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卷二十 志第十 禮中

Volume 20 Treatises 10: Rites Part Two

Chapter 20 of 晉書 · Book of Jin
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1
便
Among the five canonical rituals, the second category is mourning for the dead. From the sovereign to the humblest subject, flesh and hair come from one's parents; the duty is the same and the grief no different—while they live we sustain them, when they die we mourn them. Hence the canon calls three years' mourning the rite that runs through all the world. Han court precedent for an emperor's death—from the first illness through the lying-in-state to interment—shifted its mourning code across the Xia, Shang, and Zhou models. From the Wei through the Jin, the dynasty largely kept Han practice. Yet once Emperor Wen of Han pared the mourning statutes, every succeeding age copied his shortcut, and the full three-year observance disappeared. When Wei Wu was near death, he left a command: 'All under Heaven is not yet settled; I cannot follow antiquity. For the hundred officials who should attend at the central halt, raise the dirge fifteen times; when burial is finished, remove mourning at once. Those who command troops on garrison may not leave their commands.' Cao Cao died on the gengzi day of the first month; by xinchou the bier stood ready; dingmao that same month saw the interment—mourning lifted inside a single month.
2
便 稿
The deaths of Sima Yi and Sima Shi were handled under the same shortened schedule. When Sima Zhao died, the whole state wore mourning for three days and no more. Emperor Sima Yan kept the Han–Wei rule of ending court mourning at burial, but he still dressed in plain hemp deep robes, set aside brocade cushions, and ate only coarse fare. Grand Preceptor Sima Fu, Grand Tutor Zheng Chong, Grand Guardian Wang Xiang, Grand Commandant He Ceng, Minister of Education concurrently Central Army commander Sima Wang, Minister of Works Xun Yi, General of Chariots and Cavalry Jia Chong, Prefect of the Masters of Writing Pei Xiu, Vice Minister of the Masters of Writing Wu Yan, Chief Protector and Grand General Guo Jian, Palace Attendant Guo Sui, Director of the Palace Secretariat Xun Xu, Central Army General Yang Hu, and others memorialized: 'We have heard that ritual canons and measures wax or wane with the times; the houses of Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou never blindly copied one another—each had its reasons. Great Jin inherits Han and Wei with some reforms and some continuities, aiming only to lift custom where it must; therefore it cannot yet return wholesale to pristine antiquity or match high antiquity in a single stroke. Your Majesty has already bowed to Han and Wei's lowered mourning canons to meet pressing affairs, yet you personally tread the utmost filial path; your feeling overshoots moderation—plain cap, deep garments, lowered mat, curtailed meals—even King Wuding in the Yin age or Zengzi and Min Ziqian as commoners did not surpass this. Now the southern tribes are not yet pacified, government is not yet ordered, and myriad threads of business press upon you, taxing mind and spirit—how could you wholly indulge sage intent and the utmost of private feeling? We your servants therefore believe Your Majesty should cut private feeling to heal the age and aid custom; we dare order the Palace Treasury to exchange garments, the inner apartments to restore seating, the Grand Provisioner to restore full meals, and every other measure to follow the standing regulations.' The edict replied: 'Whenever I brood on the shades below and realize I cannot finish wearing straw cord on the burial mound to keep this pain alive—how much more to eat polished rice and wear brocade—indeed it stabs the heart; that is no way to console myself. I was born to a house of scholars; the rites have been handed down among us a long time—how could my heart one morning cast off this feeling toward him who is my heaven! You have followed me long; try reviewing Confucius's answer to Zai Wo—do not fuss at me again and again. When words touch grief it tears the heart—what can be done! What can be done!' Fu and the others rememorialized: 'We have read the sage edict and are moved to grief; we reflect on why Confucius checked Zai Wo's question—the sage mind cannot stop itself; the feeling is very deep and very earnest. Yet now weapons are not yet stilled, military affairs not yet rested, the myriad threads are weightiest, and all under Heaven is most numerous. Your Majesty in the honor of ten thousand chariots treads the rites of a commoner—coarse mat and straw padding, drinking water and eating coarse food, sorrow swelling within, emaciation showing without. Yet you personally toil at myriad threads of state, sit awaiting dawn, humble your heart to receive subordinates, and lean so far you have no leisure to eat—such labor of strength is extreme. Therefore we your servants tremble and breathe uneasily, truly fearing that spirit will be depleted and the great affair harmed. We dare order the relevant offices to restore your seat and routine, following the old canons. Only let Your Majesty examine and accept our foolish sincerity, so as to console the heart of the Empress Dowager.' Another edict said: 'Rereading your memorials only deepens the tearing grief; I cannot master myself—what can be done! What can be done! Three years' mourning has from antiquity been the penetrating rite of the realm; truly the sages weighed human feeling, set the inner mean, and acted with enlightened forbearance. The spirits grow daily more distant; there is nowhere to cry complaint—though the outward show be slight, to taste rich food and wear fine cloth is unbearable. You ought not go back and forth and doubly wound this heart; I break off words—what can be done! What can be done!' With that he carried the full three-year vigil despite every plea. He repeated the same austerity when the empress dowager died.
3
便 便 便 使 退
In the eighth month of the second year of Taishi, an edict said, "This first third of the month is the day on which the late emperor abandoned all under Heaven, and it is now the full year. I am alone and bereft. At what time could I ever once express the feelings of a son! My longing and grief trouble and poison me, and I wish to order a visit and attendance at the mausoleum, in order to exhaust my grief and resentment. Let the responsible officials fully prepare the procession." Grand Steward Prince Fu of Anping, Director of the Secretariat Pei Xiu, Vice Director of the Secretariat Wu Gai, and others memorialized, "Your Majesty's utmost filial piety rises abundantly, and your grieving thoughts have no limit. Although sackcloth and hemp have been removed, grieving self-injury and coarse food damage the harmony of the spirit. Now, although it is the autumn season, there is still remaining heat. To visit and see the mountain mausoleum would bring grief and feeling that crush and wound you. We below privately tremble and hold our breath, and consider it fitting that you lower and restrain the sacred feelings, in order to comfort the myriad states." An edict said, "I was suddenly made orphaned and bereft, and the days and months have already completed the cycle. Pain and longing crush and move me; there is forever no way to reach him. I wish to look upon and attend the mountain mausoleum, in order to express my grief and resentment. My physical energy is naturally still good. Moreover, it is already cool, and I shall go at once. I cannot do as you memorialized. Let the responsible officials fully prepare the procession at once." Another edict said, "That Emperor Wen of Han did not make all under Heaven exhaust grief was also the supremely modest intent of an emperor and king. When I am to see the mountain mausoleum, with what heart could I be without mourning dress? Let me go wearing sackcloth and headband." Fu and the others again memorialized, "We your servants have heard that in high antiquity mourning terms had no fixed number, and only in later ages did there gradually come to be years and months. Emperor Wen of Han followed the meaning of the time, made a system of shortened mourning, and transmitted it to later ages. Because of the weight of the altars of soil and grain and the ancestral temple, and because of the countless people in the myriad regions, Your Majesty has already followed the expedient system, released and removed sackcloth and hemp, and the assembled ministers and hundred surnames wear auspicious dress. Now, in visiting the mausoleum to express grief and longing, if you add sackcloth and headband, neither advance nor retreat would be fitting. We dare not receive and carry out the edict." An edict said, "I also know that it does not lie in this hempen cloth. Yet the feelings and thoughts of a son are such that he wants the things of grief and mourning to be on his body; this is probably close to the feeling. The assembled ministers should themselves follow the old system." Fu and the others again memorialized, "We your servants have heard that when the sages made institutions, they always followed what was fitting to the time. Therefore the Five Emperors differed in music, and the Three Kings differed in ritual. This is why ancient and modern are not the same, and why substance and refinement are used in alternation. Your Majesty followed what was fitting to the time, lowered your heart and overcame yourself, bowed down to the expedient system, already removed sackcloth and hemp, and practiced the ritual of mourning in the heart. Now to again put on the regulated dress has no meaning on which to rely. If the ruler wears mourning dress and the ministers do not, this too is not something we would dare consider at ease. Our joint deliberation holds that it should be as in the previous memorial." An edict said, "What I suffer from is only that my feelings cannot stretch to reach him; what does it have to do with clothing? You gentlemen are diligent to the utmost. How could I merely oppose you?"
4
輿 便 洿 便 使
In the fourth year of Taishi, the Empress Dowager died. The responsible offices memorialized, "Former-generation precedents set white silk curtains, mats, and a plain bed in the leaning hut, wrapped clods and grass in a cloth kerchief, and applied silk linings to the light carriage, plank carriage, and small-calf cart." He refused the silks but allowed plain carts only, leaving every other mourning rule as written in the canon. The responsible offices again memorialized, "The deceased Empress Dowager should be interred on the twenty-fifth day of the fourth month. According to precedent, at the yu sacrifice one wears mourning dress, and after the yu sacrifice one removes it. Let the officials inside and outside all go to their mourning positions at morning and afternoon, and when the imperial removal of dress is complete, each return to his quarters and remove mourning dress." An edict said, "The three-year mourning is the universally observed ritual throughout all under Heaven. Having received a lifetime of love, yet making no repayment of several years: how could one be buried and then immediately return to felicity? My feeling cannot bear it." The responsible offices again memorialized, "Ages have danger and ease, and the Way has hollows and heights. That the times encountered differ truly has reasons; it is not disregard for ritual. At present, war horses have not yet dispersed, and royal affairs are extremely urgent. It is further necessary to hear and decide matters, in order to brighten the many tasks. Formerly, when King Kang of Zhou first ascended the next chamber, he still wore the cap and robe and attended court. Down to Han and Wei, after burial mourning was removed and released, and the ritual of liang'an had been abandoned since distant ages. We only ask Your Majesty to cut back the system of Gaozong and follow what is fitting to the present time." An edict said, "The three-year mourning is how one exhausts feeling and brings ritual to completion. To remove it once burial is finished is what I cannot bear. When I try to express my grief, words are cut off. What can I do! What can I do!" The bureaus petitioned again, harder. An edict said, "If I cannot be deeply filial, do not take self-injury as a worry. I truly know that clothing is a minor matter. Yet now, when my thoughts are to remain with grass and earth, to take it away by means of auspicious things is precisely to wound the utmost heart again; it is not thinking of me. In each age, ritual codes differ in substance and refinement. Why restrict me by a recent system and make the universal mourning deficient!" Ministers pressed until he wept long and yielded. When Empress Dowager Yuan died and when Empress Yang the consort of Wu died, officers empire-wide wailed three days only.
5
Emperor Ai succeeded when Emperor Mu passed. Ai was Mu's cousin; Mu's uncle Chu Xin asked how to mourn; the Secretariat said no rule existed and the throne sent the case to debate. Jiang Pin and four others cited Duke Min and Duke Xi of Lu—brothers treated as father and son—and argued Ai should continue Cheng's line. Guard General Wang Shu and twenty-five others said, "Emperor Cheng did not privately favor his own loved ones, but passed beyond natural kinship in conferring the succession, and Emperor Kang received the command from Xianzong. The weight of the altars of soil and grain had already moved to the one who received it, and in the sequence of succession it is fitting to continue Emperor Kang." Xie Feng of the Secretariat and six others said, "The correctness of inheriting the body should be rooted in Heaven-given kinship. Examining it according to human feeling, it is fitting to continue Xianzong." The edict sided with Wang Shu and made Ai heir to Emperor Yuan.
6
In the second year of Ningkang, in the seventh month, Emperor Jianwen died just as the second mourning round collided with an intercalary month. Erudites Xie You and Kong Can deliberated, "In the twenty-eighth year of Duke Xiang of Lu, in the twelfth month, yiwei, the viscount of Chu died. It was actually an intercalary month, but saying twelfth month attached the regular designation to the preceding month. For mourning affairs, one first chooses what is distant; therefore one should use the words of Erudite Wu Shang and hold the xiang sacrifice in the intercalary month." Xie An, Wang Shao, Zheng Xi, Yin Kang, Yuan Hong, Yin Mao, Che Yin, Liu Zun, and Liu Dan concurred. Yin Kang said, "To pass the seventh month but not yet reach the eighth: how could this be called exceeding the term? If it truly cannot be settled, then one should follow the weightier option." Yuan Hong said, "If it happened to be an intercalary twelfth month and one did not take it, then the year would not yet be complete, and this certainly could not be done. The Han shu treats an intercalary month as a later ninth month, showing that it is of the same body." Zheng Xi said, "Zhongzong and Suzong both died in intercalary months, and in the changes of xiang sacrifice and removal, all used the month after the intercalary month. The former court still used the month after the intercalary month. Now the intercalary month is attached to the seventh month; what doubt is there in taking it? This also accords with the statement that a distant day extends the feeling. Moreover, the intercalary month is after the seventh and is not the eighth; how could there be suspicion of exceeding the month!" Director of the Secretariat Wang Biaozhi, Palace Attendant Wang Hun, Censor-in-Chief Prince Tian of Qiao, Right Assistant Director Dai Mi, and others deliberated differently. Biaozhi said, "Wu Shang was a man of middling talent and a minor official, not a famous worthy, great classicist, high minister, or weighty servant whom the age should take as a standard. Moreover, taking the intercalary month has no evidence. It merely seizes on the meaning of the distant day, passes beyond the xiang taboo, and takes something outside the limit; this does not accord with the principle of divining the distant day. Furthermore, Chancellor Huan once argued that according to ritual the great xiang sacrifice is in the twenty-fifth month. On what basis would one pass beyond the term and take the intercalary month, making it the twenty-sixth month?" Thereupon they submitted, "Some consider that because the intercalary month is attached to the seventh month, the intercalary month should be used for removal. Others consider that although the intercalary month is named as attached to the seventh month, in reality the three ten-day periods separately make one month, and therefore the seventh month should be used for removal. We your servants, together with General of the Central Army Chong, have examined the matter in detail. A great ritual of one age should take the classics as its standard. For the three-year mourning, the lian sacrifice is in the thirteenth month, and it is completed in the twenty-fifth month; this is the clear text of the rites. According to the meaning of the Yangqiu, when an intercalary month is inside the year, it is omitted and not counted. It is clear that when the intercalary month is outside the year, one should not take it and thereby exceed the weight of the term and taboo, because the ritual system for xiang sacrifice and removal must correct the numbered months." On jiyou, month-end, the sovereign left white mourning and resumed felicity garb. Xu Guang's discussion said, "In general, when distinguishing meaning and detailing principle, if there is no manifest evidence or clear text by which to decide and overturn the matter, then how can it not be doubtful? When ritual is doubtful, one follows the weightier option; in mourning, when changing, one prefers grief. To follow feeling and comprehend things certainly already has established sayings. Biaozhi could not cite and invoke correct meaning in a way that would make others yield, but only used name and rank to restrain people. The gentleman receives emptily, and in his heart has no fixed leaning; how could this be so! Those who held government followed and carried it out; this was probably an error."
7
Cao Cao died in the first month; Cao Pi still staged troupes and acrobats that seventh month—so Wei never treated mourning as a reason to silence the bands. Under Emperor Sima Yan, every dynastic bereavement silenced the orchestras for three years. In Emperor Hui's Taian era, while the heir still wore mourning, the Yuan-day levee went without music. Yonghe years saw the New Year court go silent while Luoyang's tombs lay in ruins. The regent's father Chu Pou died that same span, so the levee stayed mute again. In the sixth year of Taiyuan under Emperor Xiaowu, during mourning for Empress Wang, music was likewise suspended. When Xiaowu died, Grand Tutor concurrently recording Masters of Writing the Prince of Guiji, Sima Daozi, debated: 'After the imperial tomb is closed, weddings may proceed but without music—take one full cycle as the limit.'"
8
Han statute put the inner-palace stewards in charge of a dowager's obsequies while the Three Dukes supplied the legal template. Wei and Jin copied the same imperial funeral code.
9
便 殿 殿
In the tenth year of Taishi, when Empress Yang was conveyed to the Junyang tomb, the standing rule had everyone shed mourning the moment the vault closed. The Ministry of Rites had already accepted Zhang Jing's view, so the heir was told to strip hemp with everyone else. Erudite Chen Kui held that 'the regulation we follow today is the Han emperor's expedient system, born of emergency—it is not orthodox ritual. The crown prince has no state business of his own—naturally he ought complete the full mourning.' The throne ordered another round of discussion. Minister Du Yu held that 'in antiquity the Son of Heaven and feudal lords began three years' mourning alike in qi- and zhan-grade hemp; once burial ended they removed mourning garments, dwelt in silent seclusion (liang'an), and finished with heart mourning—not the same ritual as gentlemen and commoners. Han inherited Qin and compelled all under Heaven to observe three years of mourning garments for the Son of Heaven. Han Wendi saw that his subordinates could not long sustain it, yet did not know the ancient system; further by his own intent fashioned xiang and dan rites, removed mourning, and went auspicious. The Wei house simply took the completion of burial as the limit—successive lords never again practiced silent seclusion to the end of the regulation. Scholars have faulted this a long time—yet in the end they did not investigate classics and commentary, examine actual practice, and solely assert that for kings three years' mourning ought mean wearing frayed hemp through twenty-five months. If successor lords were like this, then the Son of Heaven and all ministers could never remove mourning. Though their intent lay in dwelling earnestly, they were pressed and unable to carry it out. Down to the present generation's lords all follow Han Wendi's light canon—because those who framed the system were not establishing true system. Now the crown prince shares one body with the honored—he ought restore the ancient classic: at zuku remove frayed hemp, use silent seclusion to end the regulation. By right he neither ought refuse removal; nor is there reason to imitate Han Wendi—this thereby deepens the mourning ritual.' Lu Qin and Wei Shu then pressed Du Yu for his sources. Yu said: 'The commentary states that three years' mourning extends from the Son of Heaven downward—this means the Son of Heaven cuts off qi-grade mourning and only the three-year mourning [in heart] applies. It does not mean dwelling in mourning garments and wearing frayed hemp for three years, the same as gentlemen and commoners. Therefore regarding the empress and crown prince's mourning, Shu Xiang spoke of there being two instances of 'three years' mourning.' The Duke of Zhou did not say that Gaozong wore mourning garments three years, but said he 'dwelt in silence' three years—this is text explaining removing garments and observing heart mourning. Shu Xiang did not reproach King Jing for removing mourning, but reproached his banquet music as too early—clarifying that once burial one ought remove mourning, yet he violated the moderation of silent seclusion. In the Spring and Autumn, the Marquis of Jin feasted the feudal lords; Zichan assisted the Earl of Zheng—at the time Duke Jian was not yet buried—he requested to set aside mourning to hear commands—the gentlemen called this obtaining ritual. Steward Xuan came to present condolence gifts for Dukes Hui and Zhongzi; the commentary states 'condoling the living does not catch up with mourning.' These all are proofs of removing garments after burial and of silent seclusion—former Confucians' old explanations often appear as well—scholars simply have not pondered them. In Mourning Garments, feudal lords for the Son of Heaven likewise wear zhan-cui—how can one say they complete hemp garments for three years! Looking up through seven generations, I do not know which king's lord and minister, high and low, wore frayed hemp for three years; projecting down to the future, I fear that for a hundred generations' lords the principle will be one. It is not that they could not—it is that the momentum of affairs did not allow it—therefore know that sages do not vainly establish systems that cannot be practiced. Zhongni said 'ritual's diminishing and increasing, though a hundred generations, can be known'—this is what is meant.' Thereupon Lu Qin and Wei Shu followed this, and so ordered Du Yu to compose an opinion. He memorialized, saying: Your servants Jia Chong, Palace Attendant, Director of the Secretariat, Minister of Works, and Duke of Lu; Lu Qin, Palace Attendant, Vice Director of the Secretariat, Imperial Carriage Commandant, and Marquis of Daliang; Shan Tao, Minister of Xinta; Hu Wei, Minister, Imperial Carriage Commandant, and Marquis of Pingchun; Wei Shu, Minister and Baron of Juyang; Shi Jian, Minister and Baron of Tangyang; and Du Yu, Minister and Marquis of Fengle Precinct, bow their heads and say: Zhang Jing and others, deliberating officials and erudites among the ritual officers, argue, 'Emperor Xiaowen made an expedient rule of thirty-six days of mourning, exchanging days for months. The Way has rises and declines, and ritual cannot be kept complete; the crown prince should also cut off his feeling and remove mourning dress.' Erudite Chen Kui and others argue, "The three-year mourning is how a son exhausts himself; therefore the sages established ritual, reaching from above down below. For this reason, under the present system, whenever generals and officials suffer mourning for parents, all are granted leave for twenty-five months. Honoring and elevating filial piety is how one transforms all under Heaven. The crown prince's utmost filial piety is manifest within, yet mourning dress would be removed without; this is not what ritual calls matching the feeling. It is fitting that he not remove it." Your servants Qin, Shu, and Yu respectfully examine the arguments of Jing, Kui, and the others: each sees one end of what he has studied, but they have not understood the common ritual, ancient and modern, for an emperor in mourning. From above down below, for honored and humble, noble and base, each thing has what is fitting to it. Thus in ritual there are cases in which much is valued, cases in which little is valued, cases in which height is valued, and cases in which lowness is valued: it depends only on what is proportionate. If it is not so, then root and branch do not follow the constant, and the practice cannot go far. The Son of Heaven and the assembled ministers may be alike in the feelings of grief and joy, but what is fitting to their positions is truly different; therefore their rituals cannot be the same. The Yi says, "In the world of high antiquity, mourning terms had no fixed number"; the Yu shu says, "For three years, within the four seas, the eight sounds were stopped and silenced." After this, there is no text. When it reaches the Duke of Zhou, Dan, then it says, "Gaozong of Yin was in liang'an and did not speak for three years." Its commentary says, "Liang means trust; an means silence." Down more than five hundred years later, Zizhang doubted this and asked Zhongni about it. Zhongni answered, "Why only Gaozong? People of antiquity were all so. When the ruler died, the hundred officials gathered themselves and listened to the chief minister for three years." King Jing of Zhou had mourning for his queen and heir; after burial he removed mourning and had music. Shuxiang of Jin criticized him, saying, "For the three-year mourning, even the noble carry the dress through; this is ritual. Although the king did not carry it through, feasting and music were too early, and this too was not ritual." These are all mourning affairs of Sons of Heaven seen in ancient texts. In speaking of Gaozong, the text does not say he wore mourning for three years, but says he was in liang'an for three years; this is a text explaining removal of dress and mourning in the heart. In criticizing King Jing, it does not criticize his removal of mourning, but criticizes the fact that feasting and music were too early. This shows that after burial one should remove mourning, but that he violated the restraint of liang'an. When Yao died, Shun was in liang'an for three years, and therefore it speaks of stopping and silencing the eight sounds. Speaking from this, when the Son of Heaven is in mourning, in the systems of unhemmed and hemmed sackcloth, with coarse staff, headband, and girdle, he should carry through the wearing of the dress. After burial, however, he removes it and completes the matter through liang'an. For three years he does not change his father's Way, and therefore the hundred officials gather themselves and listen to the chief minister. Because the mourning dress has already been removed, the beauty of not speaking is praised; this shows that he no longer sleeps on straw and pillows his head on a clod, thereby neglecting great government. The Liji says, "The three-year mourning extends from the Son of Heaven downward." It also says, "For mourning for father and mother, noble and base are the same." It also says, "Plain mourning garments and mourning carriages all have no grades." This broadly means that when the Son of Heaven is in mourning, the regulations for clothing are the same as for ordinary people and the ritual of mourning in the heart ends after three years; there is still no text saying that he wears mourning for three years. Yet rulers who inherited the body of the state still often fell into neglect and repose. From the abandonment of the liang'an system onward, it came to make Gaozong alone famous in past generations and caused Zizhang to raise doubts in his own time. This is what worthies and sages criticized; they were not criticizing Sons of Heaven for not completing mourning by wearing the dress. Qin burned the books, acted according to its own wishes, exalted those above, and pressed down those below. The Han ancestor created the dynasty in rough beginnings and accordingly did not reform it. It even led all under Heaven to complete heavy mourning dress, attend in grief morning and evening, pass through heat and cold, and be barred from marriages, drinking wine, and eating meat; the system did not match feeling. For this reason, Emperor Xiaowen's final edict ordered that once encoffining was complete burial should proceed, and once burial was complete the removal after red-tassel sacrifice was to be fixed. Although this did not accord with the meaning of Gaozong's liang'an, it was close to the ancient models, and therefore it was transmitted to later heirs. At that time the tomb and temple had been prepared in advance, so encoffining and burial could be completed within twelve days, and on that basis a fixed system was established. Recently, down to Emperor Ming, while he was alive there was no tomb chamber, and only after fifty days was he buried. How could it have been in thirty-six days? This was the fault of the classical learning of that time being careless and abbreviated, and not taking the former sages as teachers. When the Wei house changed the mandate, it took the time after burial as the limit, which accorded with the ancient models; yet it did not set its heart on liang'an, and so shares the criticism of earlier ages. Since the opening of the Taishi era, Your Majesty has pursued and honored the ritual of liang'an, been careful at the end and dwelt in deep sincerity, truly reaching the ancient system and surpassing the Yin ancestor. All under Heaven sings of your virtue; this is truly not something Jing and the others can trace to its root. The rituals of the Son of Heaven and the feudal lords should thereby be complete. The feudal lords disliked what harmed themselves and cut it from their records; what now survives is only the one chapter "Mourning of an Officer," and Dai Sheng's records are mixed and confused within it, so they are also difficult to take as correct. The position of the Son of Heaven is most honored, the government of the myriad mechanisms is most great, and the mass of assembled ministers is most broad; he is not the same as an ordinary person. Therefore, once the deceased emperor has been buried and the attached sacrifice made in the temple, he removes mourning in accordance with the loosening of kinship. If he himself does not remove it, the assembled ministers do not dare remove it; therefore he bends himself and removes it. Yet he completes the system through liang'an, and all the people under Heaven say, "This is our king's humanity." He bends himself in order to follow what is fitting, and they all say, "This is our king's filial piety." After removing mourning, he still mourns in the heart, and they say, "Our king is still this sincere." For all ranks of ministers and sons, how could they not encourage themselves to honor ritual? This is the root by which the sage system changes customs and transforms habits, and the means by which Gaozong brought harmony and brightness. How could it be only mourning skirts! If, as the objectors say, one instead takes one's stand on an expedient rule, doubts the bending or extending and the lowering by suppression, and wants to make official duties the deciding line, then when the father is alive one mourns the mother for a year, and when the father has died one mourns for three years: this is the meaning of the closest kinship bending before the highest honor. In mourning for a divorced mother, the closest kinship provides the relation, yet the eldest son cannot have a separate system. In the meaning that the body is honored, rising and lowering all follow from it, and one does not dare act alone. The Li says: the office of the several sons is to oversee the deputies among the sons of the state. When the state has affairs, they lead the sons of the state and deliver them to the crown prince, to be used as he sees fit. The Commentary says, "When the ruler travels, there is one who guards; when there is one who guards, there is one who follows. Following is called guarding the army; guarding is called supervising the state." He is not without duties. The Mourning Garments says that a mother for her eldest son, a wife for her husband, and a concubine for her master all mourn for three years. Can it be said that the mistress of the inner palace has no duties? Measuring the Han system, at Emperor Xiaowen's mourning, once the red-tassel sacrifice was complete, Emperor Xiaojing immediately wore auspicious dress at Weiyang; Empress Bo and Empress Dou certainly could not have worn hemmed or unhemmed sackcloth in a separate palace. This can be known. How much more should the crown prince, who is paired as deputy to the Most Honored and forms one body with the state, surely follow ancient ritual from afar and match the system of the time nearby, bending to remove mourning in order to ease all below, and accord with the completed statute of one age. For the gentleman in ritual, there are cases in which one proceeds straight and cases in which one reduces by bending; there are cases in which one grades by the constant and cases in which one follows circumstances and sets it aside. It is only preserved within. When ritual says it is not a matter of jade and silk, could mourning say it is only a matter of sackcloth and hemp? This is already what we your servants call the great meaning of the classical system; moreover, speaking from the actual and immediate situation, there is also something uneasy. Now the crown prince's utmost filial piety rises abundantly and issues from nature. In wailing longing, he crawls in the mortuary palace; after the deceased emperor has been placed, he will go and not return, surely imagining the ordinary past and wandering about the sleeping hall. If he does not change and follow liang'an, then the ministers and servants of the Eastern Palace, by duty, will not remove mourning dress. This would mean that the officials attached to Yongfu alone would have to conduct affairs in sackcloth and hemp, and entering and leaving the palace and departments would also be difficult to continue. Now although generals and officials receive the same twenty-five months of leave, when it comes to great ministers, even they are deprived of that system. In the past, Zhai Fangjin, because he himself was Han chancellor, remained in mourning thirty-six days and did not dare exceed the state statute. How much more for the crown prince? We your servants consider that the crown prince should follow the earlier memorial, remove mourning dress, and complete the system in liang'an.
10
On that basis the heir shed hemp under the expedient code and finished mourning in seclusion.
11
退使
Court and camp alike thought Du Yu's view bizarre. Some accused him of bending the canon to please fashion. Du Yu said little himself but told Duan Chang to mine the classics for proofs that would settle the debate for later ages. Duan Chang collated precedents and tagged each with a gloss to anchor Du Yu's thesis. He cited parallels that matched the new rule and mapped how they converged on one conclusion. The compilation ran long and is omitted here.
12
Empress Yang had raised the future Emperor Huai; when she was killed he was still a child, and on enthronement he issued a palace rescript praising her care. At her cortège the ministries split: some wanted retroactive weeds, some cited a nurturing concubine's xiao gong, some equated her to a legal mother in qi-cui. Luqiu Chong debated: 'Empress Yang mother-nurtured the sage ascendant—generally out of special affection. Now by kindness and ritual we posthumously honor her—not pairing her in Emperor Shizu's temple. For kings there is no garment for 'foster nurturing'; I say on the day of the funeral train, three court sessions in plain dress to raise mourning is enough.' The throne accepted his view.
13
On the last day of the first month in the first year of Jianyuan under Emperor Kang, the full-year anniversary of Empress Chenggong Du arrived, and the responsible offices memorialized that after the full year the sovereign should change garments. The edict said: 'Lord and parent are what name-teaching esteems most heavily—expedient regulation arose only in recent generations.' He kept plain dress anyway—far from Han or Wei orthodoxy.
14
In the first year of Xingning, Emperor Ai's Honored Lady Zhang died, and he wanted the heaviest weeds. Jiang Pin presented: 'The former kings' ritual system—ought to be si-grade hemp.' The edict wished to lower to qi [one full year]; Pin again presented: 'Suppressing and bending private feeling is thereby to give utmost respect to remote ancestors.' The court settled on three months of si hemp.
15
During Ningkang, Empress Dowager Chongde of the Chu clan died. To the reigning emperor she was a sister-in-law, so ministers argued the garment. Erudite Xu Zao debated, holding that 'nurturing a father and serving a lord share the same reverence. Moreover by ritual: when a husband falls under the 'father's way,' his wives all fall under the 'mother's way.' Then when the husband falls under the 'lord's way,' the wife likewise falls under the 'empress's way.' For the empress dowager one ought by the meaning of a nurturing mother. Lu reproached inverted sacrifice—to clarify honoring the honored. Now the sovereign personally attends sacrifice to Emperors Kang, Mu, and Ai and to Empress Jing—pays utmost reverence the same as to Heaven. How can one reverence her by the lord's way yet in garments cast off close kin. I say he ought wear qi-cui for one full cycle.' The throne adopted qi-cui mourning.
16
In the fourth year of Long'an, when Grand Empress Dowager Li died, the court disputed the proper weeds. He Cheng, Wang Ya, Che Yin, Kong Anguo, and Xu Guang argued her title was orthodox, her station matched the pole, and both law and sentiment demanded full mourning. The Zuo principle 'mother honored by son' means a titled consort takes the full garment schedule. Hence Duke Wen wore three years for Lady Chengfeng once she was titled mother. A son owes the birth parent both dignity and deep obligation. Ancestors do not override grandsons, so nothing in the canon forces a reduction, though feeling may shape the grade. Where scripture is unclear, choose the heavier rule—here that means qi-cui for a grandmother-empress. Empress Yong'an had no garment—only once raised mourning; the hundred officials likewise one cycle.' The rescript said yes.
17
In the fifteenth year of Taiyuan under Emperor Xiaowu, Honored Lady Chen died; she was the birth mother of the crown prince. the ministries invoked 'mother honored by son,' raised her to Lady, and assigned a household steward for the funeral. Former crown-prince guard commander Xu Miao debated: "The Mourning Garments Commentary states that when one forms one body with the honored person, then one does not wear mourning for one's private kin. Moreover, what lord and father does not wear, the son likewise dare not wear. Therefore royal lords' sons by concubines wear for their birth mothers lien cap and hemp cloth—once buried then remove—not among the five garments' constant norms—then it is called having no garment." The court accepted his reading.
18
In the twenty-first year of Taiyuan, Emperor Xiaowu died, and Empress Dowager Xiaowu established three-year mourning dress.
19
In the third month of the first year of Taian under Emperor Hui, the imperial grandson-heir Shang died. The authorities asked that the emperor observe qi-cui mourning for the standard one-year term. The throne sent down an edict for the whole bureaucracy to debate the matter. Cavalier attendant-in-ordinary Xie Heng held: "For a feudal lord's heir apparent, sworn presentation versus not yet sworn—the honored base and bodily tie differ. The Mourning Garments [canon] states mourning for the eldest legitimate son's long shang means not yet sworn; once sworn then it is not [counted as] shang." Minister of the Secretariat Bian Cui said: "The heir apparent from birth is therefore already honored high—does not await mandate-swearing. If by Xie's debate sworn means not shang, then the son for whom there is no [shang-scale] garment ought wear zhan-cui three years; not sworn and [dies as] shang, then though age nineteen ought wear da gong nine months. Sworn and not sworn—the rise and fall therein is slight; zhan-cui and da gong—the light and heavy therein is far apart. Yet now the commentary states 'feudal lords do not lower the weight of legitimate-son shang.' Loath to [say] no garment, taking da gong as the garment weighting the legitimate heir—then though sworn, there is no longer principle for three years—this is clear. When a male can guard altars of soil and grain and a female can uphold the wifely way—in years when completion is possible yet matters already accomplished—therefore may be without shang—it does not mean infant teeth. One who succeeds a shang [decedent] honors him like a father—still adds nothing and stops at shang garment—how much more with Heaven's Son's honor to enact adult norms for a shang without garment! All shangs that ought be weighted—great officers add no garment—yet to make the supremacy alone bear the weight—never before heard." Court erudite Cai Ke sided with Bian Cui. Director of the Palace Library Zhi Yu said: "The heir apparent from birth is raised with adult rites—then shang principle is removed. The grand heir likewise forms one body with the lord and transmits weight—garments follow from position achieved, wholly not by age. The Son of Heaven has no principle of wearing [mourning for] shang—because [such ties] are cut off at one full cycle (qi)." The court adopted this view.
20
宿
Under Wei dynasty usage, a dynastic funeral saw ministers in mourning garb with silk pouches for seal cords and cloth wrappers for swords. The New Rites, because the Commentary states 'upon leaving mourning nothing is not suspended,' clarifies that in mourning there is no suspension—reformed so qi-cui and zhan-cui mourning do not suspend sword and seal cord. Zhi Yu held that "the Zhou Rites' Wu-ben guards—great officers' duty—all with arms guard the royal palace; when the state has mourning cause, then [wear] frayed robe and kudzu, grasp halberd and shield guarding gates; at burial then follow carts and wail. Moreover, when King Cheng died, Grand Protect ordered various great officers with shields and halberds to set inner and outer vigil. This clarifies that at mourning's crisis one esteems night-watch defense. 'Upon leaving mourning nothing not suspended' speaks of adornment matters—not defense uses. It is fitting to fix the New Rites: cloth garment and sword as of old—the rest as new regulation." An edict accepted his recommendation.
21
簿 簿 使 稿
Han and Wei practice paired auspicious and funeral halberd escorts at burial, both complete with military music. The New Rites argued classical texts never sanctioned festive carriages and outriders for a burial, so ministers should not strip mourning hemp for court blacks—and struck the auspicious half of the halberd escort. Funerals should silence every instrument, they added, so drum-and-pipe bands had to go from the mourning procession as well. Zhi Yu held: "Burial has auspicious cart with empty left seat—that is today's appearance cart. Once buried, at midday perform returning yu, welcome the spirit back. The Spring and Autumn Commentary: Zheng grand officer Gongsun Chai died—the Son of Heaven posthumously granted great road-chariot, ordering it used for the procession. The Gentlemen's Mourning Rites: burial has straw cart and riding cart—to carry garb [used] in life. These all not only bear the coffin—together they have explicit text for auspicious carriages. Once auspicious carriages are set, then fittingly there should be outriders—to image deportment in life, clarifying the meaning of not treating [the deceased] as utterly dead. Ministers and sons in frayed hemp may not for themselves shed—for lord and father then nothing impermissible. The 'Charge at Gu' piece suffices to clarify this. It is fitting to fix the New Rites to set auspicious-garment outriders as of old—the funeral drum-and-pipe ought be removed." The throne agreed.
22
Han and Wei custom had catafalque bearers chant pulling-dirges at imperial funerals and at those of great ministers. The New Rites traced those laments to corvée labor songs under Emperor Wu—voices sharp with grief—and showed how they had hardened into funeral practice. However wrenching the tunes, they are nowhere mandated in the classics and violate the spirit of biting wooden gag-bits to keep silence. Mid-wail for the dead, nothing should parade under the label of "song." The reform abolished pulling-dirges altogether. Zhi Yu held: "Dirges through lead-and-chorus become crushing sounds—mouth-plugs thereby preserve mourning—this too thereby moves the crowd. Though not carried in classics—it is successive dynasties' precedent. The Odes state 'the gentleman makes song—only to declare grief'—to take song as name—also nothing blameworthy. It is fitting to fix the New Rites as of old." The court accepted his opinion.
23
In the second year of Xianning, when Prince Mu of Anping died without issue, his full brother Sima Dun was promoted to continue Prince Xian's line; the matter went to the Chamberlain for Ceremonials to settle the proper mourning grades. Erudite Zhang Jing answered that the parallel was Duke Xi of Lu wearing three years' mourning for Duke Min. The Secretariat issued a writ pressing Jing: "Prince Mu did not treat Dun as subject—Dun does not succeed Mu—this differs from Min and Xi." Sun Yu and Song Chang countered that because Prince Mu never took up his fief and Dun had never served as a feudal officer, full three-year mourning was out of the question. On principle, Dun should wear only his own proper grade—doffing it after the one-year term—yet still oversee Prince Mu's mortuary rites through three years before he may offer auspicious sacrifices to Prince Xian. Sun Yu said: "By the Rites, why lord's descendants treat elder brothers as lord—because they face the state. The Rites moreover [say] wearing zhan-cui for feudal-lord brothers means neighboring state's ministers toward neighboring state's lord—because there is quasi-lord meaning. Now Prince Mu neither went to state nor treated brothers as subjects—Dun never served feudal lords—no neighboring-minister meaning—differs from Min and Xi—as the writ's intent [states]. But mourning lacked a master—Dun having received edict to continue the state—received weight and presided mourning—administers its sacrifices. 'For da gong [mourning] the master's mourning—if there is one with three years then must perform for him twice the sacrifice.' Zheng's Commentary states: '[This] means the deceased's father's brothers' sons who come as mourning master. [Text joins prior quotation;] 'those who have three years' refers to wife or young children (close of Zheng Xuan gloss). 'Twice sacrifice means great and small xiang.' Prince Mu's consort and his household ministers each owe three years of mourning; they are the "three-year" parties for whom Dun must preside over both xiang ceremonies. Moreover grief must not mingle with celebration, nor mourning with felicity. Funeral weeds still fill the palace and wails have not fallen silent. Dun hastily presides Prince Mu's mourning—yet state regulation not removed—then may not with his own kin garment removed perform auspicious sacrifice to Prince Xian."
24
Chenliu memorialized that the Duke of Yan was the king's natural father; once the king had been given to continue Emperor Ming's line, the duke counted only as a congfu relative. Officials proposed qi-grade mourning with no reduction for intimacy or rank. Edict stated: "The king carries Wei house—the inheritance is weighty—may not wear for private kin." Later, under Emperor Mu, Donghai argued that King Ai had been dead more than a year before the heir arrived, so no retroactive mourning was worn; ministers had all returned to felicity garb, and the princess-consort should shed weeds as well. Edict stated: "Why the court followed expedient regulation—because royal affairs seized them—not to alter the rites. Women's transmitting weight—right meaning is great—if following expedient regulation—where will right rest!" The princess-consort therefore observed the full three-year mourning. Sun Sheng held: "Abolishing three years' rites—opens source of stingy thinness—Han-Wei's great failure. Now if holding great officers ought be seized by royal affairs. women may complete proper garment—is this not auspicious and inauspicious observances mixed in palace chambers—bright and plain regulations contrary inner and outer—surely emotion and rites both violated—grief and joy lose their place!"
25
In the seventeenth year of Taiyuan, Che Yin, Chamberlain for Ceremonials, submitted a statement, saying, "I respectfully examine the Mourning Garments ritual canon: a concubine-born son mourns his mother with three months of fine hemp. The Commentary states: 'Why si? Because one forms body with the honored—dare not wear for private kin.' This is classic and commentary's clear text—sages' model words. Yet from recently enfeoffed dukes and marquises down to ministers—sons by concubine who became heirs—each indulged private feeling—wore mourning for concubine-mothers—equating to legitimate mother. This is late custom's harm—drowning feeling injures teaching—if indulged and not reformed—then drift astray unable return. Moreover honoring honor and kinning kin—though rites' great root—yet subordinating kin to honor—from antiquity esteemed. The Record of Rites states: 'Acting as father's heir—divorced mother no garment—because [one does] not sacrifice [to her] thereby.' Moreover, by rites—Son of Heaven's father-mother mourning—not yet buried—step over rope-coffin and sacrifice to Heaven Earth soil and grain. These all exalt stern utmost reverence—dare not with private discard honor. Now personally bearing ancestors' weight—yet with concubine-mother's private—abolish zheng-offering and chang-offering affairs. Five temples lack sacrifice—because one concubine's end—seek in emotion and rites—failure none greater. Whole age thus—none trims or faults it. In heart disagree—but in deed dare not differ. Hence correct rites thus crumble—and habit wrong becomes custom. This is why Airs of the States longs for antiquity—why Lesser Odes laments. Now the nine domains gradually pacified—kingly transformation anew—truly fitting exalt bright ritual instruction—to unify customs. I request that the central departments examine and revise the classics, so as to make the royal standards clear.” The throne let the matter drop without answering.
26
In the eighteenth year Che Yin again memorialized: "Since last year's memorial, from recently enfeoffed dukes and marquises down to senior ministers, heirs born of concubines have worn mourning for concubine-mothers equal to a legal parent—this breaches ritual and statute and ought to be curbed. The matter has been on high a full year without returned report—I do not know what doubt the court's deliberation still harbors. If what I stated is mistaken, then the classics still contain explicit text. If ancient and modern differ, then Jin itself already has established precedent. In the fourth year of Shengping, when the late grand preceptor the Prince of Wuling lost his birth mother, he asked for qi-cui three years; an edict allowed him to follow the former Prince of Le'an precedent and fixed da gong nine months. In the third year of Xingning, [The narrative continues:] When the late Prince of Liang Zhen likewise lost his birth mother, he again requested three years. The Gengzi edict followed the grand preceptor precedent and likewise prescribed da gong. If one consults the Zhou Rites, the grade is si hemp for three months. If one follows Jin statute, it is da gong for nine months. Neither old rite nor current law ever authorized three years in the mourning hut—yet lately each house pleads private feeling and copies the next until it has hardened into custom. If indulged and never forbidden, the sage canons are undone. Honoring superiors and cherishing kin are the twin roots of becoming human; kingly transformation flows from these two channels alone. Therefore former kings framed instruction to carry each principle to its height: they magnified suburban-altar awe, regulated the rite of vaulting the burial cord, tightened ancestral sacrifice, and suppressed mourning for concubine-mothers—by these they ordered civilization and transformed the realm. Bending household duty to the kingly way and subordinating private grace to the ancestors—is this not the sovereign setting the pattern below and fathers doing the same for sons? If reverence for rank ever falters and the feeling that ought to be suppressed surges at every turn, respect for ancestors thins and the rite between lord and minister collapses. When awe before ancestors grows slight and reverence toward superiors fails, expecting customs to mend and transformation to flourish—is that not difficult! What your humble servant cherishes lies precisely here. What my office oversees—I dare not keep silent. I ask the central departments to deliberate in detail." The Ministry memorialized: "As the wording states, send it down to the supervisor to investigate in detail. By ritual a son by concubine who is ritually one with the exalted may not wear mourning for a private parent—this is the meaning of revering ancestors and respecting the lineage. From recent decline this rite has been cast aside. Enfeoffed lords toss away the weight of five shrines; gentlemen and commoners skip winter and autumn offerings—habit has slid into decay and ought to be corrected. We inner and outer offices have deliberated in detail and deem it fitting to accept what Yin submitted: take the Prince of Le'an's da gong as the correct standard. Request that a proclamation be drafted as below, circulated inside and outside, to fix a perpetual rule so all may comply—the measure can then be enforced." The throne agreed.
27
Sovereigns don xi-cui for top ministers, yi-cui for lower ranks, capped with mourning ties. Rulers mourn favorite ministers and concubines three months by the same rule. Han sources never spell out court weeds for ministers. Han Mingdi rode to Jinmen kiosk to wail for his brother.
28
Under Emperor Wu in the eleventh month an edict read: "When princes, dukes, or great ministers die, those who owe three audiences of mourning shall have no music for over a month; those who owe one audience shall have no music for three days."
29
便 · 駿
When Emperor Yuan's maternal aunt the Lady of Guangchang village died, before burial Palace Secretary Xiong Yuan memorialized: "The Rites say the lord toward ministers and great officers—before burial does not eat meat, before the end of wailing does not raise music—because pitying hearts cannot yet bear auspicious business. A Secretariat directive scheduled a small court gathering two days after the winter solstice. Your servant holds that on the Lady of Guangchang's encoffining day sagely grace should show condolence. By ritual, when a great officer dies, one season's sacrifice is suspended. If sacrifice may be suspended, how much more other affairs. Winter solstice may only be an occasion for subordinates to offer congratulations—it is not yet fitting to convene a small assembly." The edict forwarded Xiong's statement to He Xun and added: "Emperor Wu's precedent reads: 'When princes, dukes, or great ministers die—three audiences of mourning, then no music for over a month; one audience, then no music for three days'—that old text is explicit." He Xun replied: "Reviewing the Rites, Miscellaneous Records: 'The lord toward a minister's or great officer's mourning—before burial does not eat meat, before the end of wailing does not raise music. In antiquity the bond between lord and minister was weighty: though the utmost honoring rites lowered the sovereign so he wore no full mourning, within three months he still dwelt in xi-cui and undertook no auspicious affairs. Therefore the Spring and Autumn records that while Jin minister Zhi Ying lay unburied, Duke Ping ordered music and was rebuked by the blind musician Tu Kui. Xiong Yuan's answer matches ancient meaning. The Xianning edict may not tally with every classic, yet it set workable law for its day and became fixed statute—not something subordinates should reopen at will." In Shengping 1, while Princess Luling still awaited burial, an official inquiry asked whether the winter-solstice dinner could have music. Erudite Hu Na argued: "The lord toward ministers and great officers does not raise music before the end of wailing. The princess shares flesh-and-bone closeness—music ought to be omitted." Chamberlain Wang Bianzhi said: "Reviewing Emperor Wu's edict—three audiences of mourning, then music only after three decad-days; those who hold one audience of mourning may raise music after three days. In spring of the tenth year of Taishi, the Senior Princess of Changle died; in autumn of the seventh year of Taikang, Prince Jun of Fufeng died. For both, Emperor Wu held mourning for only three days. Since the Eastern Restoration courts have debated again and never altered that system. Therefore the small assembly ought use music." The ministries left the contradiction unresolved.
30
Classical text still gives three months of qi-cui for a refugee lord and his patron. Jin's New Rites dropped the chapter as obsolete. Zhi Yu argued: "The Zhou Rites were compiled when punishments were laid aside, yet they still list twelve famine policies. Rites complete their regulations to meet every contingency—they do not discard great ceremonies because the age declines, nor omit teachings on decline because the world prospers. When former Director Wang lost his command and wandered, calling himself a guest lord. At that time many under Heaven were in the same case—all fell within ritual's reach. The New Rites should restore this chapter as in the old classic." The throne agreed.
31
便
Han and Wei let mourning follow blood, not rank. Jin's code tried to sever collateral ties for great nobles while still demanding zhan-cui from cousins—a tangle Han never used. Zhi Yu held: "Ancient feudal lords ruled their states and treated paternal uncles as subjects; today's nobles are not the same as antiquity. Because they are not the same as antiquity, their ritual supremacy is incomplete—it is not fitting to follow outright the rule that cuts qi while forcing collateral kin into zhan-cui. Feudal lords being so, duke-and-guardian titles should likewise follow the old pattern. Wei Emperor Wu in the Jian'an era already memorialized for Han to legislate by antiquity; because affairs differed from antiquity, nothing was enacted, while what was enacted appears in Wei code. Great Jin adopted those entries into promulgated law—the New Rites ought everywhere to match the old statute." The rescript accepted Zhi Yu.
32
The revision added three months of qi-cui for masters. Zhi Yu held: "From antiquity there was no teacher-mourning code—therefore at Confucius's death disciples were unsure what to wear. Zigong said: 'When the Master mourned Yan Hui, it was like mourning a son but without mourning garments; I ask to mourn the Master like mourning a father but without mourning garments.'" Thereupon they observed heart mourning three years. That harbors three years of grief yet lacks a qi-cui regulation. When assembled they wore zhui ties indoors but not outdoors—what is called adding hemp to condolence dress. Former sages made ritual easy to follow and possible to transmit. Teacher-disciple duty is weighty, yet garment rules were never written down—later ages followed one another and did not treat that as a defect. Moreover those who seek teachers take 'ever higher' as their gain—therefore they change masters repeatedly without scruple; those who pursue learning take 'daily renewal' as profit—therefore they cast aside the old without hesitation. Zhongni said, 'In a party of three walking, there must be my teacher among them.'" Zigong said, 'What constant teacher is there?'" Shallow teachers and brief teachers cannot all receive mourning. When rightness has light and heavy and garments wax and wane, praise and blame arise, yes and no contend, love and hate clash, and regret is born. The New Rites should leave teacher mourning absent, as in antiquity." The court agreed.
33
殿 西
In antiquity, the burial rites of Sons of Heaven and feudal lords were roughly complete. In the Han age there were again many changes, and from Wei and Jin downward each generation had alterations, but in broad outline they followed the Han system. Cao Cao loathed wasteful obsequies and packed four seasonal shrouds against an unlucky day. He banned metal and gems from the pit. Cao Pi kept his father's frugal will. Cao Pi sealed a gold seal in a stone niche to prove the mound stayed bare of treasure. Opulent Han figurines gave way to leaner Wei practice. In the third year of Huangchu under Emperor Wen of Wei, he also personally composed final regulations, saying, "According to ritual, when a ruler of a state takes the throne, he prepares an outer coffin; while alive, he does not forget death. His Shou mausoleum follows the mountain's contour—no mound, no trees, no resting hall, no park district, no spirit road opened. Burial means hiding—wishing men not to see. Ritual forbids sacrifice at the grave—wishing the living and dead not to profane one another. Empresses and honored ladies who do not follow the prince to his fief and who die in the end are all buried west of the Jian River; I have already marked the ground." Copies of the will rested in the temple and chief ministries. Cao Rui obeyed the same will. Even the lavish Cao Rui held back on tomb scale.
34
使便 使
Sima Yi dug a plain shaft on Shouyang, left the hill unmarked, and left written orders for everyday clothes and no grave goods. Sima Shi and Sima Zhao kept Cao Pi's austere burial instructions to the letter. Sima Shi's obsequies copied Sima Yi's lean model. In the fourth year of Taishi under Emperor Wu, when Empress Wenming Wang died and was about to be jointly buried, Chongyang Mausoleum was opened, Grand Commandant Sima Wang was sent to present sacrifice, and the emperor's sealed jade seal and cords were advanced to the spirit seat in the side chamber. Even the golden seal bespoke restraint. When the court fled across the Yangzi, Sima Rui and Sima Shao kept burials modest while institutions were new. Empress Du of Cheng passed in 341. Courtiers could wail only on that thin schedule until the post-burial service closed mourning. The ministry wanted a formal death-gate and cypress lintel named like a palace portal. The edict read: "Let the gate stand where proposed. Funeral gates and cypress calendars are extravagantly costly—suspend them." Cai Mo traced the "death gate" to the temporary chong bundle hung south of the yard. Until the tablet existed, the chong served as the spirit's lodging. Classical glosses treat the chong as the spirit's interim path. Fan Jian adds: "The funeral gate is not canonical; ritual only suspends a chong that merely resembles a gate. Later generations moved it outside the gate to advertise mourning, and vulgar custom adopted it. Thin curtains belong to the ancient class of mourning screens." Another edict then declared: "Beneath double layers of earth one should not lavish useless ornament; only sweep the vault clean." Officials wanted sixty noble sons as rope-pullers; the throne again said no. In the ninth month of the fourth year of Taiyuan under Emperor Xiaowu, Empress Wang died. An edict said: "Finish everything frugally and quickly." Another edict said, “Neither near nor distant officials may send envoys to the imperial tombs.” Even twenty-four rope-boys were denied.
35
The classics never sanctioned grave-side worship. Han kept Qin's tomb parks and resting halls. The capital's spring round moved from the southern altar through the northern rites in fixed order.
36
殿 殿 殿殿
Wei still raised a tomb-shrine over Gaoling, aping Han. In the third year of Huangchu under Emperor Wen, he then issued an edict, saying, "The late emperor personally practiced frugality, and his final edict was sparing and restrained. The son expresses filial piety by carrying out the father's words; the minister shows loyalty by continuing his tasks. The ancients never sacrificed at graves—everything was set in the ancestral temple. Destroy the upper halls at Gaoling; return carriages and horses to the stables and store garments in the treasury, to match the late emperor's wish for thrift." Emperor Wen personally made his final regulations and further said, “At Shouling do not establish a resting hall or build a tomb settlement”; from then on tomb settlements and resting halls ceased. Cao Fang's single visit to Gaoling ended with Cao Shuang's purge, and Wei rulers stopped touring tombs.
37
Emperor Xuan's testament commanded that "sons, younger kin, and all officials must not visit the imperial tombs." Sima Shi and Sima Zhao complied. Sima Yan alone made limited visits, never to Cao Cao's mound, and Hui abandoned the habit entirely.
38
使
Eastern Jin nobles only began tomb pilgrimages after Sima Rui's death. The practice sprang from camaraderie's impulse, not old capital law. Cheng's harem stopped annual tomb trips once ritualists objected. Mu's regent mother revived the visits while the sovereign was a child. After Xiaowu died, Sima Daozi said: "Though we have shortened mourning by expedient rule, on new and full moons and festivals we should still show feeling at the tomb—take one round as the limit." The result was slovenly dress and chaotic etiquette at every visit. In the first year of Yuanxing under Emperor An, Huan Qian, Left Vice Director of the Secretariat, memorialized, "The hundred officials paying respects at the mausoleum began with the Restoration and was not an old Jin statute. Accumulated practice produced a norm, and it consequently became a recent rule. Review Emperor Wu's edict: he forbade even the sovereign and princes from tomb visits—let alone mere officials! We ought to obey that precedent." The ban took effect. Yixi reopened tomb pilgrimages for a time.
39
In the seventh year of Taikang, Zheng Mo's refusal to leave mourning forced Jin to grant grandees full three-year leave. Even after the rule, Yuankang ministers were "urged" back early, and the exception became norm.
40
使
Sima Mao introduced Wang Bi: a Changsha household cut off by war who remarried in Wei and fathered Wang Chang. With the south pacified, Wang Chang asked how to mourn a first wife presumed dead for decades.
41
使使 便便 使 使 使 簿
Acting erudite Xie Heng argued: "Though there were two wives, there was good cause; it does not harm the Way—they should wear mutual mourning." Acting erudite Xu Meng held: "Land cut-off means there is no rite for a former wife—the prior bond ends because she was not dead yet was severed. Even if the first wife still lived, Chang should not wear mourning for her." A bloc followed Xu Meng. Cavalier attendant Liu Zhi'an said: "Ritual governs the normal, not the extreme; the canon does not list parents whose fate is unknown. For parents whose death is unknown, the classics set down no mourning rule. If they never met in life, drop the heaviest grades and stop at the one-year term." Capital clerk Yu Pu said: "Ritual forbids two principal wives to secure orthodoxy—not merely to prevent jealousy. Hence the line 'once pledged together for life, never to change'—there is no provision for two lawful consorts after upheaval." If bigamy is forbidden, the day Bi remarried was the day his first wife's tie ended in law. Had Bi lived with both wives present, the law would never let two matrons share the hall or both lead sacrifice as equals." Qin Xiu argued: "When a father orders concubines' sons to foster one another, three years of grace appear—yet that equals birth only by decree. Why should Bi not order two principals to follow the same rule if that is so righteous! A father's sworn friend receives almost filial rites—how much more a brother's mother!" Xu Meng rejoined: "You cannot let a young wife and infant be cast off for remarriage elsewhere. If a living husband may take another match while the wife remains, that is nothing but severance." Attendant and Erudites Director Zhang Yun proposed: “Formerly Shun married without announcing it, so the marriage rite was probably lacking; therefore the Canon of Yao speaks of the two daughters being sent down in marriage and does not distinguish principal wife from secondary wife. Later texts call them consorts and ladies, showing no principal empress was installed. Even sages and imperial heirs adjusted ritual to circumstance to fix the code. Huang Chang ordering his new wife to vacate the main chamber was praised in his day. Extrapolating from the Ji woman’s deference and upholding Huang Qing’s decision, each should mourn his own mother.” A majority backed Yu Pu's bigamy reading. Shan Xiong and Chen Shou replied that Yu Pu misread "once pledged"—the rule forbids two principals at once, not sequential marriages. If Bi and both mothers were alive today, the first wife would not be dismissed—that is already clear proof. Were Bi to bring the first wife's son inland while she lived, the son would follow "divorced mother" mourning. If Bi never repudiated the first wife and the elder brother owes a mother's mourning, Wang Chang need not doubt that he wears none." Bian Cui of the thieves section argued: "Bi wed his second wife in ignorance of the first's fate, so the first wife is as if dead yet the bond is not morally cut. If both lived and the second did not leave, she ranked as concubine in earlier law. If they died and were buried together, joint burial annexes her without making two principals. Forcing later generations to call both principals after decades apart would betray the dead father and expel the vanished mother. Critics who say ritual lacks a former-wife garment harm the meaning with dry text. In my humble view, wearing three years for a distant mother is not the same as none for a prior wife. Wei Heng of the granary section said: "Some say two principals cannot stand—the first must be cut off. That seizes the old for the new and makes the son annul his mother—ritual law and human feeling both forbid it. Others equate severance with death and allow two principals, then argue both alive to impose mourning—principal logic dies while garment logic lives, contradicting itself. Some argue that when debating principal rank she counts as dead, yet when discussing garments they treat her as alive—those positions undercut each other and cannot both stand. I hold land-severance and death-severance are the same: treat her like a former wife and do not impose retroactive mourning." Chief clerk Liu Bian said: "In the south Bi was a clansman, in the north a traveler—by that status the first wife was primary consort, the later a successor chamber. How, once imperial roads reopened, could we expel the present wife and disinherit her son! The Spring and Autumn omits Jiang because severance means no kin—she committed supreme evil. Though Lady Zhao was honored, she yielded to Shu Ji; though Yuan Tong was favored, Xuan Meng stayed principal. If we violate ritual for a specious compromise, how does that match what the Spring and Autumn praises! Debaters cite land cut-off to say feeling could never cross. Now the land is linked—why insist on severance! Huang Chang is praised as a recent parallel worth imitating. Minister of Works Prince of Qi Sima You cited the Record of Rites: "Those born too late to reach grandparents, paternal uncles, or elder brothers—when the father eases mourning, they do not"—the ru all explain that the father, for some other reason, bore the son in a distant land and did not return in time to see these kin alive; though the father may don eased mourning, the son does not follow the easing—not demanding favor out of season."
42
使 使 使
Sima You, Prince of Qi and Minister of Works, deliberated, "The Liji says, 'If while alive one did not meet grandparents, paternal uncles, or elder and younger brothers, and the father performs delayed mourning, the self does not.' The scholars all take this to mean that when, because of other circumstances, the father's son was born in a different region and did not return to see these relatives while they survived, even though the father later wears mourning, the son does not follow in delayed mourning; it does not demand grace outside the proper time." He concluded that Wang Chang ought not pursue retroactive mourning. Minister of Education Li Yin argued: "When Bi served as Yellow Gate Gentleman, south of the Yangzi had already rebelled." Shi Hou joined the plot—great righteousness may destroy kin—how much more under Bi's circumstances can she be treated as a lawful wife! Shi Hou joined the plot—great righteousness may destroy kin—how much more under Wang Bi's moral position can she be treated as a lawful wife!' Grand Marshal Sima Qian offered no opinion; Grand Commandant Jia Chong, Commander-in-chief General of the Guard the Prince of Runan, Liang, and others all followed the supervisor's recommendation.' Yu Pu again refuted Bian Cui: "Mourning follows easing grief—it means funerals esteem sorrow, not that one wears mourning for someone who is not kin. Death is the end; once the affair is finished there is no principle of endless tie. If the two households live apart and both survive, then separation or union lies in human choice. Husband and wife join by ritual union; now earth divides them and persons differ—then the match is logically severed. The other party has remarried in her place—how can she equate herself with a dead wife! Boyi yielding Guzhu cannot be taken as precedent for later kings. Moreover, having already worn mourning as principal heir, to say one is still a concubine—alive she may be demoted or divorced, dead buried together—while the wife serves one husband faithfully and the husband keeps two hearts toward her—this opens hypocrisy, wounds faithful teaching, and makes pure custom hard indeed! Now Wang Chang's two mothers, though lands divide them, existed at the same time—how can you call one former and one later! Suppose Chang's mother died first and was buried as principal while the first wife's line never ended—news of mourning arrives from afar—what garment rule would then apply between them! Regulations that violate ritual move further from right the more they are used. A filial son does not admit kin into unrighteousness; a chaste wife does not advance by conniving tolerance. Now you equate the former principal with a dead woman while letting the later wife hold orthodox rank or be cast aside—could the two sons feel no shame! To speak of slandering father and abandoning mother is probably prosecutorial language—hard to use it to judge guilt. By ritual, when a feudal lord goes to the Son of Heaven he does not wear mourning for his old lord—then Wang Bi's father had already cut ties with his former prince, taken a new chamber, and dismissed the first wife—why cite cases fit for execution or clemency! Moreover, when a wife has vile disease it is what a kind husband pities—yet it is listed among the seven expulsions because human principle demands severance. Now husband and wife live in different realms—no different from having no wife—compared with vile disease there is no distinction in principle. According to his own remarriage there is proof the first tie was cut. Yet you say he should wear mourning—where is the rightness in that!" The Eight Seats of the Masters of Writing held: "Suppose someone here whose father was governor of Dunhuang while the son later serves in Luoyang: if the father remarries, not only might the son never see her—he might not even know; when she dies he must still wear mourning. Yet toward the one who nursed him he feels grief, while toward the unseen stranger only name and ritual apply—though the stir of feeling differs, the garment grade is one. Moreover, two empresses ranking as principals was itself deemed contrary to ritual—not an extraordinary case to handle with everyday rubrics. Formerly Zisi wailed for his divorced mother inside the temple; his disciples said, 'When a daughter of the Shu line died, why wail in Kong's temple!' Zisi feared and shifted his wailing to another chamber. If Chang wears no mourning, he would have to tell his father and grandfather, exhume the first mother's corpse, and move it elsewhere. If they do not move her, Chang becomes a criminal. Why? Because a woman of another clan may not be buried with a mother-in-law—that is why she cannot share the tomb row. Moreover, a wife follows her husband yet still has superiors to honor—Lady Zhao's promotion was a sanctioned expedient, which is why earlier historians recorded it without blame. Now Chang's two mothers are both dead—there is no longer a question of two living principals. Chang's first mother should be compared to Shu Ji. If she died before Chang was born, Chang need not wear mourning. If she was alive when he was born, he follows the canonical three-year term by name. They therefore fixed the text in writing and sent it down to the Chamberlain for Ceremonials for Mao to execute.'
43
The edict said: "Whenever an affair is extraordinary, one must rely on old canons and render a decision. Now in debating this matter, citing Lady Zhao and Shu Ji is roughly right. But then the Di made peace with Jin, so the Ji lady could welcome Shu Ji and rank her below herself. Wu rebels blocked the roads—Wang Bi and his first wife were forever severed. If righteousness forbids two principals, then Zhao Dun could have monopolized the Lady of the Di line. As a son, how could Chang on his own replace his mother! Moreover, both of Bi's wives are dead; the sons are children of the later mother only—Chang therefore should not wear mourning for the first.'
44
使 使
At the beginning of Taixing, Editorial Director Gan Bao reflected: "Ritual has constant, adaptive, and expedient levels—Wang Bi's affair was handled with motive. Some cases cannot be judged by rules from cradle to grave, nor squeezed into ordinary text—why so many tangled opinions! Those born of the same mother have no distinction of principal versus secondary—yet the elder is called brother; Among feudal lords of equal rank there is no gradation—yet the first enfeoffed is treated as senior. Now when two wives enter a house without ritual ranking of noble versus base, precedence should follow order of entry—this matches orderly rightness. In life few today share one roof; in death many share one temple—so for spirit tablets there is naturally an upper and lower. Therefore the Spring and Autumn praises Lady Zhao for meeting a ritual anomaly with humane feeling. Moreover, auspicious and inauspicious, grief and joy, are stirred by feeling; the five rites exist to order feeling and fit the affair. Now the two mothers were originally strangers; they became 'kin' only by name, while affection waxed or waned with the hour—reverence never reached them in life, love never reached them in death—what principle demands retroactive mourning!" Zhang Yun and Liu Bian grasped the precedence of first and last; the Prince of Qi and Wei Heng understood when mourning rightly ends—on that the case may be decided. The court here should guide them with Lady Zhao's example, align them with edicts, let the first wife practice tolerant virtue, the later wife practice yielding humility, household members grasp senior and junior order, and the people see adaptation within change. If that can govern the living, how much more the dead! Ancient kings treated ministers with teacher-and-friend courtesy, yet ministers dared not presume on it. Now let the first wife receive the later wife as one body, while the later wife dares not resist; let their grandsons exchange mourning garments—this is ritual's finest fruit. Then on days when Wang Chang's brothers gather, they should jointly sacrifice to both mothers, equalize offerings, order precedence, seat tablets left and right; brothers in harmony would alternate toasts, satisfying the late father's intent, honoring both mothers' virtue, and knitting brotherly affection—spreading dutiful custom through royal instruction and kindly yielding through crisis—is that not ritual's root!"
45
At that time Liu Zhongwu of Pei first married a daughter of the Guqiu clan and bore sons Zhengshu and Zhengzhe.' When Guqiu Jian rebelled and fell, Zhongwu cast out his wife and married Lady Wang, bearing Tao; he housed the Guqiu separately but never formally severed ties.' When Guqiu died, Zhengshu asked to bury her by attachment, but Tao refused.' Shu refused to shed mourning, sued up and down, wept blood and exposed bone, patching hemp for decades until death without winning his suit.'
46
In Wu, a man Zhu took wife Chen and bore Dongbo.' Entering Jin, Jin granted him another wife and bore Suibo.' In Taikang, when the first had died, Suibo brought his mother home to the lineage; brothers practiced mutual love and respect, the two mothers honored order of seniority, and the household was harmonious without rancor.' When they died, the two sons wore mourning for each other's mothers—gentleman deemed them worthy.'
47
退
Cheng Liang, prefect of Anfeng, already had a wife, then married again, thus setting up two principals.' When the first wife died, the later wife's son Xun doubted what to wear.' Prefect of the Masters of Writing Zhang Hua posed a paired question: "A took B as wife, later took C, hiding that B existed—he lived as if with two principals of equal rank. When B died, what should C's son wear? In truth both stood coequal; principal and secondary were not distinguished—though two principals are irregular, the fault lies with the elders; how may a child on his own sever kin! If he wears mourning for a concubine-mother, he cannot really be a concubine son. He cannot decide whether to advance or retreat.' Grand Tutor Zheng Chong answered: "A failed ritual at home—two principals present—is not something a child may correct. Then sons of both B and C should wear three years; when ritual doubts, follow the heavier.' General of Chariots and Cavalry Jia Chong and Palace Attendant Junior Tutor Ren Kai largely agreed with Zheng.' Grand Commandant Xun Yi answered: "The Spring and Autumn treats two coequal empresses as a clear mirror of error. Today one cannot break ritual to keep two wives; one must not blur noble and base and perpetuate the fault. Therefore ritual must decide: first arrival is principal, later is secondary. C's son should mourn B as principal mother; B's son should serve C as secondary mother. Formerly Qu Jian cast aside water caltrop—ancients thought him wrong on the letter yet right on ritual. C's son is not belittling kin—he follows the sequence of ritual precedence.' Director of the Palace Secretariat Xun Xu answered: "Formerly Zheng Ziqun of the village married a cousin of Director Chen; later, separated by Lu Bu's chaos, he could not learn whether she lived, and remarried a Cai woman in the village. When Xuzhou was pacified, the Chen lady returned—then both consorts coexisted. The Cai son, styled Yuanxin, wore principal mourning for the Chen lady and served Director Chen by the courtesy due a maternal uncle. A senior kinsman once reproached Yuanxin for belittling kin, yet village worthies approved him. He asked whether the present case is broadly similar.'
48
使 西
In Jianwu 1, Wen Jiao was made Cavalier Attendant-in-ordinary; because his mother had died during bandit troubles and he had not attended the encoffining and burial, he wished to arrange a reburial and firmly declined without accepting appointment. Emperor Yuan's edict said: "Wen Jiao has not accepted appointment because he has not yet been able to divine a new burial site and conduct the funeral; court discussion has also differed considerably. Is it truly for this reason? When the realm has obstructions and blockages, those who apply ritual and regulate affairs should make principle capable of practical passage. The ancient three-year mourning system did not exhaust feeling; rather, it set a boundary between the living and the dead, so that the dead would not injure the living. Those who gird on mourning cords and serve in campaigns of armor and weapons, are they seeking office? They follow the urgency or slackness of royal affairs. Now the cruel rebel has not been beheaded, the road to Pingyang is cut, and the armies sent to escort the court still cannot advance directly; what help can Jiao, one man alone, give to his private difficulty, that he should obstruct himself with ritual principle and doubt whether to obey the royal command? Let the Three Excellencies, the Eight Seats, the three Chancellery bureaus, and all inner and outer ministers carefully deliberate together on cases like Jiao's; I will personally judge the proper middle." Thereupon the Grand Steward, Prince Yang of Xiyang; Situ Zu, Duke of Linying; General of Agile Cavalry Dao, Baron of Jiqiu; Palace Attendant Ji Zhan; Minister Zhou Yi; Palace Attendant Cavalier Xun Sui; and others deliberated, taking the view, "Formerly Wu Yuan carried his bow and left Chu, became envoy for Wu, and thereby plotted against Chu. His sincere intent lay in avenging wrong; he did not lightly destroy himself. When Wen Jiao suffered calamity, north of the Yellow River he daily took up arms, intent on wiping out his foe; he crossed ten thousand li to reach court, wishing to seize the moment and exhaust his strength, trusting royal majesty to vent his heart—that was Jiao's intent. It is not that roads were still blocked and armies had not marched, yet he set aside royal business midcourse and fixed his mind on home lanes. They held it truly fitting to follow the clear edict.' Thereupon the offices memorialized: "Reviewing the discussion, the edict issued in Jianwu 1, ninth month, on xinwei said that, according to ritual texts, when a father's funeral is not complete, only the chief mourner does not remove mourning. When burial has not taken place for some other reason, a son's feeling cannot permit him to remove mourning while the coffin remains in state; therefore the term waits until burial is completed, with no cutoff based on distance. But if the deceased met bandit troubles, the spirit of the dead has no resting place, and searching is impossible in principle, then mourning should certainly be removed after three years; one may not deliberately follow the precedent for an unburied corpse. If one's flesh and blood are destroyed by enemy harm, death spreads across the Central Plains, the remaining rebels are still not extinguished, the dead cannot actually be collected and encoffined, and the living also lack the rites of hurrying to the funeral, then filial feeling and grief have no cutoff. Yet if one therefore relies on the principle of unburied mourning and does not remove it for a long time, and if feeling is allowed to run its course, people will dwell in mourning without limit; this is not the ritual principle that there is no time when it may not be done. Cases such as these all follow the precedent from Dongguan: when the prescribed three-year rites have been completed, mourning is removed. Only when two relatives are separated, the good and bad are not divided. When mourning, the bad things are not confirmed. When the good is good, there is doubt about the absence. The heart is worried and it is out of human feelings. Such people are not ruled by the official system. Today, Qiao has not been able to change the divination and rushed to it, leaving many excuses. The system of the case Xinwei has been concluded, and no one can resume his personal relationship, disobey the king's order, and violate the law and the constitution. The counselor can be worshiped like the previous imperial edict to Qiao, and then report to the Zhongcheng Situ again, such as Qiao Bi, according to the Dongguan Story Xinwei Order.' Qiao had no choice but to worship.
49
使 便 便
At that time, the Central Plains was in chaos and the family was separated. The court discussed whether the two relatives should be subdued if they were trapped by the bandits. Taichang congratulated Xun and said: Two relatives are separated at birth, and the good and bad are not divided. If you are in mourning, the bad things will not be confirmed. If you follow the good luck, you will doubt that it will not exist. If you are worried, you should accept it as a favor.” Emperor Yuan’s order was based on the discussion;, In the second year of Taixing, Situ Xun Zu said, "When both parents have fallen into bandit troubles and there is not one chance in ten thousand to hope for them, one should have the person rely on royal law and carry out mourning according to precedent." Yu Wei said: "The two relatives were destroyed by the Rong and Di, and their survival is unknown. It is best to seek the truth. The truth to be sought is that within three years, a cheap marriage can be arranged, the heir cannot be cut off, and the king's government cannot be abolished. It is better to regard oneself as mourning, not to hesitate about auspicious things, but to wait for a long life and obey them. If there is chaos in the territory and there is no trace of the thieves, they can be subdued easily. "
50
西 西 礿 便
In Xiankang 2, Li Fan's elder sister of Lingling, wife of Chen Shen of Nanping and mother of four, was caught in a bandit attack. She threw herself before the bandits to save her mother-in-law; they seized her instead and carried her off. Shengen married the Yan family and had three sons. After Fan got news about her sister, she went to welcome Shen back, and Shen's family was registered to take over his second wife. When Li died, Shen was uncertain about the mourning rules and reported the matter to the headquarters of Yu Liang, General Who Campaigns in the West, for deliberation; opinions at the time also differed here and there. Sima Wang Qianqi proposed: “Examining the rites, there cannot be two principal wives. Thus Duke Hui of Lu had Mengzi as his first wife; when Mengzi died, Shengzi became the successor wife. This was so even among feudal lords; how much more among commoners! The Shi sang li says that a stepmother is in fact a successor wife, and is therefore called stepmother; one serves her as one would the principal mother, and therefore the text says “like a mother.” Shen failed to plan far ahead and avoid danger, and thereby lost his wife; she did not commit one of the seven grounds for dismissal and was not cut off by Shen. At first, she didn't see Jue, but finally she met again. She raised a aunt in the hall, and her son was the first direct descendant. She was listed as Huang Ji, so she was Shen's wife. If she is Shen's wife, then she is Hui's mother. There is no doubt about Hui's uniform. Those who follow the etiquette for their stepmother but not for their former mother, such as Li Bi, are the only ones in the world. After the death of the first mother, there is a stepmother. The second son is not as good as the first mother, so there is no uniform document. However, when the temple is steamed and tasted, there is no one who is not the mother of the previous mother. She died like her mother, how much less does she exist! Shen has an old mother who cannot be taken care of. There is no date of return for his wife, so he can take concubines. Although Li had no thieves, he still had hopes for life, and Shen's pursuit of truth was incomplete, so he married a wife, which was a shortcoming of his sincerity. However, the husband of Longmu was not upholding etiquette and righteousness, and his biography was inconclusive. If Uncle Shi Xiao's wife loses her virginity to Queji and never abandons her, it is not a crime. Shen had two wives and broke the law without any reason. Li Bi is a wild man, but she can ask for her life in the face of danger and never forget to obey. She can be called a filial woman. Those who want to make an order without any strategy must work hard, and there will be no difference. I hope that everyone will be Song Boji. Although Shen should not marry a wife, he should be strict with his wife. The wife will be the successor to the wife, and she is not the direct descendant. Even though they are not direct relatives, righteousness is always there. I would rather blame the second wife and get involved in the second court! If you can do it, it will be Zhao Ji's duty. If it is not possible, the officials should have some control over it. First the direct descendants and then the successors have their own way. Many people think that it is too harsh to be ridiculed, so the preface is slightly different." Liang agreed from the period of guilt.
51
'''' 使
"Tongyi of the Five Classics" holds that if one is virtuous, the posthumous title will be good, and if there is no virtue, the posthumous title will be evil, so although the emperor and his ministers can be the same. At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, the posthumous titles were ""Emperor Xuan was Marquis Wen, and King Jing was Marquis Wu". It was inappropriate for King Wen to have the same title as his second ancestor, so the posthumous titles were changed to Xuanwen and Zhongwu. When King Wen received the title of King of Jin, Emperor Wei also appointed Xuanwen as King Xuan and Zhongwu as King Jing. In the eighth year of Taikang, in October, Taichang was given the posthumous title, so Guo Yi, the man from Pingling, Taichang, was given the title of Marquis of Jing. An official report said: "Since the Jin Dynasty, there has been no one with the same posthumous title for his ancestors. Therefore, Guo Yi is the king of Jing, and he is the same as Emperor Jing. It is not acceptable to listen to him, so it is appropriate to give him the posthumous title Mu." Wang Ji, Yang Pu, and the others all said: “In an endless imperial blessing, personal names and posthumous titles are not all the same; if all are mutually avoided, the system is hard to complete. If none are avoided, that again is not the rite of exalting and serving the honored. It is fitting to follow the meaning of name taboo only as far as the ancestors in the seven temples, and not extend it to temples whose tablets have been moved out or destroyed.” Cheng Can, Wu Mao and Liu Na all said, "It is not inappropriate to have the same posthumous title. The person with the posthumous title is the grand ceremony of the country, so he teaches in a timely manner and obeys the distant decrees of heaven and man. Even though you are a king and father, your righteousness is not upheld, and it may be shown by your actions to your ministers. Therefore, it can bring great virtue to both the superiors and subordinates, without any laziness or neglect. I hope that the Holy World will be the same as Yao and Shun, and that the posthumous rites of Zhou Dynasty will be the same, and that the modern system of Han and Wei will be avoided.” He also cited Zhou Gong and his son as having the same posthumous title. Emperor Wu issued an edict: "It is not necessary to say that the emperor and his ministers cannot be the same. Since the posthumous title of Yi is not commensurate with the scenery, it is appropriate to give him the posthumous title of Jian." In Taiyuan 4, Palace Attendant Wang Xinzhi objected that ruler and minister should not share a posthumous title, and the Masters of Writing endorsed his view. The edict can be issued.
52
便
General Wen Qiao's ex-wife, Mrs; Li, died when Qiao was in decline. He also married the Wang family and the He family, and died in Qiaoqian. When Qiao died, the court asked Chen Shu: "Can the three of them be wives together?" Shu Yun: "Book of Rites" "If his wife dies as his wife, and then her husband is not a high official, but his nephew is his wife, it is not easy to sacrifice him. His wife died. If the later husband is a senior official and his wife is a nephew, then she will be sacrificed as a senior official." However, the husband is honored in the court, and the wife is valued in the family. Even though the husband has passed away, the honor and disgrace will always follow the husband. The Record of Rites states: "A wife is paired in sacrifice with ancestresses (zu gu); when there are three ancestresses, she is paired with the one closest in degree." According to that ritual text, then all three may be titled ladies (furen). Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the system of marrying nine daughters to one woman has been abolished. In modern times, there is no such thing as the ritual of succession, and the first wife who dies will marry more. If you add rituals in life, you should not be demoted in death." Yu Wei said: "Wives who were humble when they were young are not allowed to be wives. If there is a posthumous order, they will ignore it." "Qiao Zhuan", the seals and ribbons presented to Wang and He's wives are not as good as those of Li;,
53
In the eleventh year of Yonghe, Pengchengguo asked for the posthumous title of Concubine Li. Erudite Cao Danzhi proposed: “Husband and wife need not have identical conduct, and one may not use the husband’s posthumous title to posthumously title the wife. In the Spring and Autumn, women with posthumous titles are very numerous, and the classic has no text criticizing this; thus we know that according to ritual they may receive posthumous titles.” Hu Na said: “According to ritual, a woman while living takes rank from her husband’s title, and when dead takes a posthumous title from her husband’s posthumous title. That ladies in the Spring and Autumn have posthumous titles is simply that they did not again follow ritual. Consort Li of King Xian of Anping, Consort Zhuge of King Wu of Langye, and Consort Pei of the Grand Tutor, the King of Donghai, all had no posthumous titles. Today it is fitting to follow the old canon.” Wang Biao said: "A woman has a posthumous title, but her etiquette is bad. Shengzi was given a posthumous title, and the pious Confucians thought it was wrong. Du Yu also said, "With etiquette, a woman has no posthumous title." There are no sarcastic articles in the Spring and Autumn Annals, as the so-called self-explanation does not require derogation. In modern times, there are posthumous titles only. "
54
Taiwei Xunyi's posthumous law says: "If a posthumous title is given but the road is far from being able to bury the person, all the officials will be appointed as subordinates, and the senior officials will be sent to carry out the posthumous ceremony at the tomb to offer the posthumous title.",
55
In Taiyuan 13, Kong Anguo was summoned as Palace Attendant. Kong Anguo memorialized that Wang Yu's name violated his private taboo, making him unable to co-sign, and asked to be relieved. Some officials said: "The name is taboo, and it has the same mind. It is famous for its heart Qu, and it is also clear from the previous imperial edict. And the "Li" further says, "What the ruler has no selfish taboos for, all the officials have public taboos for." It is selfless taboos. It is also said that "the poems and books do not conceal anything, and the texts do not conceal anything". Isn't it true that justice takes over personal love, and the king controls family etiquette? Shangshu An and all the male ministers first asked for the dismissal of Cao Lang and Wang You, who had violated his father's name. He issued an imperial edict and promised to change Cao. It was a kindness to control the outer ear. But for a moment, they looked at each other, and the source and flow had begun, but they didn't know the end. The husband's imperial court was full of ceremony, hundreds of officials were prepared for their posts, officials were listed in the department, and everything was done. If people use personal taboos to follow their own will, they will be moved to different positions or moved to other places, which is against the law and is detrimental to the political system. Please cut it off.” Follow it.
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