Volume 99 Biographies 37: Tu Danyi, Jia Xuan, Sun Duo, Sun JiKang, Li Ge

徒單鎰

Tu Danyi

徒單鎰本名按出，上京路速速保子猛安人。父烏輦，北京副留守。鎰穎悟絕倫，甫七歲，習女直字。大定四年，詔以女直字譯書籍。五年，翰林侍講學士徒單子溫進所譯《貞觀政要》、《白氏策林》等書。六年，複進《史記》、《西漢書》，詔頒行之。選諸路學生三十余人，令編修官溫蒂罕締達教以古書，習作詩、策。鎰在選中，最精詣，遂通契丹大小字及漢字，該習經史。久之，樞密使完顏思敬請教女直人舉進士，下尚書省議。奏曰：「初立女直進士科，且免鄉、府兩試，其禮部試、廷試，止對策一道，限字五百以上成。在都設國子學，諸路設府學，並以新進士充教授，士民子弟願學者聽。歲久，學者當自眾，即同漢人進士三年一試。」從之。十三年八月，詔策女直進士，問以求賢為治之道。侍御史完顏蒲涅、太常博士李晏、應奉翰林文字阿不罕德甫、移刺傑、中都路都轉運副使奚釭考試鎰等二十七人及第。鎰授兩官，餘授一官，上三人為中都路教授，四名以下除各路教授。十五年，詔譯諸經，著作佐郎溫蒂罕締達、編修官宗璧、尚書省譯史阿魯、吏部令史楊克忠譯解，翰林修撰移刺傑、應奉翰林文字移刺履講究其義。鎰自中都路教授選為國子助教。左丞相紇石烈良弼嘗到學中與鎰談論，深加禮敬。丁母憂，起複國史院編修官。

Tu Danyi, whose birth name was Anchu, came from Susubao Zimeng'an in Shangjing Circuit. His father Wulian served as Deputy Military Commissioner of Beijing. Yi was extraordinarily gifted; by the age of seven he was already learning the Jurchen script. In the fourth year of the Dading era, the court decreed that books be translated into Jurchen script. The following year, Hanlin Attendant Lecturer Tudan Ziwen submitted his Jurchen translations of the Essentials of Government in the Zhenguan Reign, Bai Juyi's Policy Forest, and other texts. In the sixth year he presented translations of Records of the Grand Historian and the History of the Western Han as well, and the court ordered them distributed. Over thirty students from the provinces were chosen; Compiler Wendihan Dida was assigned to teach them the classics and train them in poetry and policy essays. Yi was among the selectees and proved the most accomplished, mastering both the large and small Khitan scripts and Chinese, and gaining a thorough grounding in the classics and histories. Some time later Privy Councilor Wanyan Sijin proposed instituting jinshi examinations for Jurchens; the proposal was sent to the Ministry of Revenue for discussion. The memorial read: "At the outset of the Jurchen jinshi track, candidates should be exempt from the district and prefectural rounds; the Ministry of Rites and palace examinations should require only a single policy response of at least five hundred characters. Establish a Directorate of Education in the capital and prefectural schools in each circuit, staffed by recent jinshi as instructors; any official or commoner who wishes to study may enroll. Once students have grown numerous over the years, Jurchen candidates should follow the same triennial examination schedule as Han jinshi." The court approved the proposal. In the eighth month of the thirteenth year, the court held a Jurchen jinshi policy examination on the theme of governing by seeking out worthy men. Attendant Censor Wanyan Punie, Director of Court Music Li Yan, Hanlin Copyist Abuhan Defu, Yila Jie, and Deputy Transport Commissioner of Zhongdu Circuit Xi Gang examined the candidates; Yi and twenty-six others passed. Yi received two appointments; the others one each. The top three became instructors in Zhongdu Circuit, while those ranked fourth and below were assigned as instructors in the provinces. In the fifteenth year the court ordered the classics translated. Assistant Compiler Wendihan Dida, Compiler Zong Bi, Ministry translator Alu, and Ministry of Personnel clerk Yang Kezhong produced the renderings, while Hanlin Academician Yila Jie and Hanlin Copyist Yila Lü explained their meaning. Yi was promoted from instructor in Zhongdu Circuit to assistant instructor at the Directorate of Education. Left Chancellor Heshilie Liangbi once visited the school to talk with Yi and showed him marked respect. After mourning his mother, he was recalled from retirement to serve as compiler at the National History Institute.

世宗嘗問太尉完顏守道曰：「徒單鎰何如人也？」守道對曰：「有材力，可任政事。」上曰：「然，當以劇任處之。」又曰：「鎰容止溫雅，其心平易。」久之，兼修起居注，累遷翰林待制，兼右司員外郎。獻《漢光武中興賦》，世宗大悅曰：「不設此科，安得此人。」

Emperor Shizong once asked Grand Marshal Wanyan Shoudao, "What manner of man is Tu Danyi?" Shoudao answered, "He has talent and is fit for administrative office." The emperor said, "Indeed—he should be given a weighty assignment." He added, "Yi's manner is gentle and refined, and his disposition is even-tempered." In time he was also assigned to compile the Veritable Records and rose through successive promotions to Hanlin Attendant Draftsman, concurrently serving as Vice Director in the Right Bureau. He submitted a rhapsody on Emperor Guangwu's restoration of the Han; Shizong was delighted and said, "Without this examination track, how would we ever have found such a man?"

章宗即位，遷左諫議大夫，兼吏部侍郎。明昌元年，為御史中丞。無何，拜參知政事，兼修國史。鎰言：「人生有欲，不限以制，則侈心無極。今承平日久，當慎行此道，以為經久之治。」章宗銳意于治平，鎰上書，其略曰：「臣竊觀唐、虞之書，其臣之進言於君曰'戒哉'，'懋哉'，曰'籲'，曰'都'。既陳其戒，複導其美。君之為治也，必曰：'稽於眾，舍己從人'。既能聽之，又能行之，又從而興起之。君臣上下之間相與如此。陛下繼興隆之運，撫太平之基，誠宜稽古崇德，留意於此，無因物以好惡喜怒，無以好惡喜怒輕忽小善，不恤人言。夫上下之情有通塞，天地之運有否泰。唐陸贄嘗陳隔塞之九弊，上有其六，下有其三。陛下能慎其六，為臣子者敢不慎其三哉！上下之情既通，則大綱舉而群目張矣。」進尚書右丞，修史如故。

When Zhangzong came to the throne, Yi was appointed Left Remonstrance Counselor and concurrent Vice Minister of Personnel. In the first year of the Mingchang era he was made Censor-in-Chief. Shortly thereafter he was appointed Vice Grand Councilor, retaining responsibility for compiling the national history. Yi said, "Human beings are driven by desire; without limits imposed by regulation, extravagance knows no bounds. Now that peace has endured so long, we must practice restraint carefully if governance is to last." Zhangzong was intent on good governance. Yi submitted a memorial that read, in part: "Your servant has studied the records of the sage-kings Yao and Shun. Their ministers addressed the throne with cries of 'Be vigilant!' and 'Strive harder!'—with exclamations of alarm and assent. Having delivered their warnings, they also guided their rulers toward excellence. In governing, the ruler would say, 'Weigh the counsel of the many and set aside private judgment to follow what is right.' He not only listened and acted on counsel but also encouraged others to do the same. Such was the relationship between ruler and minister at every level. Your Majesty has inherited a flourishing age and presides over an era of peace. You should take antiquity as your guide, honor virtue, and attend to this: do not let passing things stir likes, dislikes, joy, or anger; do not let mood cause you to neglect small goods or disregard counsel from others. Communication between ruler and subject may flow freely or be blocked, and the fortunes of Heaven and Earth may turn favorable or adverse. Lu Zhi of the Tang once identified nine faults that block communication between ruler and subject—six belonging to those above, three to those below. If Your Majesty guards against the six faults above, how dare your servants fail to guard against the three below! Once communication flows freely between ruler and subject, the great framework is established and every detail falls into place." He was promoted to Right Vice Minister of the Secretariat while retaining his duties as historiographer.

三年，罷為橫海軍節度使，改定武軍節度使，知平陽府事。先是，鄭王永蹈判定武軍，鎬王永中判平陽府，相繼得罪，連引者眾，上疑其有黨，或命節度定武，繼又知平陽焉。改西京留守。承安三年，改上京留守。五年，上問宰臣：「徒單鎰與宗浩孰優？」平章政事張萬公對曰：「皆才能之士，鎰似優者。鎰有執守，宗浩多數耳。」上曰：「何謂多數？」萬公曰：「宗浩微似趨合。」上曰：「卿言是也。」頃之，鎰拜平章政事，封濟國公。

In the third year he left the central government to become Military Commissioner of the Henghai Army, then Military Commissioner of the Dingwu Army and Administrator of Pingyang Prefecture. Earlier the Prince of Zheng had held Dingwu and the Prince of Hao had held Pingyang; both fell from grace in succession, implicating many associates. The emperor suspected Yi of party connections and assigned him first to Dingwu, then to Pingyang—posts previously held by the disgraced princes. He was transferred to Military Governor of the Western Capital. In the third year of the Cheng'an era he was made Military Governor of the Upper Capital. In the fifth year the emperor asked his chief ministers, "Which is the better man—Tu Danyi or Zong Hao?" Grand Councilor Zhang Wangong answered, "Both are capable men, but Yi appears the stronger. Yi holds firm to his principles; Zong Hao tends to defer and agree." The emperor asked, "What do you mean by deferring and agreeing?" Wangong said, "Zong Hao leans a little toward telling the emperor what he wants to hear." The emperor said, "You are right." Before long Yi was appointed Grand Councilor and enfeoffed as Duke of Ji.

淑妃李氏擅寵，兄弟恣橫，朝臣往往出入其門。是時烈風昏噎連日，詔問變異之由。鎰上疏略曰：「仁、義、禮、智、信謂之五常，父義、母慈、兄友、弟敬、子孝謂之五德。今五常不立，五德不興，縉紳學古之士棄禮義，忘廉恥，細民違道畔義，迷不知返，背毀天常，骨內相殘，動傷和氣，此非一朝一夕之故也。今宜正薄俗，順人心，父父子子夫夫婦婦，各得其道，然後和氣普洽，福祿薦臻矣。」因論：「為政之術，其急有二。一曰正臣下之心。竊見群下不明禮義，趨利者眾，何以責小民之從化哉。其用人也，德器為上，才美為下，兼之者待以不次，才下行美者次之，雖有才能，行義無取者，抑而下之，則臣下之趨向正矣。其二曰導學者之志。教化之行，興於學校。今學者失其本真，經史雅奧，委而不習，藻飾虛詞，釣取祿利，乞令取士兼問經史故實，使學者皆守經學，不惑于近習之靡，則善矣。」又曰：「凡天下之事，叢來者非一端，形似者非一體，法制不能盡，隱於近似，乃生異論。孔子曰：'義者天下之制也。 '《記》曰：'義為斷之節。 '伏望陛下臨制萬機，事有異議，少凝聖慮，尋繹其端，則裁斷有定，而疑可辨矣。」鎰言皆切時弊，上雖納其說，而不能行。上問漢高帝、光武優劣。平章政事張萬公對曰：「高祖優甚。」鎰曰：「光武再造漢業，在位三十年，無沈湎冒色之事。高祖惑戚姬，卒至於亂。由是言之，光武優。」上默然。鎰蓋以元妃李氏隆寵過盛，故微諫雲。泰和四年，罷知咸平府。五年，改南京留守。六年，徙知河中府，兼陝西安撫使。

Imperial Consort Li held exclusive sway over the emperor's affection; her brothers acted with impunity, and court officials routinely sought them out. Violent winds and choking murk hung over the capital for days; the court issued an edict asking what omens these disturbances signified. Yi submitted a memorial that read, in part: "Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness are the Five Constants; a father's righteousness, a mother's kindness, an elder brother's friendship, a younger brother's respect, and a son's filial piety are the Five Virtues. Today the Five Constants lie in ruins and the Five Virtues have withered. Scholar-officials who study the classics abandon propriety and forget shame; common people stray from the Way and turn against righteousness, lost without knowing how to return. They violate Heaven's order, tear at one another like flesh against bone, and constantly disrupt the harmonious qi of the realm. This did not happen overnight. We must now correct shallow customs and align with the people's hearts—let every father be a father, every son a son, every husband a husband, every wife a wife, each in his proper place. Only then will harmonious qi spread throughout the realm and blessings follow in abundance." He continued: "In the art of governance, two matters demand immediate attention. First, rectify the hearts of officials. I observe that officials below do not understand propriety and righteousness, and that many rush after profit. How can we expect common people to follow their example? In appointing men, moral character and capacity should rank highest, talent alone lowest. Those who combine both deserve exceptional promotion; those with lesser talent but sterling conduct come next. Even men of ability should be demoted if their conduct is unworthy. Then officials will know which way to turn. Second, guide the aspirations of students. Transforming instruction spreads from the schools. Students today have lost their grounding. They neglect the profound classics and histories in favor of ornamented empty phrases designed to win office and salary. I beg that civil examinations also test knowledge of facts from the classics and histories, so that students hold to genuine learning and are not seduced by fashionable superficiality." He also said, "Affairs under Heaven rarely spring from a single cause; what looks alike is not always the same thing. Law and regulation cannot cover every case; when matters resemble one another only superficially, divergent opinions arise. Confucius said, 'Righteousness is the standard of all under Heaven.' The Record of Rites says, 'Righteousness is the measure by which decisions are made.' I humbly urge Your Majesty, when presiding over the myriad affairs of state and disputes arise, to pause and trace each matter to its root. Then your judgments will have a firm basis and doubts can be resolved." Yi's counsel addressed the abuses of the day directly. The emperor accepted his reasoning but could not act on it. The emperor asked which was the greater ruler—Emperor Gaozu of Han or Emperor Guangwu. Grand Councilor Zhang Wangong answered, "Gaozu was by far the greater." Yi said, "Guangwu restored the Han dynasty and reigned thirty years without a single episode of dissipation or reckless pursuit of women. Gaozu was beguiled by Consort Qi and brought the realm to disorder. By that measure, Guangwu was the greater ruler." The emperor said nothing. Yi was offering an oblique remonstrance against the excessive favor shown Primary Consort Li. In the fourth year of the Taihe era he was relieved of his post as Administrator of Xianping Prefecture. The following year he was made Military Governor of the Southern Capital. In the sixth year he was transferred to Administrator of Hezhong Prefecture and concurrent Pacification Commissioner of Shaanxi.

僕散揆行省河南、陝西，元帥府雖受揆節制，實顓方面，上思用謀臣制之，由是升宣撫使一品，鎰改知京兆府事，充宣撫使，陝西元帥府並受節制。詔曰：「將帥雖武悍，久曆行陣，而宋人狡獪，亦資算勝。卿之智略，朕所深悉，且股肱舊臣，故有此寄。宜以長刺禦敵，厲兵撫民，稱朕意焉。」鎰言：「初置急遞鋪，本為轉送文牒，今一切乘驛，非便。」上深然之。始置提控急遞鋪官。自中都至真定、平陽置者，達於京兆。京兆至鳳翔置者，達於臨洮。自真定至彰德置者，達于南京。自南京分至歸德置者，達於泗州、壽州，分至許州置者，達于鄧州。自中都至滄州置者，達於益都府。自此郵達無複滯焉。

Pusan Kui held regional command over Henan and Shaanxi. Although the Marshal's Headquarters nominally answered to Kui, in practice it dominated the region. The emperor decided to place a strategist in charge; the Pacification Commissioner was elevated to first rank, Yi was made Administrator of Jingzhao Prefecture and Pacification Commissioner, and the Shaanxi Marshal's Headquarters was placed under his authority. The edict read: "Commanders may be fierce warriors long seasoned in battle, but the Song are crafty opponents, and victory also depends on strategy. Your strategic mind is well known to us, and as a trusted veteran of the inner circle, you are entrusted with this responsibility. Press the enemy at long range, keep the army sharp, and care for the people—that is Our wish." Yi said, "The urgent relay stations were established to forward official documents. Now everyone uses the post horses for private travel, which defeats their purpose." The emperor strongly agreed. The court established supervisory officials for the urgent relay stations. Stations from the Central Capital through Zhending and Pingyang connected to Jingzhao. Stations from Jingzhao through Fengxiang connected to Lintao. Stations from Zhending through Zhangde connected to the Southern Capital. Branches from the Southern Capital through Guide reached Sizhou and Shouzhou; a branch through Xuzhou reached Dengzhou. Stations from the Central Capital through Cangzhou connected to Yidu Prefecture. From that point onward the relay system no longer suffered delays.

七年，吳曦死，宋安丙分兵出秦、隴間。十月，詔鎰出兵金、房以分掣宋人梁、益、漢、沔兵勢。鎰遣行軍都統斡勒葉祿瓦、副統把回海、完顏摑刺以步騎五千出商州。十一月，葉祿瓦拔鶻嶺關，摑刺別將攻破燕子關新道口，回海取小湖關敖倉，至營口鎮，破宋兵千餘人，追至上津縣，斬首八百餘級，遂取上津縣。葉祿瓦破宋兵二千于平溪，將趨金州。宋王柟以書乞和，詔鎰召葉祿瓦軍退守鶻嶺關。八年正月，宋安丙遣景統領由梅子溪、新道口、硃砂穀襲鶻嶺關，回海，摑刺擊走之，斬景統領於陣。是歲，罷兵。鎰遷特進，賜賚有差。改知真定府事。

In the seventh year Wu Xi died, and Song An Bing divided his forces and advanced from the Qin and Long frontier. In the tenth month the court ordered Yi to deploy troops from Jin and Fang to draw off Song forces massed in Liang, Yi, Han, and Mian. Yi sent Campaign Commander-in-Chief Wolie Yelüwa, Vice Commander Ba Huihai, and Wanyan Guaci with five thousand foot and horse soldiers out of Shangzhou. In the eleventh month Yelüwa took Hegu Pass. Guaci's detached force broke through the new road at Yanzi Pass. Huihai seized Xiaohu Pass and Aocang, advanced to Yingkou Town, routed over a thousand Song troops, pursued them to Shangjin County, took more than eight hundred heads, and captured the county. Yelüwa routed two thousand Song troops at Pingxi and prepared to march on Jinzhou. Song commander Wang Kan sent a letter suing for peace; the court ordered Yi to recall Yelüwa's army to defend Hegu Pass. In the first month of the eighth year Song An Bing sent Jing Tongling against Hegu Pass by way of Meizi Stream, Xindao Pass, and Zhusha Valley. Huihai and Guaci repulsed the attack and killed Jing Tongling in battle. That year the armies stood down. Yi was promoted to Special Advancement and received gifts of varying value. He was made Administrator of Zhending Prefecture.

大安初，加儀同三司，封濮國公。改東京留守，過闕入見。衛紹王謂鎰曰：「卿兩朝舊德，欲用卿為相。太尉匡，卿之門人，朕不可屈卿下之。」遷開府儀同三司，佩金符，充遼東安撫副使。三年，改上京留守。平章政事獨吉思忠敗績於會河堡，中都戒嚴，鎰曰：「事急矣。」乃選兵二萬，遣同知烏古孫兀屯將之，入衛中都。朝廷嘉之，征拜尚書右丞相，監修國史。

At the opening of the Da'an era he was granted the rank of Equal in Protocol to the Three Excellencies and enfeoffed as Duke of Pu. He was transferred to Military Governor of the Eastern Capital and, on passing through the capital, was granted an audience. Prince of Wei Shao told Yi, "You have served two reigns with distinction. I wish to make you chancellor. Grand Marshal Kuang is your former student. I cannot place you beneath him." Instead he was made Grand Master with Gold Seal and Jade Ribbon, given the gold tally, and appointed Deputy Pacification Commissioner of Liaodong. In the third year he was made Military Governor of the Upper Capital. Grand Councilor Duji Sizhong was defeated at Huihe Fort, and the Central Capital went on alert. Yi said, "The situation is critical." He selected twenty thousand troops and sent Vice Commissioner Wugusun Wutun to lead them in defense of the Central Capital. The court praised his initiative and summoned him to serve as Right Chancellor of the Secretariat, with responsibility for compiling the national history.

鎰言：「自用兵以來，彼聚而行，我散而守，以聚攻散，其敗必然。不若入保大城，並力備禦。昌、桓、撫三州素號富實，人皆勇健，可以內徙，益我兵勢，人畜貨財，不至亡失。」平章政事移刺、參知政事梁絪曰：「如此是自蹙境土也。」衛紹王以責鎰。鎰複奏曰：「遼東國家根本，距中都數千里，萬一受兵，州府顧望，必須報可，誤事多矣。可遣大臣行省以鎮之。」衛紹王不悅曰：「無故置行省，徒搖人心耳。」其後失昌、桓、撫三州，衛紹王乃大悔曰：「從丞相之言，當不至此！」頃之，東京不守，衛紹王自訟曰：「我見丞相恥哉！」

Yi said, "Since the war began the enemy has massed to strike while we have scattered to defend. Concentrated force against dispersed garrisons must end in defeat. We should withdraw into the great walled cities and concentrate our strength for defense. The prefectures of Chang, Huan, and Fu are famously prosperous, and their people are brave and hardy. Relocate them inward to strengthen our armies and preserve our people, livestock, and wealth." Grand Councilor Yila and Vice Grand Councilor Liang Yin objected, "That would only shrink our own territory." Prince of Wei Shao rebuked Yi. Yi submitted another memorial: "Liaodong is the foundation of the state, yet it lies thousands of li from the Central Capital. If it comes under attack, local officials will hesitate while awaiting approval from the capital, and precious time will be lost. Send a senior minister with regional command to secure the region." Prince of Wei Shao said irritably, "Creating a regional command post for no reason will only unsettle the people." When Chang, Huan, and Fu were lost, Prince of Wei Shao bitterly regretted his decision. "Had I listened to the Chancellor," he said, "it would never have come to this!" Before long the Eastern Capital fell. Prince of Wei Shao reproached himself: "How can I face the Chancellor without shame!"

術虎高琪駐兵縉山，甚得人心，士樂為用。至甯元年，尚書左丞完顏綱將行省於縉山，鎰謂綱曰：「行省不必自往，不若益兵為便。」綱不聽，且行，鎰遣人止之曰：「高琪之功，即行省之功也。」亦不聽。綱至縉山，遂敗績焉。

Shuhu Gaoqi held Jin Mountain with his troops and won the people's hearts; his soldiers served him gladly. In the first year of Zhiyong, Left Vice Minister Wanyan Gang prepared to take regional command at Jin Mountain. Yi told him, "You need not go yourself. Reinforcing Gaoqi's troops would serve better." Gang refused to listen and set out. Yi sent a messenger after him: "Gaoqi's victory will be your victory." Gang would not heed him. Gang reached Jin Mountain and was defeated.

頃之，鎰墜馬傷足在告，聞胡沙虎難作，命駕將入省。或告之曰：「省府相幕皆以軍士守之，不可入矣。」少頃，兵士索人于閭巷，鎰乃還第。胡沙虎意不可測，方猶豫，不能自定，乃詣鎰問疾，從人望也。鎰從容謂之曰：「翼王，章宗之兄，顯宗長子，眾望所屬，元帥決策立之，萬世之功也。」胡沙虎默然而去，乃迎宣宗於彰德。胡沙虎既殺徒單南平，欲執其弟知真定府事銘，鎰說之曰：「車駕道出真定，鎬王家在威州，河北人心易搖，徒單銘有變，朝廷危矣。不如與之金牌，奉迎車駕，銘必感元帥之恩。」胡沙虎從之。至寧、貞祐之際，轉敗為功，惟鎰是賴焉。

Soon afterward Yi fell from his horse and injured his foot. While on sick leave he heard that Hu Shahu had launched a coup and ordered his carriage to the Secretariat. Someone warned him, "Soldiers now guard every office of the Secretariat and ministries. You cannot enter." Before long soldiers were dragging people from the streets. Yi returned home. Hu Shahu's intentions were uncertain; he hesitated, unable to decide his course, and came to inquire after Yi's health as the people expected. Yi said calmly, "Prince of Yi is Zhangzong's elder brother and Xianzong's eldest son—the man the people expect. If you install him, Marshal, you will earn eternal glory." Hu Shahu left without a word and went to welcome Emperor Xuanzong at Zhangde. After killing Tudan Nanping, Hu Shahu planned to arrest his brother Ming, Administrator of Zhending. Yi persuaded him, "The imperial procession will pass through Zhending. The Prince of Hao's household is at Weizhou, and hearts in Hebei are easily unsettled. If Tudan Ming turns against us, the court will be in grave danger. Give him a gold tally and charge him with welcoming the imperial procession. Ming will be bound to you by gratitude." Hu Shahu took his advice. At the crisis of the Zhiyong and Zhenyou eras, when defeat had to be turned to victory, the court depended on Yi alone.

鎰明敏方正，學問該貫，一時名士，皆出其門，多至卿相。嘗歎文士委頓，雖巧拙不同，要以仁義道德為本，乃著《學之急》、《道之要》二篇。太學諸生刻之于石。有《弘道集》六卷。

Yi was brilliant, upright, and learned to the full breadth of the classics. The leading scholars of his day studied under him, and many rose to ministerial rank. He once lamented that literati had grown slack. Skill might vary, but benevolence and moral virtue must remain the foundation. He wrote two essays, "The Urgency of Learning" and "The Essentials of the Way." Students of the Imperial Academy had them carved in stone. He left a six-scroll collection entitled Hongdao ji (Expanding the Way).

賈鉉，字鼎臣，博州博平人。性純厚，好學問。中大定十三年進士，調滕州軍事判官、單州司候，補尚書省令史。章宗為右丞相，深器重之，除陝西東路轉運副使。入為刑部主事，遷監察御史。遷侍御史，改右司諫。上疏論邊戍利害，上嘉納之，遷左諫議大夫兼工部侍郎，與党懷英同刊修《遼史》。

Jia Xuan, style name Dingchen, came from Boping in Bozhou. He was pure-hearted and studious by nature. He passed the jinshi examination in the thirteenth year of Dading, served as Military Adjutant of Tengzhou and Registrar of Danzhou, and was appointed a clerk in the Ministry of Revenue. When Zhangzong was Right Chancellor he held Xuan in high regard and appointed him Deputy Transport Commissioner of Shaanxi East Circuit. He was recalled to the capital as a principal official in the Ministry of Justice and promoted to Investigating Censor. He rose to Attendant Censor and then Remonstrance Counselor in the Right Bureau. He memorialized on the strengths and weaknesses of frontier garrisons; the emperor praised and adopted his recommendations. He was made Left Remonstrance Counselor and concurrent Vice Minister of Works, and joined Dang Huaiying in compiling the History of Liao.

鉉上書曰：「親民之官，任情立威，所用決杖，分徑長短不如法式，甚者以鐵刃置於杖端，因而致死。間者陰陽愆戾，和氣不通，未必不由此也。願下州郡申明舊章，檢量封記，按察官其檢察不如法者，具以名聞。內庭敕斷，亦依已定程式。」制可。複上書論山東採茶事，其大概以為「茶樹隨山皆有，一切護邏，已奪民利，因而以揀茶樹執誣小民，嚇取貨賂，宜嚴禁止。仍令按察司約束。」上從之。承安四年，遷禮部尚書，諫議如故。是時有詔，凡奉敕商量照勘公事皆期日聞奏。鉉言：「若如此，恐官吏迫于限期，姑務苟簡，反害事體。況簿書自有常程，御史台治其稽緩，如事有應密，三月未絕者，令具次第以聞。下尚書省議。如省部可即定奪者，須三月擬奏，如取會案牘卒難補勘者，先具次第奏知，更限一月結絕，違者准稽緩制書罪之。」

Xuan submitted a memorial: "Local magistrates, seeking to assert authority at will, use beating staffs whose dimensions do not conform to statute. In the worst cases they fix iron blades to the ends of the staffs and kill their victims. Recently yin and yang have fallen out of balance and harmonious qi has been disrupted—this may well be one cause. I beg that prefectures be ordered to enforce the old regulations, inspect and seal all beating staffs, and that surveillance officials report by name any magistrate who violates the law. Palace punishments should likewise follow established procedures." The court approved the proposal. He submitted another memorial on tea collection in Shandong, arguing that "tea trees grow on every hillside. Guarding them all has already robbed the people of their livelihood, and officials use the pretense of inspecting tea trees to frame commoners and extort bribes. This practice must be strictly forbidden. The surveillance commission should be ordered to enforce the ban." The emperor agreed. In the fourth year of Cheng'an he was made Minister of Rites while retaining his remonstrance duties. An edict then required that all official business conducted by imperial command be reported by a fixed deadline. Xuan objected: "If this rule stands, officials pressed by deadlines will settle for hasty, superficial work, to the detriment of sound governance. Documents already follow regular procedures, and the Censorate punishes delay. For confidential matters still unresolved after three months, officials should report progress in sequence. The proposal was sent to the Ministry of Revenue for deliberation. Matters the ministries can decide immediately should be memorialized within three months. Cases requiring cross-reference of documents that cannot be completed promptly should be reported in sequence first, with one additional month allowed for conclusion. Violators should be punished under the statute on delay."

上議置相，欲用鉉，宰臣薦孫即康。張萬公曰：「即康及第在鉉前。」上曰：「用相安問榜次？朕意以為賈鉉才可用也。」然竟用即康焉。

When the emperor discussed appointing a chancellor, he wished to use Xuan, but the chief ministers recommended Sun Jikang. Zhang Wangong said, "Jikang passed the examinations before Xuan." The emperor said, "When appointing a chancellor, who cares about examination ranking? In my view Jia Xuan's talents are the ones we need." In the end Sun Jikang was appointed.

泰和六年，禦試，鉉為監試官。上曰：「丞相宗浩嘗言試題頗易，由是進士例不讀書。朕今以《日合天統》為賦題。」鉉曰：「題則佳矣，恐非所以牢籠天下士也。」上曰：「帝王以難題窘舉人，固不可，欲使自今積致學業而已。」遂用之。久之，鉉與審官院掌書大中漏言除授事。上謂鉉曰：「卿罪自知之矣。然卿久參機務，補益弘多，不深罪也。」乃出為安武軍節度使，改知濟南府。致仕。貞祐元年薨。

In the sixth year of Taihe, at the palace examination, Xuan served as supervising examiner. The emperor said, "Chancellor Zong Hao once complained that examination topics were too easy, and jinshi candidates have stopped studying as a result. I have set "The Sun Conforms to Heaven's Principle" as this year's fu topic." Xuan said, "The topic is excellent, but I fear it is not the way to draw out the best scholars in the realm." The emperor said, "An emperor should not use difficult topics merely to embarrass candidates. I only want them to apply themselves to learning from now on." The topic stood. Some time later Xuan and Dazhong, a clerk of the Court of Review, leaked word of pending appointments. The emperor told Xuan, "You know your own offense. Yet you have long served at the center of government and contributed greatly. I will not punish you severely." He was sent out as Military Commissioner of the Anwu Army and then Administrator of Jinan Prefecture. He retired from office. He died in the first year of Zhenyou.

承安元年，遷左諫議大夫，改河東南路轉運使，召為中都路都轉運使。初置講議錢谷官十人，鐸為選首。承安四年，遷戶部尚書。鐸因轉對奏曰：「比年號令，或已行而中輟，或既改而複行，更張太煩，百姓不信。乞自今凡將下令，再三講究，如有益於治則必行，無恤小民之言。」國子司業紇石烈善才亦言：「頒行法令，絲綸既出，尤當固守。」上然之。泰和二年閏十二月，上召鐸、戶部侍郎張複亨議交鈔。複亨曰：「三合同鈔可行。」鐸請廢不用，詰難久之，複亨議詘。上顧謂侍臣曰：「孫鐸剛正人也，雖古魏徵何加焉！」

In the first year of Cheng'an he was made Left Remonstrance Counselor, then Transport Commissioner of Hedong South Circuit, and finally summoned as Chief Transport Commissioner of Zhongdu Circuit. When the ten Discuss-and-Review officials for fiscal affairs were first established, Duo was chosen to lead them. In the fourth year of Cheng'an he was made Minister of Revenue. Addressing the throne in rotation, Duo said, "In recent years edicts have been issued and then halted, or revised and reissued. The constant changes have left the people distrustful of government. I beg that hereafter every proposed edict be thoroughly deliberated. If it truly benefits governance, enforce it without heeding petty complaints." Guozi Vice Director Heshilie Shancai added, "Once an edict has been promulgated, it must be upheld steadfastly." The emperor agreed. In the intercalary twelfth month of the second year of Taihe the emperor summoned Duo and Vice Minister Zhang Fuheng to discuss paper currency. Fuheng said, "The Three-Circuit Joint Exchange Note can be adopted." Duo argued for abolishing it entirely. After prolonged debate Fuheng's proposal was rejected. The emperor turned to his attendants and said, "Sun Duo is a man of integrity. Even the great Wei Zheng of Tang could not surpass him!"

三年，御史中丞孫即康、刑部尚書賈鉉皆除參知政事，鐸再任戶部尚書。鐸心少之，對賀客誦古人詩曰：「唯有庭前老柏樹，春風來似不曾來。」御史大夫卞劾鐸怨望，降同知河南府事。改彰化軍節度使，複為中都轉運使。泰和七年，拜參知政事。

In the third year Sun Jikang was made Censor-in-Chief and Jia Xuan Minister of Justice, and both were appointed Vice Grand Councilors. Duo was again made Minister of Revenue. Duo took the appointments poorly. When guests came to congratulate him, he quoted an old poem: "Only the old cypress before the courtyard—when the spring wind comes, it seems never to have come." Censor-in-Chief Bian impeached Duo for disloyal resentment, and he was demoted to Vice Administrator of Henan Prefecture. He was made Military Commissioner of the Zhanghua Army and again Transport Commissioner of the Central Capital. In the seventh year of Taihe he was appointed Vice Grand Councilor.

蒲陰縣令大中與左司郎中劉昂、通州刺史史肅、前臨察御史王宇、吏部主事曹元、戶部員外郎李著、監察御史劉國樞、尚書省都事曹溫、雄州都軍馬師周，吏部員外郎徒單永康、太倉使馬良顯、順州刺史唐括直思白坐私議朝政，下獄，尚書省奏其罪。鐸進曰：「昂等非敢議朝政，但如鄭人遊鄉校耳。」上悟，乃薄其罪。鐸上言：「民間鈔多，宜收斂。院務課程及諸窠名錢須要全收交鈔。秋夏稅本色外，盡令折鈔，不拘貫例，農民知之，迤漸重鈔。比來州縣抑配行市買鈔，無益，徒擾之耳。乞罷諸處鈔局，惟省庫仍舊，小鈔無限路分，可令通行。」上覽奏，即詔有司曰：「可速行之。」大安初，議誅黃門李新喜。鐸曰：「此先朝用之太過耳。」衛紹王不察，即曰：「卿今日始言之何耶？」既而複曰：「後當盡言，勿以此介意。」頃之，遷尚書左丞，兼修國史。議鈔法忤旨，猶以論李新喜降浚州防禦使。改安國軍節度使，徙絳陽軍。

Puyin Magistrate Dazhong, Left Bureau Director Liu Ang, Prefect of Tongzhou Shi Su, former Surveillance Censor Wang Yu, Personnel Principal Official Cao Yuan, Revenue Vice Director Li Zhu, Investigating Censor Liu Guoshu, Secretariat Chief Clerk Cao Wen, Xiongzhou Commander Ma Shizhou, Personnel Vice Director Tudan Yongkang, Taicang Commissioner Ma Liangxian, and Prefect of Shunzhou Tangguo Zhisi were imprisoned for privately discussing court affairs. The Ministry of Revenue memorialized their crimes. Duo spoke up: "Ang and the others were not presuming to debate court policy. They were only like the people of Zheng airing opinions at the district school." The emperor understood and lightened their sentences. Duo memorialized: "Too much paper currency is in circulation among the people. It should be recalled and reduced. Bureau duties and all named-category revenues should be collected entirely in paper currency. Beyond autumn and summer taxes paid in kind, all should be converted to notes without fixed exchange rates. Once farmers understand this, they will come to rely on paper currency. Recently local governments have forced merchants to buy notes at assigned prices. This accomplishes nothing and only harasses the people. I beg that local note bureaus be abolished, leaving only the provincial treasury in operation, and that small-denomination notes be permitted to circulate freely across all circuits." The emperor read the memorial and immediately ordered the responsible offices, "Put this into effect at once." At the beginning of the Da'an era the court debated executing the palace attendant Li Xinxi. Duo said, "This is only because the previous reign relied on him too heavily." Prince of Wei Shao, missing the point, snapped, "Why do you raise this only now?" He then added, "Speak your mind fully in future. Do not hold this against me." Before long he was made Left Vice Minister of the Secretariat, with concurrent duty to compile the national history. For opposing the emperor on currency policy and for his remarks about Li Xinxi, he was demoted to Military Commissioner of Junzhou. He was made Military Commissioner of the Anguo Army and transferred to Jiangyang.

宣宗即位，召赴闕，以兵道阻。宣宗遷汴，鐸上謁於宜村，除太子太師。在疾，累遣使候問。貞祐三年，致仕。是歲薨。

When Xuanzong came to the throne, Duo was summoned to court but could not reach the capital because the roads were blocked by warfare. When Xuanzong moved the capital to Bian, Duo presented himself at Yicun and was appointed Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. While Duo lay ill, the emperor repeatedly sent envoys to inquire after his health. In the third year of Zhenyou he retired. He died that same year.

孫即康

Sun Jikang

初，張汝弼妻高陀斡不道，伏誅。汝弼，鎬王永中舅也，上由是頗疑永中。永中府傅尉奏永中第四子阿離合懣語涉不軌，詔同簽大睦親府事袴與即康鞫之。第二子神土門嘗撰詞曲，頗輕肆，遂以語涉不遜就逮。家奴德哥首永中嘗與侍妾瑞雲言：「我得天下，以爾為妃，子為大王。」袴、即康還奏，詔禮部尚書張暐複訊。永中父子皆死，時論冤之。頃之，遷泰甯軍節度使，改知延安府事。

Earlier Zhang Rubi's wife Gaotuowo was executed for treasonous conduct. Rubi was the maternal uncle of Prince of Hao Yong Yongzhong, and the emperor came to view Yongzhong with deep suspicion. Yongzhong's Prefecture Instructor Wei reported that the prince's fourth son Alige had spoken resentful words suggesting sedition. The court ordered Co-signatory of the Great Mutual-Affection Princely Establishment Ku and Jikang to investigate. The second son Shentumen had composed song lyrics of a frivolous and unrestrained character and was arrested on charges of disrespectful speech. The household slave Dege reported that Yongzhong had told his concubine Ruiyun, "If I win the realm, I will make you my consort and my son a great king." Ku and Jikang reported their findings, and the court ordered Minister of Rites Zhang Wei to conduct a further interrogation. Yongzhong and his sons were all put to death, and public opinion held the case a grave injustice. Before long Jikang was made Military Commissioner of the Taining Army and Administrator of Yan'an Prefecture.

承安五年，上問宰相：「今漢官誰可用者？」司空襄舉即康。上曰：「不輕薄否？」襄曰：「可再用為中丞觀之。」上乃複召即康為御史中丞。泰和三年，除參知政事。明年，進尚書右丞。六年，宋渝盟有端，大臣猶以為小盜竊發不足恤。即康與左丞僕散端、參政獨吉思忠以為必當用兵，上以為然。

In the fifth year of Cheng'an the emperor asked his chancellors, "Which Han officials are fit for service now?" Minister of Works Xiang recommended Jikang. The emperor asked, "Is he not rather frivolous?" Xiang said, "Appoint him Censor-in-Chief again and observe his conduct." The emperor then recalled Jikang as Censor-in-Chief. In the third year of Taihe he was appointed Vice Grand Councilor. The following year he was promoted to Right Vice Minister of the Secretariat. In the sixth year the Song violated the treaty and incidents followed, yet senior ministers still dismissed the trouble as petty banditry not worth concern. Jikang, Left Vice Minister Pusan Duan, and Vice Grand Councilor Duji Sizhong argued that war was unavoidable, and the emperor agreed.

上問即康、參知政事賈鉉曰：「太宗廟諱同音字，有讀作'成'字者，既非同音，便不當缺點畫。睿宗廟諱改作'崇'字，其下卻有本字全體，不若將'示'字依《蘭亭貼》寫作'未'字。顯宗廟諱'允'，'充'字合缺點畫，如'統'傍之'充'，似不合缺。」即康奏曰：「唐太宗諱世民，偏傍犯如'{艸枼}'字作'筼'字，'泯'字作'泜'字。」乃擬「熙宗廟諱從'面'從'且'。睿宗廟諱上字從'未'，下字從'簹'。世宗廟諱從'系'。顯宗廟諱如正犯字形，止書斜畫，'沇'字'鈗'字各從'口'，'兌悅'之類各從本傳。」從之，自此不勝曲避矣。進左丞。宋人請和，進官一階。

The emperor asked Jikang and Vice Grand Councilor Jia Xuan, "For Emperor Taizong's temple taboo, some homophone characters are read as cheng. Since they are not true homophones, their strokes should not be omitted. Emperor Ruizong's taboo character is written as chong, yet the full original form remains beneath it. It would be better to write shi as wei, following the Lanting Preface model. Emperor Xianzong's taboo is yun, and the character chong should have strokes omitted—but the chong in tong seems inappropriate to alter." Jikang memorialized, "Emperor Taizong of Tang tabooed the name Shimin. Characters sharing components were altered—for example, characters containing the world radical were written as yun, and min was written as zhi." He drafted rules for Emperor Xizong's taboo using the components face and and. For Emperor Ruizong's taboo, the upper component should follow wei and the lower dang. Emperor Shizong's taboo follows the silk radical. Emperor Xianzong's taboo follows the direct form: only a slanting stroke is written. Yan and yun each use the mouth radical; characters such as dui and yue follow their standard forms. The court adopted his proposal, and from that point taboo evasion knew no bounds. He was promoted to Left Vice Minister. When the Song sued for peace, he was promoted one rank.

李革，字君美，河津人。父余慶，三至廷試，不遂，因棄去。革穎悟，讀書一再誦，輒記不忘。大定二十五年進士。調真定主簿。察廉，遷韓城令。同知州事納富商賂，以歲課軍須配屬縣，革獨不聽，提刑司以為能。遷河北東路轉運都勾判官、太原推官。丁母憂，起複，遷大興縣令、中都左警巡使、南京提刑判官、監察御史、同知昭義軍節度事。丁父憂，起複，簽南京按察事。

Li Ge, style name Junmei, came from Hejin. His father Yuqing reached the palace examination three times without success and abandoned official life. Ge was exceptionally quick-witted. After reading a text once or twice, he never forgot it. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-fifth year of Dading. He was appointed Registrar of Zhending. Recognized for integrity, he was made Magistrate of Hancheng. The Vice Prefect accepted bribes from wealthy merchants and allocated annual military levies to subordinate counties. Ge alone refused to comply, and the surveillance commission praised his integrity. He was made Chief Reviewing Clerk of Hebei East Circuit Transport and Judicial Reviewer of Taiyuan. After mourning his mother he was recalled and served successively as Magistrate of Daxing, Left Patrol Commissioner of the Central Capital, Judicial Reviewer of the Southern Capital, Investigating Censor, and Vice Commissioner of the Zhaoyi Army. After mourning his father he was recalled to sign surveillance affairs in the Southern Capital.

泰和六年，伐宋，尚書省奏：「軍興，隨路官，差占者別注，闕者選補，老不任職者替罷，及司、縣各存留強幹正官一員。」革與簽陝西高霖、簽山東孟子元俱被詔，體訪三路官員能否，籍存留正官，行省、行部、元帥府差占員數及事故闕員，老不任職，赴闕奏事。改刑部員外郎，調觀州刺史兼提舉漕運，陝西西路按察副使，大興府治中。知府徒單南平貴幸用事，勢傾中外，遣所親以進取誘革，革拒之。貞祐二年，遷戶部侍郎。宣宗遷汴，行河北西路六部事，遷知開封府事，河南勸農使，戶部、吏部尚書，陝西行省參議官。

In the sixth year of Taihe, during the campaign against Song, the Ministry of Revenue memorialized: "With war underway, seconded officials along each route should be noted separately, vacancies filled by selection, incompetent elders replaced, and each bureau and county should retain one capable regular official." Ge, together with Signatory of Shaanxi Gao Lin and Signatory of Shandong Meng Ziyuan, were ordered to assess officials on the three routes, register retained regular posts, tally secondments by regional commands and marshal's headquarters, note vacancies and incompetent elders, and report to the court. He was made Vice Director of the Ministry of Justice, then Prefect of Guanzhou with charge of transport, Deputy Surveillance Commissioner of Shaanxi West Circuit, and Administrator of Daxing Prefecture. Prefect Tudan Nanping, a powerful favorite, dominated the court. He sent an associate to entice Ge with promises of advancement, and Ge refused. In the second year of Zhenyou he was made Vice Minister of Revenue. When Xuanzong moved the capital to Bian, Ge handled the six ministries of Hebei West Circuit, then served as Administrator of Kaifeng, Commissioner for Encouraging Agriculture in Henan, Minister of Revenue, Minister of Personnel, and Councilor of the Shaanxi Regional Command.

四年，拜參知政事。革奏：「有司各以情見引用斷例，牽合附會，實啟幸門。乞凡斷例敕條特旨奏斷不為永格者，不許引用，皆以律為正。」詔從之。是歲，大元兵破潼關，革自以執政失備禦之策，上表請罪。不許，罷為絳陽軍節度使。興定元年，胥鼎自平陽移鎮陝西，革以知平陽府事，權參知政事，代鼎為河東行省。是時興兵伐宋，革上書曰：「今之計當休兵息民，養銳待敵。宋雖造釁，止可自備。若不忍小忿以勤遠略，恐或乘之，不能支也。」不納。太原兵後闕食，革移粟七萬石以濟之。二年，宣差粘割梭失至河東，於是晚禾未熟，牒行省耕毀清野。革奏：「今歲雨澤及時，秋成可待。如令耕毀，民將不堪。」詔從革奏。十月，平陽被圍，城中兵不滿六千，屢出戰，旬日間傷者過半。徵兵吉、隰、霍三州，不時至。裨將李懷德縋城出降，兵自城東南入。左右請革上馬突圍出，革歎曰：「吾不能保此城，何面目見天子！汝輩可去矣。」乃自殺。贈尚書右丞。

In the fourth year he was appointed Vice Grand Councilor. Ge memorialized, "Offices cite precedents according to personal inclination, forcing connections where none exist. This opens the door to favoritism. I beg that precedents, edict articles, and special imperial rulings not intended as permanent standards may not be cited. The code alone should govern." The court approved the proposal. That year Mongol troops broke through Tong Pass. Ge, believing that as chief minister he had failed in defense policy, submitted a memorial requesting punishment. The request was denied, but he was dismissed and made Military Commissioner of Jiangyang. In the first year of Xingding, Xu Ding transferred from Pingyang to command Shaanxi. Ge, as Administrator of Pingyang, was given acting Vice Grand Councilor and replaced Ding as commander of the Eastern Hebei Regional Command. Troops were then raised for a campaign against Song. Ge memorialized, "The wise course now is to rest the armies, give the people peace, and conserve strength while awaiting the enemy. Although the Song have provoked us, we should only prepare our defenses. If we cannot bear a small insult and launch a distant campaign, I fear another enemy may seize the opportunity and we will not hold." The court did not accept his counsel. After the fighting Taiyuan faced famine. Ge transferred seventy thousand shi of grain to relieve the city. In the second year the imperial commissioner Nianka Suoshi arrived in Hedong. The late rice crop was not yet ripe, yet he ordered the regional command to plow under fields for a scorched-earth policy. Ge memorialized, "This year the rains came in season. A harvest can still be expected. If the fields are plowed under, the people will not survive." The court adopted Ge's memorial. In the tenth month Pingyang was besieged. The garrison numbered fewer than six thousand. They sallied repeatedly, and within ten days more than half were wounded. Reinforcements were summoned from Ji, Xi, and Huo prefectures but did not arrive in time. Vice General Li Huaide was lowered over the wall to surrender, and enemy troops entered from the southeast. His attendants urged Ge to mount and break out. Ge sighed, "I could not hold this city. What face have I to show the emperor! You may all go." He then took his own life. He was posthumously granted the title Right Vice Minister of the Secretariat.

贊曰：《傳》曰：「君子之言，其利博哉！」徒單鎰拱挹一語而宣宗立，厥功懋矣。賈鉉、孫鐸皆舊臣，鉉久致仕，鐸忤旨衛王，皆不復見用。徒單鎰亦外官，惟孫即康詭隨，乃驟至宰相。古所謂鬥筲之人，即康之謂矣。鐸論李新喜，其言似漢耿育，有旨哉。貞祐執政李革，可謂君子，其進退之際，有古人為相之風焉。

The encomium reads: The Zuozhuan says, "The words of a gentleman benefit all broadly!" With a single restrained phrase Tu Danyi secured Xuanzong's enthronement—no small achievement. Jia Xuan and Sun Duo were both veteran ministers. Xuan had long since retired; Duo had offended Prince of Wei Shao. Neither was employed again. Tu Danyi too served in the provinces. Only Sun Jikang, crafty and compliant, rose suddenly to the chancellorship. He was precisely what the ancients called a man of small measure and narrow capacity. Duo's remarks on Li Xinxi recall the Han minister Geng Yu—how pointed they were. Li Ge, chief minister in the Zhenyou era, may truly be called a gentleman. In how he held office and how he left it, he showed the bearing of the great chancellors of antiquity.

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