連年，公私困竭，可以得志，命修建康宮，勸宋主都建康節制諸道。河南統軍司奏請益兵為之備。詔平章政事僕散揆為河南宣撫使，籍諸道兵，括戰馬，臨洮、德順、秦、鞏各置弓手四千人。詔揆遺書宋人曰：「奈何興兵？」宋人辭曰：「盜賊也。邊臣不謹，今黜之矣。」

The Song emperor made Han Tuozhou his chief minister. Tuozhou had twice served as envoy to the Jin court and knew its strengths and weaknesses rather well. Once in office, he and Su Shidan advocated revenge. Tuozhou took personal responsibility, repaired weapons, and increased border garrisons. At first he did not dare speak openly of war, but had border generals launch small raids to test the Jin court's response. In the first month of the fifth year of Taihe (1205), Song forces entered the Queshan border and seized civilian horses. In the third month they burned Pingshi town, plundered civilian property, looted the household goods of the Baiting patrol inspector of Dengzhou, and carried off his seal. Suiping County captured the Song soldier Wang Jun; Tangzhou captured the Song spy Li Wu. Jun was a soldier of the Xiangyang army; Wu was a native of Jiankang. Jun reported that the Song were massing troops at Jiangzhou, Ezhou, and Yuezhou, storing arms and armor, repairing warships, and planned to invade in the fifth month. Wu said that Tuozhou believed the Jin had fought in the northwest for years and that public and private resources were exhausted, so the Song could prevail. He ordered the Jiankang palace built and urged the Song emperor to move the capital to Jiankang to command all circuits. The Henan Commandery-General's office memorialized for reinforcements to prepare defenses. The emperor appointed Grand Councilor Pusan Kui Henan Pacification Commissioner, ordered troops mustered from all circuits and war horses registered, and stationed four thousand bowmen each at Lintao, Deshun, Qin, and Gong. The emperor ordered Kui to send a letter to the Song asking, "Why do you raise troops?" The Song replied, "They were mere bandits. Our border officials were negligent; they have now been dismissed."

宋人將啟邊釁，太常卿趙之傑、知大興府承暉、中丞孟鑄皆曰：「江南敗衄之餘，自救不暇，恐不敢敗盟。」匡曰：「彼置忠義保捷軍，取先世開寶、天禧紀元，豈忘中國者哉。」大理卿畏也曰：「宋兵攻圍城邑，動輒數千，不得為小寇。」上問參政思忠，思忠極言宋人敗盟有狀、與匡、畏也合，上以為然。及河南統軍使紇石烈子仁使宋還，奏宋主修敬有加，無他志。上問匡曰：「於卿何如？」匡曰：「子仁言是。」上愕然曰：「卿前議雲何，今乃中變邪？」匡徐對曰：「子仁守疆圉，不妄生事，職也。《書》曰'有備無患'，在陛下宸斷耳。」於是罷河南宣撫司，僕散揆還朝。

With the Song about to provoke trouble on the border, Minister of Imperial Sacrifices Zhao Zhijie, Administrator of Daxing Cheng Hui, and Censor-in-chief Meng Zhu all said, "After their defeat in the south they can scarcely save themselves and probably dare not break the treaty." Kuang said, "They have established the Loyal and Righteous Swift-Victory Army and revived the reign titles Kaibao and Tianxi of former times—have they forgotten the Central Plains?" Minister of Justice Weiye said, "Song troops attack and besiege walled cities by the thousands—they cannot be dismissed as small raiders." The emperor asked Participating Minister Sizhong. Sizhong argued at length that the Song had clearly broken the treaty, in agreement with Kuang and Weiye, and the emperor accepted this view. When Henan Commandery-General Heshilie Ziren returned from his mission to Song, he reported that the Song emperor showed heightened respect and had no other designs. The emperor asked Kuang, "What do you make of this?" Kuang said, "Ziren is right." The emperor was startled and said, "What of your earlier view—have you now changed your mind?" Kuang answered calmly, "Ziren guards the frontier and does not lightly create incidents—that is his duty. The Documents says, 'With preparation there is no calamity'—the decision rests with Your Majesty alone." The Henan Pacification Commission was then abolished and Pusan Kui returned to court.

六年二月，宋人陷散關，取泗州、虹縣、靈璧。四月，複詔僕散揆行省事於汴，制諸軍。頃之，以匡為右副元帥。揆請匡先取光州，還軍懸瓠，與大軍合勢南下。匡奏：「僕散揆大軍渡淮，宋人聚兵襄、沔以窺唐、鄧，汴京留兵頗少，有掣肘之患，請出唐、鄧。」從之。遣前鋒都統烏古論慶壽以騎八千攻棗陽，遣左翼提控完顏江山以騎五千取光化，右翼都統烏古孫兀屯取神馬坡，皆克之。匡軍次白虎粒，都統完顏按帶取隨州，烏古論慶壽扼赤岸，斷襄、漢路。宋隨州將雷大尉遁去，遂克隨州。於是宋鄧城、樊城戍兵皆潰。賜詔獎諭，戒諸軍毋虜掠、焚壞城邑。匡進兵圍德安，分遣諸將徇下安陸、應城、雲夢、漢川、荊山等縣，副統蒲察攻宜城縣取之。十二月，敗宋兵二萬人於信陽之東，詔曰：「卿總師出疆屢捷，殄寇撫降，日辟土宇。彼恃漢、江以為險阻，箠馬而渡，如涉坦途，荊、楚削平，不為難事，雖天佑順，亦卿籌畫之效也。益宏遠圖，以副朕意。」匡進所獲女口百人。詔匡權尚書右丞，行省事，右副元帥如故。

In the second month of the sixth year the Song captured Sanshui Pass and took Sizhou, Hong County, and Lingbi. In the fourth month the emperor again ordered Pusan Kui to conduct provincial affairs at Bian and take command of all armies. Before long Kuang was appointed Right Vice Marshal. Kui asked Kuang to take Guangzhou first, then return his army to Xuanhu and join the main force for a combined advance south. Kuang memorialized: "Pusan Kui's main army has crossed the Huai. The Song are massing at Xiang and Mian to threaten Tang and Deng, while few troops remain at Bianjing—we risk being hamstrung. I request to operate from Tang and Deng." The emperor approved. He sent vanguard commander Wugulun Qingshou with eight thousand cavalry against Zaoyang, left-wing commander Wanyan Jiangshan with five thousand cavalry to take Guanghua, and right-wing commander Wugusun Wutun to seize Shenmapo—all succeeded. Kuang's army encamped at Baihuli. Commander Wanyan Andai took Suizhou while Wugulun Qingshou held Chian and severed the route between Xiang and Han. The Song commander of Suizhou, Commandant Lei, fled, and the city fell. The Song garrisons at Dengcheng and Fancheng then collapsed. The emperor sent an edict of praise and admonished all armies not to plunder or burn cities. Kuang advanced to besiege De'an and sent generals to subdue Anlu, Yingcheng, Yunmeng, Hanchuan, Jingshan, and other counties. Vice-commander Pucha attacked and captured Yicheng. In the twelfth month he defeated twenty thousand Song troops east of Xinyang. An edict read: "You command our armies abroad with repeated victories, destroying the enemy and accepting surrender, daily expanding our territory. They trusted the Han and Yangzi as barriers, yet you crossed on horseback as if on open ground. To pacify Jing and Chu is no great difficulty. Though Heaven favors the righteous, this is also the fruit of your planning. Expand your grand design still further to fulfill my intent." Kuang presented the hundred captive women he had taken. Kuang was appointed Acting Right Vice Minister of the Secretariat with authority to conduct provincial affairs, retaining his rank as Right Vice Marshal.

初，僕散揆初至汴，既定河南諸盜，乃購得韓侂胄族人元靚，使行間于宋。元靚渡淮，宋督視江、淮兵馬事丘灊奏之宋主。是時，宋主、侂胄見兵屢敗以為憂，欲乞盟無以為請，得密奏，即命遣人護元靚北歸，因請議和。密使其屬劉佑送元靚申和議於揆，揆曰：「稱臣割地，獻首禍之臣，然後可。」宋主因密諭丘灊，使歸罪邊將以請焉。及宗浩代揆，方信孺至，宗浩以方信孺輕佻不可信，移書宋人，果欲請和當遣硃致和、吳琯、李大性、李璧來。侂胄得報大喜過望，乃召張岩于建康，罷為福建觀察使，歸罪蘇師旦，貶之嶺南。是時，李璧已為參政，不可遣。硃致知、吳琯已死，李大性知福州，道遠不能遽至。乃遣左司郎中王柟來，至濠州，匡使人責以稱臣等數事，柟以宋主、侂胄情實為請，依靖康二年正月請和故事，世為伯侄國，增歲幣為三十萬兩、匹、犒軍錢三百萬貫，蘇師旦等俟和議定當函首以獻。柟至汴，以侂胄書上元帥府，匡複詰之，柟懇請曰：「此事實出朝旨，非行人所專。」匡察其不妄，乃具奏。章宗詔匡移書宋人，當函侂胄首贖淮南地，改犒軍錢為銀三百萬兩。於是，宋吏部侍郎史彌遠定計殺韓柟胄，彌遠知國政，和好自此成矣。

Earlier, when Pusan Kui first reached Bian and had pacified the bandits of Henan, he obtained Han Tuozhou's clansman Yuan Jing and sent him as a spy into Song territory. Yuan Jing crossed the Huai, and Qiu Kan, the Song supervisor of Jiang-Huai military affairs, reported it to the Song emperor. The Song emperor and Tuozhou, alarmed by repeated defeats, wished to sue for peace but lacked a channel. On receiving the secret report they at once sent men to escort Yuan Jing north and requested negotiations. They secretly sent Liu You with Yuan Jing to present peace terms to Kui. Kui replied, "You must acknowledge subjection, cede territory, and hand over the chief culprit—only then can we agree." The Song emperor secretly instructed Qiu Kan to blame the border generals in making the request. When Zonghao replaced Kui and Fang Xinru arrived, Zonghao judged Fang Xinru frivolous and unreliable. He wrote to the Song that if they truly sought peace they must send Zhu Zhihe, Wu Guan, Li Daxing, and Li Bi. Tuozhou received the reply with joy beyond his hopes. He summoned Zhang Yan from Jiankang, removed him to the Fujian surveillance post, blamed Su Shidan, and banished him to Lingnan. Li Bi was already a participating minister and could not be sent. Zhu Zhizhi and Wu Guan were already dead. Li Daxing was prefect of Fuzhou and could not arrive quickly because of the distance. They sent Left Department Director Wang Kan. At Haozhou, Kuang's envoys pressed him on submission and related demands. Kan pleaded the Song emperor's and Tuozhou's true position, citing the peace precedent of the first month of Jingkang 2: a perpetual uncle-nephew relationship, annual tribute raised to three hundred thousand taels and bolts, army consolation money of three million strings, and Su Shidan and others to be sent in coffins once peace was concluded. Kan reached Bian and presented Tuozhou's letter to headquarters. Kuang pressed him again. Kan pleaded earnestly: "This truly issued from court policy—not something an envoy alone could decide." Kuang judged that he was not lying and submitted a full report. Zhangzong ordered Kuang to write to the Song: they must send Tuozhou's head in a box to ransom the Huainan territories, and the army consolation payment was changed to three million taels of silver. Thereupon Song Vice Minister of Personnel Shi Miyuan devised the plan to kill Han Tuozhou. Miyuan took charge of government, and peace was concluded from that moment.

於是，廷議諸軍已取關隘不可與。王柟以宋參政錢象祖書來，略曰：

At court it was argued that the passes already taken could not be returned. Wang Kan brought a letter from Song participating minister Qian Xiangzu, which in summary read:

竊惟昔者修好之初，蒙大金先皇帝許以畫淮為界。今大國遵先皇帝聖意，自盱眙至唐、鄧畫界仍舊，是先皇帝惠之于始，今皇帝全之于後也。然東南立國，吳、蜀相依，今川、陝關隘，大國若有之，則是撤蜀之門戶，不能保蜀，何以固吳？已增歲幣至三十萬，通謝為三百萬貫，以連歲師旅之餘，重以喪禍，豈易辦集。但邊隙既開和議，區區悔艾之實，不得不黽勉遵承。又蒙聖畫改輸銀三百萬兩，在本朝宜不敢固違，然傾國資財，竭民膏血，恐非大金皇帝棄過圖新，兼愛南北之意也。

I reflect that when friendly relations were first established, the Great Jin's former emperor graciously permitted the Huai as our boundary. Now the great state follows the former emperor's intent, and from Xuyi to Tang and Deng the boundary remains as before—the former emperor's grace at the start and the present emperor's completion at the end. Yet our southeastern state depends on Wu and Shu supporting each other. If the great state holds the Sichuan and Shaanxi passes, you remove Shu's gate and barrier. Without securing Shu, how can Wu be held? Annual tribute has been raised to three hundred thousand, and the tribute of gratitude to three million strings. After years of war, compounded by mourning, how can this be easily assembled? Yet now that peace talks have begun, our modest repentance cannot but be earnestly carried out. We further received the sacred decision to pay three million taels of silver. Our court ought not stubbornly to refuse, yet to drain the treasury and exhaust the people's blood—this may not accord with the Great Jin emperor's intent to set aside the past, seek renewal, and cherish both north and south.

主上仁慈寬厚，謹守信誓，豈有意於用兵。止緣侂胄啟釁生事，迷國罔上，以至地斯。是以奮發英斷，大正國典，朋附之輩，誅斥靡貸。今大國欲使斬送侂胄，是未知其已死也。侂胄實本庸愚，怙權輕信，有誤國事，而致侂胄誤國者，蘇師旦也。師旦既貶，侂胄尚力庇之，囑方信孺妄言已死，近推究其事，師旦已行斬首。儻大國終惠川、陝關隘，所畫銀兩悉力祗備，師旦首函亦當傳送，以謝大國。

Our sovereign is benevolent and generous and keeps faith with treaties—he never intended war. It was only because Tuozhou provoked conflict, misled the state, and deceived his superiors that matters came to this pass. Therefore with resolute judgment he rectified the national statutes and punished the partisan clique without mercy. Now the great state demands Tuozhou's head—this shows you do not know he is already dead. Tuozhou was foolish and mediocre, abused his power, and erred in state affairs. The man who led Tuozhou astray was Su Shidan. After Shidan was demoted, Tuozhou still protected him and had Fang Xinru falsely report his death. On recent investigation Shidan has already been beheaded. If the great state will finally return the Sichuan and Shaanxi passes, we will prepare the stipulated silver with all our strength and send Shidan's head in a box to thank the great state.

本朝與大國通好以來，譬如一家叔侄，本自協和，不幸奴婢交鬥其間，遂成嫌間。一旦猶子翻然改悟，斥逐奴隸，引咎謝過，則前日之嫌便可銷釋，奚必較錙銖毫末，反傷骨肉之恩乎？惟吳、蜀相為首尾，關隘系蜀安危，望敢備奏，始終主盟，使南北遂息肩之期，四方無兵革之患，不勝通國至願。

Since our courts have been on friendly terms, we have been like uncle and nephew in one household, originally in harmony. Unhappily servants quarreled between us and estrangement arose. Once the nephew awakens, drives out the slaves, and accepts blame, yesterday's estrangement can be dissolved. Why compare trifles and wound the bond of kin? Wu and Shu support each other; the passes concern Shu's safety. I venture to report fully and ask that you preside over the alliance so north and south may rest from war and the realm be free of arms—this is our state's utmost wish.

是時，陝西宣撫司請增新得關隘戍兵萬人。王柟狀稟，如蒙歸川、陝關隘，韓侂胄首必當函送，遵上國之命。匡奏曰：「關隘之事，臣初亦惑之，今當增戍萬人，壁壘之役，饋餫之勞，費用必廣。祖宗所以取者，以關隘僅能自保耳，非有益於戰也。設能入寇，縱之平地，以鐵騎蹂之，無一得脫。彼哀祈不已者，以前日負固尚且摧覆，今遂失之，是無一日之安也。必謂兵力得之不可還賜，則漢上諸郡皆膏腴耕桑之地，棗陽、光化歸順之民數萬戶，較之陝右輕重可知，獨在陛下決之耳。」詔報曰：「侂胄渠魁，既請函首，宋之悔服，可謂誠矣。」匡乃遣王柟還，複書曰：「宋國負渝盟之罪，自陳悔艾，主上德度如天，不忍終絕，優示訓諭，許以更成，所以覆護鎮撫之恩，至深至厚。昨奉聖訓，如能斬送韓侂胄，徐議還淮南地。來書言韓侂胄已死，將以蘇師旦首易之，飾辭相紿如此。至於犒軍銀兩欲俟歸關隘然後祗備，是皆有咈聖訓。及王柟狀稟，如蒙歸還川、陝關隘，其韓侂胄首必當函送。聖訓令斬送侂胄首者，本欲易淮南地，陝西關隘不預焉。王柟所陳亦非元畫事理，不敢專決，具奏。奉旨'朕以生靈為念，已貰宋罪，關隘區區豈足深較，既能函送韓侂胄首，陝西關隘可以還賜'。今恩訓如此，其體大國寬仁矜恤曲從之意，追修誓書，齎遣通謝人使赴闕。」

At that time the Shaanxi Pacification Commission requested ten thousand additional garrison troops for the newly taken passes. Wang Kan's report stated that if the Sichuan and Shaanxi passes were returned, Han Tuozhou's head would certainly be sent in a box in obedience to the superior state's command. Kuang memorialized: "I too was puzzled at first about the passes. To add ten thousand garrison troops, build ramparts, and supply provisions—the expense must be enormous. Our ancestors took them because the passes can barely defend themselves—not because they aid warfare. If they could invade, let them onto open ground and trample them with our iron cavalry—not one would escape. Their endless pleading is because, though stubborn before, they were still crushed; now having lost the passes they have not a day's peace. If you insist that what force won cannot be returned, consider that the Han commanderies are fertile farmland, and Zaoyang and Guanghua alone have tens of thousands of submitting households. Compared with western Shaanxi, the balance is clear. The decision rests with Your Majesty alone." An edict replied: "Tuozhou is the ringleader. Since they offer his head in a box, the Song's repentance may be called sincere." Kuang sent Wang Kan back with a reply: "The Song bear the crime of breaking the treaty and confess repentance. His Majesty's virtue is like Heaven. Unwilling to end relations, he graciously instructs and permits renewed peace—the grace of protection and soothing is profound. Yesterday we received the sacred instruction that if Han Tuozhou were beheaded and sent, the Huainan lands might then be discussed for return. Your letter says Han Tuozhou is dead and offers Su Shidan's head instead—such embellished deceit. As for the army consolation silver, wishing to wait until the passes are returned before preparing it—all this contradicts the sacred instruction. Wang Kan's report also stated that if the Sichuan and Shaanxi passes were returned, Han Tuozhou's head would certainly be sent in a box. The sacred instruction to send Tuozhou's head was meant to ransom the Huainan lands; the Shaanxi passes were not included. What Wang Kan stated also departs from the original agreement. I dare not decide alone and submit the full report. Receiving the instruction: 'Considering the people, I have pardoned the Song. The petty passes are not worth deep dispute. Since they can send Han Tuozhou's head in a box, the Shaanxi passes may be returned.' Now that this gracious instruction is given, embody the great state's generous and compassionate intent, revise the oath document, and send the envoy of gratitude to court."

王柟之歸也，匡要以先送叛亡驅掠，然後割賜淮南、川、陝，及彼誓書草本有犯廟諱字及文義有不如體制者，諭令改之。宋人以叛亡驅掠散在州縣，一旦拘刷，未易聚集。今已四月，農事已晚，邊民連歲流離失所，扶攜道路，即望複業，過此農時，遂失一歲之望。歲幣犒軍物多，非旬月可辦。錢象祖複以書來，略曰：「竊見大金皇帝前日聖旨，如能斬送韓侂胄首，沿淮之地並依皇統、大定已畫為定。又睹今來聖旨，既能送侂胄首，陝西關隘可並還賜。以此仰見聖慈寬大，初無必待發遣驅掠官兵，然後退兵交界之語。誓書草本添改處，先次錄本齎呈，並將侂胄首函送，及管押納合、道僧、李全家口一併發還。欲望上體大金皇帝畫定聖旨，先賜行下沿邊及陝西所屬，候侂胄首至界上，即便抽回軍馬，歸還淮南及川、陝關隘地界。所有驅掠官兵，留之何益，見已從實刷勘，發還，其使人禮物歲幣等已起發至真、揚間，伺候嘉報，迤邐前去界首，以俟取接。」

When Wang Kan returned, Kuang required rebel fugitives and plundered captives to be sent first, and only then would Huainan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi be ceded. Where their draft oath contained taboo characters or improper wording, they were instructed to revise it. The Song replied that rebel fugitives and plundered captives were scattered among prefectures and counties and could not easily be gathered at once. It is already the fourth month and the farming season is late. Border people have been displaced for years and hope to resume their livelihoods. Past this season they lose a year's harvest. The annual tribute and army consolation goods are many and cannot be prepared in a month or two. Qian Xiangzu sent another letter, which in summary read: "I have seen the Great Jin emperor's earlier instruction that if Han Tuozhou's head were sent, the lands along the Huai would follow the Huangtong and Dading boundaries. I have also seen the present instruction that since Tuozhou's head can be sent, the Shaanxi passes may also be returned. From this I perceive sacred compassion; there was never a requirement that plundered troops and captives be sent before withdrawing to the boundary. The revisions to the draft oath are copied and presented first. Tuozhou's head in a box will be sent, and the households of Nahe, Daoseng, and Li Quan under guard will be returned together. We ask that you embody the Great Jin emperor's fixed instruction, issue orders to the border regions and Shaanxi dependencies, and when Tuozhou's head reaches the boundary, immediately withdraw the armies and return Huainan and the Sichuan-Shaanxi passes. As for plundered troops and captives, what use is keeping them—they have been checked and sent back. The envoy's gifts and annual tribute have been dispatched toward Zhen and Yang, awaiting your favorable reply, and will proceed gradually to the boundary for reception."

匡得錢象祖書，即具奏，詔報曰：「朕以生靈之故，已從所請，稱臣割地，尚且闊略，區區小節，何足深較。其侂胄、師旦首函及諸叛亡至濠州，即聽通謝人使入界，軍馬即當徹還，川、陝關隘，俟歲幣犒軍銀綱至下蔡，畫日割賜。」匡得詔書，即以諭宋人，使如詔書從事。

Kuang received Qian Xiangzu's letter and submitted a full report. An edict replied: "For the people's sake I have granted what was requested. Even submission and ceding territory were treated leniently—petty matters are not worth deep dispute. When the boxes with Tuozhou's and Shidan's heads and all rebel fugitives reach Haozhou, permit the envoy of gratitude to enter the border at once and withdraw the armies. The Sichuan and Shaanxi passes will be ceded on a fixed day when the annual tribute and army consolation silver reach Xia Cai." Kuang received the edict and informed the Song to act accordingly.

泰和八年閏四月乙未，宋獻韓侂胄、蘇師旦首函至元帥府，匡遣平南撫軍上將軍紇石烈貞以，侂胄、師旦首函露布以聞。五月丁未，遣戶部尚書高汝礪、禮部尚書張行簡奏告天地，武衛軍都指揮使徒單鏞奏告太廟，禦史中丞孟鑄告社稷。是日，上禦應天門，立黃麾仗，受宋馘。尚書省奏露布，親王百官起居上表稱賀。獻馘廟社，以露布頒中外。竿侂胄、師旦首並二人畫像于通衢，百姓縱觀，然後漆其首，藏之軍器庫。丙辰，匡朝京師，進官兩階，賜玉帶、金一百兩、銀一千五百兩，重幣三十端。罷元帥府仍為樞密院。六月癸酉，宋通謝使許弈、吳衡等入見。癸未，以宋人請和詔天下。

On the yimao day of the intercalary fourth month of the eighth year of Taihe (1208), the Song presented the boxes with the heads of Han Tuozhou and Su Shidan to headquarters. Kuang dispatched Pacification General of the South Heshilie Zhenyi to announce the news by bulletin. On the dingwei day of the fifth month he dispatched Minister of Revenue Gao Rushi and Minister of Rites Zhang Xingjian to report to Heaven and Earth, Martial Guard commander Tudan Yong to report to the Grand Temple, and Censor-in-chief Meng Zhu to the Altars of Soil and Grain. That day the emperor proceeded to the Gate of Responding Heaven, established the imperial guard, and received the Song war trophies. The Secretariat reported the bulletin. Imperial princes and officials performed obeisance and submitted congratulatory memorials. The war trophies were presented to the temples and altars, and the bulletin was promulgated throughout the realm. The heads of Tuozhou and Shidan and their portraits were displayed on poles in the public thoroughfare for the people to view. Their heads were then lacquered and stored in the armory. On the bingchen day Kuang attended court at the capital, was advanced two ranks, and received a jade belt, one hundred taels of gold, fifteen hundred taels of silver, and thirty bolts of heavy silks. The marshal's headquarters was abolished and restored as the Bureau of Military Affairs. On the guiyou day of the sixth month the Song envoys of gratitude Xu Yi, Wu Heng, and others were received in audience. On the guiwei day an edict announced to the realm the Song request for peace.

匡事顯宗，深被恩遇。自章宗幼年，侍講讀最親幸，致位將相，怙寵自用，官以賄成。承安中，撥賜家口地土，匡乃自占濟南、真定、代州上腴田，百姓舊業輒奪之，及限外自取。上聞其事，不以為罪，惟用安州邊吳泊舊放圍埸地、奉聖州在官閒田易之，以向自占者悉還百姓。宣宗嘗謂侍臣曰：「撒速往年嘗受人玉吐鶻，然後與之官，此豈宰相所為哉？」

Kuang served Xianzong and enjoyed deep favor. From Zhangzong's youth he was the most favored tutor. Rising to general and minister, he relied on favor and acted arbitrarily; offices were bought with bribes. During the Cheng'an era, when household lands were allotted, Kuang seized fertile fields in Jinan, Zhending, and Daizhou, snatching commoners' holdings and taking beyond his allotment. When the emperor heard of it he did not punish him but exchanged the lands for old hunting grounds at Wu Bo on the Anzhou border and idle official fields at Fengshengzhou, returning all Kuang had seized to the people. Xuanzong once told his attendants, "Sasu once accepted a jade hawk from someone and only then gave him an office—is that what a chief minister should do?"

完顏綱

Wanyan Gang

完顏綱，本名元奴，字正甫。明昌中，為奉禦，累官左拾遺。詔三叉口置捺缽。綱上疏諫，疏中有雲：「賊出沒其間」，詔尚書省詰問，所言不實，章宗以綱諫官，不之罪。遷刑部員外郎，綱言：「諸犯死罪除名移推相去二百里，並犯徒罪連逮二十人以上者並令就問，曾經所屬按察司審讞者移推別路，官亦依上就問。凡告移推之人皆已經本路按察審訖，即當移推別路。按察司部分廣闊，如上京路移推臨潢路，最近亦往復二三千里，北京留守司移推西北路招討司，最近亦須數月。乞依舊制，令移推官司追取其人歸問。」從之。

Wanyan Gang, whose original name was Yuannu and style name Zhengfu. During the Mingchang era he served as palace attendant and rose to Left Reminder. An edict ordered a naboo relay station established at Sanchakou. Gang submitted a memorial of remonstrance stating that "bandits appear and disappear in that region." The emperor ordered the Secretariat to investigate. His claim proved false, but Zhangzong, because Gang was a remonstrance official, did not punish him. Transferred to Vice Director of the Ministry of Punishments, Gang proposed: "For capital cases involving removal from office and transfer for trial within two hundred li, and for penal-servitude cases implicating twenty or more persons—all should be tried on the spot. Cases already tried by the local surveillance commission should be transferred to another circuit. Officials should likewise be tried on the spot. All persons reported for transfer have already been tried by their circuit's surveillance commission and should be transferred to another circuit. Surveillance commissions cover vast territories. Transferring a case from the Shangjing circuit to the Linhuang circuit requires a round trip of at least two or three thousand li. Transferring from the Beijing regency to the Northwest Circuit Pacification Commission takes months even at the nearest point. He asked that under the old system the transfer-trial authorities be ordered to pursue the accused and bring them back for interrogation." The emperor approved.

六年，與宋連兵，陝西諸將頗相異同，以綱為蜀漢路安撫使、都大提舉兵馬事，與元帥府參決西事，調羌兵之未附者。於是，知鳳翔府事完顏昱、同知平涼府事蒲察秉鉉分駐鳳翔諸隘，通遠軍節度使承裕、秦州防禦使完顏璘屯成紀界，知臨洮府事石抹仲溫駐臨洮，同知臨洮府事術虎高琪、彰化軍節度副使把回海備鞏州諸鎮，乾州刺史完顏思忠扼六盤，陝西路都統副使斡勒牙刺、京兆府推官蒲察秉彝戍虢華、扼潼關蒲津，陝西都統完顏忠本名嫋懶、同知京兆府事烏古論兗州守京兆要害，以鳳翔、臨洮路蕃漢弓箭手及緋翮翅軍散據邊陲。緋翮翅，軍名也。元帥右臨軍充右都監蒲察貞分總其事。

In the sixth year, while war with Song continued, Shaanxi's generals were deeply divided. Gang was appointed Pacification Commissioner of the Shu-Han Circuit and Grand Commissioner for Military Affairs, to deliberate western strategy with the Marshal's headquarters and to rally unaffiliated Qiang forces. Wanyan Yu, prefect of Fengxiang, and Pucha Bingxian, vice-prefect of Pingliang, took separate posts at Fengxiang's passes. Cheng Yu, commissioner of Tongyuan, and Wanyan Lin, defense commissioner of Qinzhou, encamped on the Chengji border. Shimo Zhongwen held Lintao. Shuhu Gaoqi and Ba Huihai of the Zhanghua army secured Gongzhou's forts. Wanyan Sizhong of Qianzhou blocked Liupan. Wolian Yaci and Pucha Bingyi garrisoned Guohua and held Tong Pass and Pujin. Commander Wanyan Zhong (born Niaolan) and Wugulun Yanzhou, vice-prefect of Jingzhao, held the capital region's vital points. Fan and Han archers of Fengxiang and Lintao and the Feihuchi army were spread along the frontier. Feihuchi was the name of a military unit. Pucha Zhen, Right Supervisor of the Marshal's Right Flank Army acting as Right Supervisor-in-Chief, took overall charge in sections.

宋吳曦以兵六千攻鹽川，鞏州戍將完顏王善、隊校僕散六斤、猛安龍延常擊走之，斬首二百級。七月，吳曦兵五萬由保坌、姑蘇等路寇秦州，承裕、璘以騎千餘擊之，曦兵大敗，追奔四十里。曦別兵萬人入來遠鎮，術虎高琪破之。

Wu Xi of Song attacked Yanchuan with six thousand men. Gongzhou's garrison commander Wanyan Wangshan, company commander Pusan Liujin, and meng'an Long Yanchang drove him off and took two hundred heads. In the seventh month Wu Xi marched fifty thousand men against Qinzhou by Baoben and Gusu. Cheng Yu and Lin struck with just over a thousand horsemen. Wu Xi was routed and pursued forty li. Ten thousand of Wu Xi's troops entered Laiyuan Fort; Shuhu Gaoqi destroyed them.

青宜可者，吐蕃之種也。宋取河湟，夏取河西四郡，部落散處西鄙，其魯黎族帥曰冷京，據古疊州，有四十三族、十四城、三十余萬戶，東鄰宕昌，北接臨洮、積石，南行十日至筍竹大山，蓋蠻境也。西行四十日至河外，俗不論道裏，而以日計之雲。冷京卒，子耳骨延嗣，宋不能制，縻以官爵。傳六世至青宜可，尤勁勇得眾，以宋政令不常，有改事中國之意。曹佛留為洮州刺史。佛留材武有智策，能結諸羌。青宜可畏慕佛留，以父呼之，請舉國內附。朝廷以宋有盟不許，厚賜金帛以撫之。明昌間，屬羌已彪殺郡佐反，是時綱為奉禦，奉詔與曹佛留計事，因召青宜可會兵擊破已彪。曹佛留遷同知臨洮尹，兼洮州刺史。子普賢為洮州管內巡檢使。綱屢以事至洮，佛留每謂綱言青宜可願內屬，出其至情，綱輒奏之，上終不納。及綱部署陝西，上密敕經略西事。於是，曹佛留已死，普賢為懷羌巡檢使。綱至洮，馳召普賢攝同知洮州事。普賢傳箭入羌中，青宜可大喜，率諸部長，籍其境土人民，詣綱請內屬。綱奏其事，上以青宜可為疊州副都總管，加廣威將軍。詔青宜可曰：「卿統有部人，世為雄長，向風慕義，背偽歸朝，願效純誠，恆輸忠力，緬懷嘉矚，式厚褒旌。覽卿進上所受偽牌，朝廷之馭諸蕃固無此例，欲使卿有以鎮撫部族、增重觀望，是以特加改命，賜金牌一、銀牌二，到可祗承，服我新恩，永為籓衛。」曹普賢真授同知洮州事，綱遷拱衛直都指揮使，遷三階，安撫，都大提舉如故。以商州刺史烏古論兗州領、曹普賢押領、青宜可勾當。詔曰：「完顏綱，初行時汝未知朝廷有青宜可之事，獨言可以招撫，必獲其用，既而果來效順。今汝勿以青宜可兵勢重大，卑屈失體，亦勿以蕃部而藐視之。」

Qingyi Ke was of Tibetan descent. After Song seized He-Huang and Xia took Hexi's four commanderies, tribes scattered along the western frontier. Lengjing, chief of the Luli people, held ancient Diezhou: forty-three tribes, fourteen walled towns, and over three hundred thousand households. Danchang lay to the east; Lintao and Jishi to the north; ten days south lay Great Bamboo Mountain in barbarian lands. Forty days west lay country beyond the river. Locals reckoned distance not in li but in days' travel. Lengjing died and his son Erguyan succeeded. Song could not subdue him and bound him with offices and titles. Six generations later came Qingyi Ke, fiercest and boldest of all, who won his people's hearts. Song's shifting policies stirred his wish to serve the Central Court. Cao Foliu served as prefect of Taozhou. Foliu was martial and resourceful and could rally the Qiang tribes. Qingyi Ke revered Foliu, addressed him as father, and asked to submit his entire people. The court, bound by treaty with Song, refused but sent rich gifts of gold and silk to appease him. During Mingchang the Qiang chief Yi Biao murdered a prefectural aide and rebelled. Gang, then a palace attendant, was ordered to plan with Cao Foliu, summoned Qingyi Ke's forces, and crushed Yi Biao. Cao Foliu was promoted to vice-prefect of Lintao while retaining the Taozhou prefecture. His son Puxian became patrol inspector of Taozhou. Whenever Gang's duties brought him to Taozhou, Foliu assured him of Qingyi Ke's sincere wish to submit. Gang memorialized again and again, but the throne never consented. When Gang took command in Shaanxi, the emperor secretly charged him to direct the western campaign. By then Foliu was dead and Puxian served as patrol inspector of Huai Qiang. Gang reached Taozhou and urgently summoned Puxian to serve as acting vice-prefect. Puxian sent messengers through the Qiang country. Qingyi Ke rejoiced, gathered his chiefs, registered lands and people, and came to Gang to swear allegiance. Gang reported the submission. The emperor made Qingyi Ke vice overall commander of Diezhou and General of Expansive Might. The edict to Qingyi Ke ran: "You rule your people, long a power on the frontier. Turning from the false Song toward our court, you offer steadfast loyalty. We mark your merit and will honor you richly. Seeing the Song credentials you surrendered—our rule over frontier peoples knows no such precedent—we grant a new appointment so you may govern your tribes with added standing: one gold tablet and two silver. Receive them, accept our grace, and guard the marches forever." Cao Puxian was confirmed vice-prefect of Taozhou. Gang was made commander of the Archer's Guard, advanced three ranks, and kept his pacification and military posts. Wugulun Yanzhou of Shangzhou led the effort, Cao Puxian served as deputy, and Qingyi Ke as coordinator. The edict read: "Wanyan Gang, when you departed you did not yet know of Qingyi Ke. You alone insisted he could be won—and he has indeed submitted. Do not humble yourself before his strength, nor despise him because he is a frontier chief."

九月，詔安慰陝西，略曰：「京兆、鳳翔、臨洮三路，應被宋兵逼脅，背國從偽，或沒落外境，若能自歸者，官吏依舊勾當，百姓各令複業，元拋地土依數給付。及受宋人旗榜結構等，或值驚擾因而避役逃亡，未發覺者，許令所在官司陳首，並行釋免，更不追究，軍前可用之人隨宜任使。限外不首，複罪如初。

In the ninth month an edict reassured Shaanxi: "Those on the Jingzhao, Fengxiang, and Lintao circuits who, pressed by Song armies, followed the false regime or fled beyond the border—if they return willingly, officials keep their posts and commoners their livelihoods; abandoned lands shall be fully restored. Those who took Song banners, fled draft or panic, and have not been caught may confess locally and be pardoned without penalty. Able men may serve at the front as needed. After the deadline, non-confessors face the original penalties.

宋程松遣別將曲昌世襲方山原，自率兵數萬分道襲和尚原、西山寨、龍門等關。是日，大霧四塞，既又暴雨，和尚原、西山寨，龍門關戍兵不知宋兵來，松遂據之。蒲察貞遣行軍副統裴滿阿裏、同知隴州事完顏孛論以兵千人伏方山原下，萬戶奧屯撒合門、美原縣令術虎合遝別將壯士五百，取間道潛登，出宋兵上，自高而下，宋兵大駭，伏兵合擊，遂破之。貞乃分遣術虎合遝、部將完顏出軍奴率兵千人出黃兒谷取和尚原，同知會州事女奚列南家、押軍猛安粘割撒改率兵千人出大寧穀取西山寨，貞自以兵七百由中路取龍門等關。程松已焚閣道，貞且修道且進兵。至小關，松將楊廷據險注射，貞不得前，令行軍副統裴滿阿裏為疑兵，潛遣猛安胡信率甲士五十人繞出其後，反擊之，宋兵大亂，遂斬廷於陣。宋兵走二里關，複敗。宋將彭統領宋兵走龍門，追擊，大破之。合遝乘夜潛登和尚原絕頂，宋人驚以為神，皆散走，破其眾二千，生獲數十人。南家斬木開道以登西山，再與宋兵遇，皆敗之，遂盡複故地。

Cheng Song of Song sent Qu Changshi to strike Fangshanyuan while he led tens of thousands against Heshangyuan, Xishan Stockade, Longmen, and other passes. Fog sealed the passes, then rain burst. Garrisons at Heshangyuan, Xishan, and Longmen never saw the Song coming until Cheng Song held them. Pucha Zhen sent Peiman Ali and Wanyan Bolun with a thousand men to ambush below Fangshanyuan. Sahemen and Shuhu Hedao led five hundred up a secret path above the Song. The enemy panicked; the trap closed and shattered them. Zhen dispatched Hedao and Wanyan Chujunu through Huang'er Valley toward Heshangyuan; Nanjia and Sagai through Daning Valley for Xishan; Zhen himself took seven hundred along the middle road for Longmen. Cheng Song had burned the plankways; Zhen rebuilt as he marched. At Xiaoguan Yang Ting held the heights and rained arrows. Zhen feinted with Peiman Ali while Hu Xin circled fifty armored men behind. The Song broke; Ting fell in the melee. They fled to Erliguan and were beaten again. Commander Peng fled toward Longmen; pursuit annihilated his force. Hedao scaled Heshangyuan's peak by night. Song soldiers took it for sorcery and fled. Two thousand were shattered; dozens captured. Nanjia hewed a path up Western Mountain, twice met and routed Song forces, and restored all lost ground.

宋吳曦將馮興、楊雄、李珪以步騎八千人入赤穀，將寇秦州。承裕、完顏璘、河州防禦使蒲察秉鉉逆擊，破之。宋步兵趨西山，騎兵走赤穀。承裕分兵躡宋步兵，宋步兵據山搏戰，部將唐括按答海率二百騎馳擊之，甲士蒙葛挺身先入其陣，眾乘之，宋步兵大潰，殺數百人，追者至皁郊城，斬首二千級。猛安把添奴追宋騎兵，殺千余人，馮興僅以身免，楊雄、李珪皆為金軍所殺。十月，綱以蕃、漢步騎一萬出臨潭，充以關中兵一萬出陳倉，蒲察貞以岐、隴兵一萬出成紀，石抹仲溫以隴右步騎五千出鹽川，完顏璘以本部兵五千出來遠。

Wu Xi's generals Feng Xing, Yang Xiong, and Li Gui marched eight thousand foot and horse into Chigu intending Qinzhou. Cheng Yu, Wanyan Lin, and Pucha Bingxian of Hezhou intercepted and defeated them. Song foot soldiers pressed Western Mountain; horsemen fled toward Chigu. Cheng Yu split his force to harry the infantry, who fought from the heights. Tangkuo Andahai charged with two hundred horse; Mengge plunged in first and the rest followed. The Song foot broke; hundreds fell before pursuit halted at Zaojiao with two thousand heads. Batiannu chased the cavalry and killed over a thousand. Feng Xing alone escaped; Yang Xiong and Li Gui died to Jin arms. In the tenth month Gang marched ten thousand Fan and Han troops from Lintan; Yanzhou ten thousand Guanzhong men through Chencang; Pucha Zhen ten thousand from Qi-Long through Chengji; Shimo Zhongwen five thousand Longyou soldiers through Yanchuan; Wanyan Lin five thousand from Laiyuan.

初，吳玠、吳璘俱為宋大將，兄弟父子相繼守西土，得梁、益間士眾心。璘孫曦太尉、昭武軍節度使、成都潼川府夔利等州路宣撫副使，泰和六年出兵興元，有窺關、隴之志，誘募邊民為盜，遣諜以利餌鳳翔卒溫昌，結三虞候軍為內應。昌詣府上變。曦遣諸將出秦、隴間，與綱等諸軍相拒。上聞韓侂胄忌曦威名，可以間誘致之，梁、益居宋上游，可以得志于宋，封曦蜀國王，鑄印賜詔，詔綱經略之。其賜曦詔曰：

Wu Jie and Wu Lin had been Song's great western commanders; their family held the frontier for generations and won the loyalty of Liang and Yi. Xi's grandfather was Wu Lin. Xi held rank as Grand Marshal and vice pacification commissioner of Chengdu and the western circuits. In Taihe's sixth year he advanced from Xingyuan toward Tong and Long, stirred border bandits, and bribed Fengxiang's Wen Chang to turn the Three Guards. Chang reported the conspiracy at the prefectural yamen. Xi sent generals into Qin and Long to face Gang's forces. The throne learned Han Tuozhou envied Xi's fame and that discord might win him. Liang and Yi dominated Song's upper reaches—here was leverage. Xi was named King of Shu; a seal and edict were sent, and Gang directed the stratagem. The edict to Xi began:

宋自佶、桓失守，構竄江表，僭稱位號，偷生吳會，時則乃祖武安公玠捍禦兩川。洎武順王璘嗣有大勳，固宜世胙大帥，遂荒西土，長為籓輔，誓以河山，後裔縱有欒黶之汰，猶當十世宥之。然威略震主者身危，功蓋天下者不賞，自古如此，非止於今。

Song's emperors Huizong and Qinzong lost the realm and fled south of the Yangzi, clinging to Wu and Yue. Your ancestor Wu Jie, Duke of Martial Tranquility, then held the two Shu. When Wu Lin, Martial Compliance King, inherited that merit, your house rightly held the west as Song's shield, sworn on river and mountain—even descendants' excesses merited ten generations of grace. He whose prowess shadows his sovereign risks his life; he whose merit outshines the realm goes unrewarded. This was ever thus.

卿家專制蜀漢，積有歲年，猜嫌既萌，進退維谷，代之而不受，召之而不赴，君臣之義，已同路人，譬之破桐之葉不可以複合，騎虎之勢不可以中下矣。此事流傳，稔於朕聽，每一思之，未嘗不當饋歎息，而卿猶偃然自安。且卿自視翼贊之功孰與岳飛？飛之威名戰功暴於南北，一旦見忌，遂被三夷之誅，可不畏哉。故智者順時而動，明者因機而發，與其負高世之勳見疑於人，惴惴然常懼不得保其首領，曷若順時因機，轉禍為福，建萬世不朽之業哉！

Your clan ruled Shu-Han for years until suspicion ripened and you stood in a ravine between throne and ruin. Song would not keep you yet would not let you go—sovereign and minister are strangers now. Split paulownia leaves will not rejoin; he who rides a tiger cannot climb down halfway. We have long heard this tale and sighed each time—yet you still rest at ease. Tell us: whose merit compares with Yue Fei's? Yue Fei's fame shook north and south; envy brought the extermination of three degrees of kin. Will you not fear? The wise bend with the hour; the clear seize the moment. Better to turn with fortune than cling to perilous glory and tremble for your head—build an immortal name instead!

今趙擴昏孱，受制強臣，比年以來，頓違誓約，增屯軍馬，招納叛亡。朕以生靈之故，未欲遽行討伐，姑遣有司移文，複因來使宣諭，而乃不顧道理，愈肆憑陵，虔劉我邊陲，攻剽我城邑。是以忠臣扼腕，義士痛心，家與為仇，人百其勇，失道至此，雖欲不亡得乎？朕已分命虎臣，臨江問罪，長驅並騖，飛渡有期，此正豪傑分功之秋也。

Zhao Kuo reigns weakly, ruled by strong ministers. He has broken treaties, massed troops, and sheltered deserters. For the people's sake We delayed war and sent word—yet Song scorned reason, ravaged Our borders, and stormed Our cities. Loyal hearts ache; every home counts Song an enemy and every man fights with hundredfold zeal. Having lost the Way, can they not perish? Our tiger generals already march on the Yangzi; the day of crossing draws near. This is the hour for heroes to claim their share.

卿以英偉之姿，處危疑之地，必能深識天命，洞見事機。若按兵閉境，不為異同，使我師並力巢穴，而無西顧之虞，則全蜀之地，卿所素有，當加封冊，一依皇統冊構故事。更能順流東下，助為掎角，則旌麾所指，盡以相付。天日在上，朕不食言。今送金寶一鈕，至可領也。

You stand in peril with heroic gifts—you must read Heaven's mandate and seize the moment. Hold your borders neutral while Our armies strike Song's heartland without glancing west, and all Shu you hold shall be enfeoffed as Gou was in Huangtong. If you also strike east in concert, wherever Our banners turn shall be yours. Heaven and sun witness: We do not break Our word. We send a clasp of gold and jewels—receive them on arrival.

綱次臨江被詔，進至水洛，訪得曦族人端，署為水洛城巡檢使，遣持詔間行諭曦。曦得詔意動，程松尚在興元，未敢發，詐稱杖殺端，以蔽匿其事。松兵既敗，曦乃遣掌管機宜文字姚圓與端奉表送款。綱遣前京北府錄事張仔會吳曦於興州之置口，曦言歸心朝廷無他，張仔請以告身為報，曦盡出以付之，仍獻階州。

Gang, receiving orders at Linjiang, advanced to Shuiluo, found Xi's kinsman Duan, made him patrol inspector of Shuiluo, and sent him with the edict by secret path to Xi. Xi wavered at the edict, but Cheng Song remained at Xingyuan and he dared not move. He feigned having Duan clubbed to death to hide the plot. When Cheng Song fell, Xi sent Yao Yuan with Duan bearing a letter of surrender. Gang sent Zhang Zai to meet Xi at Xingzhou's Zhekou. Xi swore loyalty; Zhang Zai demanded his commissions as proof and Xi surrendered them all, yielding Jiezhou as well.

朝廷以曦初附，恃中國為援，欲先取襄陽以為蜀漢遮罩，乃詔右副元帥匡先攻襄陽，詔略曰：「陝西一面雖下四州，吳曦之降朕所經略。自大軍出境，惟卿所部力戰為多，方之前人無所愧謝。今南伐之事責成卿等，區區俘獲不足羡慕，果能為國建功，豈止一身榮寵，後世子孫，亦保富貴。」匡得詔，乃移兵趨襄陽。十二月，曦遣果州團練使郭澄、仙人關使任辛奉表及蜀地圖志、吳氏譜牒來上。

The court, trusting Xi's fresh allegiance, sought Xiangyang first as a shield for Shu-Han and ordered Right Vice Marshal Kuang to strike it. The edict said: "Though Shaanxi lost four prefectures, Xi's surrender is Our doing. Since the armies marched, yours alone fought hardest—no shame beside your forebears. The southern war rests on you. Small spoils matter little; true merit enriches your line for generations." Kuang took the order and marched on Xiangyang. In the twelfth month Xi sent Guo Cheng of Guozhou and Ren Xin of Xianren Pass with memorials, Shu maps, and the Wu genealogy.

七年正月，召綱赴京師，以為陝西宣撫副使，進三階。還軍，吳曦遣郭澄進謝恩表、誓表、賀全蜀歸附三表，親王百官稱賀，朝廷以詔答之，並賜誓詔。郭澄朝辭，諭澄曰：「汝主效順，以全蜀歸附，朕甚嘉之。然立國日淺，恐宋兵侵軼，人心不安，凡有當行事務已委宣撫完顏綱移文計議。或有緊急，即差人就去講究。大定間，汝主嘗以事入覲，今亦多歲，朕嘉汝主之義，懷想不忘，欲得其繪像，如見其面。今已遣使封冊，俟回日附進。可以此意歸諭汝主。」詔以同知臨洮府事術虎高琪為封冊使，翰林直學士喬宇副之。詔高琪曰：「卿以邊面宣力，加之讀書，蜀人識卿威名，勿以財賄動心，失大國體。檢制隨去奉職，勿有違枉生事。」

In the seventh year's first month Gang was called to court as vice pacification commissioner of Shaanxi and advanced three ranks. Back in the field, Xi sent Guo Cheng with thanks, oaths, and congratulations on Shu's submission. Princes and officials celebrated; the court replied with edict and oath. At Guo Cheng's farewell audience he heard: "Your master has loyally surrendered all Shu. We are well pleased. His realm is young; Song may raid and hearts waver. Wanyan Gang shall handle all affairs by dispatch. Urgent matters: send envoys at once for counsel. In Dading your master visited court—long ago now. We cherish him and desire his portrait as though we saw his face. Enfeoffment envoys are dispatched; the portrait will follow on their return. Bear this message home to your master." Shuhu Gaoqi of Lintao was named enfeoffment envoy; Academician Qiao Yu his deputy. Gaoqi was told: "You have served the frontier and read books; Shu knows your name. Do not let gifts sway you and shame the realm. Control your retinue; do not abuse authority."

頃之，宋安丙殺吳曦。上聞曦死，遣使責綱，詔曰：「曦之降，自當進據仙人關，以制蜀命，且為曦重。既不據關，複撤兵，使丙無所憚，是宜有今日也。」於是，詔贈曦太師，命德順州刺史完顏思忠招魂葬于水洛縣。以曦族兄端之子為曦後。詔諭陝西軍士，略曰：「汝等爰自去冬，出疆用命，擐披甲胄，冒涉艱險，直取山外數州，比之他軍實有勤效。界外屯駐日久，負勞苦，恩賞未行，有司申奏不明，以致如此。朕已令增給賞物，以酬爾勞。惟是餘賊未殄，猶須經略。眷我師徒，久役未解，深懷憫念，寤寐弗忘。汝等益思體國之忠，奮敵愾之勇，協心畢力，建立功勳；高爵厚祿，朕所不吝。」

Soon An Bing of Song slew Wu Xi. Learning of Xi's death, the throne rebuked Gang: "On his surrender you should have seized Xianren Pass to hold Shu and strengthen him. You held no pass and withdrew troops, leaving Bing unafraid—today was inevitable." Xi was posthumously made Grand Preceptor; Wanyan Sizhong of Dezun was ordered to conduct his soul and bury him at Shuiluo. Duan's son, Xi's kinsman, was appointed his heir. An edict addressed the Shaanxi soldiers, in summary: "Since last winter you have crossed the borders at the cost of your lives, donned armor, braved hardship, and seized several prefectures beyond the mountains. Compared with other armies, your merit is real. You have garrisoned beyond the borders for a long time and borne hardship, yet rewards have not been granted because the responsible offices reported unclearly—hence this situation. I have ordered additional rewards to repay your labor. Only the remaining enemy is not yet destroyed and still requires our attention. I cherish my armies, long in service without release, and think of you with compassion waking and sleeping. Think further on loyalty to the state, rouse your courage against the enemy, unite your hearts and give your full strength to win merit; high rank and generous rewards—I withhold none."

宋人複陷階州、西和州，綱至鳳翔，詔徹五州之兵退保要害，五州之民願徙內地者厚撫集之。以近侍局直長為四川安慰使。蒲察貞撤黃牛戍，宋安丙乘之，連兵來襲，遂陷散關，鞏州鈐轄兀顏阿失死之。詔奪綱官一階，降兵部侍郎，權宣撫副使。遣戶部侍郎尼龐古懷忠按治綱以下將吏。懷忠未至陝西，綱、貞遣兵潛自昆谷西山養馬澗入，四面攻之，複取散關，斬宋將張統領、於團練。綱遣使奏捷，詔書獎諭，貞等釋不問。

The Song again captured Jiezhou and Xihezhou. Gang reached Fengxiang. An edict ordered troops withdrawn from the five prefectures to hold key points, and people who wished to move inland were generously resettled. A director of the Inner Attendants Bureau was appointed Sichuan consolation commissioner. Pucha Zhen withdrew the Huangniu garrison. Song general An Bing seized the chance, attacked in force, and captured Sanshui Pass. Gongzhou commander Wanyan Ashi was killed. An edict stripped Gang of one rank, demoted him to Vice Minister of War, and made him acting Pacification Vice Commissioner. Vice Minister of Revenue Nipanggu Huaizhong was dispatched to investigate Gang and the officers under him. Before Huaizhong reached Shaanxi, Gang and Zhen secretly sent troops through Yangmadong on Kungu Valley's western slope, attacked from four sides, recaptured Sanshui Pass, and beheaded Song commanders Zhang and Yu. Gang reported victory by envoy. An edict praised him, and Zhen and others were released without punishment.

胡沙虎斬關入中都，遷衛紹王于衛邸，命綱子安和作家書，使親信人召綱。綱至，囚之憫忠寺，明日，押至市中，使張霖卿數以失四川、敗縉山之事，殺之。

Hushahu forced the pass and entered Zhongdu, moved Prince Wei Shao to the Wei residence, had Gang's son Anhe write a family letter, and sent a trusted man to summon Gang. When Gang arrived he was imprisoned at Minzhong Temple. The next day he was led to the market, where Zhang Linqing recounted his loss of Sichuan and defeat at Jinshan, and he was executed.

弟定奴

Younger brother: Dingnu

贊曰：章宗伐宋之役，三易主帥，兵家所忌也。宋不知乘此以為功，猶曰有人焉？韓侂胄心強智疏，蘇師旦謀淺任大，函首燕、薊，南北皆曰賊臣，何哉？完顏匡、完顏綱皆泰和終功之臣，然匡隳忠於大安，綱罔難於至甯，富貴之惑人，乃如此邪？

The appraiser says: In Zhangzong's campaign against Song the supreme commander was changed three times—the very thing strategists dread. Song did not know how to turn this to their advantage—can they still claim capable men? Han Tuozhou was bold but shallow; Su Shidan schemed lightly yet bore great responsibility. Their heads in boxes reached Yan and Ji, and north and south alike called them traitor ministers. How could it be otherwise? Wanyan Kuang and Wanyan Gang both crowned the Taihe achievements, yet Kuang betrayed his loyalty in Da'an and Gang evaded blame in Zhiyong—is this how wealth and rank bewilder men?

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