1
五禮之別,二曰凶。 自天子至於庶人,身體髮膚,受之父母,其理既均,其情亦等,生則養,死則哀,故曰三年之喪,天下之達禮者也。 漢禮,天子崩,自不豫至於登遐及葬,喪紀之制,與夫三代變易。 魏晉以來,大體同漢。 然自漢文革喪禮之制,後代遵之,無復三年之禮。 及魏武臨終,遺令「天下尚未安定,未得遵古。 百官當臨中者,十五舉音,葬畢便除。 其將兵屯戍者,不得離部。」 魏武以正月庚子崩,辛丑即殯,是月丁卯葬,是為不逾月也。
Among the five canonical rituals, the second category is mourning for the dead. From the sovereign to the humblest subject, flesh and hair come from one's parents; the duty is the same and the grief no different—while they live we sustain them, when they die we mourn them. Hence the canon calls three years' mourning the rite that runs through all the world. Han court precedent for an emperor's death—from the first illness through the lying-in-state to interment—shifted its mourning code across the Xia, Shang, and Zhou models. From the Wei through the Jin, the dynasty largely kept Han practice. Yet once Emperor Wen of Han pared the mourning statutes, every succeeding age copied his shortcut, and the full three-year observance disappeared. When Wei Wu was near death, he left a command: 'All under Heaven is not yet settled; I cannot follow antiquity. For the hundred officials who should attend at the central halt, raise the dirge fifteen times; when burial is finished, remove mourning at once. Those who command troops on garrison may not leave their commands.' Cao Cao died on the gengzi day of the first month; by xinchou the bier stood ready; dingmao that same month saw the interment—mourning lifted inside a single month.
2
及宣帝、景帝之崩,並從權制。 文帝之崩,國內服三日。 武帝亦遵漢魏之典,既葬除喪,然猶深衣素冠,降席撤膳。 太宰司馬孚、太傅鄭沖、太保王祥、太尉何曾、司徒領中領軍司馬望、司空荀顗、車騎將軍賈充、尚書令裴秀、尚書僕射武陔、都護大將軍郭建、侍中郭綏、中書監荀勖、中軍將軍羊祜等奏曰:「臣聞禮典軌度,豐殺隨時,虞夏商周,咸不相襲,蓋有由也。 大晉紹承漢魏,有革有因,期於足以興化而已,故未得皆返太素,同規上古也。 陛下既以俯遵漢魏降喪之典,以濟時務,而躬蹈大孝,情過乎哀,素冠深衣,降席撤膳,雖武丁行之于殷世,曾閔履之於布衣,未足以逾。 方今荊蠻未夷,庶政未乂,萬機事殷,動勞神慮,豈遑全遂聖旨,以從至情。 臣等以為陛下宜割情以康時濟俗,輒敕御府易服,內省改坐,太官復膳,諸所施行,皆如舊制。」 詔曰:「每感念幽冥,而不得終苴絰於草土,以存此痛,況當食稻衣錦,誠詭然激切其心,非所以相解也。 吾本諸生家,傳禮來久,何心一旦便易此情於所天! 相從已多,可試省孔子答宰我之言,無事紛紜也。 言及悲剝,柰何! 柰何!」 孚等重奏:「伏讀聖詔,感以悲懷,輒思仲尼所以抑宰我之問,聖思所以不能已已,甚深甚篤。 然今者干戈未戢,武事未偃,萬機至重,天下至眾。 陛下以萬乘之尊,履布衣之禮,服粗席稿,水飲疏食,殷憂內盈,毀悴外表。 而躬勤萬機,坐而待旦,降心接下,仄不遑食,所以勞力者如斯之甚。 是以臣等悚息不寧,誠懼神氣用損,以疚大事。 輒敕有司,改坐復常,率由舊典。 惟陛下察納愚款,以慰皇太后之心。」 又詔曰:「重覽奏議,益以悲剝,不能自勝,柰何! 柰何! 三年之喪,自古達禮,誠聖人稱情立衷,明恕而行也。 神靈日遠,無所訴告,雖薄於情,食旨服美,所不堪也。 不宜反覆,重傷其心,言用斷絕,柰何! 柰何!」 帝遂以此禮終三年。 後居太后之喪亦如之。
The deaths of Sima Yi and Sima Shi were handled under the same shortened schedule. When Sima Zhao died, the whole state wore mourning for three days and no more. Emperor Sima Yan kept the Han–Wei rule of ending court mourning at burial, but he still dressed in plain hemp deep robes, set aside brocade cushions, and ate only coarse fare. Grand Preceptor Sima Fu, Grand Tutor Zheng Chong, Grand Guardian Wang Xiang, Grand Commandant He Ceng, Minister of Education concurrently Central Army commander Sima Wang, Minister of Works Xun Yi, General of Chariots and Cavalry Jia Chong, Prefect of the Masters of Writing Pei Xiu, Vice Minister of the Masters of Writing Wu Yan, Chief Protector and Grand General Guo Jian, Palace Attendant Guo Sui, Director of the Palace Secretariat Xun Xu, Central Army General Yang Hu, and others memorialized: 'We have heard that ritual canons and measures wax or wane with the times; the houses of Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou never blindly copied one another—each had its reasons. Great Jin inherits Han and Wei with some reforms and some continuities, aiming only to lift custom where it must; therefore it cannot yet return wholesale to pristine antiquity or match high antiquity in a single stroke. Your Majesty has already bowed to Han and Wei's lowered mourning canons to meet pressing affairs, yet you personally tread the utmost filial path; your feeling overshoots moderation—plain cap, deep garments, lowered mat, curtailed meals—even King Wuding in the Yin age or Zengzi and Min Ziqian as commoners did not surpass this. Now the southern tribes are not yet pacified, government is not yet ordered, and myriad threads of business press upon you, taxing mind and spirit—how could you wholly indulge sage intent and the utmost of private feeling? We your servants therefore believe Your Majesty should cut private feeling to heal the age and aid custom; we dare order the Palace Treasury to exchange garments, the inner apartments to restore seating, the Grand Provisioner to restore full meals, and every other measure to follow the standing regulations.' The edict replied: 'Whenever I brood on the shades below and realize I cannot finish wearing straw cord on the burial mound to keep this pain alive—how much more to eat polished rice and wear brocade—indeed it stabs the heart; that is no way to console myself. I was born to a house of scholars; the rites have been handed down among us a long time—how could my heart one morning cast off this feeling toward him who is my heaven! You have followed me long; try reviewing Confucius's answer to Zai Wo—do not fuss at me again and again. When words touch grief it tears the heart—what can be done! What can be done!' Fu and the others rememorialized: 'We have read the sage edict and are moved to grief; we reflect on why Confucius checked Zai Wo's question—the sage mind cannot stop itself; the feeling is very deep and very earnest. Yet now weapons are not yet stilled, military affairs not yet rested, the myriad threads are weightiest, and all under Heaven is most numerous. Your Majesty in the honor of ten thousand chariots treads the rites of a commoner—coarse mat and straw padding, drinking water and eating coarse food, sorrow swelling within, emaciation showing without. Yet you personally toil at myriad threads of state, sit awaiting dawn, humble your heart to receive subordinates, and lean so far you have no leisure to eat—such labor of strength is extreme. Therefore we your servants tremble and breathe uneasily, truly fearing that spirit will be depleted and the great affair harmed. We dare order the relevant offices to restore your seat and routine, following the old canons. Only let Your Majesty examine and accept our foolish sincerity, so as to console the heart of the Empress Dowager.' Another edict said: 'Rereading your memorials only deepens the tearing grief; I cannot master myself—what can be done! What can be done! Three years' mourning has from antiquity been the penetrating rite of the realm; truly the sages weighed human feeling, set the inner mean, and acted with enlightened forbearance. The spirits grow daily more distant; there is nowhere to cry complaint—though the outward show be slight, to taste rich food and wear fine cloth is unbearable. You ought not go back and forth and doubly wound this heart; I break off words—what can be done! What can be done!' With that he carried the full three-year vigil despite every plea. He repeated the same austerity when the empress dowager died.
3
泰始二年八月,詔曰:「此上旬,先帝棄天下日也,便以周年。 吾煢煢,當復何時一得敘人子之情邪! 思慕煩毒,欲詔陵瞻侍,以盡哀憤。 主者具行備。」 太宰安平王孚、尚書令裴秀、尚書僕射武陔等奏:「陛下至孝蒸蒸,哀思罔極。 衰麻雖除,哀毀疏食,有損神和。 今雖秋節,尚有餘暑,謁見山陵,悲感摧傷,群下竊用竦息,以為宜降抑聖情,以慰萬國。」 詔曰:「孤煢忽爾,日月已周,痛慕摧感,永無逮及。 欲瞻奉山陵,以敘哀憤,體氣自佳耳。 又已涼,便當行,不得如所奏也。 主者便具行備。」 又詔曰:「漢文不使天下盡哀,亦帝王至謙之志。 當見山陵,何心而無服,其以衰絰行。」 孚等重奏曰:「臣聞上古喪期無數,後世乃有年月之漸。 漢文帝隨時之義,制為短喪,傳之於後。 陛下以社稷宗廟之重,萬方億兆之故,既從權制,釋除衰麻,群臣百姓吉服,今者謁陵,以敘哀慕,若加衰絰,進退無當。 不敢奉詔。」 詔曰:「亦知不在此麻布耳。 然人子情思,為欲令哀喪之物在身,蓋近情也。 群臣自當案舊制。」 孚等又奏曰:「臣聞聖人制作,必從時宜。 故五帝殊樂,三王異禮,此古今所以不同,質文所以迭用也。 陛下隨時之宜,既降心克己,俯就權制,既除衰麻,而行心喪之禮,今復制服,義無所依。 若君服而臣不服,亦未之敢安也。 參議宜如前奏。」 詔曰:「患情不能跂及耳,衣服何在。 諸君勤勤之至,豈苟相違。」,
In the eighth month of the second year of Taishi, an edict said, "This first third of the month is the day on which the late emperor abandoned all under Heaven, and it is now the full year. I am alone and bereft. At what time could I ever once express the feelings of a son! My longing and grief trouble and poison me, and I wish to order a visit and attendance at the mausoleum, in order to exhaust my grief and resentment. Let the responsible officials fully prepare the procession." Grand Steward Prince Fu of Anping, Director of the Secretariat Pei Xiu, Vice Director of the Secretariat Wu Gai, and others memorialized, "Your Majesty's utmost filial piety rises abundantly, and your grieving thoughts have no limit. Although sackcloth and hemp have been removed, grieving self-injury and coarse food damage the harmony of the spirit. Now, although it is the autumn season, there is still remaining heat. To visit and see the mountain mausoleum would bring grief and feeling that crush and wound you. We below privately tremble and hold our breath, and consider it fitting that you lower and restrain the sacred feelings, in order to comfort the myriad states." An edict said, "I was suddenly made orphaned and bereft, and the days and months have already completed the cycle. Pain and longing crush and move me; there is forever no way to reach him. I wish to look upon and attend the mountain mausoleum, in order to express my grief and resentment. My physical energy is naturally still good. Moreover, it is already cool, and I shall go at once. I cannot do as you memorialized. Let the responsible officials fully prepare the procession at once." Another edict said, "That Emperor Wen of Han did not make all under Heaven exhaust grief was also the supremely modest intent of an emperor and king. When I am to see the mountain mausoleum, with what heart could I be without mourning dress? Let me go wearing sackcloth and headband." Fu and the others again memorialized, "We your servants have heard that in high antiquity mourning terms had no fixed number, and only in later ages did there gradually come to be years and months. Emperor Wen of Han followed the meaning of the time, made a system of shortened mourning, and transmitted it to later ages. Because of the weight of the altars of soil and grain and the ancestral temple, and because of the countless people in the myriad regions, Your Majesty has already followed the expedient system, released and removed sackcloth and hemp, and the assembled ministers and hundred surnames wear auspicious dress. Now, in visiting the mausoleum to express grief and longing, if you add sackcloth and headband, neither advance nor retreat would be fitting. We dare not receive and carry out the edict." An edict said, "I also know that it does not lie in this hempen cloth. Yet the feelings and thoughts of a son are such that he wants the things of grief and mourning to be on his body; this is probably close to the feeling. The assembled ministers should themselves follow the old system." Fu and the others again memorialized, "We your servants have heard that when the sages made institutions, they always followed what was fitting to the time. Therefore the Five Emperors differed in music, and the Three Kings differed in ritual. This is why ancient and modern are not the same, and why substance and refinement are used in alternation. Your Majesty followed what was fitting to the time, lowered your heart and overcame yourself, bowed down to the expedient system, already removed sackcloth and hemp, and practiced the ritual of mourning in the heart. Now to again put on the regulated dress has no meaning on which to rely. If the ruler wears mourning dress and the ministers do not, this too is not something we would dare consider at ease. Our joint deliberation holds that it should be as in the previous memorial." An edict said, "What I suffer from is only that my feelings cannot stretch to reach him; what does it have to do with clothing? You gentlemen are diligent to the utmost. How could I merely oppose you?"
4
泰始四年,皇太后崩。 有司奏:「前代故事,倚廬中施白縑帳、蓐、素床,以布巾裹塊草,軺輦、版輿、細犢車皆施縑裏。」 詔不聽,但令以布衣車而已,其餘居喪之制,不改禮文。 有司又奏:「大行皇太后當以四月二十五日安厝。 故事,虞著衰服,既虞而除。 其內外官僚皆就朝晡臨位,御除服訖,各還所次除衰服。」 詔曰:「夫三年之喪,天下之達禮也。 受終身之愛,而無數年之報,柰何葬而便即吉,情所不忍也。」 有司又奏:「世有險易,道有洿隆,所遇之時異,誠有由然,非忽禮也。 方今戎馬未散,王事至殷,更須聽斷,以熙庶績。 昔周康王始登翌室,猶戴冕臨朝。 降于漢魏,既葬除釋,諒闇之禮,自遠代而廢矣。 惟陛下割高宗之制,從當時之宜。」 詔曰:「夫三年之喪,所以盡情致禮,葬已便除,所不堪也。 當敘吾哀懷,言用斷絕,柰何! 柰何!」 有司又固請。 詔曰:「不能篤孝,勿以毀傷為憂也。 誠知衣服末事耳,然今思存草土,率當以吉物奪之,乃所以重傷至心,非見念也。 每代禮典質文皆不同耳,何為限以近制,使達喪闕然乎!」 群臣又固請,帝流涕久之乃許。 文明皇后崩及武元楊后崩,天下將吏發哀三日止。
In the fourth year of Taishi, the Empress Dowager died. The responsible offices memorialized, "Former-generation precedents set white silk curtains, mats, and a plain bed in the leaning hut, wrapped clods and grass in a cloth kerchief, and applied silk linings to the light carriage, plank carriage, and small-calf cart." He refused the silks but allowed plain carts only, leaving every other mourning rule as written in the canon. The responsible offices again memorialized, "The deceased Empress Dowager should be interred on the twenty-fifth day of the fourth month. According to precedent, at the yu sacrifice one wears mourning dress, and after the yu sacrifice one removes it. Let the officials inside and outside all go to their mourning positions at morning and afternoon, and when the imperial removal of dress is complete, each return to his quarters and remove mourning dress." An edict said, "The three-year mourning is the universally observed ritual throughout all under Heaven. Having received a lifetime of love, yet making no repayment of several years: how could one be buried and then immediately return to felicity? My feeling cannot bear it." The responsible offices again memorialized, "Ages have danger and ease, and the Way has hollows and heights. That the times encountered differ truly has reasons; it is not disregard for ritual. At present, war horses have not yet dispersed, and royal affairs are extremely urgent. It is further necessary to hear and decide matters, in order to brighten the many tasks. Formerly, when King Kang of Zhou first ascended the next chamber, he still wore the cap and robe and attended court. Down to Han and Wei, after burial mourning was removed and released, and the ritual of liang'an had been abandoned since distant ages. We only ask Your Majesty to cut back the system of Gaozong and follow what is fitting to the present time." An edict said, "The three-year mourning is how one exhausts feeling and brings ritual to completion. To remove it once burial is finished is what I cannot bear. When I try to express my grief, words are cut off. What can I do! What can I do!" The bureaus petitioned again, harder. An edict said, "If I cannot be deeply filial, do not take self-injury as a worry. I truly know that clothing is a minor matter. Yet now, when my thoughts are to remain with grass and earth, to take it away by means of auspicious things is precisely to wound the utmost heart again; it is not thinking of me. In each age, ritual codes differ in substance and refinement. Why restrict me by a recent system and make the universal mourning deficient!" Ministers pressed until he wept long and yielded. When Empress Dowager Yuan died and when Empress Yang the consort of Wu died, officers empire-wide wailed three days only.
5
穆帝崩,哀帝立。 帝于穆帝為從父昆弟,穆帝舅褚歆有表,中書答表朝廷無其儀,詔下議。 尚書僕射江虨等四人並云,閔僖兄弟也,而為父子,則哀帝應為帝嗣。 衛軍王述等二十五人云「成帝不私親愛,越授天倫,康帝受命顯宗。 社稷之重,已移所授,纂承之序,宜繼康皇。」 尚書謝奉等六人云:「繼體之正,宜本天屬,考之人情,宜繼顯宗也。」 詔從述等議,上繼顯宗。
Emperor Ai succeeded when Emperor Mu passed. Ai was Mu's cousin; Mu's uncle Chu Xin asked how to mourn; the Secretariat said no rule existed and the throne sent the case to debate. Jiang Pin and four others cited Duke Min and Duke Xi of Lu—brothers treated as father and son—and argued Ai should continue Cheng's line. Guard General Wang Shu and twenty-five others said, "Emperor Cheng did not privately favor his own loved ones, but passed beyond natural kinship in conferring the succession, and Emperor Kang received the command from Xianzong. The weight of the altars of soil and grain had already moved to the one who received it, and in the sequence of succession it is fitting to continue Emperor Kang." Xie Feng of the Secretariat and six others said, "The correctness of inheriting the body should be rooted in Heaven-given kinship. Examining it according to human feeling, it is fitting to continue Xianzong." The edict sided with Wang Shu and made Ai heir to Emperor Yuan.
6
寧康二年七月,簡文帝崩再周而遇閏。 博士謝攸、孔粲議:「魯襄二十八年十二月乙未,楚子卒,實閏月而言十二月者,附正於前月也。 喪事先遠,則應用博士吳商之言,以閏月祥。」 尚書僕射謝安、中領軍王劭、散騎常侍鄭襲、右衛將軍殷康、驍騎將軍袁宏、散騎侍郎殷茂、中書郎車胤、左丞劉遵、吏部郎劉耽意皆同。 康曰:「過七月而未及八月,豈可謂之逾期。 必所不了,則當從其重者。」 宏曰:「假值閏十二月而不取者,此則歲未終,固不可得矣。 《漢書》以閏為後九月,明其同體也。」 襲曰:「中宗、肅祖皆以閏月崩,祥除之變皆用閏之後月。 先朝尚用閏之後月,今閏附七月,取之何疑,亦合遠日申情之言。 又閏是後七而非八也,豈逾月之嫌乎!」 尚書令王彪之、侍中王混、中丞譙王恬、右丞戴謐等議異,彪之曰:「吳商中才小官,非名賢碩儒、公輔重臣、為時所準則者。 又取閏無證據,直攬遠日之義,越祥忌,限外取,不合卜遠之理。 又丞相桓公嘗論云,《禮》二十五月大祥。 何緣越期取閏,乃二十六月乎?」 於是啟曰:「或以閏附七月,宜用閏月除者。 或以閏名雖除七月,而實以三旬別為一月,故應以七月除者。 臣等與中軍將軍沖參詳,一代大禮,宜準經典。 三年之喪,十三月而練,二十五月而畢,《禮》之明文也。 《陽秋》之義,閏在年內,則略而不數。 明閏在年外,則不應取之以越期忌之重,禮制祥除必正期月故也。」 己酉晦,帝除縞即吉。 徐廣論曰:「凡辨義詳理,無顯據明文可以折中奪易,則非疑如何。 禮疑從重,喪易甯戚,順情通物,固有成言矣。 彪之不能徵援正義,有以相屈,但以名位格人,君子虛受,心無適莫,豈其然哉! 執政從而行之,其殆過矣。」
In the second year of Ningkang, in the seventh month, Emperor Jianwen died just as the second mourning round collided with an intercalary month. Erudites Xie You and Kong Can deliberated, "In the twenty-eighth year of Duke Xiang of Lu, in the twelfth month, yiwei, the viscount of Chu died. It was actually an intercalary month, but saying twelfth month attached the regular designation to the preceding month. For mourning affairs, one first chooses what is distant; therefore one should use the words of Erudite Wu Shang and hold the xiang sacrifice in the intercalary month." Xie An, Wang Shao, Zheng Xi, Yin Kang, Yuan Hong, Yin Mao, Che Yin, Liu Zun, and Liu Dan concurred. Yin Kang said, "To pass the seventh month but not yet reach the eighth: how could this be called exceeding the term? If it truly cannot be settled, then one should follow the weightier option." Yuan Hong said, "If it happened to be an intercalary twelfth month and one did not take it, then the year would not yet be complete, and this certainly could not be done. The Han shu treats an intercalary month as a later ninth month, showing that it is of the same body." Zheng Xi said, "Zhongzong and Suzong both died in intercalary months, and in the changes of xiang sacrifice and removal, all used the month after the intercalary month. The former court still used the month after the intercalary month. Now the intercalary month is attached to the seventh month; what doubt is there in taking it? This also accords with the statement that a distant day extends the feeling. Moreover, the intercalary month is after the seventh and is not the eighth; how could there be suspicion of exceeding the month!" Director of the Secretariat Wang Biaozhi, Palace Attendant Wang Hun, Censor-in-Chief Prince Tian of Qiao, Right Assistant Director Dai Mi, and others deliberated differently. Biaozhi said, "Wu Shang was a man of middling talent and a minor official, not a famous worthy, great classicist, high minister, or weighty servant whom the age should take as a standard. Moreover, taking the intercalary month has no evidence. It merely seizes on the meaning of the distant day, passes beyond the xiang taboo, and takes something outside the limit; this does not accord with the principle of divining the distant day. Furthermore, Chancellor Huan once argued that according to ritual the great xiang sacrifice is in the twenty-fifth month. On what basis would one pass beyond the term and take the intercalary month, making it the twenty-sixth month?" Thereupon they submitted, "Some consider that because the intercalary month is attached to the seventh month, the intercalary month should be used for removal. Others consider that although the intercalary month is named as attached to the seventh month, in reality the three ten-day periods separately make one month, and therefore the seventh month should be used for removal. We your servants, together with General of the Central Army Chong, have examined the matter in detail. A great ritual of one age should take the classics as its standard. For the three-year mourning, the lian sacrifice is in the thirteenth month, and it is completed in the twenty-fifth month; this is the clear text of the rites. According to the meaning of the Yangqiu, when an intercalary month is inside the year, it is omitted and not counted. It is clear that when the intercalary month is outside the year, one should not take it and thereby exceed the weight of the term and taboo, because the ritual system for xiang sacrifice and removal must correct the numbered months." On jiyou, month-end, the sovereign left white mourning and resumed felicity garb. Xu Guang's discussion said, "In general, when distinguishing meaning and detailing principle, if there is no manifest evidence or clear text by which to decide and overturn the matter, then how can it not be doubtful? When ritual is doubtful, one follows the weightier option; in mourning, when changing, one prefers grief. To follow feeling and comprehend things certainly already has established sayings. Biaozhi could not cite and invoke correct meaning in a way that would make others yield, but only used name and rank to restrain people. The gentleman receives emptily, and in his heart has no fixed leaning; how could this be so! Those who held government followed and carried it out; this was probably an error."
7
魏武以正月崩,魏文以其年七月設妓樂百戲,是則魏不以喪廢樂也。 武帝以來,國有大喪,輒廢樂終三年。 惠帝太安元年,太子喪未除,及元會亦廢樂。 穆帝永和中,為中原山陵未修復,頻年元會廢樂。 是時太后臨朝,后父褚裒薨,元會又廢樂也。 孝武太元六年,為皇后王氏喪,亦廢樂。 孝武崩,太傅錄尚書會稽王道子議:「山陵之後,通婚嫁不得作樂,以一期為斷。」
Cao Cao died in the first month; Cao Pi still staged troupes and acrobats that seventh month—so Wei never treated mourning as a reason to silence the bands. Under Emperor Sima Yan, every dynastic bereavement silenced the orchestras for three years. In Emperor Hui's Taian era, while the heir still wore mourning, the Yuan-day levee went without music. Yonghe years saw the New Year court go silent while Luoyang's tombs lay in ruins. The regent's father Chu Pou died that same span, so the levee stayed mute again. In the sixth year of Taiyuan under Emperor Xiaowu, during mourning for Empress Wang, music was likewise suspended. When Xiaowu died, Grand Tutor concurrently recording Masters of Writing the Prince of Guiji, Sima Daozi, debated: 'After the imperial tomb is closed, weddings may proceed but without music—take one full cycle as the limit.'"
8
漢儀,太皇太后、皇太后崩,長樂太僕、少府大長秋典喪事,三公奉制度,他皆如禮。 魏晉亦同天子之儀,
Han statute put the inner-palace stewards in charge of a dowager's obsequies while the Three Dukes supplied the legal template. Wei and Jin copied the same imperial funeral code.
9
泰始十年,武元楊皇后崩,及將遷于峻陽陵,依舊制,既葬,帝及群臣除喪即吉。 先是,尚書祠部奏從博士張靖議,皇太子亦從制俱釋服。 博士陳逵議,以為「今制所依,蓋漢帝權制,興於有事,非禮之正。 皇太子無有國事,自宜終服。」 有詔更詳議。 尚書杜預以為:「古者天子諸侯三年之喪始同齊斬,既葬除喪服,諒闇以居,心喪終制,不與士庶同禮。 漢氏承秦,率天下為天子修服三年。 漢文帝見其下不可久行,而不知古制,更以意制祥禫,除喪即吉。 魏氏直以訖葬為節,嗣君皆不復諒闇終制。 學者非之久矣,然竟不推究經傳,考其行事,專謂王者三年之喪,當以衰麻終二十五月。 嗣君苟若此,則天子群臣皆不得除喪。 雖志在居篤,更逼而不行。 至今世主皆從漢文輕典,由處制者非制也。 今皇太子與尊同體,宜復古典,卒哭除衰麻,以諒闇終制。 于義既不應不除,又無取于漢文,乃所以篤喪禮也。」 於是尚書僕射盧欽、尚書魏舒問杜預證據所依。 預云:「傳稱三年之喪自天子達,此謂天子絕期,唯有三年喪也。 非謂居喪衰服三年,與士庶同也。 故后、世子之喪,而叔向稱有三年之喪二也。 周公不言高宗服喪三年,而云諒闇三年,此釋服心喪之文也。 叔向不譏景王除喪,而譏其燕樂已早,明既葬應除,而違諒闇之節也。 《春秋》,晉侯享諸侯,子產相鄭伯,時簡公未葬,請免喪以聽命,君子謂之得禮。 宰咺來歸惠公仲子之賵,傳曰『弔生不及哀』。 此皆既葬除服諒闇之證,先儒舊說,往往亦見,學者來之思耳。 《喪服》,諸侯為天子亦斬衰,豈可謂終服三年邪! 上考七代,未知王者君臣上下衰麻三年者誰; 下推將來,恐百世之主其理一也。 非必不能,乃事勢不得,故知聖人不虛設不行之制。 仲尼曰『禮所損益雖百世可知』,此之謂也。」 於是飲、舒從之,遂命預造議,奏曰:侍中尚書令司空魯公臣賈充、侍中尚書僕射奉車都尉大梁侯臣盧欽、尚書新遝伯臣山濤、尚書奉車都尉平春侯臣胡威、尚書劇陽子臣魏舒、尚書堂陽子臣石鑒、尚書豐樂亭侯臣杜預稽首言:禮官參議博士張靖等議,以為「孝文權制三十六日之服,以日易月,道有汙隆,禮不得全,皇太子亦宜割情除服」。 博士陳逵等議,以為「三年之喪,人子所以自盡,故聖人制禮,自上達下。是以今制,將吏諸遭父母喪,皆假寧二十五月。敦崇孝道,所以風化天下。皇太子至孝著於內,而衰服除於外,非禮所謂稱情者也。宜其不除。」臣欽、臣舒、臣預謹案靖、逵等議,各見所學之一端,未曉帝者居喪古今之通禮也。 自上及下,尊卑貴賤,物有其宜。 故禮有以多為貴者,有以少為貴者,有以高為貴者,有以下為貴者,唯其稱也。 不然,則本末不經,行之不遠。 天子之與群臣,雖哀樂之情若一,而所居之宜實異,故禮不得同。 《易》曰「上古之世喪期無數」,《虞書》稱「三載四海遏密八音」,其後無文。 至周公旦,乃稱「殷之高宗諒闇三年不言」。 其傳曰「諒,信也;闇,默也」。 下逮五百餘歲,而子張疑之,以問仲尼。 仲尼答云:「何必高宗,古之人皆然,君薨,百官總己以聽於塚宰三年。」周景王有后、世子之喪,既葬除喪而樂。 晉叔向譏之曰:「三年之喪,雖貴遂服,禮也。王雖弗遂,宴樂已早,亦非禮也。」此皆天子喪事見於古文者也。 稱高宗不云服喪三年,而云諒闇三年,此釋服心喪之文也。 譏景王不譏其除喪,而譏其宴樂已早,明既葬應除,而違諒闇之節也。 堯崩,舜諒闇三年,故稱遏密八音。 由此言之,天子居喪,齊斬之制,菲杖絰帶,當遂其服。 既葬而除,諒闇以終之,三年無改父之道,故百官總已聽於塚宰。 喪服已除,故稱不言之美,明不復寢苫枕塊,以荒大政也。 《禮記》:「三年之喪,自天子達。」又云:「父母之喪,無貴賤一也。」又云:「端衰喪車皆無等。」此通謂天子居喪,衣服之節同於凡人,心喪之禮終於三年,亦無服喪三年之文。 然繼體之君,猶多荒寧。 自從廢諒闇之制,至令高宗擅名於往代,子張致疑於當時,此乃賢聖所以為譏,非譏天子不以服終喪也。 秦燔書籍,率意而行,亢上抑下。 漢祖草創,因而不革。 乃至率天下皆終重服,旦夕哀臨,經罹寒暑,禁塞嫁娶飲酒食肉,制不稱情。 是以孝文遺詔,斂畢便葬,葬畢制紅禫之除。 雖不合高宗諒闇之義,近於古典,故傳之後嗣。 于時預修陵廟,故斂葬得在浹辰之內,因以定制。 近至明帝,存無陵寢,五旬乃葬,安在三十六日。 此當時經學疏略,不師前聖之病也。 魏氏革命,以既葬為節,合於古典,然不垂心諒闇,同譏前代。 自泰始開元,陛下追尊諒闇之禮,慎終居篤,允臻古制,超絕于殷宗,天下歌德,誠非靖等所能原本也。 天子諸侯之禮,當以具矣。 諸侯惡其害己而削其籍,今其存者唯《士喪》一篇,戴聖之記雜錯其間,亦難以取正。 天子之位至尊,萬機之政至大,群臣之眾至廣,不同之於凡人。 故大行既葬,祔祭於廟,則因疏而除之。 己不除則群臣莫敢除,故屈己以除之。 而諒闇以終制,天下之人皆曰我王之仁也。 屈己以從宜,皆曰我王之孝也。 既除而心喪,我王猶若此之篤也。 凡等臣子,亦焉得不自勉以崇禮。 此乃聖制移風易俗之本,高宗所以致雍熙,豈惟衰裳而已哉! 若如難者,更以權制自居,疑于屈伸厭降,欲以職事為斷,則父在為母期,父卒三年,此以至親屈於至尊之義也。 出母之喪,以至親為屬,而長子不得有制,體尊之義,升降皆從,不敢獨也。 《禮》:諸子之職,掌國子之倅。 國有事則帥國子而致之太子,唯所用之。 《傳》曰,「君行則守,有守則從,從曰撫軍,守曰監國」,不無事矣。 《喪服》母為長子,妻為夫,妾為主,皆三年。 內宮之主,可謂無事、揆度漢制,孝文之喪,紅禫既畢,孝景即吉於未央,薄后、竇后必不得齊斬于別宮,此可知也。 況皇太子配貳至尊,與國為體,固宜遠遵古禮,近同時制,屈除以寬諸下,協一代之成典。 君子之于禮,有直而行,曲而殺;有經而等,有順而去之,存諸內而已。 禮云非玉帛之謂,喪云唯衰麻之謂乎? 此既臣等所謂經制大義,且即實近言,亦有不安。 今皇太子至孝蒸蒸,發于自然,號咷之慕,匍匐殯宮,大行既奠,往而不反,必想像平故,彳旁徨寢殿。 若不變從諒闇,則東宮臣僕,義不釋服。 此為永福官屬,當獨衰麻從事,出入殿省,亦難以繼。 今將吏雖蒙同二十五月之甯,至於大臣,亦奪其制。 昔翟方進自以身為漢相,居喪三十六日,不敢逾國典,而況于皇太子? 臣等以為皇太子宜如前奏,除服諒闇終制。
In the tenth year of Taishi, when Empress Yang was conveyed to the Junyang tomb, the standing rule had everyone shed mourning the moment the vault closed. The Ministry of Rites had already accepted Zhang Jing's view, so the heir was told to strip hemp with everyone else. Erudite Chen Kui held that 'the regulation we follow today is the Han emperor's expedient system, born of emergency—it is not orthodox ritual. The crown prince has no state business of his own—naturally he ought complete the full mourning.' The throne ordered another round of discussion. Minister Du Yu held that 'in antiquity the Son of Heaven and feudal lords began three years' mourning alike in qi- and zhan-grade hemp; once burial ended they removed mourning garments, dwelt in silent seclusion (liang'an), and finished with heart mourning—not the same ritual as gentlemen and commoners. Han inherited Qin and compelled all under Heaven to observe three years of mourning garments for the Son of Heaven. Han Wendi saw that his subordinates could not long sustain it, yet did not know the ancient system; further by his own intent fashioned xiang and dan rites, removed mourning, and went auspicious. The Wei house simply took the completion of burial as the limit—successive lords never again practiced silent seclusion to the end of the regulation. Scholars have faulted this a long time—yet in the end they did not investigate classics and commentary, examine actual practice, and solely assert that for kings three years' mourning ought mean wearing frayed hemp through twenty-five months. If successor lords were like this, then the Son of Heaven and all ministers could never remove mourning. Though their intent lay in dwelling earnestly, they were pressed and unable to carry it out. Down to the present generation's lords all follow Han Wendi's light canon—because those who framed the system were not establishing true system. Now the crown prince shares one body with the honored—he ought restore the ancient classic: at zuku remove frayed hemp, use silent seclusion to end the regulation. By right he neither ought refuse removal; nor is there reason to imitate Han Wendi—this thereby deepens the mourning ritual.' Lu Qin and Wei Shu then pressed Du Yu for his sources. Yu said: 'The commentary states that three years' mourning extends from the Son of Heaven downward—this means the Son of Heaven cuts off qi-grade mourning and only the three-year mourning [in heart] applies. It does not mean dwelling in mourning garments and wearing frayed hemp for three years, the same as gentlemen and commoners. Therefore regarding the empress and crown prince's mourning, Shu Xiang spoke of there being two instances of 'three years' mourning.' The Duke of Zhou did not say that Gaozong wore mourning garments three years, but said he 'dwelt in silence' three years—this is text explaining removing garments and observing heart mourning. Shu Xiang did not reproach King Jing for removing mourning, but reproached his banquet music as too early—clarifying that once burial one ought remove mourning, yet he violated the moderation of silent seclusion. In the Spring and Autumn, the Marquis of Jin feasted the feudal lords; Zichan assisted the Earl of Zheng—at the time Duke Jian was not yet buried—he requested to set aside mourning to hear commands—the gentlemen called this obtaining ritual. Steward Xuan came to present condolence gifts for Dukes Hui and Zhongzi; the commentary states 'condoling the living does not catch up with mourning.' These all are proofs of removing garments after burial and of silent seclusion—former Confucians' old explanations often appear as well—scholars simply have not pondered them. In Mourning Garments, feudal lords for the Son of Heaven likewise wear zhan-cui—how can one say they complete hemp garments for three years! Looking up through seven generations, I do not know which king's lord and minister, high and low, wore frayed hemp for three years; projecting down to the future, I fear that for a hundred generations' lords the principle will be one. It is not that they could not—it is that the momentum of affairs did not allow it—therefore know that sages do not vainly establish systems that cannot be practiced. Zhongni said 'ritual's diminishing and increasing, though a hundred generations, can be known'—this is what is meant.' Thereupon Lu Qin and Wei Shu followed this, and so ordered Du Yu to compose an opinion. He memorialized, saying: Your servants Jia Chong, Palace Attendant, Director of the Secretariat, Minister of Works, and Duke of Lu; Lu Qin, Palace Attendant, Vice Director of the Secretariat, Imperial Carriage Commandant, and Marquis of Daliang; Shan Tao, Minister of Xinta; Hu Wei, Minister, Imperial Carriage Commandant, and Marquis of Pingchun; Wei Shu, Minister and Baron of Juyang; Shi Jian, Minister and Baron of Tangyang; and Du Yu, Minister and Marquis of Fengle Precinct, bow their heads and say: Zhang Jing and others, deliberating officials and erudites among the ritual officers, argue, 'Emperor Xiaowen made an expedient rule of thirty-six days of mourning, exchanging days for months. The Way has rises and declines, and ritual cannot be kept complete; the crown prince should also cut off his feeling and remove mourning dress.' Erudite Chen Kui and others argue, "The three-year mourning is how a son exhausts himself; therefore the sages established ritual, reaching from above down below. For this reason, under the present system, whenever generals and officials suffer mourning for parents, all are granted leave for twenty-five months. Honoring and elevating filial piety is how one transforms all under Heaven. The crown prince's utmost filial piety is manifest within, yet mourning dress would be removed without; this is not what ritual calls matching the feeling. It is fitting that he not remove it." Your servants Qin, Shu, and Yu respectfully examine the arguments of Jing, Kui, and the others: each sees one end of what he has studied, but they have not understood the common ritual, ancient and modern, for an emperor in mourning. From above down below, for honored and humble, noble and base, each thing has what is fitting to it. Thus in ritual there are cases in which much is valued, cases in which little is valued, cases in which height is valued, and cases in which lowness is valued: it depends only on what is proportionate. If it is not so, then root and branch do not follow the constant, and the practice cannot go far. The Son of Heaven and the assembled ministers may be alike in the feelings of grief and joy, but what is fitting to their positions is truly different; therefore their rituals cannot be the same. The Yi says, "In the world of high antiquity, mourning terms had no fixed number"; the Yu shu says, "For three years, within the four seas, the eight sounds were stopped and silenced." After this, there is no text. When it reaches the Duke of Zhou, Dan, then it says, "Gaozong of Yin was in liang'an and did not speak for three years." Its commentary says, "Liang means trust; an means silence." Down more than five hundred years later, Zizhang doubted this and asked Zhongni about it. Zhongni answered, "Why only Gaozong? People of antiquity were all so. When the ruler died, the hundred officials gathered themselves and listened to the chief minister for three years." King Jing of Zhou had mourning for his queen and heir; after burial he removed mourning and had music. Shuxiang of Jin criticized him, saying, "For the three-year mourning, even the noble carry the dress through; this is ritual. Although the king did not carry it through, feasting and music were too early, and this too was not ritual." These are all mourning affairs of Sons of Heaven seen in ancient texts. In speaking of Gaozong, the text does not say he wore mourning for three years, but says he was in liang'an for three years; this is a text explaining removal of dress and mourning in the heart. In criticizing King Jing, it does not criticize his removal of mourning, but criticizes the fact that feasting and music were too early. This shows that after burial one should remove mourning, but that he violated the restraint of liang'an. When Yao died, Shun was in liang'an for three years, and therefore it speaks of stopping and silencing the eight sounds. Speaking from this, when the Son of Heaven is in mourning, in the systems of unhemmed and hemmed sackcloth, with coarse staff, headband, and girdle, he should carry through the wearing of the dress. After burial, however, he removes it and completes the matter through liang'an. For three years he does not change his father's Way, and therefore the hundred officials gather themselves and listen to the chief minister. Because the mourning dress has already been removed, the beauty of not speaking is praised; this shows that he no longer sleeps on straw and pillows his head on a clod, thereby neglecting great government. The Liji says, "The three-year mourning extends from the Son of Heaven downward." It also says, "For mourning for father and mother, noble and base are the same." It also says, "Plain mourning garments and mourning carriages all have no grades." This broadly means that when the Son of Heaven is in mourning, the regulations for clothing are the same as for ordinary people and the ritual of mourning in the heart ends after three years; there is still no text saying that he wears mourning for three years. Yet rulers who inherited the body of the state still often fell into neglect and repose. From the abandonment of the liang'an system onward, it came to make Gaozong alone famous in past generations and caused Zizhang to raise doubts in his own time. This is what worthies and sages criticized; they were not criticizing Sons of Heaven for not completing mourning by wearing the dress. Qin burned the books, acted according to its own wishes, exalted those above, and pressed down those below. The Han ancestor created the dynasty in rough beginnings and accordingly did not reform it. It even led all under Heaven to complete heavy mourning dress, attend in grief morning and evening, pass through heat and cold, and be barred from marriages, drinking wine, and eating meat; the system did not match feeling. For this reason, Emperor Xiaowen's final edict ordered that once encoffining was complete burial should proceed, and once burial was complete the removal after red-tassel sacrifice was to be fixed. Although this did not accord with the meaning of Gaozong's liang'an, it was close to the ancient models, and therefore it was transmitted to later heirs. At that time the tomb and temple had been prepared in advance, so encoffining and burial could be completed within twelve days, and on that basis a fixed system was established. Recently, down to Emperor Ming, while he was alive there was no tomb chamber, and only after fifty days was he buried. How could it have been in thirty-six days? This was the fault of the classical learning of that time being careless and abbreviated, and not taking the former sages as teachers. When the Wei house changed the mandate, it took the time after burial as the limit, which accorded with the ancient models; yet it did not set its heart on liang'an, and so shares the criticism of earlier ages. Since the opening of the Taishi era, Your Majesty has pursued and honored the ritual of liang'an, been careful at the end and dwelt in deep sincerity, truly reaching the ancient system and surpassing the Yin ancestor. All under Heaven sings of your virtue; this is truly not something Jing and the others can trace to its root. The rituals of the Son of Heaven and the feudal lords should thereby be complete. The feudal lords disliked what harmed themselves and cut it from their records; what now survives is only the one chapter "Mourning of an Officer," and Dai Sheng's records are mixed and confused within it, so they are also difficult to take as correct. The position of the Son of Heaven is most honored, the government of the myriad mechanisms is most great, and the mass of assembled ministers is most broad; he is not the same as an ordinary person. Therefore, once the deceased emperor has been buried and the attached sacrifice made in the temple, he removes mourning in accordance with the loosening of kinship. If he himself does not remove it, the assembled ministers do not dare remove it; therefore he bends himself and removes it. Yet he completes the system through liang'an, and all the people under Heaven say, "This is our king's humanity." He bends himself in order to follow what is fitting, and they all say, "This is our king's filial piety." After removing mourning, he still mourns in the heart, and they say, "Our king is still this sincere." For all ranks of ministers and sons, how could they not encourage themselves to honor ritual? This is the root by which the sage system changes customs and transforms habits, and the means by which Gaozong brought harmony and brightness. How could it be only mourning skirts! If, as the objectors say, one instead takes one's stand on an expedient rule, doubts the bending or extending and the lowering by suppression, and wants to make official duties the deciding line, then when the father is alive one mourns the mother for a year, and when the father has died one mourns for three years: this is the meaning of the closest kinship bending before the highest honor. In mourning for a divorced mother, the closest kinship provides the relation, yet the eldest son cannot have a separate system. In the meaning that the body is honored, rising and lowering all follow from it, and one does not dare act alone. The Li says: the office of the several sons is to oversee the deputies among the sons of the state. When the state has affairs, they lead the sons of the state and deliver them to the crown prince, to be used as he sees fit. The Commentary says, "When the ruler travels, there is one who guards; when there is one who guards, there is one who follows. Following is called guarding the army; guarding is called supervising the state." He is not without duties. The Mourning Garments says that a mother for her eldest son, a wife for her husband, and a concubine for her master all mourn for three years. Can it be said that the mistress of the inner palace has no duties? Measuring the Han system, at Emperor Xiaowen's mourning, once the red-tassel sacrifice was complete, Emperor Xiaojing immediately wore auspicious dress at Weiyang; Empress Bo and Empress Dou certainly could not have worn hemmed or unhemmed sackcloth in a separate palace. This can be known. How much more should the crown prince, who is paired as deputy to the Most Honored and forms one body with the state, surely follow ancient ritual from afar and match the system of the time nearby, bending to remove mourning in order to ease all below, and accord with the completed statute of one age. For the gentleman in ritual, there are cases in which one proceeds straight and cases in which one reduces by bending; there are cases in which one grades by the constant and cases in which one follows circumstances and sets it aside. It is only preserved within. When ritual says it is not a matter of jade and silk, could mourning say it is only a matter of sackcloth and hemp? This is already what we your servants call the great meaning of the classical system; moreover, speaking from the actual and immediate situation, there is also something uneasy. Now the crown prince's utmost filial piety rises abundantly and issues from nature. In wailing longing, he crawls in the mortuary palace; after the deceased emperor has been placed, he will go and not return, surely imagining the ordinary past and wandering about the sleeping hall. If he does not change and follow liang'an, then the ministers and servants of the Eastern Palace, by duty, will not remove mourning dress. This would mean that the officials attached to Yongfu alone would have to conduct affairs in sackcloth and hemp, and entering and leaving the palace and departments would also be difficult to continue. Now although generals and officials receive the same twenty-five months of leave, when it comes to great ministers, even they are deprived of that system. In the past, Zhai Fangjin, because he himself was Han chancellor, remained in mourning thirty-six days and did not dare exceed the state statute. How much more for the crown prince? We your servants consider that the crown prince should follow the earlier memorial, remove mourning dress, and complete the system in liang'an.
10
於是太子遂以厭降之議,從國制除衰麻,諒闇終制。
On that basis the heir shed hemp under the expedient code and finished mourning in seclusion.
11
于時外內卒聞預異議,多怪之。 或者乃謂其違禮以合時。 時預亦不自解說,退使博士段暢博采典籍,為之證據,令大義著明,足以垂示將來。 暢承預旨,遂撰集書傳舊文,條諸實事成言,以為定證,以弘指趣。 其傳記有與今議同者,亦具列之,博舉二隅,明其會歸,以證斯事。 文多不載。
Court and camp alike thought Du Yu's view bizarre. Some accused him of bending the canon to please fashion. Du Yu said little himself but told Duan Chang to mine the classics for proofs that would settle the debate for later ages. Duan Chang collated precedents and tagged each with a gloss to anchor Du Yu's thesis. He cited parallels that matched the new rule and mapped how they converged on one conclusion. The compilation ran long and is omitted here.
12
武帝楊悼皇后既母養懷帝,后遇難時,懷帝尚幼,及即位,中詔述后恩愛。 及后祖載,群官議帝應為追制服,或以庶母慈己,依禮制小功五月,或以謂慈母服如母服齊衰者,眾議不同。 閭丘沖議云:「楊后母養聖上,蓋以曲情。 今以恩禮追崇,不配世祖廟。 王者無慈養之服,謂宜祖載之日,可三朝素服發哀而已。」 於是從之。
Empress Yang had raised the future Emperor Huai; when she was killed he was still a child, and on enthronement he issued a palace rescript praising her care. At her cortège the ministries split: some wanted retroactive weeds, some cited a nurturing concubine's xiao gong, some equated her to a legal mother in qi-cui. Luqiu Chong debated: 'Empress Yang mother-nurtured the sage ascendant—generally out of special affection. Now by kindness and ritual we posthumously honor her—not pairing her in Emperor Shizu's temple. For kings there is no garment for 'foster nurturing'; I say on the day of the funeral train, three court sessions in plain dress to raise mourning is enough.' The throne accepted his view.
13
康帝建元元年正月晦,成恭杜皇后周忌,有司奏,至尊期年應改服。 詔曰:「君親,名教之重也,權制出於近代耳。」 於是素服如舊,固非漢魏之典也,
On the last day of the first month in the first year of Jianyuan under Emperor Kang, the full-year anniversary of Empress Chenggong Du arrived, and the responsible offices memorialized that after the full year the sovereign should change garments. The edict said: 'Lord and parent are what name-teaching esteems most heavily—expedient regulation arose only in recent generations.' He kept plain dress anyway—far from Han or Wei orthodoxy.
14
興寧元年,哀帝章皇太妃薨,帝欲服重。 江虨啟:「先王制禮,應在緦服。」 詔欲降期,虨又啟:「厭屈私情,所以上嚴祖考。」 於是制緦麻三月。
In the first year of Xingning, Emperor Ai's Honored Lady Zhang died, and he wanted the heaviest weeds. Jiang Pin presented: 'The former kings' ritual system—ought to be si-grade hemp.' The edict wished to lower to qi [one full year]; Pin again presented: 'Suppressing and bending private feeling is thereby to give utmost respect to remote ancestors.' The court settled on three months of si hemp.
15
孝武甯康中,崇德太后褚氏崩。 后於帝為從嫂,或疑其服。 博士徐藻議,以為:「資父事君而敬同。 又,禮,其夫屬父道者,其妻皆母道也。 則夫屬君道,妻亦后道矣。 服后宜以資母之義。 魯譏逆祀,以明尊尊。 今上躬奉康、穆、哀皇及靖后之祀,致敬同於所天。 豈可敬之以君道,而服廢於本親。 謂應服齊衰期。」 於是帝制期服,
During Ningkang, Empress Dowager Chongde of the Chu clan died. To the reigning emperor she was a sister-in-law, so ministers argued the garment. Erudite Xu Zao debated, holding that 'nurturing a father and serving a lord share the same reverence. Moreover by ritual: when a husband falls under the 'father's way,' his wives all fall under the 'mother's way.' Then when the husband falls under the 'lord's way,' the wife likewise falls under the 'empress's way.' For the empress dowager one ought by the meaning of a nurturing mother. Lu reproached inverted sacrifice—to clarify honoring the honored. Now the sovereign personally attends sacrifice to Emperors Kang, Mu, and Ai and to Empress Jing—pays utmost reverence the same as to Heaven. How can one reverence her by the lord's way yet in garments cast off close kin. I say he ought wear qi-cui for one full cycle.' The throne adopted qi-cui mourning.
16
隆安四年,孝武太皇太后李氏崩,疑所服。 尚書左僕射何澄、右僕射王雅、尚書車胤、孔安國、祠部郎徐廣議、太皇太后名位允正,體同皇極,理制備盡,情禮彌申。 《陽秋》之義,母以子貴,既稱夫人,禮服從正。 故成風顯夫人之號,文公服三年之喪。 子于父之所生,體尊義重。 且禮,祖不厭孫,固宜遂服無屈,而緣情立制。 若嫌明文不存,則疑斯從重,謂應同于為祖母后齊衰期。 永安皇后無服,但一舉哀,百官亦一期。」 詔可。
In the fourth year of Long'an, when Grand Empress Dowager Li died, the court disputed the proper weeds. He Cheng, Wang Ya, Che Yin, Kong Anguo, and Xu Guang argued her title was orthodox, her station matched the pole, and both law and sentiment demanded full mourning. The Zuo principle 'mother honored by son' means a titled consort takes the full garment schedule. Hence Duke Wen wore three years for Lady Chengfeng once she was titled mother. A son owes the birth parent both dignity and deep obligation. Ancestors do not override grandsons, so nothing in the canon forces a reduction, though feeling may shape the grade. Where scripture is unclear, choose the heavier rule—here that means qi-cui for a grandmother-empress. Empress Yong'an had no garment—only once raised mourning; the hundred officials likewise one cycle.' The rescript said yes.
17
孝武帝太元十五年,淑媛陳氏卒,皇太子所生也。 有司參詳母以子貴,贈淑媛為夫人,置家令典喪事。 太子前衛率徐邈議:「《喪服傳》稱與尊者為體,則不服其私親。 又,君父所不服,子亦不敢服。 故王公妾子服其所生母練冠麻衣,既葬而除,非五服之常,則謂之無服。」 從之,
In the fifteenth year of Taiyuan under Emperor Xiaowu, Honored Lady Chen died; she was the birth mother of the crown prince. the ministries invoked 'mother honored by son,' raised her to Lady, and assigned a household steward for the funeral. Former crown-prince guard commander Xu Miao debated: "The Mourning Garments Commentary states that when one forms one body with the honored person, then one does not wear mourning for one's private kin. Moreover, what lord and father does not wear, the son likewise dare not wear. Therefore royal lords' sons by concubines wear for their birth mothers lien cap and hemp cloth—once buried then remove—not among the five garments' constant norms—then it is called having no garment." The court accepted his reading.
18
太元二十一年,孝武帝崩,孝武太后制三年之服。
In the twenty-first year of Taiyuan, Emperor Xiaowu died, and Empress Dowager Xiaowu established three-year mourning dress.
19
惠帝太安元年三月,皇太孫尚薨。 有司奏,御服齊衰期。 詔下通議。 散騎常侍謝衡以為:「諸侯之太子,誓與未誓,尊卑體殊。 《喪服》云為嫡子長殤,謂未誓也,已誓則不殤也。」 中書令卞粹曰:「太子始生,故已尊重,不待命誓。 若衡議已誓不殤,則無服之子當斬衰三年; 未誓而殤,則雖十九當大功九月。 誓與未誓,其為升降也微; 斬衰與大功,其為輕重也遠。 而今注云『諸侯不降嫡殤重』。 嫌于無服,以大功為重嫡之服,則雖誓,無復有三年之理明矣。 男能衛社稷,女能奉婦道,以可成之年而有已成之事,故可無殤,非孩齔之謂也。 為殤後者尊之如父,猶無所加而止殤服,況以天子之尊,而為無服之殤行成人之制邪! 凡諸宜重之殤,皆士大夫不加服,而令至尊獨居其重,未之前聞也。」 博士蔡克同粹。 秘書監摯虞云:「太子初生,舉以成人之禮,則殤理除矣。 太孫亦體君傳重,由位成而服,全非以年也。 天子無服殤之義,絕期故也。」 於是從之。
In the third month of the first year of Taian under Emperor Hui, the imperial grandson-heir Shang died. The authorities asked that the emperor observe qi-cui mourning for the standard one-year term. The throne sent down an edict for the whole bureaucracy to debate the matter. Cavalier attendant-in-ordinary Xie Heng held: "For a feudal lord's heir apparent, sworn presentation versus not yet sworn—the honored base and bodily tie differ. The Mourning Garments [canon] states mourning for the eldest legitimate son's long shang means not yet sworn; once sworn then it is not [counted as] shang." Minister of the Secretariat Bian Cui said: "The heir apparent from birth is therefore already honored high—does not await mandate-swearing. If by Xie's debate sworn means not shang, then the son for whom there is no [shang-scale] garment ought wear zhan-cui three years; not sworn and [dies as] shang, then though age nineteen ought wear da gong nine months. Sworn and not sworn—the rise and fall therein is slight; zhan-cui and da gong—the light and heavy therein is far apart. Yet now the commentary states 'feudal lords do not lower the weight of legitimate-son shang.' Loath to [say] no garment, taking da gong as the garment weighting the legitimate heir—then though sworn, there is no longer principle for three years—this is clear. When a male can guard altars of soil and grain and a female can uphold the wifely way—in years when completion is possible yet matters already accomplished—therefore may be without shang—it does not mean infant teeth. One who succeeds a shang [decedent] honors him like a father—still adds nothing and stops at shang garment—how much more with Heaven's Son's honor to enact adult norms for a shang without garment! All shangs that ought be weighted—great officers add no garment—yet to make the supremacy alone bear the weight—never before heard." Court erudite Cai Ke sided with Bian Cui. Director of the Palace Library Zhi Yu said: "The heir apparent from birth is raised with adult rites—then shang principle is removed. The grand heir likewise forms one body with the lord and transmits weight—garments follow from position achieved, wholly not by age. The Son of Heaven has no principle of wearing [mourning for] shang—because [such ties] are cut off at one full cycle (qi)." The court adopted this view.
20
魏氏故事,國有大喪,群臣凶服,以帛為綬囊,以布為劍衣。 新禮,以《傳》稱「去喪無所不佩」,明在喪則無佩也,更制齊斬之喪不佩劍綬。 摯虞以為「《周禮》武賁氏,士大夫之職也,皆以兵守王宮,國有喪故,則衰葛執戈楯守門,葬則從車而哭。 又,成王崩,太保命諸大夫以干戈內外警設。 明喪故之際,蓋重宿衛之防。 去喪無所不佩,謂服飾之事,不謂防禦之用。 宜定新禮布衣劍如舊,其餘如新制。」 詔從之。
Under Wei dynasty usage, a dynastic funeral saw ministers in mourning garb with silk pouches for seal cords and cloth wrappers for swords. The New Rites, because the Commentary states 'upon leaving mourning nothing is not suspended,' clarifies that in mourning there is no suspension—reformed so qi-cui and zhan-cui mourning do not suspend sword and seal cord. Zhi Yu held that "the Zhou Rites' Wu-ben guards—great officers' duty—all with arms guard the royal palace; when the state has mourning cause, then [wear] frayed robe and kudzu, grasp halberd and shield guarding gates; at burial then follow carts and wail. Moreover, when King Cheng died, Grand Protect ordered various great officers with shields and halberds to set inner and outer vigil. This clarifies that at mourning's crisis one esteems night-watch defense. 'Upon leaving mourning nothing not suspended' speaks of adornment matters—not defense uses. It is fitting to fix the New Rites: cloth garment and sword as of old—the rest as new regulation." An edict accepted his recommendation.
21
漢魏故事,將葬,設吉凶鹵簿,皆以鼓吹。 新禮以禮無吉駕導從之文,臣子不宜釋其衰麻以服玄黃,除吉駕鹵簿。 又,凶事無樂,遏密八音,除凶服之鼓吹。 摯虞以為:「葬有祥車曠左,則今之容車也。 既葬,日中反虞,逆神而還。 《春秋傳》,鄭大夫公孫蠆卒,天子追賜大路,使以行。 《士喪禮》,葬有稿車乘車,以載生之服。 此皆不唯載柩,兼有吉駕之明文也。 既設吉駕,則宜有導從,以象平生之容,明不致死之義。 臣子衰麻不得為身而釋,以為君父則無不可。 《顧命》之篇足以明之。 宜定新禮設吉服導從如舊,其凶服鼓吹宜除。」 詔從之。
Han and Wei practice paired auspicious and funeral halberd escorts at burial, both complete with military music. The New Rites argued classical texts never sanctioned festive carriages and outriders for a burial, so ministers should not strip mourning hemp for court blacks—and struck the auspicious half of the halberd escort. Funerals should silence every instrument, they added, so drum-and-pipe bands had to go from the mourning procession as well. Zhi Yu held: "Burial has auspicious cart with empty left seat—that is today's appearance cart. Once buried, at midday perform returning yu, welcome the spirit back. The Spring and Autumn Commentary: Zheng grand officer Gongsun Chai died—the Son of Heaven posthumously granted great road-chariot, ordering it used for the procession. The Gentlemen's Mourning Rites: burial has straw cart and riding cart—to carry garb [used] in life. These all not only bear the coffin—together they have explicit text for auspicious carriages. Once auspicious carriages are set, then fittingly there should be outriders—to image deportment in life, clarifying the meaning of not treating [the deceased] as utterly dead. Ministers and sons in frayed hemp may not for themselves shed—for lord and father then nothing impermissible. The 'Charge at Gu' piece suffices to clarify this. It is fitting to fix the New Rites to set auspicious-garment outriders as of old—the funeral drum-and-pipe ought be removed." The throne agreed.
22
漢魏故事,大喪及大臣之喪,執紼者輓歌。 新禮以為輓歌出於漢武帝役人之勞歌,聲哀切,遂以為送終之禮。 雖音曲摧愴,非經典所制,違禮設銜枚之義。 方在號慕,不宜以歌為名。 除,不輓歌。 摯虞以為:「輓歌因倡和而為摧愴之聲,銜枚所以全哀,此亦以感眾。 雖非經典所載,是歷代故事。 《詩》稱『君子作歌,惟以告哀』,以歌為名,亦無所嫌。 宜定新禮如舊。」 詔從之,
Han and Wei custom had catafalque bearers chant pulling-dirges at imperial funerals and at those of great ministers. The New Rites traced those laments to corvée labor songs under Emperor Wu—voices sharp with grief—and showed how they had hardened into funeral practice. However wrenching the tunes, they are nowhere mandated in the classics and violate the spirit of biting wooden gag-bits to keep silence. Mid-wail for the dead, nothing should parade under the label of "song." The reform abolished pulling-dirges altogether. Zhi Yu held: "Dirges through lead-and-chorus become crushing sounds—mouth-plugs thereby preserve mourning—this too thereby moves the crowd. Though not carried in classics—it is successive dynasties' precedent. The Odes state 'the gentleman makes song—only to declare grief'—to take song as name—also nothing blameworthy. It is fitting to fix the New Rites as of old." The court accepted his opinion.
23
咸寧二年,安平穆王薨,無嗣,以母弟敦上繼獻王後,移太常問應何服。 博士張靖答,宜依魯僖服閔三年例。 尚書符詰靖:「穆王不臣敦,敦不繼穆,與閔僖不同。」 孫毓、宋昌議,以穆王不之國,敦不仕諸侯,不應三年。 以義處之,敦宜服本服,一期而除,主穆王喪祭三年畢,乃吉祭獻王。 毓云:「《禮》,君之子孫所以臣諸兄者,以臨國故也。 《禮》又與諸侯為兄弟服斬者,謂鄰國之臣於鄰國之君,有猶君之義故也。 今穆王既不之國,不臣兄弟,敦不仕諸侯,無鄰臣之義,異于閔僖,如符旨也。 但喪無主,敦既奉詔紹國,受重主喪,典其祭祀。 『大功者主人之喪,有三年者則必為之再祭』。 鄭氏《注》云,『謂死者之從父昆弟來為喪主也。」 有三年者,謂妻若子幼少也』。 『再祭,謂大小祥也』。 穆妃及國臣於禮皆當三年,此為有三年者,敦當為之主大小兩祥祭也。 且哀樂不相雜,吉凶不相干。 凶服在宮,哭泣未絕。 敦遽主穆王之喪,而國制未除,則不得以己本親服除而吉祭獻王也。」,
In the second year of Xianning, when Prince Mu of Anping died without issue, his full brother Sima Dun was promoted to continue Prince Xian's line; the matter went to the Chamberlain for Ceremonials to settle the proper mourning grades. Erudite Zhang Jing answered that the parallel was Duke Xi of Lu wearing three years' mourning for Duke Min. The Secretariat issued a writ pressing Jing: "Prince Mu did not treat Dun as subject—Dun does not succeed Mu—this differs from Min and Xi." Sun Yu and Song Chang countered that because Prince Mu never took up his fief and Dun had never served as a feudal officer, full three-year mourning was out of the question. On principle, Dun should wear only his own proper grade—doffing it after the one-year term—yet still oversee Prince Mu's mortuary rites through three years before he may offer auspicious sacrifices to Prince Xian. Sun Yu said: "By the Rites, why lord's descendants treat elder brothers as lord—because they face the state. The Rites moreover [say] wearing zhan-cui for feudal-lord brothers means neighboring state's ministers toward neighboring state's lord—because there is quasi-lord meaning. Now Prince Mu neither went to state nor treated brothers as subjects—Dun never served feudal lords—no neighboring-minister meaning—differs from Min and Xi—as the writ's intent [states]. But mourning lacked a master—Dun having received edict to continue the state—received weight and presided mourning—administers its sacrifices. 'For da gong [mourning] the master's mourning—if there is one with three years then must perform for him twice the sacrifice.' Zheng's Commentary states: '[This] means the deceased's father's brothers' sons who come as mourning master. [Text joins prior quotation;] 'those who have three years' refers to wife or young children (close of Zheng Xuan gloss). 'Twice sacrifice means great and small xiang.' Prince Mu's consort and his household ministers each owe three years of mourning; they are the "three-year" parties for whom Dun must preside over both xiang ceremonies. Moreover grief must not mingle with celebration, nor mourning with felicity. Funeral weeds still fill the palace and wails have not fallen silent. Dun hastily presides Prince Mu's mourning—yet state regulation not removed—then may not with his own kin garment removed perform auspicious sacrifice to Prince Xian."
24
陳留國上,燕公是王之父,王出奉明帝祀,今于王為從父,有司奏應服期,不以親疏尊卑為降。 詔曰:「王奉魏氏,所承者重,不得服其私親。」 穆帝時,東海國言,哀王薨逾年,嗣王乃來繼,不復追服,群臣皆已反吉,國妃亦宜同除。 詔曰:「朝廷所以從權制者,以王事奪之,非為變禮也。 婦人傳重義大,若從權制,義將安托!」 於是國妃終三年之禮。 孫盛以為:「廢三年之禮,開偷薄之源,漢魏失之大者也。 今若以大夫宜奪以王事。 婦人可終本服,是吉凶之儀雜陳于宮寢,彩素之制乖異於內外,無乃情禮俱違,哀樂失所乎!」,
Chenliu memorialized that the Duke of Yan was the king's natural father; once the king had been given to continue Emperor Ming's line, the duke counted only as a congfu relative. Officials proposed qi-grade mourning with no reduction for intimacy or rank. Edict stated: "The king carries Wei house—the inheritance is weighty—may not wear for private kin." Later, under Emperor Mu, Donghai argued that King Ai had been dead more than a year before the heir arrived, so no retroactive mourning was worn; ministers had all returned to felicity garb, and the princess-consort should shed weeds as well. Edict stated: "Why the court followed expedient regulation—because royal affairs seized them—not to alter the rites. Women's transmitting weight—right meaning is great—if following expedient regulation—where will right rest!" The princess-consort therefore observed the full three-year mourning. Sun Sheng held: "Abolishing three years' rites—opens source of stingy thinness—Han-Wei's great failure. Now if holding great officers ought be seized by royal affairs. women may complete proper garment—is this not auspicious and inauspicious observances mixed in palace chambers—bright and plain regulations contrary inner and outer—surely emotion and rites both violated—grief and joy lose their place!"
25
太元十七年,太常車胤上言:「謹案《喪服禮經》,庶子為母緦麻三月。 《傳》曰:『何以緦麻? 以尊者為體,不敢服其私親也。』 此《經》《傳》之明文,聖賢之格言。 而自頃開國公侯,至於卿士,庶子為後,各肆私情,服其庶母,同之於嫡。 此末俗之弊,溺情傷教,縱而不革,則流遁忘返矣。 且夫尊尊親親,雖禮之大本,然厭親于尊,由來尚矣。 《禮記》曰,『為父後,出母無服也者,不祭故也』。 又,禮,天子父母之喪,未葬,越紼而祭天地社稷。 斯皆崇嚴至敬,不敢以私廢尊也。 今身承祖宗之重,而以庶母之私,廢烝嘗之事。 五廟闕祀,由一妾之終,求之情禮,失莫大焉。 舉世皆然,莫之裁貶。 就心不同,而事不敢異。 故正禮遂穨,而習非成俗。 此《國風》所以思古,《小雅》所以悲歎。 當今九服漸甯,王化惟新,誠宜崇明禮訓,以一風俗。 請臺省考修經典,式明王度。」 不答。
In the seventeenth year of Taiyuan, Che Yin, Chamberlain for Ceremonials, submitted a statement, saying, "I respectfully examine the Mourning Garments ritual canon: a concubine-born son mourns his mother with three months of fine hemp. The Commentary states: 'Why si? Because one forms body with the honored—dare not wear for private kin.' This is classic and commentary's clear text—sages' model words. Yet from recently enfeoffed dukes and marquises down to ministers—sons by concubine who became heirs—each indulged private feeling—wore mourning for concubine-mothers—equating to legitimate mother. This is late custom's harm—drowning feeling injures teaching—if indulged and not reformed—then drift astray unable return. Moreover honoring honor and kinning kin—though rites' great root—yet subordinating kin to honor—from antiquity esteemed. The Record of Rites states: 'Acting as father's heir—divorced mother no garment—because [one does] not sacrifice [to her] thereby.' Moreover, by rites—Son of Heaven's father-mother mourning—not yet buried—step over rope-coffin and sacrifice to Heaven Earth soil and grain. These all exalt stern utmost reverence—dare not with private discard honor. Now personally bearing ancestors' weight—yet with concubine-mother's private—abolish zheng-offering and chang-offering affairs. Five temples lack sacrifice—because one concubine's end—seek in emotion and rites—failure none greater. Whole age thus—none trims or faults it. In heart disagree—but in deed dare not differ. Hence correct rites thus crumble—and habit wrong becomes custom. This is why Airs of the States longs for antiquity—why Lesser Odes laments. Now the nine domains gradually pacified—kingly transformation anew—truly fitting exalt bright ritual instruction—to unify customs. I request that the central departments examine and revise the classics, so as to make the royal standards clear.” The throne let the matter drop without answering.
26
十八年,胤又上言:「去年上,自頃開國公侯,至於卿士,庶子為後者,服其庶母,同之於嫡,違禮犯制,宜加裁抑。 事上經年,未被告報,未審朝議以何為疑。 若以所陳或謬,則經有文; 若以古今不同,則晉有成典。 升平四年,故太宰武陵王所生母喪,表求齊衰三年,詔聽依昔樂安王故事,制大功九月, 興甯三年,故梁王㻱又所生母喪,亦求三年。 《庚子詔書》依太宰故事,同服大功。 若謹案周禮,則緦麻三月; 若奉晉制,則大功九月。 古禮今制,並無居廬三年之文,而頃年已來,各申私情,更相擬襲,漸以成俗。 縱而不禁,則聖典滅矣。 夫尊尊親親,立人之本,王化所由,二端而已。 故先王設教,務弘其極,尊郊社之敬,制越紼之禮,嚴宗廟之祀,厭庶子之服,所以經緯人文,化成天下。 夫屈家事于王道,厭私恩於祖宗,豈非上行乎下,父行乎子! 若尊尊之心有時而替,宜厭之情觸事而申,祖宗之敬微,而君臣之禮虧矣。 嚴恪微於祖宗,致敬虧於事上,而欲俗安化隆,不亦難乎! 區區所惜,實在於斯。 職之所司,不敢不言。 請臺參詳。」 尚書奏:「案如辭輒下主者詳尋。 依禮,庶子與尊者為體,不敢服其私親,此尊祖敬宗之義。 自頃陵遲,斯禮遂廢。 封國之君廢五廟之重,士庶匹夫闕烝嘗之禮,習成穨俗,宜被革正。 輒內外參詳,謂宜聽胤所上,可依樂安王大功為正。 請為告書如左,班下內外,以定永制,普令依承,事可奉行。」 詔可。
In the eighteenth year Che Yin again memorialized: "Since last year's memorial, from recently enfeoffed dukes and marquises down to senior ministers, heirs born of concubines have worn mourning for concubine-mothers equal to a legal parent—this breaches ritual and statute and ought to be curbed. The matter has been on high a full year without returned report—I do not know what doubt the court's deliberation still harbors. If what I stated is mistaken, then the classics still contain explicit text. If ancient and modern differ, then Jin itself already has established precedent. In the fourth year of Shengping, when the late grand preceptor the Prince of Wuling lost his birth mother, he asked for qi-cui three years; an edict allowed him to follow the former Prince of Le'an precedent and fixed da gong nine months. In the third year of Xingning, [The narrative continues:] When the late Prince of Liang Zhen likewise lost his birth mother, he again requested three years. The Gengzi edict followed the grand preceptor precedent and likewise prescribed da gong. If one consults the Zhou Rites, the grade is si hemp for three months. If one follows Jin statute, it is da gong for nine months. Neither old rite nor current law ever authorized three years in the mourning hut—yet lately each house pleads private feeling and copies the next until it has hardened into custom. If indulged and never forbidden, the sage canons are undone. Honoring superiors and cherishing kin are the twin roots of becoming human; kingly transformation flows from these two channels alone. Therefore former kings framed instruction to carry each principle to its height: they magnified suburban-altar awe, regulated the rite of vaulting the burial cord, tightened ancestral sacrifice, and suppressed mourning for concubine-mothers—by these they ordered civilization and transformed the realm. Bending household duty to the kingly way and subordinating private grace to the ancestors—is this not the sovereign setting the pattern below and fathers doing the same for sons? If reverence for rank ever falters and the feeling that ought to be suppressed surges at every turn, respect for ancestors thins and the rite between lord and minister collapses. When awe before ancestors grows slight and reverence toward superiors fails, expecting customs to mend and transformation to flourish—is that not difficult! What your humble servant cherishes lies precisely here. What my office oversees—I dare not keep silent. I ask the central departments to deliberate in detail." The Ministry memorialized: "As the wording states, send it down to the supervisor to investigate in detail. By ritual a son by concubine who is ritually one with the exalted may not wear mourning for a private parent—this is the meaning of revering ancestors and respecting the lineage. From recent decline this rite has been cast aside. Enfeoffed lords toss away the weight of five shrines; gentlemen and commoners skip winter and autumn offerings—habit has slid into decay and ought to be corrected. We inner and outer offices have deliberated in detail and deem it fitting to accept what Yin submitted: take the Prince of Le'an's da gong as the correct standard. Request that a proclamation be drafted as below, circulated inside and outside, to fix a perpetual rule so all may comply—the measure can then be enforced." The throne agreed.
27
《禮》,王為三公六卿錫衰,為大夫士疑衰,首服弁絰。 天子諸侯皆為貴臣貴妾服三月。 漢為大臣制服無聞焉。 漢明帝時,東海恭王薨,帝出幸津門亭發哀。
Sovereigns don xi-cui for top ministers, yi-cui for lower ranks, capped with mourning ties. Rulers mourn favorite ministers and concubines three months by the same rule. Han sources never spell out court weeds for ministers. Han Mingdi rode to Jinmen kiosk to wail for his brother.
28
及武帝十一月,詔「諸王公大臣薨,應三朝發哀者,逾月不舉樂,其一朝發哀者,三日不舉樂也」。
Under Emperor Wu in the eleventh month an edict read: "When princes, dukes, or great ministers die, those who owe three audiences of mourning shall have no music for over a month; those who owe one audience shall have no music for three days."
29
元帝姨廣昌鄉君喪,未葬,中丞熊遠表云:「案《禮》『君于卿大夫,比葬不食肉,比卒哭不舉樂』,惻隱之心未忍行吉事故也。 被尚書符,冬至後二日小會。 臣以為廣昌鄉君喪殯日,聖恩垂悼。 禮,大夫死,廢一時之祭。 祭猶可廢,而況餘事。 冬至唯可群下奉賀而已,未便小會。」 詔以遠表示賀循,又曰:「武皇帝故事云『王公大臣薨,三朝發哀,逾月不舉樂,其一朝發哀,三日不舉樂』,此舊事明文。」 賀循答曰:「案《禮·雜記》,『君于卿大夫之喪,比葬不食肉,比卒哭不舉樂』。 古者君臣義重,雖以至尊之義,降而無服,三月之內,猶錫衰以居,不接吉事。 故春秋晉大夫智悼子未葬,平公作樂,為屠蒯所譏。 如遠所答,合于古義。 咸寧詔書雖不會經典,然隨時立宜,以為定制,誠非群下所得稱論。」, 升平元年,帝姑廬陵公主未葬,符問太常,冬至小會應作樂不。 博士胡訥議云:「君于卿大夫,比卒哭不舉樂。 公主有骨肉之親,宜闕樂。」 太常王彪之云:「案武帝詔,三朝舉哀,三旬乃舉樂; 其一朝舉哀者,三日則舉樂。 泰始十年春,長樂長公主薨,太康七年秋,扶風王駿薨,武帝並舉哀三日而已。 中興已後,更參論不改此制。 今小會宜作樂。」 二議竟不知所取。
When Emperor Yuan's maternal aunt the Lady of Guangchang village died, before burial Palace Secretary Xiong Yuan memorialized: "The Rites say the lord toward ministers and great officers—before burial does not eat meat, before the end of wailing does not raise music—because pitying hearts cannot yet bear auspicious business. A Secretariat directive scheduled a small court gathering two days after the winter solstice. Your servant holds that on the Lady of Guangchang's encoffining day sagely grace should show condolence. By ritual, when a great officer dies, one season's sacrifice is suspended. If sacrifice may be suspended, how much more other affairs. Winter solstice may only be an occasion for subordinates to offer congratulations—it is not yet fitting to convene a small assembly." The edict forwarded Xiong's statement to He Xun and added: "Emperor Wu's precedent reads: 'When princes, dukes, or great ministers die—three audiences of mourning, then no music for over a month; one audience, then no music for three days'—that old text is explicit." He Xun replied: "Reviewing the Rites, Miscellaneous Records: 'The lord toward a minister's or great officer's mourning—before burial does not eat meat, before the end of wailing does not raise music. In antiquity the bond between lord and minister was weighty: though the utmost honoring rites lowered the sovereign so he wore no full mourning, within three months he still dwelt in xi-cui and undertook no auspicious affairs. Therefore the Spring and Autumn records that while Jin minister Zhi Ying lay unburied, Duke Ping ordered music and was rebuked by the blind musician Tu Kui. Xiong Yuan's answer matches ancient meaning. The Xianning edict may not tally with every classic, yet it set workable law for its day and became fixed statute—not something subordinates should reopen at will." In Shengping 1, while Princess Luling still awaited burial, an official inquiry asked whether the winter-solstice dinner could have music. Erudite Hu Na argued: "The lord toward ministers and great officers does not raise music before the end of wailing. The princess shares flesh-and-bone closeness—music ought to be omitted." Chamberlain Wang Bianzhi said: "Reviewing Emperor Wu's edict—three audiences of mourning, then music only after three decad-days; those who hold one audience of mourning may raise music after three days. In spring of the tenth year of Taishi, the Senior Princess of Changle died; in autumn of the seventh year of Taikang, Prince Jun of Fufeng died. For both, Emperor Wu held mourning for only three days. Since the Eastern Restoration courts have debated again and never altered that system. Therefore the small assembly ought use music." The ministries left the contradiction unresolved.
30
《喪服記》,公為所寓,齊衰三月。 新禮以今無此事,除此一章。 摯虞以為:「《周禮》作于刑厝之時,而著荒政十二。 禮備制待物,不以時衰而除盛典,世隆而闕衰教也。 曩者王司徒失守播越,自稱寄公。 是時天下又多此比,皆禮之所及。 宜定新禮自如舊經。」 詔從之。
Classical text still gives three months of qi-cui for a refugee lord and his patron. Jin's New Rites dropped the chapter as obsolete. Zhi Yu argued: "The Zhou Rites were compiled when punishments were laid aside, yet they still list twelve famine policies. Rites complete their regulations to meet every contingency—they do not discard great ceremonies because the age declines, nor omit teachings on decline because the world prospers. When former Director Wang lost his command and wandered, calling himself a guest lord. At that time many under Heaven were in the same case—all fell within ritual's reach. The New Rites should restore this chapter as in the old classic." The throne agreed.
31
漢魏故事無五等諸侯之制,公卿朝士服喪,親疏各如其親。 新禮王公五等諸侯成國置卿者,及朝廷公孤之爵,皆傍親絕期,而旁親為之服斬衰,卿校位從大夫者皆絕緦。 摯虞以為:「古者諸侯君臨其國,臣諸父兄,今之諸侯未同于古。 未同于古,則其尊未全,不宜便從絕期之制,而令傍親服斬衰之重也。 諸侯既然,則公孤之爵亦宜如舊。 昔魏武帝建安中已曾表上,漢朝依古為制,事與古異,皆不施行,施行者著在魏科。 大晉采以著令,宜定新禮皆如舊。」 詔從之。
Han and Wei let mourning follow blood, not rank. Jin's code tried to sever collateral ties for great nobles while still demanding zhan-cui from cousins—a tangle Han never used. Zhi Yu held: "Ancient feudal lords ruled their states and treated paternal uncles as subjects; today's nobles are not the same as antiquity. Because they are not the same as antiquity, their ritual supremacy is incomplete—it is not fitting to follow outright the rule that cuts qi while forcing collateral kin into zhan-cui. Feudal lords being so, duke-and-guardian titles should likewise follow the old pattern. Wei Emperor Wu in the Jian'an era already memorialized for Han to legislate by antiquity; because affairs differed from antiquity, nothing was enacted, while what was enacted appears in Wei code. Great Jin adopted those entries into promulgated law—the New Rites ought everywhere to match the old statute." The rescript accepted Zhi Yu.
32
《喪服》無弟子為師服之制,新禮弟子為師齊衰三月。 摯虞以為:「自古無師服之制,故仲尼之喪,門人疑于所服。 子貢曰:『昔夫子之喪顏回,若喪子而無服,請喪夫子若喪父而無服。』 遂心喪三年。 此則懷三年之哀,而無齊衰之制也。 群居,入則絰,出則否,所謂弔服加麻也。 先聖為禮,必易從而可傳。 師徒義誠重,而服制不著,歷代相襲,不以為缺。 且尋師者以彌高為得,故屢遷而不嫌; 修業者以日新為益,故舍舊而不疑。 仲尼稱『三人行,必有我師焉』。 子貢云,『夫何常師之有』。 淺學之師,暫學之師,不可皆為之服。 義有輕重,服有廢興,則臧否由之而起,是非因之而爭,愛惡相攻,悔吝生焉。 宜定新禮無服如舊。」 詔從之。
The revision added three months of qi-cui for masters. Zhi Yu held: "From antiquity there was no teacher-mourning code—therefore at Confucius's death disciples were unsure what to wear. Zigong said: 'When the Master mourned Yan Hui, it was like mourning a son but without mourning garments; I ask to mourn the Master like mourning a father but without mourning garments.'" Thereupon they observed heart mourning three years. That harbors three years of grief yet lacks a qi-cui regulation. When assembled they wore zhui ties indoors but not outdoors—what is called adding hemp to condolence dress. Former sages made ritual easy to follow and possible to transmit. Teacher-disciple duty is weighty, yet garment rules were never written down—later ages followed one another and did not treat that as a defect. Moreover those who seek teachers take 'ever higher' as their gain—therefore they change masters repeatedly without scruple; those who pursue learning take 'daily renewal' as profit—therefore they cast aside the old without hesitation. Zhongni said, 'In a party of three walking, there must be my teacher among them.'" Zigong said, 'What constant teacher is there?'" Shallow teachers and brief teachers cannot all receive mourning. When rightness has light and heavy and garments wax and wane, praise and blame arise, yes and no contend, love and hate clash, and regret is born. The New Rites should leave teacher mourning absent, as in antiquity." The court agreed.
33
古者天子諸侯葬禮粗備,漢世又多變革,魏晉以下世有改變,大體同漢之制。 而魏武以禮送終之制,襲稱之數,繁而無益,俗又過之,豫自制送終衣服四篋,題識其上,春秋冬夏,日有不諱,隨時以斂。 金珥珠玉銅鐵之物,一不得送。 文帝遵奉,無所增加。 及受禪,刻金璽,追加尊號,不敢開埏,乃為石室,藏璽埏首,以示陵中無金銀諸物也。 漢禮明器甚多,自是皆省之矣。 魏文帝黃初三年,又自作終制曰:「禮,國君即位為椑,存不忘亡也。 壽陵因山為體,無封樹,無立寢殿,造園邑,通神道。 夫葬者藏也,欲人之不得見也。 禮不墓祭,欲存亡不黷也。 皇后及貴人以下不隨王之國者,有終沒,皆葬澗西,前又已表其處矣。」 此詔藏之宗廟,副在尚書、秘書、三府。 明帝亦遵奉之。 明帝性雖崇奢,然未遽營陵墓之制也。
In antiquity, the burial rites of Sons of Heaven and feudal lords were roughly complete. In the Han age there were again many changes, and from Wei and Jin downward each generation had alterations, but in broad outline they followed the Han system. Cao Cao loathed wasteful obsequies and packed four seasonal shrouds against an unlucky day. He banned metal and gems from the pit. Cao Pi kept his father's frugal will. Cao Pi sealed a gold seal in a stone niche to prove the mound stayed bare of treasure. Opulent Han figurines gave way to leaner Wei practice. In the third year of Huangchu under Emperor Wen of Wei, he also personally composed final regulations, saying, "According to ritual, when a ruler of a state takes the throne, he prepares an outer coffin; while alive, he does not forget death. His Shou mausoleum follows the mountain's contour—no mound, no trees, no resting hall, no park district, no spirit road opened. Burial means hiding—wishing men not to see. Ritual forbids sacrifice at the grave—wishing the living and dead not to profane one another. Empresses and honored ladies who do not follow the prince to his fief and who die in the end are all buried west of the Jian River; I have already marked the ground." Copies of the will rested in the temple and chief ministries. Cao Rui obeyed the same will. Even the lavish Cao Rui held back on tomb scale.
34
宣帝豫自于首陽山為土藏,不填不樹,作《顧命終制》,斂以時服,不設明器。 景、文皆謹奉成命,無所加焉。 景帝崩,喪事制度又依宣帝故事。 武帝泰始四年,文明王皇后崩,將合葬,開崇陽陵,使太尉司馬望奉祭,進皇帝密璽綬于便房神坐。 魏氏金璽,此又儉矣。 江左初,元、明崇儉,且百度草創,山陵奉終,省約備矣。 成帝咸康七年,皇后杜氏崩。 詔外官五日一入臨,內官旦一入而已,過葬虞祭禮畢止。 有司奏,大行皇后陵所作凶門柏歷門,號顯陽端門。 詔曰:「門如所處。 凶門柏歷,大為煩費,停之。」 案蔡謨說,以二瓦器盛始死之祭,繫於木,裹以葦席,置庭中,近南,名為重,今之凶門是其象也。 禮,既虞而作主,今未葬,未有主,故以重當之。 禮稱為主道,此其義也。 范堅又曰:「凶門非禮,禮有懸重,形似凶門。 後人出之門外以表喪,俗遂行之。 薄帳,即古弔幕之類也。」 是時,又詔曰:「重壤之下,豈宜崇飾無用,陵中唯潔掃而已。」 有司又奏,依舊選公卿以下六品子弟六十人為挽郎,詔又停之。 孝武帝太元四年九月,皇后王氏崩。 詔曰:「終事唯從儉速。」 又詔:「遠近不得遣山陵使。」 有司奏選挽郎二十四人,詔停之。
Sima Yi dug a plain shaft on Shouyang, left the hill unmarked, and left written orders for everyday clothes and no grave goods. Sima Shi and Sima Zhao kept Cao Pi's austere burial instructions to the letter. Sima Shi's obsequies copied Sima Yi's lean model. In the fourth year of Taishi under Emperor Wu, when Empress Wenming Wang died and was about to be jointly buried, Chongyang Mausoleum was opened, Grand Commandant Sima Wang was sent to present sacrifice, and the emperor's sealed jade seal and cords were advanced to the spirit seat in the side chamber. Even the golden seal bespoke restraint. When the court fled across the Yangzi, Sima Rui and Sima Shao kept burials modest while institutions were new. Empress Du of Cheng passed in 341. Courtiers could wail only on that thin schedule until the post-burial service closed mourning. The ministry wanted a formal death-gate and cypress lintel named like a palace portal. The edict read: "Let the gate stand where proposed. Funeral gates and cypress calendars are extravagantly costly—suspend them." Cai Mo traced the "death gate" to the temporary chong bundle hung south of the yard. Until the tablet existed, the chong served as the spirit's lodging. Classical glosses treat the chong as the spirit's interim path. Fan Jian adds: "The funeral gate is not canonical; ritual only suspends a chong that merely resembles a gate. Later generations moved it outside the gate to advertise mourning, and vulgar custom adopted it. Thin curtains belong to the ancient class of mourning screens." Another edict then declared: "Beneath double layers of earth one should not lavish useless ornament; only sweep the vault clean." Officials wanted sixty noble sons as rope-pullers; the throne again said no. In the ninth month of the fourth year of Taiyuan under Emperor Xiaowu, Empress Wang died. An edict said: "Finish everything frugally and quickly." Another edict said, “Neither near nor distant officials may send envoys to the imperial tombs.” Even twenty-four rope-boys were denied.
35
古無墓祭之禮。 漢承秦,皆有園寢。 正月上丁,祠南郊禮畢,次北郊、明堂、高廟、世祖廟,謂之五供。
The classics never sanctioned grave-side worship. Han kept Qin's tomb parks and resting halls. The capital's spring round moved from the southern altar through the northern rites in fixed order.
36
魏武葬高陵,有司依漢立陵上祭殿。 至文帝黃初三年,乃詔曰:「先帝躬履節儉,遺詔省約。 子以述父為孝,臣以繫事為忠。 古不墓祭,皆設於廟。 高陵上殿皆毀壞,車馬還廄,衣服藏府,以從先帝儉德之志。」 文帝自作終制,又曰「壽陵無立寢殿,造園邑」,自後園邑寢殿遂絕。 齊王在位九年,始一謁高平陵而曹爽誅,其後遂廢,終於魏世。
Wei still raised a tomb-shrine over Gaoling, aping Han. In the third year of Huangchu under Emperor Wen, he then issued an edict, saying, "The late emperor personally practiced frugality, and his final edict was sparing and restrained. The son expresses filial piety by carrying out the father's words; the minister shows loyalty by continuing his tasks. The ancients never sacrificed at graves—everything was set in the ancestral temple. Destroy the upper halls at Gaoling; return carriages and horses to the stables and store garments in the treasury, to match the late emperor's wish for thrift." Emperor Wen personally made his final regulations and further said, “At Shouling do not establish a resting hall or build a tomb settlement”; from then on tomb settlements and resting halls ceased. Cao Fang's single visit to Gaoling ended with Cao Shuang's purge, and Wei rulers stopped touring tombs.
37
及宣帝,遺詔「子弟群官皆不得謁陵」。 於是景、文遵旨。 至武帝,猶再謁崇陽陵,一謁峻平陵,然遂不敢謁高原陵,至惠帝復止也。
Emperor Xuan's testament commanded that "sons, younger kin, and all officials must not visit the imperial tombs." Sima Shi and Sima Zhao complied. Sima Yan alone made limited visits, never to Cao Cao's mound, and Hui abandoned the habit entirely.
38
逮于江左,元帝崩後,諸公始有謁陵辭告之事。 蓋由眷同友執,率情而舉,非洛京之舊也。 成帝時,中宮亦年年拜陵,議者以為非禮,於是遂止,以為永制。 至穆帝時,褚太后臨朝,又拜陵,帝幼故也。 至孝武崩,驃騎將軍司馬道子曰:「今雖權制釋服,至於朔望諸節,自應展情陵所,以一周為斷。」 於是至陵,變服單衣,煩黷無準,非禮意也。 及安帝元興元年,尚書左僕射桓謙奏:「百僚拜陵,起于中興,非晉舊典,積習生常,遂為近法。 尋武皇帝詔,乃不使人主諸王拜陵,豈唯百僚! 謂宜遵奉。」 於是施行。 及義熙初,又復江左之舊,
Eastern Jin nobles only began tomb pilgrimages after Sima Rui's death. The practice sprang from camaraderie's impulse, not old capital law. Cheng's harem stopped annual tomb trips once ritualists objected. Mu's regent mother revived the visits while the sovereign was a child. After Xiaowu died, Sima Daozi said: "Though we have shortened mourning by expedient rule, on new and full moons and festivals we should still show feeling at the tomb—take one round as the limit." The result was slovenly dress and chaotic etiquette at every visit. In the first year of Yuanxing under Emperor An, Huan Qian, Left Vice Director of the Secretariat, memorialized, "The hundred officials paying respects at the mausoleum began with the Restoration and was not an old Jin statute. Accumulated practice produced a norm, and it consequently became a recent rule. Review Emperor Wu's edict: he forbade even the sovereign and princes from tomb visits—let alone mere officials! We ought to obey that precedent." The ban took effect. Yixi reopened tomb pilgrimages for a time.
39
太康七年,大鴻臚鄭默母喪,既葬,當依舊攝職,固陳不起,於是始制大臣得終喪三年。 然元康中,陳準、傅咸之徒,猶以權奪,不得終禮,自茲已往,以為成比也,
In the seventh year of Taikang, Zheng Mo's refusal to leave mourning forced Jin to grant grandees full three-year leave. Even after the rule, Yuankang ministers were "urged" back early, and the exception became norm.
40
東平王楙上言,相王昌父毖,本居長沙,有妻息,漢末使入中國,值吳叛,仕魏為黃門郎,與前妻息死生隔絕,更娶昌母。 今江表一統,昌聞前母久喪,言疾求平議。
Sima Mao introduced Wang Bi: a Changsha household cut off by war who remarried in Wei and fathered Wang Chang. With the south pacified, Wang Chang asked how to mourn a first wife presumed dead for decades.
41
守博士謝衡議曰:「雖有二妻,蓋有故而然,不為害於道,議宜更相為服。」 守博士許猛以為「地絕,又無前母之制,正以在前非沒則絕故也。 前母雖在,猶不應服。」 段暢、秦秀、騶沖從猛。 散騎常侍劉智安議:「禮為常事制,不為非常設也。 亡父母不知其死生者,不著於禮。 平生不相見,去其加隆,以期為斷。」 都令史虞溥議曰:「臣以為禮不二嫡,所以重正,非徒如前議者防妒忌而已。 故曰『一與之齊,終身不改』,未有遭變而二嫡。 苟不二,則昌父更娶之辰,是前妻義絕之日也。 使昌父尚存,二妻俱在,必不使二嫡專堂,兩婦執祭,同為之齊也。」 秦秀議:「二妾之子,父命令相慈養,而便有三年之恩,便同所生。 昌父何義不命二嫡依此禮乎! 父之執友有如子之禮,況事兄之母乎!」 許猛又議:「夫少婦稚,則不可許以改娶更適矣。 今妻在許以更聘,夫存而妻得改醮者,非絕而何。」 侍中領博士張惲議:「昔舜不告而娶,婚禮蓋闕,故《堯典》以釐降二女為文,不殊嫡媵。 傳記以妃夫人稱之,明不立正后也。 夫以聖人之弘,帝者嫡子,猶權事而變,以定典禮。 黃昌之告新妻使避正室,時論許之。 推姬氏之讓,執黃卿之決,宜使各自服其母。」 黃門侍郎崔諒、荀悝、中書監荀勖、領中書令和嶠、侍郎夏侯湛皆如溥議。 侍郎山雄、兼侍郎著作陳壽以為:「溥駁一與之齊,非大夫也,禮無二嫡,不可以並耳。 若昌父及二母於今各存者,則前母不廢,已有明徵也。 設令昌父將前母之子來入中國尚在者,當從出母之服。 苟昌父無棄前妻之命,昌兄有服母之理,則昌無疑於不服。」 賊曹屬卞粹議:「昌父當莫審之時而娶後妻,則前妻同之于死而義不絕。 若生相及而後妻不去,則妾列於前志矣。 死而會乎,則同祔於葬,無並嫡之實。 必欲使子孫於沒世之後,追計二母隔絕之時,以為並嫡,則背違死父,追出亡母。 議者以為禮無前母之服者,可謂以文害意。 愚以為母之不親而服三年,非一無異於前母也。 倉曹屬衛恆議:「或云,嫡不可二,前妻宜絕。 此為奪舊與新,違母從子,禮律所不許,人情所未安也。 或云,絕與死同,無嫌二嫡,據其相及,欲令有服。 此為論嫡則死,議服則生,還自相伐,理又不通。 愚以為地絕死絕,誠無異也,宜一如前母,不復追服。」 主簿劉卞議:「毖在南為邦族,於北為羈旅,以此名分言之,前妻為元妃,後婦為繼室。 何至王路既通,更當逐其今妻,廢其嫡子! 不書姜氏,絕不為親,以其犯至惡也。 趙姬雖貴,必推叔隗; 原同雖寵,必嫡宣孟。 若違禮苟讓,何則《春秋》所當善也! 論者謂地絕,其情終已不得往來。 今地既通,何為故當追而絕之邪! 黃昌見美,斯又近世之明比。」
Acting erudite Xie Heng argued: "Though there were two wives, there was good cause; it does not harm the Way—they should wear mutual mourning." Acting erudite Xu Meng held: "Land cut-off means there is no rite for a former wife—the prior bond ends because she was not dead yet was severed. Even if the first wife still lived, Chang should not wear mourning for her." A bloc followed Xu Meng. Cavalier attendant Liu Zhi'an said: "Ritual governs the normal, not the extreme; the canon does not list parents whose fate is unknown. For parents whose death is unknown, the classics set down no mourning rule. If they never met in life, drop the heaviest grades and stop at the one-year term." Capital clerk Yu Pu said: "Ritual forbids two principal wives to secure orthodoxy—not merely to prevent jealousy. Hence the line 'once pledged together for life, never to change'—there is no provision for two lawful consorts after upheaval." If bigamy is forbidden, the day Bi remarried was the day his first wife's tie ended in law. Had Bi lived with both wives present, the law would never let two matrons share the hall or both lead sacrifice as equals." Qin Xiu argued: "When a father orders concubines' sons to foster one another, three years of grace appear—yet that equals birth only by decree. Why should Bi not order two principals to follow the same rule if that is so righteous! A father's sworn friend receives almost filial rites—how much more a brother's mother!" Xu Meng rejoined: "You cannot let a young wife and infant be cast off for remarriage elsewhere. If a living husband may take another match while the wife remains, that is nothing but severance." Attendant and Erudites Director Zhang Yun proposed: “Formerly Shun married without announcing it, so the marriage rite was probably lacking; therefore the Canon of Yao speaks of the two daughters being sent down in marriage and does not distinguish principal wife from secondary wife. Later texts call them consorts and ladies, showing no principal empress was installed. Even sages and imperial heirs adjusted ritual to circumstance to fix the code. Huang Chang ordering his new wife to vacate the main chamber was praised in his day. Extrapolating from the Ji woman’s deference and upholding Huang Qing’s decision, each should mourn his own mother.” A majority backed Yu Pu's bigamy reading. Shan Xiong and Chen Shou replied that Yu Pu misread "once pledged"—the rule forbids two principals at once, not sequential marriages. If Bi and both mothers were alive today, the first wife would not be dismissed—that is already clear proof. Were Bi to bring the first wife's son inland while she lived, the son would follow "divorced mother" mourning. If Bi never repudiated the first wife and the elder brother owes a mother's mourning, Wang Chang need not doubt that he wears none." Bian Cui of the thieves section argued: "Bi wed his second wife in ignorance of the first's fate, so the first wife is as if dead yet the bond is not morally cut. If both lived and the second did not leave, she ranked as concubine in earlier law. If they died and were buried together, joint burial annexes her without making two principals. Forcing later generations to call both principals after decades apart would betray the dead father and expel the vanished mother. Critics who say ritual lacks a former-wife garment harm the meaning with dry text. In my humble view, wearing three years for a distant mother is not the same as none for a prior wife. Wei Heng of the granary section said: "Some say two principals cannot stand—the first must be cut off. That seizes the old for the new and makes the son annul his mother—ritual law and human feeling both forbid it. Others equate severance with death and allow two principals, then argue both alive to impose mourning—principal logic dies while garment logic lives, contradicting itself. Some argue that when debating principal rank she counts as dead, yet when discussing garments they treat her as alive—those positions undercut each other and cannot both stand. I hold land-severance and death-severance are the same: treat her like a former wife and do not impose retroactive mourning." Chief clerk Liu Bian said: "In the south Bi was a clansman, in the north a traveler—by that status the first wife was primary consort, the later a successor chamber. How, once imperial roads reopened, could we expel the present wife and disinherit her son! The Spring and Autumn omits Jiang because severance means no kin—she committed supreme evil. Though Lady Zhao was honored, she yielded to Shu Ji; though Yuan Tong was favored, Xuan Meng stayed principal. If we violate ritual for a specious compromise, how does that match what the Spring and Autumn praises! Debaters cite land cut-off to say feeling could never cross. Now the land is linked—why insist on severance! Huang Chang is praised as a recent parallel worth imitating. Minister of Works Prince of Qi Sima You cited the Record of Rites: "Those born too late to reach grandparents, paternal uncles, or elder brothers—when the father eases mourning, they do not"—the ru all explain that the father, for some other reason, bore the son in a distant land and did not return in time to see these kin alive; though the father may don eased mourning, the son does not follow the easing—not demanding favor out of season."
42
司空齊王攸議:「《禮記》『生不及祖父母、諸父昆弟,而父稅喪,己則否』,諸儒皆以為父以他故子生異域,不及此親存時歸見之,父雖追服,子不從稅,不責非時之恩也。 但不相見,尚不服其先終,而況前母非親所生,義不逾祖,莫往莫來,恩絕殊隔,而令追服,殆非稱情立文之謂也。 以為昌不宜追服。」 司徒李胤議:「毖為黃門侍郎,江南已叛。 石厚與焉,大義滅親,況於毖之義,可得以為妻乎!」 大司馬騫不議,太尉充、撫軍大將軍汝南王亮皆從主者。 溥又駁粹曰:「喪從甯戚,謂喪事尚哀耳,不使服非其親也。 夫死者終也,終事已故無絕道。 分居兩存,則離否由人。 夫婦以判合為義,今土隔人殊,則配合理絕。 彼已更娶代己,安得自同於死婦哉! 伯夷讓孤竹,不可以為後王法也。 且既已為嫡後服,復云為妾,生則或貶或離,死則同祔于葬,妻專一以事夫,夫懷貳以接己,開偽薄之風,傷貞信之教,於以純化篤俗,不亦難乎! 今昌二母雖土地殊隔,據同時並存,何得為前母后母乎! 設使昌母先亡,以嫡合葬,而前母不絕,遠聞喪問,當復相為制何服邪! 夫制不應禮,動而愈失。 夫孝子不納親於不義,貞婦不昧進而苟容。 今同前嫡於死婦,使後妻居正而或廢,於二子之心,曾無恧乎! 而云誣父棄母,恐此文致之言,難以定臧否也。 禮,違諸侯適天子,不服舊君,然則昌父絕前君矣,更納後室,廢舊妻矣,又何取於宜誅宜撫乎! 且婦人之有惡疾,乃慈夫之所愍也,而在七出,誠以在人理應絕故也。 今夫婦殊域,與無妻同,方之惡疾,理無以異。 據己更娶,有絕前之證。 而云應服,于義何居!」 尚書八座以為「設令有人于此,父為敦煌太守,而子後任于洛,若父娶妻,非徒不見,乃可不知,及其死亡,不得不服。 但鞠養已者情哀,而不相見名制,雖戚念之心殊,而為之服一也。 又,兩后匹嫡,自謂違禮,不謂非常之事而以常禮處之也。 昔子思哭出母於廟,其門人曰:『庶氏之女死,何為哭于孔氏之廟!』 子思懼,改哭於他室。 若昌不制服,不得不告其父祖,掘其前母之尸,徙之他地。 若其不徙,昌為罪人。 何則? 異族之女不得祔于先姑,藏其墓次故也。 且夫婦人牽夫,猶有所尊,趙姬之舉,禮得權通,故先史詳之,不譏其事耳。 今昌之二母,各已終亡,尚無並主輕重之事也。 昌之前母,宜依叔隗為比。 若亡在昌未生之前者,則昌不應復服。 生及母存,自應如禮以名服三年。 輒正定為文,章下太常報楙奉行。」
Sima You, Prince of Qi and Minister of Works, deliberated, "The Liji says, 'If while alive one did not meet grandparents, paternal uncles, or elder and younger brothers, and the father performs delayed mourning, the self does not.' The scholars all take this to mean that when, because of other circumstances, the father's son was born in a different region and did not return to see these relatives while they survived, even though the father later wears mourning, the son does not follow in delayed mourning; it does not demand grace outside the proper time." He concluded that Wang Chang ought not pursue retroactive mourning. Minister of Education Li Yin argued: "When Bi served as Yellow Gate Gentleman, south of the Yangzi had already rebelled." Shi Hou joined the plot—great righteousness may destroy kin—how much more under Bi's circumstances can she be treated as a lawful wife! Shi Hou joined the plot—great righteousness may destroy kin—how much more under Wang Bi's moral position can she be treated as a lawful wife!' Grand Marshal Sima Qian offered no opinion; Grand Commandant Jia Chong, Commander-in-chief General of the Guard the Prince of Runan, Liang, and others all followed the supervisor's recommendation.' Yu Pu again refuted Bian Cui: "Mourning follows easing grief—it means funerals esteem sorrow, not that one wears mourning for someone who is not kin. Death is the end; once the affair is finished there is no principle of endless tie. If the two households live apart and both survive, then separation or union lies in human choice. Husband and wife join by ritual union; now earth divides them and persons differ—then the match is logically severed. The other party has remarried in her place—how can she equate herself with a dead wife! Boyi yielding Guzhu cannot be taken as precedent for later kings. Moreover, having already worn mourning as principal heir, to say one is still a concubine—alive she may be demoted or divorced, dead buried together—while the wife serves one husband faithfully and the husband keeps two hearts toward her—this opens hypocrisy, wounds faithful teaching, and makes pure custom hard indeed! Now Wang Chang's two mothers, though lands divide them, existed at the same time—how can you call one former and one later! Suppose Chang's mother died first and was buried as principal while the first wife's line never ended—news of mourning arrives from afar—what garment rule would then apply between them! Regulations that violate ritual move further from right the more they are used. A filial son does not admit kin into unrighteousness; a chaste wife does not advance by conniving tolerance. Now you equate the former principal with a dead woman while letting the later wife hold orthodox rank or be cast aside—could the two sons feel no shame! To speak of slandering father and abandoning mother is probably prosecutorial language—hard to use it to judge guilt. By ritual, when a feudal lord goes to the Son of Heaven he does not wear mourning for his old lord—then Wang Bi's father had already cut ties with his former prince, taken a new chamber, and dismissed the first wife—why cite cases fit for execution or clemency! Moreover, when a wife has vile disease it is what a kind husband pities—yet it is listed among the seven expulsions because human principle demands severance. Now husband and wife live in different realms—no different from having no wife—compared with vile disease there is no distinction in principle. According to his own remarriage there is proof the first tie was cut. Yet you say he should wear mourning—where is the rightness in that!" The Eight Seats of the Masters of Writing held: "Suppose someone here whose father was governor of Dunhuang while the son later serves in Luoyang: if the father remarries, not only might the son never see her—he might not even know; when she dies he must still wear mourning. Yet toward the one who nursed him he feels grief, while toward the unseen stranger only name and ritual apply—though the stir of feeling differs, the garment grade is one. Moreover, two empresses ranking as principals was itself deemed contrary to ritual—not an extraordinary case to handle with everyday rubrics. Formerly Zisi wailed for his divorced mother inside the temple; his disciples said, 'When a daughter of the Shu line died, why wail in Kong's temple!' Zisi feared and shifted his wailing to another chamber. If Chang wears no mourning, he would have to tell his father and grandfather, exhume the first mother's corpse, and move it elsewhere. If they do not move her, Chang becomes a criminal. Why? Because a woman of another clan may not be buried with a mother-in-law—that is why she cannot share the tomb row. Moreover, a wife follows her husband yet still has superiors to honor—Lady Zhao's promotion was a sanctioned expedient, which is why earlier historians recorded it without blame. Now Chang's two mothers are both dead—there is no longer a question of two living principals. Chang's first mother should be compared to Shu Ji. If she died before Chang was born, Chang need not wear mourning. If she was alive when he was born, he follows the canonical three-year term by name. They therefore fixed the text in writing and sent it down to the Chamberlain for Ceremonials for Mao to execute.'
43
制曰:「凡事有非常,當依準舊典,為之立斷。 今議此事,稱引趙姬、叔隗者粗是也。 然後狄與晉和,故姬氏得迎叔隗而下之。 吳寇隔塞,毖與前妻,終始永絕。 必義無兩嫡,則趙衰可以專制隗氏。 昌為人子,豈得擅替其母。 且毖二妻並以絕亡,其子猶後母之子耳,昌故不應制服也。」
The edict said: "Whenever an affair is extraordinary, one must rely on old canons and render a decision. Now in debating this matter, citing Lady Zhao and Shu Ji is roughly right. But then the Di made peace with Jin, so the Ji lady could welcome Shu Ji and rank her below herself. Wu rebels blocked the roads—Wang Bi and his first wife were forever severed. If righteousness forbids two principals, then Zhao Dun could have monopolized the Lady of the Di line. As a son, how could Chang on his own replace his mother! Moreover, both of Bi's wives are dead; the sons are children of the later mother only—Chang therefore should not wear mourning for the first.'
44
太興初,著作郎干寶論之曰:「禮有經有變有權,王毖之事,有為為之也。 有不可責以始終之義,不可求以循常之文,何群議之紛錯! 同產者無嫡側之別,而先生為兄; 諸侯同爵無等級之差,而先封為長。 今二妻之入,無貴賤之禮,則宜以先後為秩,順序義也。 今生而同室者寡,死而同廟者眾,及其神位,固有上下也。 故《春秋》賢趙姬遭禮之變而得禮情也。 且夫吉凶哀樂,動乎情者也,五禮之制,所以敘情而即事也。 今二母者,本他人也,以名來親,而恩否于時,敬不及生,愛不及喪,夫何追服之道哉! 張惲、劉卞,得其先後之節,齊王、衛恆,通於服絕之制,可以斷矣。 朝廷於此,宜導之以趙姬,齊之以詔命,使先妻恢含容之德,後妻崇卑讓之道,室人達長少之序,百姓見變禮之中。 若此,可以居生,又況於死乎! 古之王者,有以師友之禮待其臣,而臣不敢自尊。 今令先妻以一體接後,而後妻不敢抗,及其子孫交相為服,禮之善物也。 然則王昌兄弟相得之日,蓋宜祫祭二母,等其禮饋,序其先後,配以左右,兄弟肅雍,交酬奏獻,上以恕先父之志,中以高二母之德,下以齊兄弟之好,使義風弘于王教,慈讓洽乎急難,不亦得禮之本乎!」
At the beginning of Taixing, Editorial Director Gan Bao reflected: "Ritual has constant, adaptive, and expedient levels—Wang Bi's affair was handled with motive. Some cases cannot be judged by rules from cradle to grave, nor squeezed into ordinary text—why so many tangled opinions! Those born of the same mother have no distinction of principal versus secondary—yet the elder is called brother; Among feudal lords of equal rank there is no gradation—yet the first enfeoffed is treated as senior. Now when two wives enter a house without ritual ranking of noble versus base, precedence should follow order of entry—this matches orderly rightness. In life few today share one roof; in death many share one temple—so for spirit tablets there is naturally an upper and lower. Therefore the Spring and Autumn praises Lady Zhao for meeting a ritual anomaly with humane feeling. Moreover, auspicious and inauspicious, grief and joy, are stirred by feeling; the five rites exist to order feeling and fit the affair. Now the two mothers were originally strangers; they became 'kin' only by name, while affection waxed or waned with the hour—reverence never reached them in life, love never reached them in death—what principle demands retroactive mourning!" Zhang Yun and Liu Bian grasped the precedence of first and last; the Prince of Qi and Wei Heng understood when mourning rightly ends—on that the case may be decided. The court here should guide them with Lady Zhao's example, align them with edicts, let the first wife practice tolerant virtue, the later wife practice yielding humility, household members grasp senior and junior order, and the people see adaptation within change. If that can govern the living, how much more the dead! Ancient kings treated ministers with teacher-and-friend courtesy, yet ministers dared not presume on it. Now let the first wife receive the later wife as one body, while the later wife dares not resist; let their grandsons exchange mourning garments—this is ritual's finest fruit. Then on days when Wang Chang's brothers gather, they should jointly sacrifice to both mothers, equalize offerings, order precedence, seat tablets left and right; brothers in harmony would alternate toasts, satisfying the late father's intent, honoring both mothers' virtue, and knitting brotherly affection—spreading dutiful custom through royal instruction and kindly yielding through crisis—is that not ritual's root!"
45
是時,沛國劉仲武先娶毌丘氏,生子正舒、正則二人。 毌丘儉反敗,仲武出其妻,娶王氏,生陶,仲武為毌丘氏別舍而不告絕。 及毌丘氏卒,正舒求祔葬焉,而陶不許。 舒不釋服,訟於上下,泣血露骨,縗裳綴絡,數十年弗得從,以至死亡。
At that time Liu Zhongwu of Pei first married a daughter of the Guqiu clan and bore sons Zhengshu and Zhengzhe.' When Guqiu Jian rebelled and fell, Zhongwu cast out his wife and married Lady Wang, bearing Tao; he housed the Guqiu separately but never formally severed ties.' When Guqiu died, Zhengshu asked to bury her by attachment, but Tao refused.' Shu refused to shed mourning, sued up and down, wept blood and exposed bone, patching hemp for decades until death without winning his suit.'
46
時吳國朱某娶妻陳氏,生子東伯。 入晉,晉賜妻某氏,生子綏伯。 太康之中,某已亡,綏伯將母以歸邦族,兄弟交愛敬之道,二母篤先後之序,雍雍人無間焉。 及其終也,二子交相為服,君子以為賢。
In Wu, a man Zhu took wife Chen and bore Dongbo.' Entering Jin, Jin granted him another wife and bore Suibo.' In Taikang, when the first had died, Suibo brought his mother home to the lineage; brothers practiced mutual love and respect, the two mothers honored order of seniority, and the household was harmonious without rancor.' When they died, the two sons wore mourning for each other's mothers—gentleman deemed them worthy.'
47
安豐太守程諒先已有妻,後又娶,遂立二嫡。 前妻亡,後妻子勳疑所服。 中書令張華造甲乙之問曰:「甲娶乙為妻,後又娶丙,匿不說有乙,居家如二嫡,無有貴賤之差。 乙亡,丙之子當何服? 本實並列,嫡庶不殊,雖二嫡非正,此失在先人,人子何得專制析其親也。 若為庶母服,又不成為庶。 進退不知所從。」 太傅鄭沖議曰:「甲失禮於家,二嫡並在,誠非人子所得正。 則乙丙之子並當三年,禮疑從重。」 車騎賈充、侍中少傅任愷議略與鄭同。 太尉荀顗議曰:「《春秋》並后匹嫡,古之明典也。 今不可以犯禮並立二妻,不別尊卑而遂其失也。 故當斷之以禮,先至為嫡,後至為庶。 丙子宜以嫡母服乙,乙子宜以庶母事丙。 昔屈建去芰,古人以為違禮而得禮。 丙子非為抑其親,斯自奉禮先後貴賤順敘之義也。」 中書監荀勖議曰:「昔鄉里鄭子群娶陳司空從妹,後隔呂布之亂,不復相知存亡,更娶鄉里蔡氏女。 徐州平定,陳氏得還,遂二妃並存。 蔡氏之子字元釁,為陳氏服嫡母之服,事陳公以從舅之禮。 族兄宗伯曾責元釁,謂抑其親,鄉里先達以元釁為合宜。 不審此事粗相似否。」,
Cheng Liang, prefect of Anfeng, already had a wife, then married again, thus setting up two principals.' When the first wife died, the later wife's son Xun doubted what to wear.' Prefect of the Masters of Writing Zhang Hua posed a paired question: "A took B as wife, later took C, hiding that B existed—he lived as if with two principals of equal rank. When B died, what should C's son wear? In truth both stood coequal; principal and secondary were not distinguished—though two principals are irregular, the fault lies with the elders; how may a child on his own sever kin! If he wears mourning for a concubine-mother, he cannot really be a concubine son. He cannot decide whether to advance or retreat.' Grand Tutor Zheng Chong answered: "A failed ritual at home—two principals present—is not something a child may correct. Then sons of both B and C should wear three years; when ritual doubts, follow the heavier.' General of Chariots and Cavalry Jia Chong and Palace Attendant Junior Tutor Ren Kai largely agreed with Zheng.' Grand Commandant Xun Yi answered: "The Spring and Autumn treats two coequal empresses as a clear mirror of error. Today one cannot break ritual to keep two wives; one must not blur noble and base and perpetuate the fault. Therefore ritual must decide: first arrival is principal, later is secondary. C's son should mourn B as principal mother; B's son should serve C as secondary mother. Formerly Qu Jian cast aside water caltrop—ancients thought him wrong on the letter yet right on ritual. C's son is not belittling kin—he follows the sequence of ritual precedence.' Director of the Palace Secretariat Xun Xu answered: "Formerly Zheng Ziqun of the village married a cousin of Director Chen; later, separated by Lu Bu's chaos, he could not learn whether she lived, and remarried a Cai woman in the village. When Xuzhou was pacified, the Chen lady returned—then both consorts coexisted. The Cai son, styled Yuanxin, wore principal mourning for the Chen lady and served Director Chen by the courtesy due a maternal uncle. A senior kinsman once reproached Yuanxin for belittling kin, yet village worthies approved him. He asked whether the present case is broadly similar.'
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建武元年,以溫嶠為散騎侍郎,嶠以母亡值寇,不臨殯葬,欲營改葬,固讓不拜。 元帝詔曰:「溫嶠不拜,以未得改卜葬送,朝議又頗有異同。 為審由此邪? 天下有闕塞,行禮制物者當使理可經通。 古人之制三年,非情之所盡,蓋存亡有斷,不以死傷生耳。 要絰而服金革之役者,豈營官邪? 隨王事之緩急也。 今桀逆未梟,平陽道斷,奉迎諸軍猶未得徑進,嶠特一身,于何濟其私艱,而以理閡自疑,不服王命邪! 其令三司八座、門下三省、外內群臣,詳共通議如嶠比,吾將親裁其中。」 於是太宰、西陽王羕,司徒臨潁公組,驃騎將軍、即丘子導,侍中紀瞻,尚書周顗,散騎常侍荀邃等議,以「昔伍員挾弓去楚,為吳行人以謀楚,誠志在報仇,不苟滅身也。 溫嶠遭難,昔在河朔,日尋干戈,志刷讎惡,萬里投身,歸赴朝廷,將欲因時竭力,憑賴王威,以展其情,此乃嶠之志也。 無緣道路未通,師旅未進,而更中辭王事,留志家巷也。 以為誠宜如明詔。」 於是有司奏曰:「案如眾議,去建武元年九月下辛未令書,依禮文,父喪未葬,唯喪主不除。 以他故未葬,人子之情,不可居殯而除,故期於畢葬,無遠近之斷也。 若亡遇賊難,喪靈無處,求索理絕,固應三年而除,不得故從未葬之例也。 若骨肉殲於寇害,死亡漫于中原,而繼以遺賊未滅,亡者無收殯之實,存者又闕於奔赴之禮,而人子之情,哀痛無斷,輒依未葬之義,久而不除,若遂其情,則人居無限之喪,非有禮無時不得之義也。 諸如此,皆依東關故事,限行三年之禮畢而除也。 唯二親生離,吉凶未分,服喪則凶事未據,從吉則疑於不存,心憂居素,出自人情,有如此者,非官制之所裁。 今嶠以未得改卜奔赴,累設疾辭。 案辛未之制,已有成斷,皆不得復遂其私情,不服王命,以虧法憲。 參議可如前詔嶠受拜,重告以中丞司徒,諸如嶠比者,依東關故事辛未令書之制。」 嶠不得已,乃拜。
In Jianwu 1, Wen Jiao was made Cavalier Attendant-in-ordinary; because his mother had died during bandit troubles and he had not attended the encoffining and burial, he wished to arrange a reburial and firmly declined without accepting appointment. Emperor Yuan's edict said: "Wen Jiao has not accepted appointment because he has not yet been able to divine a new burial site and conduct the funeral; court discussion has also differed considerably. Is it truly for this reason? When the realm has obstructions and blockages, those who apply ritual and regulate affairs should make principle capable of practical passage. The ancient three-year mourning system did not exhaust feeling; rather, it set a boundary between the living and the dead, so that the dead would not injure the living. Those who gird on mourning cords and serve in campaigns of armor and weapons, are they seeking office? They follow the urgency or slackness of royal affairs. Now the cruel rebel has not been beheaded, the road to Pingyang is cut, and the armies sent to escort the court still cannot advance directly; what help can Jiao, one man alone, give to his private difficulty, that he should obstruct himself with ritual principle and doubt whether to obey the royal command? Let the Three Excellencies, the Eight Seats, the three Chancellery bureaus, and all inner and outer ministers carefully deliberate together on cases like Jiao's; I will personally judge the proper middle." Thereupon the Grand Steward, Prince Yang of Xiyang; Situ Zu, Duke of Linying; General of Agile Cavalry Dao, Baron of Jiqiu; Palace Attendant Ji Zhan; Minister Zhou Yi; Palace Attendant Cavalier Xun Sui; and others deliberated, taking the view, "Formerly Wu Yuan carried his bow and left Chu, became envoy for Wu, and thereby plotted against Chu. His sincere intent lay in avenging wrong; he did not lightly destroy himself. When Wen Jiao suffered calamity, north of the Yellow River he daily took up arms, intent on wiping out his foe; he crossed ten thousand li to reach court, wishing to seize the moment and exhaust his strength, trusting royal majesty to vent his heart—that was Jiao's intent. It is not that roads were still blocked and armies had not marched, yet he set aside royal business midcourse and fixed his mind on home lanes. They held it truly fitting to follow the clear edict.' Thereupon the offices memorialized: "Reviewing the discussion, the edict issued in Jianwu 1, ninth month, on xinwei said that, according to ritual texts, when a father's funeral is not complete, only the chief mourner does not remove mourning. When burial has not taken place for some other reason, a son's feeling cannot permit him to remove mourning while the coffin remains in state; therefore the term waits until burial is completed, with no cutoff based on distance. But if the deceased met bandit troubles, the spirit of the dead has no resting place, and searching is impossible in principle, then mourning should certainly be removed after three years; one may not deliberately follow the precedent for an unburied corpse. If one's flesh and blood are destroyed by enemy harm, death spreads across the Central Plains, the remaining rebels are still not extinguished, the dead cannot actually be collected and encoffined, and the living also lack the rites of hurrying to the funeral, then filial feeling and grief have no cutoff. Yet if one therefore relies on the principle of unburied mourning and does not remove it for a long time, and if feeling is allowed to run its course, people will dwell in mourning without limit; this is not the ritual principle that there is no time when it may not be done. Cases such as these all follow the precedent from Dongguan: when the prescribed three-year rites have been completed, mourning is removed. Only when two relatives are separated, the good and bad are not divided. When mourning, the bad things are not confirmed. When the good is good, there is doubt about the absence. The heart is worried and it is out of human feelings. Such people are not ruled by the official system. Today, Qiao has not been able to change the divination and rushed to it, leaving many excuses. The system of the case Xinwei has been concluded, and no one can resume his personal relationship, disobey the king's order, and violate the law and the constitution. The counselor can be worshiped like the previous imperial edict to Qiao, and then report to the Zhongcheng Situ again, such as Qiao Bi, according to the Dongguan Story Xinwei Order.' Qiao had no choice but to worship.
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是時中原喪亂,室家離析,朝廷議二親陷沒寇難,應制服不。 太常賀循曰:二親生離,吉凶未分,服喪則凶事未據,從吉則疑於不存,心憂居素,允當人情。」 元帝令以循議為然, 太興二年,司徒荀組云:「二親陷沒寇難,萬無一冀者,宜使依王法,隨例行喪。」 庾蔚之云:「二親為戎狄所破,存亡未可知者,宜盡尋求之理。 尋求之理絕,三年之外,便宜婚宦,胤嗣不可絕,王政不可廢故也。 猶宜以哀素自居,不豫吉慶之事,待中壽而服之也。 若境內賊亂清平,肆眚之後,尋覺無蹤跡者,便宜制服。」,
At that time, the Central Plains was in chaos and the family was separated. The court discussed whether the two relatives should be subdued if they were trapped by the bandits. Taichang congratulated Xun and said: Two relatives are separated at birth, and the good and bad are not divided. If you are in mourning, the bad things will not be confirmed. If you follow the good luck, you will doubt that it will not exist. If you are worried, you should accept it as a favor.” Emperor Yuan’s order was based on the discussion;, In the second year of Taixing, Situ Xun Zu said, "When both parents have fallen into bandit troubles and there is not one chance in ten thousand to hope for them, one should have the person rely on royal law and carry out mourning according to precedent." Yu Wei said: "The two relatives were destroyed by the Rong and Di, and their survival is unknown. It is best to seek the truth. The truth to be sought is that within three years, a cheap marriage can be arranged, the heir cannot be cut off, and the king's government cannot be abolished. It is better to regard oneself as mourning, not to hesitate about auspicious things, but to wait for a long life and obey them. If there is chaos in the territory and there is no trace of the thieves, they can be subdued easily. "
50
咸康二年,零陵李繁姊先適南平郡陳詵為妻,產四子而遭賊。 姊投身于賊,請活姑命,賊略將姊去。 詵更娶嚴氏,生三子。 繁後得姊消息,往迎還詵,詵籍注領二妻。 及李亡,詵疑制服,以事言征西大將軍庾亮府平議,時議亦往往異同。 司馬王愆期議曰:「案禮不二嫡,故惠西元妃孟子,孟子卒,繼室以聲子。 諸侯猶爾,況庶人乎! 《士喪禮》曰,繼母本實繼室,故稱繼母,事之如嫡,故曰如母也。 詵不能遠慮避難,以亡其妻,非犯七出見絕於詵。 始不見絕,終又見迎,養姑于堂,子為首嫡,列名黃籍,則詵之妻也。 為詵也妻,則為暉也母,暉之制服無所疑矣。 禮為繼母服而不為前母服者,如李比類,曠世所希。 前母既終,乃有繼母,後子不及前母,故無制服之文。 然礿祠蒸嘗,未有不以前母為母者,亡猶母之,況其存乎! 詵有老母,不可以莫之養,妻無歸期,納妾可也。 李雖沒賊,尚有生冀,詵尋求之理不盡,而便娶妻,誠詵之短也。 然隴畝之夫,不達禮義,考之傳記不勝。 有施孝叔之妻失身于郤犨而不棄者,以非其罪也。 詵有兩妻,非故犯法。 李鄙野人,而能臨危請活姑命,險不忘順,可謂孝婦矣。 議者欲令在沒略之中,必全苦操,有隕無二,是望凡人皆為宋伯姬也。 詵雖不應娶妻,要以嚴為妻,妻則繼室,本非嫡也。 雖云非嫡,義在始終,寧可以詵不應二妻而己涉二庭乎! 若能下之,則趙姬之義。 若云不能,官當有制。 先嫡後繼,有自來矣。 眾議貶譏太峻,故略序異懷。」 亮從愆期議定。
In Xiankang 2, Li Fan's elder sister of Lingling, wife of Chen Shen of Nanping and mother of four, was caught in a bandit attack. She threw herself before the bandits to save her mother-in-law; they seized her instead and carried her off. Shengen married the Yan family and had three sons. After Fan got news about her sister, she went to welcome Shen back, and Shen's family was registered to take over his second wife. When Li died, Shen was uncertain about the mourning rules and reported the matter to the headquarters of Yu Liang, General Who Campaigns in the West, for deliberation; opinions at the time also differed here and there. Sima Wang Qianqi proposed: “Examining the rites, there cannot be two principal wives. Thus Duke Hui of Lu had Mengzi as his first wife; when Mengzi died, Shengzi became the successor wife. This was so even among feudal lords; how much more among commoners! The Shi sang li says that a stepmother is in fact a successor wife, and is therefore called stepmother; one serves her as one would the principal mother, and therefore the text says “like a mother.” Shen failed to plan far ahead and avoid danger, and thereby lost his wife; she did not commit one of the seven grounds for dismissal and was not cut off by Shen. At first, she didn't see Jue, but finally she met again. She raised a aunt in the hall, and her son was the first direct descendant. She was listed as Huang Ji, so she was Shen's wife. If she is Shen's wife, then she is Hui's mother. There is no doubt about Hui's uniform. Those who follow the etiquette for their stepmother but not for their former mother, such as Li Bi, are the only ones in the world. After the death of the first mother, there is a stepmother. The second son is not as good as the first mother, so there is no uniform document. However, when the temple is steamed and tasted, there is no one who is not the mother of the previous mother. She died like her mother, how much less does she exist! Shen has an old mother who cannot be taken care of. There is no date of return for his wife, so he can take concubines. Although Li had no thieves, he still had hopes for life, and Shen's pursuit of truth was incomplete, so he married a wife, which was a shortcoming of his sincerity. However, the husband of Longmu was not upholding etiquette and righteousness, and his biography was inconclusive. If Uncle Shi Xiao's wife loses her virginity to Queji and never abandons her, it is not a crime. Shen had two wives and broke the law without any reason. Li Bi is a wild man, but she can ask for her life in the face of danger and never forget to obey. She can be called a filial woman. Those who want to make an order without any strategy must work hard, and there will be no difference. I hope that everyone will be Song Boji. Although Shen should not marry a wife, he should be strict with his wife. The wife will be the successor to the wife, and she is not the direct descendant. Even though they are not direct relatives, righteousness is always there. I would rather blame the second wife and get involved in the second court! If you can do it, it will be Zhao Ji's duty. If it is not possible, the officials should have some control over it. First the direct descendants and then the successors have their own way. Many people think that it is too harsh to be ridiculed, so the preface is slightly different." Liang agreed from the period of guilt.
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《五經通義》以為有德則諡善,無德則諡惡,故雖君臣可同。 魏朝初諡''『宣帝為文侯,景王為武侯』'',文王表不宜與二祖同,於是改諡宣文、忠武。 至文王受晉王之號,魏帝又追命宣文為宣王,忠武為景王。 太康八年十月,太常上諡故太常平陵男郭奕為景侯。 有司奏云:「晉受命以來,祖宗號諡群下未有同者,故郭奕為景,與景皇同,不可聽,宜諡曰穆。」 王濟、羊璞等並云:「夫無窮之祚,名諡不一,若皆相避,于制難全。 如悉不避,復非推崇事尊之禮。 宜依諱名之義,但及七廟祖宗而已,不及遷毀之廟。」 成粲、武茂、劉訥並云:「同諡非嫌。 號諡者,國之大典,所以厲時作教,經天人之遠旨也。 固雖君父,義有所不隆,及在臣子,或以行顯。 故能使上下邁德,罔有怠荒。 臣願聖世同符堯舜,行周同諡之禮,舍漢魏近制相避之議。」 又引周公父子同諡曰文。 武帝詔曰:「非言君臣不可同,正以奕諡景不相當耳,宜諡曰簡。」 及太元四年,侍中王欣之表君臣之嫌同諡,尚書奏以欣之言為然。 詔可。
"Tongyi of the Five Classics" holds that if one is virtuous, the posthumous title will be good, and if there is no virtue, the posthumous title will be evil, so although the emperor and his ministers can be the same. At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, the posthumous titles were ""Emperor Xuan was Marquis Wen, and King Jing was Marquis Wu". It was inappropriate for King Wen to have the same title as his second ancestor, so the posthumous titles were changed to Xuanwen and Zhongwu. When King Wen received the title of King of Jin, Emperor Wei also appointed Xuanwen as King Xuan and Zhongwu as King Jing. In the eighth year of Taikang, in October, Taichang was given the posthumous title, so Guo Yi, the man from Pingling, Taichang, was given the title of Marquis of Jing. An official report said: "Since the Jin Dynasty, there has been no one with the same posthumous title for his ancestors. Therefore, Guo Yi is the king of Jing, and he is the same as Emperor Jing. It is not acceptable to listen to him, so it is appropriate to give him the posthumous title Mu." Wang Ji, Yang Pu, and the others all said: “In an endless imperial blessing, personal names and posthumous titles are not all the same; if all are mutually avoided, the system is hard to complete. If none are avoided, that again is not the rite of exalting and serving the honored. It is fitting to follow the meaning of name taboo only as far as the ancestors in the seven temples, and not extend it to temples whose tablets have been moved out or destroyed.” Cheng Can, Wu Mao and Liu Na all said, "It is not inappropriate to have the same posthumous title. The person with the posthumous title is the grand ceremony of the country, so he teaches in a timely manner and obeys the distant decrees of heaven and man. Even though you are a king and father, your righteousness is not upheld, and it may be shown by your actions to your ministers. Therefore, it can bring great virtue to both the superiors and subordinates, without any laziness or neglect. I hope that the Holy World will be the same as Yao and Shun, and that the posthumous rites of Zhou Dynasty will be the same, and that the modern system of Han and Wei will be avoided.” He also cited Zhou Gong and his son as having the same posthumous title. Emperor Wu issued an edict: "It is not necessary to say that the emperor and his ministers cannot be the same. Since the posthumous title of Yi is not commensurate with the scenery, it is appropriate to give him the posthumous title of Jian." In Taiyuan 4, Palace Attendant Wang Xinzhi objected that ruler and minister should not share a posthumous title, and the Masters of Writing endorsed his view. The edict can be issued.
52
驃騎將軍溫嶠前妻李氏,在嶠微時便卒。 又娶王氏、何氏,並在嶠前死。 及嶠薨,朝廷以問陳舒:「三人並得為夫人不?」 舒云:「《禮記》『其妻為夫人而卒,而後其夫不為大夫,而祔于其妻,則不易牲。 妻卒。 而後夫為大夫,而祔于其妻,則以大夫牲』。 然則夫榮于朝,妻貴于室,雖先夫沒,榮辱常隨於夫也。 《禮記》曰『妻祔于祖姑,祖姑有三人,則祔其親者』。 如禮,則三人皆為夫人也。 自秦漢已來,廢一娶九女之制,近世無復繼室之禮,先妻卒則更娶。 苟生加禮,則亡不應貶。」 庾蔚之云:「賤時之妻不得並為夫人,若有追贈之命則不論耳。」 《嶠傳》,贈王、何二人夫人印綬,不及李氏,
General Wen Qiao's ex-wife, Mrs; Li, died when Qiao was in decline. He also married the Wang family and the He family, and died in Qiaoqian. When Qiao died, the court asked Chen Shu: "Can the three of them be wives together?" Shu Yun: "Book of Rites" "If his wife dies as his wife, and then her husband is not a high official, but his nephew is his wife, it is not easy to sacrifice him. His wife died. If the later husband is a senior official and his wife is a nephew, then she will be sacrificed as a senior official." However, the husband is honored in the court, and the wife is valued in the family. Even though the husband has passed away, the honor and disgrace will always follow the husband. The Record of Rites states: "A wife is paired in sacrifice with ancestresses (zu gu); when there are three ancestresses, she is paired with the one closest in degree." According to that ritual text, then all three may be titled ladies (furen). Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the system of marrying nine daughters to one woman has been abolished. In modern times, there is no such thing as the ritual of succession, and the first wife who dies will marry more. If you add rituals in life, you should not be demoted in death." Yu Wei said: "Wives who were humble when they were young are not allowed to be wives. If there is a posthumous order, they will ignore it." "Qiao Zhuan", the seals and ribbons presented to Wang and He's wives are not as good as those of Li;,
53
永和十一年,彭城國為李太妃求諡。 博士曹耽之議:「夫婦行不必同,不得以夫諡諡婦。 《春秋》婦人有諡甚多,經無譏文,知禮得諡也。」 胡訥云:「禮,婦人生以夫爵,死以夫諡。 《春秋》夫人有諡,不復依禮耳。 安平獻王李妃、琅邪武王諸葛妃,太傅東海王裴妃並無諡,今宜率舊典。」 王彪之云:「婦人有諡,禮壞故耳。 聲子為諡,服虔諸儒以為非。 杜預亦云『禮,婦人無諡』。 《春秋》無譏之文,所謂不待貶絕自明者也。 近世惟后乃有諡耳。」
In the eleventh year of Yonghe, Pengchengguo asked for the posthumous title of Concubine Li. Erudite Cao Danzhi proposed: “Husband and wife need not have identical conduct, and one may not use the husband’s posthumous title to posthumously title the wife. In the Spring and Autumn, women with posthumous titles are very numerous, and the classic has no text criticizing this; thus we know that according to ritual they may receive posthumous titles.” Hu Na said: “According to ritual, a woman while living takes rank from her husband’s title, and when dead takes a posthumous title from her husband’s posthumous title. That ladies in the Spring and Autumn have posthumous titles is simply that they did not again follow ritual. Consort Li of King Xian of Anping, Consort Zhuge of King Wu of Langye, and Consort Pei of the Grand Tutor, the King of Donghai, all had no posthumous titles. Today it is fitting to follow the old canon.” Wang Biao said: "A woman has a posthumous title, but her etiquette is bad. Shengzi was given a posthumous title, and the pious Confucians thought it was wrong. Du Yu also said, "With etiquette, a woman has no posthumous title." There are no sarcastic articles in the Spring and Autumn Annals, as the so-called self-explanation does not require derogation. In modern times, there are posthumous titles only. "
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太尉荀顗上諡法云:「若賜諡而道遠不及葬者,皆封策下屬,遣所承長吏奉策即塚祭賜諡。」,
Taiwei Xunyi's posthumous law says: "If a posthumous title is given but the road is far from being able to bury the person, all the officials will be appointed as subordinates, and the senior officials will be sent to carry out the posthumous ceremony at the tomb to offer the posthumous title.",
55
太元十三年,召孔安國為侍中。 安國表以黃門郎王愉名犯私諱,不得連署,求解。 有司議云:「名終諱之,有心所同,聞名心瞿,亦明前誥。 而《禮》復云『君所無私諱,大夫之所有公諱』,無私諱。 又云『詩書不諱,臨文不諱』。 豈非公義奪私情,王制屈家禮哉! 尚書安眾男臣先表中兵曹郎王祐名犯父諱,求解職,明詔爰發,聽許換曹,蓋是恩出制外耳。 而頃者互相瞻式,源流既啟,莫知其極。 夫皇朝禮大,百僚備職,編官列署,動相經涉。 若以私諱,人遂其心,則移官易職,遷流莫已,既違典法,有虧政體。 請一斷之。」 從之。
In Taiyuan 13, Kong Anguo was summoned as Palace Attendant. Kong Anguo memorialized that Wang Yu's name violated his private taboo, making him unable to co-sign, and asked to be relieved. Some officials said: "The name is taboo, and it has the same mind. It is famous for its heart Qu, and it is also clear from the previous imperial edict. And the "Li" further says, "What the ruler has no selfish taboos for, all the officials have public taboos for." It is selfless taboos. It is also said that "the poems and books do not conceal anything, and the texts do not conceal anything". Isn't it true that justice takes over personal love, and the king controls family etiquette? Shangshu An and all the male ministers first asked for the dismissal of Cao Lang and Wang You, who had violated his father's name. He issued an imperial edict and promised to change Cao. It was a kindness to control the outer ear. But for a moment, they looked at each other, and the source and flow had begun, but they didn't know the end. The husband's imperial court was full of ceremony, hundreds of officials were prepared for their posts, officials were listed in the department, and everything was done. If people use personal taboos to follow their own will, they will be moved to different positions or moved to other places, which is against the law and is detrimental to the political system. Please cut it off.” Follow it.