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張軌
The subject of this biography is Zhang Gui.
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張軌，字士彥，安定烏氏人，漢常山景王耳十七代孫也。 家世孝廉，以儒學顯。 父溫，為太官令。 軌少明敏好學，有器望，姿儀典則，與同郡皇甫謐善，隱于宜陽女幾山。 泰始初，受叔父錫官五品。 中書監張華與軌論經義及政事損益，甚器之，謂安定中正為蔽善抑才，乃美為之談，以為二品之精。 衛將軍楊珧辟為掾，除太子舍人，累遷散騎常侍、征西軍司。
Zhang Gui, whose courtesy name was Shiyan, came from Wushi in Anding; he traced his line to Liu Er, the Han Prince Jing of Changshan, seventeen generations back. His clan had long supplied xiaolian candidates and was known for Confucian learning. His father Zhang Wen held the post of Director of the Imperial Kitchen. As a young man he was bright, eager to learn, and carried an air of capacity; his deportment was exemplary. He befriended Huangfu Mi of Anding and withdrew to Mount Nüji in Yiyang. Early in the Taishi reign he was given fifth-rank office through his uncle Zhang Xi. Zhang Hua, the Palace Library director, debated classical doctrine and policy with him and came to esteem him deeply, blaming Anding’s impartial judge for hiding talent and praising Zhang Gui as the outstanding man of the second-grade roster. Yang Yao, General of the Guards, took him on as a clerk; he was made a gentleman attendant at the heir’s household and eventually promoted through posts to cavalier attendant-in-ordinary and western-expedition army supervisor.
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軌以時方多難，陰圖據河西，筮之，遇《泰》之《觀》，乃投策喜曰：「霸者兆也。」 於是求為涼州。 公卿亦舉軌才堪禦遠。 永甯初，出為護羌校尉、涼州刺史。 于時鮮卑反叛，寇盜從橫，軌到官，即討破之，斬首萬餘級，遂威著西州，化行河右。 以宋配、陰充、氾瑗、陰澹為股肱謀主，征九郡胄子五百人，立學校，始置崇文祭酒，位視別駕，春秋行鄉射之禮。 秘書監繆世征、少府摯虞夜觀星象，相與言曰：「天下方亂，避難之國唯涼土耳。 張涼州德量不恆，殆其人乎！」 及河間、成都二王之難，遣兵三千，東赴京師。 初，漢末金城人陽成遠殺太守以叛，郡人馮忠赴屍號哭，嘔血而死。 張掖人吳詠為護羌校尉馬賢所辟，後為太尉龐參掾，參、賢相誣，罪應死，各引詠為證，詠計理無兩直，遂自刎而死。 參、賢慚悔，自相和釋。 軌皆祭其墓而旌其子孫。 永興中，鮮卑若羅拔能皆為寇，軌遣司馬宋配擊之，斬拔能，俘十餘萬口，威名大震。 惠帝遣加安西將軍，封安樂鄉侯，邑千戶。 於是大城姑臧。 其城本匈奴所築也，南北七里，東西三里，地有龍形，故名臥龍城。 初，漢末博士敦煌侯瑾謂其門人曰：「後城西泉水當竭，有雙闕起其上，與東門相望。 中有霸者出焉。」 至魏嘉平中，郡官果起學館，築雙闕於泉上，與東門正相望矣。 至是，張氏遂霸河西。
Seeing the realm in turmoil, he quietly set his sights on the Hexi region. When he divined with the Changes and drew Tai turning into Guan, he cast the stalks aside and exclaimed that the lines foretold a hegemon’s rise. He therefore petitioned to be posted as Inspector of Liangzhou. Court grandees likewise urged that he was the man to hold the far west. In the first years of Yongning he left the capital as Colonel Who Protects the Qiang and as inspector of Liangzhou. The Xianbei had risen in revolt and raiders swarmed the region; on taking office he struck them down at once, taking over ten thousand heads, until his name carried weight across the west and his rule extended east of the river. Song Pei, Yin Chong, Fan Yuan, and Yin Dan became his principal advisers; he drafted five hundred young nobles from nine commanderies, set up schools, created the post of Libationer for Exalting Culture on a par with chief clerk, and observed the archery rites in spring and autumn. Palace librarian Miao Shizheng and chamberlain Zhi Yu, studying the stars at night, agreed that with chaos coming, Liangzhou alone would offer refuge. They said Inspector Zhang’s moral stature was anything but common and wondered whether he might be the leader fate had chosen. When civil war erupted between the princes of Hejian and Chengdu, he dispatched three thousand soldiers toward Luoyang. Earlier, in late Han, Yang Cheng Yuan of Jincheng had murdered the grand administrator and risen in revolt; Feng Zhong of the same commandery threw himself on the body and wept until he coughed blood and died. Wu Yong of Zhangye had served Ma Xian and later Pang Can; when the two commanders slandered each other and faced capital charges, each tried to drag Wu Yong into court. Believing no testimony could vindicate both, Wu Yong slit his own throat. Pang Can and Ma Xian, stricken with remorse, made peace between themselves. Zhang Gui offered sacrifices at their graves and ennobled their posterity. During Yongxing, when Xianbei leaders Raluo and Baneng pillaged the frontier, he sent Major Song Pei, who slew Baneng and took over a hundred thousand captives, so that his fame resounded far and wide. Emperor Hui added him as General Who Guards the West, enfeoffed him as marquis of Anle township with a thousand-household fief. He then undertook a major expansion of Guzang. The walls had been raised by the Xiongnu—seven li north–south, three li east–west—with ground shaped like a crouching dragon, hence the name “Recumbent Dragon.” Long before, the Han scholar Hou Jin of Dunhuang told his students that the western spring would one day fail and twin towers would stand there, aligned with the east gate. From that place, he said, a hegemon would spring. In Wei’s Jiaping years officials did build a school and twin towers over the spring, mirroring the east gate as foretold. With that omen fulfilled, the Zhang house began its ascendancy west of the Yellow River.
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永嘉初，會東羌校尉韓稚殺秦州刺史張輔，軌少府司馬楊胤言於軌曰：「今稚逆命，擅殺張輔，明公杖鉞一方，宜懲不恪，此亦《春秋》之義。 諸侯相滅亡，桓公不能救，則恆公恥之。」 軌從焉，遣中督護氾瑗率眾二萬討之。 先遺稚書曰：「今天綱紛撓，牧守宜戮力勤王。 適得雍州檄，雲卿稱兵內侮，吾董任一方，義在伐叛，武旅三萬，駱驛繼發，伐木之感，心豈可言！ 古之行師，全國為上，卿若單馬軍門者，當與卿共平世難也。」 稚得書而降。 遣主簿令狐亞聘南陽王模，模甚悅，遺軌以帝所賜劍，謂軌曰：「自隴以西，征伐斷割悉以相委，如此劍矣。」 俄而王彌寇洛陽，軌遣北宮純、張纂、馬魴、陰浚等率州軍擊破之，又敗劉聰於河東，京師歌之曰：「涼州大馬，橫行天下。 涼州鴟苕，寇賊消； 鴟苕翩翩，怖殺人。」 帝嘉其忠，進封西平郡公，不受。 張掖臨松山石有「金馬」字，磨滅粗可識，而「張」字分明，又有文曰：「初祚天下，西方安萬年。」 姑臧又有玄石，白點成二十八宿。 于時天下既亂，所在使命莫有至者，軌遣使貢獻，歲時不替。 朝廷嘉之，屢降璽書慰勞。
Early in Yongjia, after Han Zhi of the eastern Qiang slew Qinzhou inspector Zhang Fu, Yang Yin urged Zhang Gui that, as regional commander, he should chastise the killer—exactly the principle the Spring and Autumn teaches. When states annihilated one another, Duke Huan of Qi was disgraced if he failed to rescue them—Yang Yin invoked that precedent. Zhang Gui agreed and sent Central Army Supervisor Fan Yuan at the head of twenty thousand troops. First he wrote to Han Zhi: “The imperial order is in chaos; every governor should rally to the throne. I hold a brief from Yongzhou that you have raised arms against lawful authority. I am bound to punish rebellion; thirty thousand soldiers are marching in relays—my heart burns like the poem’s woodcutters, beyond telling. The ancients prized winning without ruin; if you ride alone to my gate, we can still set the age to rights together.” Han Zhi capitulated after reading the letter. He dispatched chief clerk Linghu Ya to Prince Sima Mo of Nanyang, who was delighted and presented him with the imperial sword, telling him that west of Long all military authority rested in his hands. When Wang Mi struck Luoyang, Zhang Gui sent Bei Gong Chun, Zhang Zuan, Ma Fang, and Yin Jun with provincial troops to rout him and again defeated Liu Cong in Hedong. The capital took up a rhyme: “The mighty steeds of Liangzhou ride the whole world under heaven. The Liangzhou shrike-reed—raiders vanish in fear; The shrike-reed wheels overhead—enough to scare a man to death.” The court honored his loyalty by promoting his title to duke of Xiping, an honor he declined. A Zhangye cliff face showed the words “golden horse,” faintly legible, with “Zhang” sharp and clear, and a prophecy that the west would know peace for ages under a new mandate. Guzang likewise held a dark stone speckled white in the pattern of the twenty-eight mansions. While couriers ceased everywhere else, Zhang Gui never missed the seasonal tribute to Luoyang. The throne responded with repeated sealed letters of praise and consolation.
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軌後患風，口不能言，使子茂攝州事。 酒泉太守張鎮潛引秦州刺史賈龕以代軌，密使詣京師，請尚書侍郎曹祛為西平太守，圖為輔車之勢。 軌別駕麹晁欲專威福，又遣使詣長安，告南陽王模，稱軌廢疾，以請賈龕，而龕將受之。 其兄讓龕曰：「張涼州一時名士，威著西州，汝何德以代之！」 龕乃止。 更以侍中爰瑜為涼州刺史。 治中楊澹馳詣長安，割耳盤上，訴軌之被誣，模乃表停之。
Zhang Gui later suffered a paralytic stroke and lost speech, leaving his son Zhang Mao to administer the province. Jiuquan’s grand administrator Zhang Zhen secretly invited Qinzhou inspector Jia Kan to supplant Zhang Gui, sent agents to Chang’an to have Cao Qu named grand administrator of Xiping, and tried to build a mutual-support pact. Chief clerk Qu Chao, hungry for power, wrote to Prince Sima Mo claiming Zhang Gui was bedridden so Jia Kan could take over, and Kan nearly agreed. Jia Kan’s elder brother warned him: “Zhang Gui is a famous man whose prestige rules the west—what merit could let you step into his shoes?” Jia Kan dropped the plan. The court then named palace attendant Yuan Yu inspector of Liangzhou. Headquarters aide Yang Dan raced to Chang’an, sliced his ear onto a platter to protest the slander, and Sima Mo stayed the replacement.
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晉昌張越，涼州大族，讖言張氏霸涼，自以才力應之。 從隴西內史遷梁州刺史。 越志在涼州，遂託病歸河西，陰圖代軌，乃遣兄鎮及曹祛、麹佩移檄廢軌，以軍司杜耽攝州事，使耽表越為刺史。 軌令曰：「吾在州八年，不能綏靖區域，又值中州兵亂，秦隴倒懸，加以寢患委篤，實思斂跡避賢。 但負荷任重，未便輒遂。 不圖諸人橫興此變，是不明吾心也。 吾視去貴州如脫屣耳！」 欲遣主簿尉髦奉表詣闕，便速脂轄，將歸老宜陽。 長史王融、參軍孟暢蹋折鎮檄，排闔諫曰：「晉室多故，人神塗炭，實賴明公撫寧西夏。 張鎮兄弟敢肆凶逆，宜聲其罪而戮之，不可成其志也。」 軌嘿然。 融等出而戒嚴。 武威太守張琠遣子坦馳詣京，表曰：「魏尚安邊而獲戾，充國盡忠而被譴，皆前史之所譏，今曰之明鑒也。 順陽之思劉陶，守闕者千人。 刺史之蒞臣州，若慈母之于赤子，百姓之愛臣軌，若旱苗之得膏雨。 伏聞信惑流言，當有遷代，民情嗷嗷，如失父母。 今戎夷猾夏，不宜騷動一方。」 尋以子寔為中督護，率兵討鎮。 遣鎮外甥太府主簿令狐亞前喻鎮曰：「舅何不審安危，明成敗？ 主公西河著德，兵馬如雲，此猶烈火已焚，待江漢之水，溺於洪流，望越人之助，其何及哉！ 今數萬之軍已臨近境，今唯全老親，存門戶，輸誠歸官，必保萬全之福。」 鎮流涕曰：「人誤我也！」 乃委罪功曹魯連而斬之，詣寔歸罪。 南討曹祛，走之。 張坦至自京師，帝優詔勞軌，依模所表，命誅曹祛。 軌大悅，赦州內殊死已下。 命寔率尹員、宋配步騎三萬討祛，別遣從事田迥、王豐率騎八百自姑臧西南出石驢，據長寧。 怯遣麹晁距戰于黃阪。 寔詭道出浩亹，戰於破羌。 軌斬祛及牙門田囂。
Zhang Yue of Jinchang, a powerful Liangzhou lineage, read a prophecy that the Zhangs would dominate the west and believed he was the man. He transferred from Longxi interior administrator to Liangzhou inspector. His sights were fixed on Liangzhou, so he pretended illness, slipped back to Hexi, and conspired to oust Zhang Gui, circulating a manifesto through his brother Zhang Zhen, Cao Qu, and Qu Pei, installing army supervisor Du Dan and urging the court to name himself inspector. Zhang Gui issued a notice: “Eight years in office and I have still not quieted the frontier; the heartland is at war and Longyou reels, while my sickness worsens—I would gladly step aside for someone abler. Yet the charge is too heavy to cast off on a whim. I never thought you would stir such a revolt; you misread my intentions. To me, leaving your fine province would be as easy as kicking off a slipper!” He meant to send chief clerk Wei Mao to the capital with a memorial, then pack his carriage and retire to Yiyang. Chief clerk Wang Rong and adjutant Meng Chang shredded Zhang Zhen’s edict, forced their way in, and pleaded: “The Jin court is in crisis; only you can steady the western regions. Zhang Zhen’s faction must be denounced and cut down; you cannot let their plot stand.” Zhang Gui said nothing. When they withdrew, they put the army on full alert. Wuwei’s grand administrator Zhang Tian rushed his son Tan to court with a petition comparing Zhang Gui to Wei Shang and Zhao Chongguo, loyal border generals unjustly accused. At Shunyang a thousand people besieged the gates for Liu Tao’s sake. Your inspector has been a mother to us; the people cherish Zhang Gui as parched shoots welcome rain. Rumors of his replacement have left the populace wailing like orphans. With barbarians ravaging the heartland, the west must not be thrown into turmoil.” He then named his son Zhang Shi central army supervisor and marched against Zhang Zhen. He sent Zhang Zhen’s nephew Linghu Ya ahead to ask: “Have you weighed the odds, uncle? His lordship’s fame fills the west and his host is like a cloud—waiting for the Yangzi when the blaze has started is futile. Tens of thousands stand at your gates; save your family by submitting and you will keep fortune whole. Zhang Zhen wept, “I was led astray!” He blamed merit clerk Lu Lian, executed him, and went to Zhang Shi to surrender. Zhang Shi took the army south, struck Cao Qu, and sent him fleeing. Zhang Tan’s arrival from Luoyang brought an imperial rescript praising Zhang Gui and, on Sima Mo’s recommendation, commanding Cao Qu’s death. Zhang Gui rejoiced and declared an amnesty short of capital crimes. He told Zhang Shi to take Yin Yuan, Song Pei, and thirty thousand men against Cao Qu while aides Tian Jiong and Wang Feng led eight hundred horse southwest from Guzang via Stone Mule to seize Changning. Cao Qu dispatched Qu Chao to hold them at Yellow Slope. Zhang Shi slipped through Haomen and fought at Poyang. Zhang Gui executed Cao Qu and gate captain Tian Ao.
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遣治中張閬送義兵五千及郡國秀孝貢計、器甲方物歸於京師。 令有司可推詳立州已來清貞德素，嘉遁遺榮：「高才碩學，著述經史； 臨危殉義，殺身為君； 忠諫而嬰禍，專對而釋患； 權智雄勇，為時除難； 謅佞誤主，傷陷忠賢； 具狀以聞。 州中父老莫不相慶。 光祿傅祗、太常摯虞遺軌書，告京師饑匱，軌即遣參軍杜勳獻馬五百匹、毯布三萬匹。 帝遣使者進拜鎮西將軍、都督隴右諸軍事，封霸城侯，進車騎將軍、開府辟如、儀同三司。 策未至，而王彌遂逼洛陽，軌遣將軍張斐、北宮純、郭敷等率精騎五千來衛京都。 及京都陷，斐等皆沒於賊。 中州避難來者日月相繼，分武威置武興郡以居之。 太府主簿馬魴言於軌曰：「四海傾覆，乘輿未反，明公以全州之力徑造平陽，必當萬里風披，有征無戰。 未審何憚不為此舉？」 軌曰：「是孤心也。」 又聞秦王入關，乃馳檄關中曰：「主上遘危，遷幸非所，普天分崩，率土喪氣。 秦王天挺聖德，神武應期。 世祖之孫，王今為長。 凡我晉人，食土之類，龜筮克從，幽明同款。 宜簡令奪奉登皇位。 今遣前鋒督護宋配步騎二萬，徑至長安，翼衛乘輿，折沖左右。 西中郎寔中軍三萬，武威太守張琠胡騎二萬，駱驛繼發，仲秋中旬會于臨晉。
He dispatched headquarters aide Zhang Lang with five thousand volunteer troops, provincial examination graduates, tribute tallies, arms, and native goods to Luoyang. He told officials to compile, from the founding of the province, lists of the incorrupt, the reclusive, and scholars who had written on the Classics and history; those who died for loyalty in crisis; those who remonstrated at the cost of their lives and diplomats who talked their way out of danger; strategists and champions who removed threats to the state; and flatterers who led rulers astray and ruined good men; each case to be reported in detail. The province’s elders rejoiced together. Fu Zhi and Zhi Yu wrote that Luoyang was starving; Zhang Gui at once sent adjutant Du Xun with five hundred horses and thirty thousand bolts of felt and cloth. Imperial envoys promoted him to General Who Garrisons the West, commander of all Longyou armies, marquis of Baling, then chariot-and-horse general with independent staff and honors matching the three dukes. Before the patent reached him, Wang Mi threatened Luoyang, so he sent Zhang Fei, Bei Gong Chun, and Guo Fu with five thousand elite horse to the capital’s relief. When Luoyang fell, those generals died in the enemy ranks. Fugitives from the east streamed in daily, so he carved Wuxing commandery out of Wuwei to house them. Grand-treasury chief clerk Ma Fang urged him to take the entire province straight to Pingyang and sweep the rebels away. He asked why Zhang Gui hesitated to strike. Zhang Gui answered, “That has been my own mind as well.” Learning that the Prince of Qin had entered the passes, he fired a manifesto into Guanzhong: “The Son of Heaven is in jeopardy, driven to an unworthy refuge; the realm is shattered and morale is broken. The Prince of Qin bears heaven’s sagely virtue, a warlike spirit born for the moment. You are of Shizu’s line, and among the princes you now stand first. Every Jin subject dwelling on this earth finds tortoise and milfoil in accord, and both realms of the unseen give their assent. The time has come to choose a worthy man and set him on the throne. He dispatches Song Pei, forward supervisor, with twenty thousand troops to Chang’an to guard the emperor and clear the flanks. Song Pei takes twenty thousand straight to Chang’an; Zhang Shi, as western household general, leads thirty thousand from the central army; Zhang Tian of Wuwei brings twenty thousand Hu horse—all marching in relays to rendezvous at Linjin by mid-autumn.
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俄而秦王為皇太子，遣使拜軌為驃騎大將軍、儀同三司，固辭。 秦州刺史裴苞、東羌校尉貫與據險斷使，命宋配討之。 西平王叔與曹祛餘黨麹儒等劫前福祿令麹恪為主，執太守趙彝，東應裴苞。 寔回師討之，斬儒等，左督護陰預與苞戰陝西，大敗之，苞奔桑凶塢。 是歲，北宮純降劉聰。 皇太子遣使重申前授，固辭。 左司馬竇濤言於軌曰：「曲阜周旦弗辭，營丘齊望承命，所以明國憲，厲殊勳。 天下崩亂，皇輿遷幸，州雖僻遠，不忘匡衛，故朝廷傾懷，嘉命屢集。 宜從朝旨，以副群心。」 軌不從。
When the Prince of Qin was named crown prince, envoys offered Zhang Gui the post of grand general of agile cavalry with honors equal to the three dukes; he refused. Pei Bao of Qinzhou and Eastern Qiang colonel Guan Yu blocked the passes and stopped couriers, so Zhang Gui sent Song Pei against them. Wang Shu of Xiping joined Qu Ru’s faction, made Qu Que their chief, took Zhao Yi hostage, and coordinated with Pei Bao eastward. Zhang Shi wheeled about, executed Qu Ru’s party, and Yin Yu smashed Pei Bao in Shaanxi, driving him to the Sangxiong redoubt. In the same year Bei Gong Chun went over to Liu Cong. The heir’s messengers renewed the offer; Zhang Gui again declined. Dou Tao urged him: “At Qufu the Duke of Zhou did not demur; at Yingqiu the Qi founder took his charge—thus the law honored great service. The realm is shattered and the court adrift, yet distant Liangzhou still shields the throne, which is why the capital keeps heaping honors on you. You should accept the imperial will and answer the people’s expectation.” Zhang Gui would not agree.
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初，寔平麹懦，徙元惡六百餘家。 治中令狐瀏曰：「夫除惡人，猶農夫之去草，令絕其本，勿使能滋。 今宜悉徙，以絕後患。」 寔不納。 儒黨果叛，寔進平之。
After Zhang Shi crushed Qu Nuo, he resettled over six hundred families of the ringleaders. Linghu Liu argued: “Rooting out villains is like weeding—you must kill the root so nothing sprouts. Move every one of them now and leave no future threat.” Zhang Shi did not follow the advice. Qu’s clique rose anyway, and Zhang Shi marched again to crush them.
10
湣帝即位，進位司空，固讓。 太府參軍索輔言於軌曰：「古以金貝皮幣為貨，息穀帛量度之秏。 二漢制五銖錢，通易不滯。 泰始中，河西荒廢，遂不用錢。 裂匹以為段數。 縑布既壞，市易又難，徒壞女工，不任衣用，弊之甚也。 今中州雖亂，此方主安全，宜復五銖以濟通變之會。」 軌納之，立制准布用錢，錢遂大行，人賴其利。 是時劉曜寇北地，軌又遣參軍麹陶領三千人衛長安。 帝遣大鴻臚辛攀拜軌侍中、太尉、涼州牧、西平公，軌又固辭。
Emperor Min promoted him to minister of works, which he refused. Suo Fu of the grand treasury told him: “Antiquity used metal, shell, and cloth as money to avoid the waste of weighing grain and silk. Han’s five-zhu cash kept trade moving smoothly. During Taishi the Hexi region was so ruined that money disappeared. Silk was torn into arbitrary lengths for barter. Damaged silk ruined commerce, wasted women’s labor, and still could not clothe anyone—a thorough evil. The heartland is at war, yet we are safe; restoring the five-zhu will ease exchange.” Zhang Gui agreed, set a cloth-to-coin standard, and currency flourished to the people’s gain. When Liu Yao struck Beidi, he sent Qu Tao with three thousand to reinforce Chang’an. The court dispatched Xin Pan to name him attendant-in-chief, grand commandant, Liangzhou governor, and duke of Xiping—all declined again.
11
在州十三年，寢疾，遺令曰：「吾無德於人，今疾病彌留，殆將命也。 文武將佐咸當弘盡忠規，務安百姓，上思報國，下以寧家。 素棺薄葬，無藏金玉。 善相安遜，以聽朝旨。」 表立子寔為世子。 卒年六十。 諡曰武公。
After thirteen years in office, mortally ill, he dictated: “I have done little good for anyone; my sickness lingers and the end is near. Let every officer strive for loyal counsel, comfort the people, serve the throne above, and settle their homes below. Bury me in a plain coffin without gold or jade. Yield to one another in humility and wait for the capital’s orders.” He petitioned to make his son Zhang Shi heir. He died at sixty. He was posthumously titled Duke Wu.
12
子孫
Section: descendants
14
子寔
Zhang Shi
15
=寔字安遜，學尚明察，敬賢愛士，以秀才為郎中。 永嘉初，固辭驍騎將軍，請還涼州，許之，改授議郎。 及至姑臧，以討曹祛功，封建武亭侯。 尋遷西中郎將，進爵福祿縣侯。 建興初，除西中郎將，領護羌校尉。 軌卒，州人推寔攝父位。 湣帝因下策書曰：「維乃父武公，著勳西夏。 頃胡賊狡猾。 侵逼近甸，義兵銳卒，萬里相尋，方貢遠珍，府無虛歲。 方委專征，蕩清九域，昊天不吊，凋餘籓後，朕用悼厥心。 維爾雋劭英毅，宜世表西海。 今授持節、都督涼州諸軍事、西中郎將、涼州刺史、領護羌校尉、西平公。 往欽哉！ 其闡弘先緒，俾屏王室。」
Zhang Shi, courtesy name Anxun, valued clear inquiry, honored talent, and entered office as a gentleman consultant after earning the xiucai certificate. Early in Yongjia he refused the vehement-cavalry generalship and was allowed to go back west as a consultant. On reaching Guzang he was made marquis of Martial Mettle village for his part in defeating Cao Qu. He was soon raised to general of the household on the west and promoted to count of Fulu. In the first Jianxing years he took the western household generalship with the Qiang-colonel title. After Zhang Gui’s death the province asked Zhang Shi to hold his father’s post. Emperor Min’s edict read: “Your father Duke Wu won glory defending the west. Lately the barbarians have grown bold. They harry the capital region while loyal hosts march from afar and tribute streams in without pause. I meant to give him independent command to pacify the realm, yet Heaven cut him down at the border; I mourn his fall. You are talented, resolute, and fit to lead the far west. I therefore grant you the staff, command of Liangzhou armies, the western household generalship, the governorship with Qiang colonel, and the ducal title of Xiping. Go—receive this with reverence. Carry forward his legacy and shield the Jin throne.”
16
蘭池長趙奭上軍士張冰得璽，文曰「皇帝璽。」 群僚上慶稱德，寔曰：「孤常忿袁本初擬肘，諸君何忽有此言！」 因送于京師。 下令國中曰：「忝紹前蹤，庶幾刑政不為百姓之患，而比年饑旱，殆由庶事有缺，竊慕箴誦之言，以補不逮。 自今有面刺孤罪者，酬以束帛； 翰墨陳孤過者，答以筐篚； 謗言於市者，報以羊米。」 賊曹佐高昌隗瑾進言曰：「聖王將舉大事，必崇三訊之法，朝置諫官以匡大理，疑承輔弼以補闕拾遺。 今事無巨細，盡決聖慮，興軍布令，朝中不知，若有謬闕，則下無分謗。 竊謂宜偃聰塞智，開納群言，政刑大小，與眾共之。 若恆內斷聖心，則群僚畏威而面從矣。 善惡專歸於上，雖賞千金，終無言也。」 寔納之，增位三等，賜帛四十匹。 遣督護王該送諸郡貢計，獻名馬方珍、經史圖籍于京師。
Zhao Yi of Lanchi reported that trooper Zhang Bing had unearthed a jade reading “Imperial Seal.” His staff began to flatter him as heaven’s choice; Zhang Shi snapped, “I despised Yuan Shao’s grasping after the throne—why echo such talk now?” He forwarded the seal to Luoyang. He proclaimed: “I follow my predecessors in hoping law and policy do not harm the people, yet drought and dearth suggest my rule is flawed; I welcome counsel to mend my faults. Henceforth anyone who rebukes me to my face wins a bolt of silk; written criticism earns a hamper of goods; rumor in the marketplace wins sheep and grain.” Wei Jin urged: “Great kings consult widely; remonstrators and aides exist to catch every slip. Yet today every decision rests in your hands alone; the capital hears nothing of campaigns, so if you err no one else shares the fault. Lower your guard, listen broadly, and let the many share governance. If you keep everything inside, your officers will only nod from fear. Credit and blame would pile on you alone, and not even gold would buy honest words.” Zhang Shi agreed, promoted Wei Jin three ranks, and gave him forty bolts of silk. He dispatched Wang Gai with provincial tribute, fine horses, curios, and books to Luoyang.
17
會劉曜逼長安，寔遣將軍王該率眾以援京城。 帝嘉之，拜都督陝西諸軍事。 及帝將降于劉曜，下詔於寔曰：「天步厄運，禍降晉室，京師傾陷，先帝晏駕賊庭。 朕流漂宛許，爰暨舊京。 群臣以宗廟無主，歸之於朕，遂以沖眇之身托于王公之上。 自踐寶位，四載於茲，不能翦除巨寇以救危難，元元兆庶仍遭塗炭，皆朕不明所致。 羯賊劉載僭稱大號，禍加先帝，肆殺籓王，深惟仇恥，枕戈待旦。 劉曜自去年九月率其蟻眾，乘虛深寇，劫質羌胡，攻沒北地。 麹允總戎在外，六軍敗績，侵逼京城，矢流宮闕。 胡崧等雖赴國難，殿而無效，圍塹十重，外救不至，糧盡人窮，遂為降虜。 仰慚乾靈，俯痛宗廟。 君世篤忠亮，勳隆西夏，四海具瞻，朕所憑賴。 今進君大都督、涼州牧、侍中、司空，承制行事。 琅邪王宗室親賢，遠在江表。 今朝廷播越，社稷倒懸，朕以詔王，時攝大位。 君其挾贊琅邪，共濟難運。 若不忘主，宗廟有賴。 明便出降，故夜見公卿，屬以後事，密遣黃門郎史淑、侍御史王沖齎詔假授。 臨出寄命，公其勉之！」 寔以天子蒙塵，沖讓不拜。
As Liu Yao closed on Chang’an, he sent General Wang Gai with an army to relieve the city. The emperor commended him and named him commander of Shaanxi. Facing surrender to Liu Yao, the emperor wrote Zhang Shi: “Heaven has turned against us; Luoyang is gone and my predecessor died among the bandits. I wandered to Wan and Xu until I regained the old capital. The ministers, finding no master for the temples, raised me, a frail child, to the throne. Four years on the throne and I have failed to crush the foe or save the people; their agony is my fault alone. The Jie usurper Liu Cong claimed the throne, struck down my father, and slaughtered princes; I nurse that shame and sleep on my arms. Since autumn Liu Yao has driven deep with a horde of ants, taken barbarian hostages, and taken Beidi. Qu Yun’s field armies collapsed, the foe ringed Luoyang, and shafts rattled in the palace. Hu Song’s relief failed; ten lines of trenches, no succor, starvation—so they yielded. I hang my head before Heaven and weep for the altars. Your house has long been loyal; the west hangs on you, and all the realm watches. I promote you to grand governor of Liangzhou, attendant-in-chief, minister of works, with mandate to act by edict. Prince Sima Rui of Langye, royal and worthy, waits beyond the Yangzi. With the court uprooted I call on him to assume the regency. Stand by Prince Langye and carry us through this ordeal. If you remain true, the temples still have hope. I surrender at dawn; tonight I charged my ministers and sent Shi Shu and Wang Chong with sealed commissions. This is my parting charge—spare no strength!” Zhang Shi, seeing the emperor humiliated, modestly refused the titles.
18
建威將軍、西海太守張肅，寔叔父也，以京師危逼，請為先鋒擊劉曜。 寔以肅年老，弗許。 肅曰：「狐死首丘，心不忘本； 鐘儀在晉，楚弁南音。 肅受晉龍，剖符列位。 羯逆滔天，朝廷傾覆，肅宴安方裔，難至不奮，何以為人臣！」 寔曰：「門戶受重恩，自當闔宗效死，忠衛社稷，以申先公之志。 但叔父春秋已高，氣力衰竭，軍旅之事非耆耄所堪。」 乃止。 既而聞京師陷沒，肅悲憤而卒。
His uncle Zhang Su, general who establishes might and lord of the Western Sea, begged to lead the van against Liu Yao as Luoyang tottered. Zhang Shi refused, citing his uncle’s age. Zhang Su replied: “The dying fox turns its head toward its burrow—never forgetting home; Like Zhong Yi, a captive in Jin who kept Chu’s cap and southern songs, I remember who I am. I have taken Jin’s dragon commission and carried its halved tallies. The Jie flood the skies and the throne is gone—yet I sit safe in the west without stirring; what kind of servant am I?” Zhang Shi answered: “Our clan owes Jin everything; every cousin should die if need be to shield the altars and fulfill my father’s will. Yet you are old and frail—campaigning is no work for a graybeard.” He dropped the request. When news came that Luoyang had fallen, Zhang Su died of grief and wrath.
19
寔知劉曜逼遷天子，大臨三日。 遣太府司馬韓璞、滅寇將軍田齊、撫戎將軍張閬、前鋒督護陰預步騎一萬，東赴國難。 命討虜將軍陳安、故太守賈騫、隴西太守吳紹各統郡兵為璞等前驅。 戒璞曰：「前遣諸將多違機信，所執不同，致有乖阻。 且內不和親，焉能服物！ 今遣禦督五將兵事，當如一體，不得令乖異之問達孤耳也。」 復遺南陽王保書曰：「王室有事，不忘投軀。 孤州遠域，首尾多難，是以前遣賈騫，瞻望公舉。 中被符命，敕騫還軍。 忽聞北地陷沒，寇逼長安，胡崧不進，麹允持金五百請救於崧，是以決遣騫等進軍度嶺。 會聞朝廷傾覆，為忠不達於主，遣兵不及於難，痛慨之深，死有餘責。 今更遣韓璞等，唯公命是從。」 及璞次南安，諸羌斷軍路，相持百餘日，糧竭矢盡。 璞殺駕牛饗軍，泣謂眾曰：「汝曹念父母乎？」 曰：「念。」 「念妻子乎？ 曰：「念。」 「欲生還乎？」 曰：「欲。」 「從我令乎？」 曰：「諾。」 乃鼓噪進戰。 會張閬率金城軍繼至，夾擊，大敗之，斬級數千。
Learning that Liu Yao was marching the emperor away, Zhang Shi mourned three days. He dispatched Han Pu, Tian Qi, Zhang Lang, and Yin Yu with ten thousand men east to relieve the throne. Chen An, Jia Qian, and Wu Shao were told to lead local levies as the van for Han Pu’s column. He cautioned Han Pu: “Past columns lost coordination and missed their timing. Without unity within, you cannot command respect abroad. You now oversee five generals as a single body—let no rumor of division reach me.” He wrote again to Prince Sima Bao of Nanyang: “When the dynasty is in peril I do not withhold my life. Liangzhou stands remote, hard pressed on every side, which is why I earlier sent Jia Qian to await your lead. Then an imperial rescript arrived ordering Jia Qian to withdraw. When Beidi collapsed and Hu Song stalled, Qu Yun had to buy relief with gold; I therefore pushed Jia Qian’s host over the pass. Then came word that Luoyang was lost—loyalty never reached the throne, and my army arrived too late; I bear guilt beyond death. I send Han Pu again; he awaits your orders.” At Nan’an the Qiang blocked the road for over a hundred days until supplies failed. Han Pu killed the baggage oxen for a feast and wept: “Do you long for your parents?” They answered yes. “Do you miss your wives and children? Again they said yes. “Do you want to see home again?” They shouted that they did. “Will you obey my orders?” They swore they would. He then beat the drums and charged. Zhang Lang’s Jincheng troops came up; the combined attack routed the Qiang and took thousands of heads.
20
時焦崧、陳安寇隴石，東與劉曜相持，雍秦之人死者十八九。 初，永嘉中，長安謠曰：「秦川中，血沒腕，惟有涼州倚柱觀。」 至是，謠言驗矣。 焦崧、陳安逼上邽，南陽王保遣使告急。 以金城太守竇濤為輕車將軍。 率威遠將軍宋毅及和苞、張閬、宋輯、辛韜、張選、董廣步騎二萬赴之。 軍次新陽，會湣帝崩問至，素服舉哀，大臨三日。
Meanwhile Jiao Song and Chen An ravaged Longyou, locked with Liu Yao, and nine-tenths of Yong and Qin perished. During Yongjia a Chang’an rhyme ran: “In Qin heartland blood wades to the wrist; only Liangzhou lets you lean on a pillar and watch. The prophecy had come true. When Song and Chen besieged Shanggui, Prince Sima Bao called for help. Dou Tao of Jincheng was named general of agile chariots. Song Yi, He Bao, Zhang Lang, and the rest marched twenty thousand to the rescue. Camped at Xinyang, they learned of Emperor Min’s death, donned mourning, and wailed three days.
21
時南陽王保謀稱尊號，破羌都尉張詵言於寔曰：「南陽王忘莫大之恥，而欲自尊，天不受其圖籙，德不足以應運，終非濟時救難者也。 晉王明德昵籓，先帝憑屬，宜表稱聖德，勸即尊號，傳檄諸籓，副言相府，則欲競之心息，未合之徒散矣。」 從之。 於是馳檄天下，推崇晉王為天子，遣牙門蔡忠奉表江南，勸即尊位。 是歲，元帝即位於建鄴，改年太興，寔猶稱建興六年，不從中興之所改也。
Sima Bao planned to declare himself emperor; Zhang Shen warned Zhang Shi that Bao forgot national humiliation and lacked Heaven’s mandate. The Jin prince’s virtue wins the regional houses and the late emperor trusted him—memorialize him, urge the throne, circulate orders to the princes and the chief minister, and rivalry will die down. Zhang Shi agreed. He broadcast a call to crown Sima Rui as emperor and sent Cai Zhong to the south with a memorial urging accession. That year Yuan Di took the throne at Jianye as Taixing; Zhang Shi still dated documents Jianxing year six, refusing the new era.
22
保聞湣帝崩，自稱晉王，建元，署置百官，遣使拜寔征西大將軍、儀同三司，增邑三千戶。 俄而保為陳安所叛，氐羌皆應之。 保窘迫，遂去上邽，遷祁山，寔遣將韓璞步騎五千赴難。 陳安退保綿諸，保歸上邽。 未幾，保復為安所敗，使詣寔乞師。 寔遣宋毅赴之，而安退。 會保為劉曜所逼，遷于桑城，將謀奔寔。 寔以其宗室之望，若至河右，必動物情，遣其將陰監逆保，聲言翼衛，實禦之也。 會保薨，其眾散奔涼州者萬餘人。 寔自恃險遠，頗自驕恣。
Sima Bao then styled himself prince of Jin, set up a court calendar, and offered Zhang Shi the western-conquest generalship with three thousand extra households. Chen An soon rebelled against him, joined by Di and Qiang. Bao fled to Qishan; Zhang Shi sent Han Pu with five thousand men. Chen An fell back to Mianzhu while Bao reoccupied Shanggui. Soon Bao lost again to Chen An and begged Zhang Shi for an army. Zhang Shi dispatched Song Yi, and Chen An retreated. Then Liu Yao drove Bao to Sangcheng, and he meant to run to Hexi. Zhang Shi feared a royal prince on his soil would sway the people, so he sent Yin Jian to “escort” him while actually blocking his flight. Bao died; over ten thousand of his followers drifted into Liangzhou. Secure in his remoteness, Zhang Shi grew proud and lax.
23
初，寔寢室梁間有人像，無頭，久而乃滅，寔甚惡之。 京兆人劉弘者，挾左道，客居天梯第五山，然燈懸鏡於山穴中為光明，以惑百姓，受道者千餘人，寔左右皆事之。 帳下閻沙、牙門趙仰皆弘鄉人，弘謂之曰：「天與我神璽，應王涼州。」 沙、仰信之，密與寔左右十餘人謀殺寔，奉弘為主。 寔潛知其謀，收弘殺之。 沙等不之知，以其夜害寔。 在位六年。 私諡曰昭公，元帝賜諡曰元。 子駿，年幼，弟茂攝事。
A headless figure had appeared between the rafters of his bedroom and faded away—an omen he loathed. Liu Hong of Jingzhao peddled sorcery on Mount Tian, dazzled villagers with lamps and mirrors, and drew even Zhang Shi’s household into his sect. Hong told Yan Sha and Zhao Yang that Heaven had given him a sacred seal to rule the west. They conspired with Zhang Shi’s guards to murder him and enthrone Liu Hong. Zhang Shi uncovered the plot, arrested Hong, and killed him. Yan Sha’s party, unaware, struck that night and killed Zhang Shi. He had held power six years. Privately he was called Duke Zhao; Emperor Yuan gave him the posthumous name Yuan. His son Zhang Jun was a child, so his brother Zhang Mao took the reins.
25
寔弟茂
Zhang Mao, Zhang Shi’s younger brother
26
=茂字成遜，虛靖好學，不以世利嬰心。 建興初，南陽王保辟從事中郎，又薦為散騎侍郎、中壘將軍，皆不就。 二年，徵為侍中，以父老固辭。 尋拜平西將軍、秦州刺史。 太興三年，寔既遇害，州人推茂為大都督、太尉、涼州牧，茂不從，但受使持節、平西將軍、涼州牧。 乃誅閻沙及黨與數百人，赦其境內。 復以兄子駿為撫軍將軍、武威太守、西平公。
Zhang Mao, courtesy name Chengxun, lived plainly, loved books, and shunned gain. Sima Bao summoned him as staff officer and recommended court posts; he declined all. In year two he was called to be palace attendant but cited his father’s age and refused. He was soon named general who pacifies the west and inspector of Qinzhou. After Zhang Shi’s murder the province offered Mao the grand governorship; he took only the staff and western pacification title. He executed Yan Sha’s clique by the hundreds and proclaimed amnesty. He named his nephew Zhang Jun general who soothes the army, Wuwei governor, and duke of Xiping.
27
歲餘，茂築靈鈞台，周輪八十餘堵，基高九仞。 武陵人閻曾夜叩門呼曰：「武公遣我來，曰：何故勞百姓而築台乎？」 姑臧令辛岩以曾妖妄，請殺之。 茂曰：「吾信勞人。 曾稱先君之令，何謂妖乎！」 太府主簿馬魴諫曰：「今世駿未夷，唯當弘尚道素，不宜勞役崇飾台榭。 且比年以來，轉覺眾務日奢於往，每所經營，輕違雅度，實非士女所望於明公。」 茂曰：「吾過也，吾過也！」 命止作役。
A year later he began Lingjun Terrace—eighty bays around, nine ren high. Yan Zeng of Wuling beat the gate at night, claiming Duke Wu’s ghost asked why Mao burdened the people with a tower. Magistrate Xin Yan wanted Zeng executed as a fraud. Zhang Mao admitted he had overworked the people. The voice cited my late brother—hardly mere witchcraft.” Ma Fang urged him to forgo finery while enemies remained. Lately every project grows more lavish and drifts from restraint—hardly what the people expect of you. Zhang Mao cried, “I was wrong—twice wrong!” He halted construction.
28
明年，劉曜遣其將劉咸攻韓璞于冀城，呼延寔攻寧羌護軍陰鑒於桑壁。 臨洮人翟楷、石琮等逐令長，以縣應曜，河西大震。 參軍馬岌勸茂親征，長史氾禕怒曰：「亡國之人復欲幹亂大事，宜斬岌及安百姓。」 岌曰：「氾公書生糟粕，刺舉近才，不惟國家大計。 且朝廷旰食有年矣，今大賊自至，不煩遠師，遐爾之情，實系此州，事勢不可以不出。 且宜立信勇之驗，以副秦隴之望。」 茂曰：「馬生之言得之矣。」 乃出次石頭。 茂謂參軍陳珍曰：「劉曜以乘勝之聲握三秦之銳，繕兵積年，士卒習戰，若以精騎奄克南安，席捲河外，長驅而至者，計將何出？」 珍曰：「曜雖乘威怙眾，恩德未結於下，又其關東離貳，內患未除，精卒寡少，多是氐羌烏合之眾，終不能近舍關東之難，增隴上之戍，曠日持久與我爭衡也。 若二旬不退者，珍請為明公率弊卒數千以擒之。」 茂大悅，以珍為平虜護軍，率卒騎一千八百救韓璞。 曜陰欲引歸，聲言要先取隴西，然後回滅桑壁。 珍募發氐羌之眾，擊曜走之，克復南安。 茂深嘉之，拜折沖將軍。
Next year Liu Yao’s Liu Xian besieged Han Pu at Jicheng while Huyan Shi struck Yin Jian at Sangbi. Zhai Kai and Shi Cong of Lintao expelled officials and surrendered counties to Liu Yao, terrifying the west. Ma Ji urged a personal campaign; Fan Yi snarled that a ruined man’s counsel deserved death. Ma Ji retorted that Fan Yi was bookish pedantry, good for trivia, blind to strategy. The court has starved for years; the foe is at the gate—hope rests on Liangzhou, so the prince must ride out. Only a bold show of resolve can satisfy Qin and Long. Zhang Mao said Ma Ji was right. He marched and camped at Stone Ford. He asked Chen Zhen how to meet Liu Yao if he swept from Nan’an. Chen Zhen argued that Liu Yao’s host was divided, ill-supplied, and mostly tribal levies, unable to sustain a long duel on Long. If he lingers twenty days, Chen Zhen will take a few thousand tired men and seize him. Zhang Mao made him colonel who pacifies the Caitiffs with eighteen hundred to relieve Han Pu. Liu Yao feigned a plan to take Longxi before crushing Sangbi. Chen Zhen raised Di and Qiang auxiliaries, routed Liu Yao, and retook Nan’an. Zhang Mao praised him and named him general who breaks the charge.
29
未幾，茂復大城姑臧，修靈鈞台，別駕吳紹諫曰：「伏惟修城築台，蓋是懲既往之事。 愚以為恩德未洽於近侍，雖處層樓，適所以疑諸下，徒見不安之意而失士民系托之本心，示怯弱之形，乖匡霸之勢。 遐方異境窺我之齷齱也，必有乘人之規。 嘗願止役省勞，與下休息。 而更興功動眾，百姓豈所望於明君哉！」 茂曰：「亡兄怛然失身於物。 王公設險，武夫重閉，亦達人之至戒也。 且忠臣義士豈不欲盡節義于亡兄哉？ 直以危機密發，雖有賁育之勇，無所復施。 今事未靖，不可以拘系常言，以太平之理責人於迍邅之世。」 紹無以對。
Soon Zhang Mao expanded Guzang and rebuilt the terrace; Wu Shao warned that fortifying recalled past trauma. Tower-building without kindness nearby only breeds mistrust, looks like fear, and undercuts true leadership. Distant enemies watch for weakness and will exploit any slip. I beg you to spare the people and rest the realm. More corvée is not what people want from a wise ruler.” Zhang Mao answered: “My brother died to treachery. Sages built walls and warriors barred gates—that is prudence. Would loyal men not die for my brother? The blow came in secret; even heroes could not strike. While chaos lasts you cannot judge by peacetime rules.” Wu Shao fell silent.
30
茂雅有志節，能斷大事。 涼州大姓賈摹，寔之妻弟也，勢傾西土。 先是，謠曰：「手莫頭，圖涼州。」 茂以為信，誘而殺之，於是豪右屏跡，威行涼域。 永昌初，茂使將軍韓璞率眾取隴西南安之地，以置秦州。
Zhang Mao was resolute and decisive by nature. Jia Mo, Zhang Shi’s brother-in-law, dominated the great families of the west. A rhyme had warned: “Hands off your head if you mean to seize Liangzhou.” Zhang Mao took the omen literally, lured Jia Mo in, and executed him; the magnates fell silent and his terror ruled the west. Early in Yongchang, Zhang Mao sent Han Pu to take Nan’an in Longxi and set up Qinzhou there.
31
卒，臨終，執駿手泣曰：「昔吾先人以孝友見稱。 自漢初以來，世執忠順。 今雖華夏大亂，皇輿播遷，汝當謹守人臣之節，無或失墜。 吾遭擾攘之運，承先人餘德，假攝此州，以全性命，上欲不負晉室，下欲保完百姓。 然官非王命，位由私議，苟以集事，豈榮之哉！ 氣絕之日，白帢入棺，無以朝服，以彰吾志焉。」 年四十八。 在位五年。 私諡曰成。 茂無子，駿嗣位。
On his deathbed he took Zhang Jun’s hand and wept: “Our forebears were famed for filial love and brotherhood. Since early Han every generation has been loyal to the throne. Though China reels and the court wanders, you must hold fast to every duty of a subject. I seized this post in chaos to save lives—loyal to Jin above, protective of the people below. My titles were never properly sealed from Luoyang—convenience, not honor. Bury me in a white headcloth, not court robes—that states my mind.” He died at forty-eight. He held power five years. Privately he was styled “Accomplished.” Zhang Mao left no son, so Zhang Jun inherited.
33
茂兄子駿
Zhang Jun, nephew of Zhang Mao
34
=駿字公庭，幼而奇偉。 ，封霸城侯。 十歲能屬文，卓越不羈，而淫縱過度，常夜微行於邑裏，國中化之，及統任，年十八。 先是，湣帝使人黃門侍郎史淑在姑臧，左長史泛禕、右長史馬謨等諷淑，令拜駿使持節、大都督、大將軍、涼州牧、領護羌校尉西平公。 赦其境內，置左右前後四率官，繕南宮。 劉曜又使人拜駿涼州牧、涼王。
Zhang Jun, courtesy name Gongting, was a striking boy. He was enfeoffed as marquis of Baling. He wrote verse at ten, was brilliant and wild, caroused by night, set a fashion for the realm, and took full power at eighteen. Emperor Min’s envoy Shi Shu was maneuvered by Fan Yi and Ma Mo into formally appointing Zhang Jun with the staff, grand governorship, generalship, Liangzhou governorship, Qiang colonelcy, and ducal title. He amnestied the province, set up four guard commands, and rebuilt the southern palace. Liu Yao’s envoys also named him Liangzhou governor and king of Liang.
35
時辛晏兵於枹罕，駿宴群僚於閑豫堂。 命竇濤等進討辛晏。 從事劉慶諫曰：「霸王不以喜怒興師，不以幹沒取勝，必須天時人事，然後起也。 辛晏父子安忍凶狂，其亡可待，奈何以饑年大舉，猛寒攻城！ 昔周武回戈以須亡殷之期，曹公緩袁氏使自斃，何獨殿下以旋兵為恥乎！」 駿納之。
While Xin Yan held Fuhan, Zhang Jun feasted his staff in the Hall of Leisure. He sent Dou Tao against Xin Yan. Liu Qing urged: “True hegemons never march on whim or greed; they wait for the right moment. Xin Yan and his son are vicious; they will ruin themselves—why waste a famine winter on storming walls. King Wu waited for Shang to rot; Cao Cao let the Yuans collapse—withdrawal is no disgrace.” Zhang Jun took the advice.
36
遣參軍王騭聘于劉曜，曜謂之曰：「貴州必欲追蹤竇融，款誠和好，卿能保之乎？」 騭曰：「不能。」 曜侍中徐邈曰：「君來和同，而雲不能，何也？」 騭曰：「齊桓貫澤之盟，憂心兢兢，諸侯不召自至。 葵丘之會，驕而矜誕，叛者九國。 趙國之化，常如今日可也，若政教陵遲，尚未能察邇者之變，況鄙州乎！」 曜顧謂左右曰：「此涼州高士，使乎得人。」 禮而遣之。
Zhang Jun sent Wang Zhi to Liu Yao, who asked whether Liangzhou could truly match Dou Rong’s loyalty. Wang Zhi answered no. Xu Miao asked why an envoy of peace refused a guarantee. Wang Zhi cited Duke Huan’s humble covenant at Guanze, when lords gathered unbidden. At Kuiqiu his pride lost him nine allies. If your rule stays this strong, peace holds; if it slips, neighbors will turn—let alone distant Liangzhou.” Liu Yao told his court they had met a true spokesman from the west. He honored Wang Zhi and let him depart.
37
，駿猶稱建興十二年，駿親耕藉田。 尋承元帝崩問，駿大臨三日。 會有黃龍見於胥次之嘉泉，右長史氾禕言於駿曰：「案建興之年，是少帝始起之號。 帝以凶終，理應改易。 朝廷越在江南，音問隔絕，宜因龍改號，以章休征。」 不從。 初，駿之立也，姑臧謠曰：「鴻從南來雀不驚，誰謂孤雛尾翅生，高舉六翮鳳皇鳴。」 至是而復收河南之地。
Zhang Jun still dated documents Jianxing twelve and performed the sacred plowing rite. When word came that Emperor Yuan had died, he mourned three days. A yellow dragon at Jiaquan prompted Fan Yi to argue that “Jianxing” belonged to the murdered boy emperor. That reign ended in murder, so the era name should change. Cut off from the south, we should adopt a new era to match the omen.” Zhang Jun refused. When Zhang Jun came to power a Guzang song spoke of a chick becoming a phoenix. The rhyme foretold his recovery of Henan.
38
咸和初，駿遣武威太守竇濤、金城太守張閬、武興太守辛岩、揚烈將軍宋輯等率眾東會韓璞，攻討秦州諸郡。 曜遣其將劉胤來距，屯于狄道城。 韓璞進度沃幹嶺。 辛岩曰：「我握眾數萬，藉氐羌之銳，宜速戰以滅之，不可以久，久則變生。」 璞曰：「自夏末以來，太白犯月，辰星逆行，白虹貫日，皆變之大者，不可以輕動。 輕動而不捷，為禍更深。 吾將久而斃之。 且曜與石勒相攻，胤亦不能久也。」 積七十餘日，軍糧竭，遣辛岩督運于金城。 胤聞之，大悅，謂其將士曰：「韓璞之眾十倍於吾，羌胡皆叛，不為之用。 吾糧廩將懸，難以持久。 今虜分兵運糧，可謂天授吾也。 若敗辛岩，璞等自潰。 彼眾我寡，宜以死戰。 戰而不捷，當無匹馬得還，宜厲爾戈矛，竭汝智力。」 眾咸奮。 於是率騎三千，襲岩於沃幹嶺，敗之，璞軍遂潰，死者二萬餘人。 面縛歸罪，駿曰：「孤之罪也，將軍何辱！」 皆赦之。 胤乘勝追奔，濟河，攻陷令居，入據振武，河西大震。 駿遣皇甫該禦之，赦其境內。
Early in Xianhe he sent Dou Tao, Zhang Lang, Xin Yan, and Song Ji east to Han Pu to strike Qinzhou. Liu Yao sent Liu Yin to Didao. Han Pu crossed the Wogan ridge. Xin Yan demanded a quick battle with Di and Qiang auxiliaries. Han Pu cited ill omens in sky: Venus, retrograde Mercury, white rainbow—ill to march. A rash defeat would cost even more. He chose a long war of attrition. Liu Yao and Shi Le were at each other’s throats; Liu Yin could not last. After seventy days Han Pu sent Xin Yan for supplies. Liu Yin thought Han Pu’s huge army was hollow because tribes had deserted. Yin’s own stores were low. Han Pu’s supply column was a heaven-sent chance. Break Xin Yan and Han Pu flees. Yin had fewer men and needed desperation. He ordered total commitment or annihilation. The troops roared assent. Liu Yin ambushed Xin Yan, shattered Han Pu, and left twenty thousand dead. Survivors bound themselves to surrender; Zhang Jun blamed himself, not his generals. He forgave every officer. Liu Yin crossed the river, took Lingju and Zhenwu, and terrified the west. Zhang Jun sent Huangfu Gai and proclaimed amnesty.
39
會劉曜東討石生，長安空虛。 大蒐講武，將襲秦雍，理曹郎中索詢諫曰：「曜雖東征，胤猶守本。 險阻路遙，為主人甚易，胤若輕騎憑氐羌以距我省，則奔突難測； 輟彼東合而逆戰者，則寇我未已。 頃年頻出，戎馬生郊，外有饑羸，內資虛耗，豈是殿下子物之謂邪！」 駿曰：「每患忠言不獻，面從背違，吾政教缺然而莫我匡者。 卿盡辭規諫，深副孤之望也。」 以羊酒禮之。
Liu Yao left for Shi Sheng, leaving Chang’an weak. Zhang Jun staged a great hunt to strike Qin-Yong; Suo Xun warned that Liu Yin still held the rear. Mountain passes favor the defender; Liu Yin could screen the narrows with tribal horse; if he broke eastward pacts to face us, raids would never end. Repeated campaigns had beggared horse and man—hardly humane rule.” Zhang Jun welcomed blunt speech. Suo Xun’s candor matched his hopes. He rewarded him with sheep and wine.
40
西域諸國獻汗血馬、火浣布、犎牛、孔雀、巨象及諸珍異二百餘品。 四域長史李柏請擊叛將趙貞，為貞所敗。 議者以柏造謀致敗，請誅之。 駿曰：「吾每以漢世宗之殺王恢，不如秦穆之赦孟明。」 竟以減死論，群心咸悅。 駿觀兵新鄉，狩於北野，因討軻沒虜，破之。 下令境中曰：「或鯀殛而禹興，芮誅而缺進，唐帝所以殄洪災，晉侯所以成五霸。 法律犯死罪，期親不得在朝。 今盡聽之，唯不宜內參宿衛耳。」 於是刑清國富，群僚勸駿稱涼王，領秦、涼二州牧，置公卿百官，如魏武、晉文故事。 駿曰：「此非人臣所宜言也。 敢有言此者，罪在不赦。」 然境內皆稱之為王。 群僚又請駿立世子，駿不從。 中堅將軍宋輯言於駿曰：「禮急儲君者，蓋重宗廟之故。 周成、漢昭立於繦褓，誠以國嗣不可曠，儲宮當素定也。 昔武王始有國，元王作儲君。 建興之初，先王在位，殿下正名統，況今社稷彌崇，聖躬介立，大業遂殷，繼貳闕然哉！ 臣竊以為國有累卵之危，而殿下以為安逾泰山，非所謂也。」 駿納之，遂立子重華為世子。
Western Regions kingdoms sent blood-sweat horses, asbestos cloth, zebu, peacocks, elephants, and over two hundred tribute curios. Li Bo of the frontier directorate attacked Zhao Zhen and lost. The court wanted Li Bo’s head for the defeat. Zhang Jun preferred Duke Mu’s pardon of Meng Ming to Han’s execution of Wang Hui. Li Bo’s death sentence was commuted and the army rejoiced. He drilled at Xinxing, hunted north, and crushed the Kemo tribes. He cited how punishing one man raised another—Yao and Jin hegemons did the same. Law barred kin of capital criminals from court. He waived that bar except for inner-palace duty. Peace and plenty led his staff to urge a Liang kingship with full bureaucracy like Cao Cao or Sima Zhao. Zhang Jun called that treasonous talk. Anyone proposing it would die. Still, everyone called him king. They begged him to name an heir; he refused. Song Ji cited ritual: the heir secures the temples. Infant emperors Cheng and Zhao showed that the line must never gape. When King Wu founded Zhou he named an heir the moment the state stood. At Jianxing your father fixed the line—now the realm is greater and you stand alone, yet still no heir! The state teeters like stacked eggs; to call it safe as Tai is wrong.” Zhang Jun agreed and named Zhang Chonghua heir.
41
先是，駿遣傅穎假道於蜀，通表京師。 李雄弗許。 駿又遣治中從事張淳稱籓於蜀，托以假道焉。 雄大悅。 雄又有憾于南氐楊初，淳因說曰：「南氐無狀，屢為邊害，宜先討百頃，次平上珪。 二國並勢，席捲三秦，東清許洛，掃氛燕趙，拯二帝梓宮於平陽，反皇輿於洛邑，此英霸之舉，千載一時。 寡君所以遣下臣冒險通誠，不遠萬里者，以陛下義聲遠播，必能湣寡君勤王之志。 天下之善一也，惟陛下圖之。」 雄怒，偽許之，將覆淳於東峽。 蜀人橋贊密以告淳。 淳言於雄曰：「寡君使小臣行無跡之地、通百蠻之域、萬里表誠者，誠以陛下義矜戮力之臣，能成人之美節故也。 若欲殺臣者，當顯於都市，宣示眾目，雲涼州不忘舊義，通使琅邪，為表忠誠，假途於我，主聖臣明，發覺殺之。 當令義聲遠著，天下畏威。 今盜殺江中，威刑不顯，何足以揚休烈，示天下也！」 雄大驚曰：「安有此邪！ 當相放還河右耳。」 雄司隸校尉景騫言於雄曰：「張淳壯士，宜留任之。」 雄曰：「壯士豈為人留，且可以卿意觀之。」 騫謂淳曰：「卿體大，暑熱，可且遣下吏，少住須涼。」 淳曰：「寡君以皇輿幽辱，梓宮未反，天下之恥未雪，蒼生之命倒懸，故遣淳來，表誠大國。 所論事重，非下吏能傳。 若下吏所了者，則淳本亦不來，雖有火山湯海，無所辭難，豈寒暑之足避哉！」 雄曰：「此人矯矯，不可得用也。」 厚禮遣之。 謂淳曰：「貴主英名蓋世，土險兵盛，何不稱帝，自娛一方？」 淳曰：「寡君以乃祖乃父世濟忠良，未能雪天人之大恥，解眾庶之倒懸，日昃忘食，枕戈待旦。 以琅邪中興江東，故萬里翼戴，將成桓文之事，何言自娛邪！」 雄有慚色，曰：「我乃祖乃父亦是晉臣，往與六郡避難此都，為同盟所推，遂有今日。 琅邪若能中興大晉於中州者，亦當率眾輔之。」 淳還至龍鶴，募兵通表，後皆達京師，朝廷嘉之。
He had sent Fu Ying through Shu to reach Luoyang. Li Xiong refused passage. He sent Zhang Chun to submit to Cheng Han as cover for transit. Li Xiong was delighted. Zhang Chun played on Li Xiong’s grudge against Yang Chu, urging a strike on Baiqing then Shanggui. United, Liang and Shu could sweep Guanzhong, free the east, recover the emperors’ coffins, and restore Luoyang—a once-in-an-age feat. Zhang Chun said his master crossed perils because Li Xiong’s virtue would honor Jin’s loyalists. Righteousness is one under heaven—consider it.” Li Xiong feigned consent and meant to kill Zhang Chun in the eastern defiles. Qiao Zan of Shu secretly warned Zhang Chun. Zhang Chun told Li Xiong that his master had sent him through deadly wilds solely because Li Xiong was known to honor steadfast servants. If Li Xiong meant to kill him, he should do it publicly so all would see Liangzhou’s loyalty to Jin and Li Xiong’s justice—or the deed would win no glory. Open execution would spread righteous awe across the realm. A secret killing on the river would prove nothing to the world. Li Xiong feigned shock and swore he would never do such a thing. He promised safe conduct back to Hexi. His officer Jing Qian urged him to keep the talented envoy; Li Xiong refused. He said a true stalwart could not be bought and told Jing Qian to test Zhang Chun instead. Jing Qing invited Zhang Chun to rest and send a subordinate in the heat. Zhang Chun replied that Jin’s humiliation and unburied emperors drove his mission—weighty business no clerk could carry. If a clerk sufficed, he would not have come; he would cross fire or flood, let alone summer heat. Li Xiong conceded Zhang Chun was incorruptible and unusable against Jin. He sent Zhang Chun home with rich gifts. Li Xiong asked why Zhang Jun did not declare himself emperor in his stronghold. Zhang Chun answered that Zhang Jun served Jin from grandfather to father, ate bitterness for the throne, and backed Sima Rui like Duke Huan, not for private amusement. Li Xiong flushed and admitted his own ancestors had been Jin subjects who fled west; if Sima Rui restored the north, he would help. Zhang Chun returned, raised troops, and got messages through to Jiankang; the court praised him. Zhang Jun debated harsh laws; his staff approved. Huang Bin alone objected. Zhang Jun asked why.
42
駿議欲嚴刑峻制，眾咸以為宜。 參軍黃斌進曰：「臣未見其可。」 駿問其故。 斌曰：「夫法制所以經綸邦國，篤俗齊物，既立民行，不可窪隆也。 若尊者犯令，則法不行矣。」 駿屏機改容曰：「夫法唯上行，制無高下。 且微黃君，吾不聞過矣。 黃君可謂忠之至也。」 于坐擢為敦煌太守。 駿有計略，於是厲操改節，勤修庶政，總禦文武，咸得其用，遠近嘉詠，號曰積賢君。 自軌據涼州，屬天下之亂，所在征伐，軍無寧歲。 至駿，境內漸平。 又使其將楊宣率眾越流沙，伐龜茲、鄯善，於是西域並降。 鄯善王元孟獻女，號曰美人，立賓遐觀以處之。 焉耆前部、于闐王並遣使貢方物。 得玉璽于河，其文曰「執萬國，建無極。」
Huang Bin explained that law must bind high and low alike or it collapses. If nobles break rules, decrees mean nothing. Zhang Jun took the rebuke to heart and thanked him. Without Huang Bin he would have missed his error. He called Huang Bin the soul of loyalty. He promoted Huang Bin to Dunhuang governor on the spot. Zhang Jun reformed, worked tirelessly, and earned the nickname “the gatherer of worthies.” Since Zhang Gui’s day Liangzhou had known endless war. Under Zhang Jun the province finally knew peace. He sent Yang Xuan across the sands; Qiuci and Shanshan submitted, bringing the Tarim basin to heel. The Shanshan king sent a “Beauty”; Zhang Jun built a pavilion for her. Yanqi and Khotan sent tribute. A river jade seal bore a prophecy of universal rule. Zhang Jun controlled Longxi and fielded a strong army while still nominally serving Jin without adopting the southern calendar. He used royal ritual—six rows of dancers, leopard-tail banners, and a bureaucracy aping the throne under slightly altered titles. He carved out Shazhou in the west and Hezhou in the east.
43
時駿盡有隴西之地，士馬強盛，雖稱臣于晉，而不行中興正朔。 舞六佾，建豹尾，所置官僚府寺擬于王者，而微異其名。 又分州西界三郡置沙州，東界六郡置河州。 二府官僚莫不稱臣。 又于姑臧城南築城，起謙光殿，畫以五色，飾以金玉，窮盡珍巧。 殿之四面各起一殿，東曰宜陽青殿，以春三月居之，章服器物皆依方色； 南曰硃陽赤殿，夏三月居之； 西曰政刑白殿，秋三月居之； 北曰玄武黑殿，冬三月居之。 其傍皆有直省內官寺署，一同方色。 及末年，任所遊處，不復依四時而居。
Both administrations styled themselves ministers to him. He raised the Qian Guang Palace complex south of Guzang, gilded and painted in five colors. Four seasonal halls—green east, red south, white west, black north—matched robes and gear to each season. He spent spring in the green hall, summer in the red, autumn in the white, winter in the black. Each hall had offices dyed to match its season. In old age he ignored the seasonal rotation and lived where he pleased. Early in Xianhe he moved Nan’an families to Guzang for safety and reopened ties with Cheng Han. When Liu Yao stormed Fuhan, Han Pu and Xin Yan were crushed at Lintao; Liu Yin chased them past the river and Zhang Jun lost Henan again. He later conquered Zhao Zhen and annexed his territory as Gaochang commandery. After Shi Le killed Liu Yao, Zhang Jun exploited Chang’an’s chaos to retake Henan to Didao and set five border garrisons against Shi Le. Shi Le’s investiture envoys were detained until Zhang Jun briefly submitted out of fear.
44
咸和初，懼為劉曜所逼，使將軍宋輯、魏纂將徙隴西南安人二千餘家于姑臧，使聘于李雄，修鄰好。 及曜工攻枹罕，護軍辛晏告急，駿使韓璞、辛岩率步騎二萬擊之，戰於臨洮，大為曜軍所敗，璞等退走，追至令居，駿遂失河南之地。 初，戊己校尉趙貞不附於駿，至是，駿擊擒之，以其地為高昌郡。 及石勒殺劉曜，駿因長安亂，復收河南地，至於狄道，置武衛、石門、候和、漒川、甘松五屯護軍，與勒分境。 勒遣使拜駿官爵，駿不受，留其使。 後懼勒強，遣使稱臣於勒，兼貢方物，遣其使歸。
When famine struck, market director Tan Xiang wanted to lend granary grain at triple repayment after harvest. Yin Ju cited classical examples against profiteering from hunger. Ximen Bao and Xie Bian illustrated wise granary policy. Marquis Wen judged merit and fault fairly. Tan Xiang’s scheme would strip the people like flipping a fur inside out. Zhang Jun accepted Yin Ju’s advice.
45
駿境內嘗大饑，穀價踴貴，市長譚詳請出倉谷與百姓，秋收三倍征之。 從事陰據諫曰：「昔西門豹宰鄴，積之於人； 解扁蒞東封之邑，計三倍。 文侯以豹有罪而可賞，扁有功而可罰。 今詳欲因人之饑，以要三倍，反裘傷皮，未足喻之。」 駿納之。
Clerk Geng Fang had long urged the court to notify Liangzhou of Jin’s restoration. Civil war delayed the mission. The court finally commissioned Geng Fang with twelve aides to carry the edict west. Seven years in Liangzhou passed before the road cleared enough to recall him. He passed the edict to Jia Ling disguised as a merchant. Jia Ling crept west by stages.
46
初，建興中，敦煌計吏耿訪到長安，既而遇賊，不得反，奔漢中，因東渡江，乙太興二年至京都，屢上書，以本州未知中興，宜遣大使，乞為鄉導。 時連有內難，許而未行。 至是，始以訪守治書御史，拜駿鎮西大將軍，校尉、刺史、公如故，選西方人隴西賈陵等十二人配之。 訪停梁州七年，以驛道不通，召還。 訪以詔書付賈陵，托為賈客。 到長安，不敢進，以始達涼州。 駿受詔，遣部曲督王豐等報謝，並遣陵歸，上疏稱臣，而不奉正朔，猶稱建興二十一年。 九年，復使訪隨豐等齎印板進駿大將軍。 自是每歲使命不絕。 後駿遣參軍麹護上疏曰：
Zhang Jun received the imperial patent, sent Wang Feng to thank the throne, returned Jia Ling, acknowledged Jin as suzerain, yet still dated documents Jianxing twenty-one. Later he was promoted again by memorial through Geng Fang. Tribute missions thereafter ran yearly. Qu Hu’s memorial began by lamenting how long Liangzhou had been cut off from the south. He recalled his undying loyalty to the Jin court despite the distance. He spoke of the throne’s silence toward the northwest and broken alliances. Receiving the edict naming him grand general over four provinces moved him to tears of joy and grief. He vowed to repay such grace and hold the frontier for the Son of Heaven. He praised the emperor’s talents yet mourned the ruined temples and tombs. He restated his duty as regional commander with power of life and death out to Qin and Long.
47
東西隔塞，逾歷年載，夙承聖德，心系本朝。 而江吳寂蔑，餘波莫及，雖肆力修塗，同盟靡恤。 奉詔之日，悲喜交並，天恩光被，褒崇輝渥，即以臣為大將軍、都督陝西雍秦涼州諸軍事。 休寵振赫，萬里懷戴，嘉命顯至，銜感屏營。 伏惟陛下天挺岐嶷，堂構晉室，遭家不造，播幸吳楚，宗廟有《黍離》之哀，園陵有殄廢之痛，普天咨嗟，含氣悲傷。 臣專命一方，職在斧鉞，遐域僻陋，勢極秦隴。 勒雄既死，人懷反正，謂季龍、李期之命曾不崇朝，而皆篡繼凶逆，鴟目有年。 東西遼曠，聲援不接，遂使桃蟲鼓翼，四夷喧嘩，向義之徒更思背誕，鉛刀有幹將之志，螢燭希日月之光。 是以臣前章懇切，欲齊力時討。 而陛下雍容江表，坐觀禍敗，懷目前之安，替四祖之業，馳檄佈告，徒設空文，臣所以宵吟荒漠，痛心長路者也。 且兆庶離主，漸冉經世，先老消落，後生靡識，忠良受梟懸之罰，群凶貪縱橫之利，懷君戀故，日月告流。 雖時有尚義之士，畏逼首領，哀歎窮廬。 臣聞少康中興，由於一旅，光武嗣漢，眾不盈百，祀夏配天，不失舊物，況以荊揚栗悍，臣州突騎，吞噬遺羯，在於掌握哉！ 願陛下敷弘臣慮，永念先績，敕司空鑒、征西亮等泛舟江沔，使首尾俱至也。
He argued that with Shi Le and Li Xiong gone, traitors such as Shi Hu and Li Qi should have fallen quickly, yet usurpation continued year after year. He deplored how vast distances left loyalists isolated while petty rebels flourished like grain borers. Receiving the patent, he felt joy and grief together, awed that grace should raise him to grand general over Shaanxi, Yong, Qin, and Liang. The favor shone far; all within ten thousand li looked up in loyalty; the gracious order dazzled him and he trembled with gratitude. He extolled the emperor’s sagely gifts yet mourned the ancestral temples’ Millet Odes sorrow and the ruined imperial tombs. He pledged the axe of command to hold the far west for the throne, his power reaching only to Qin and Long. With Shi Le and Li Xiong gone, he had hoped Shi Hu and Li Qi would fall in a morning, yet both usurped the line and glared like owls for years. East and west lay too far apart for aid, so grain borers beat their wings, barbarians clamored, wavering loyalists thought of rebellion, and lead knives dreamed of being Ganjiang. Therefore his earlier memorial had pleaded earnestly for a joint, timely strike. Yet the throne dallied south of the Yangzi, watched disaster, clung to present peace, cast away the four ancestors’ work, and issued empty edicts—why he wailed nights on desert roads. The people had long lost their lord; elders died and youths knew no Jin; good men were executed while villains profited; memory of the old house ebbed like sun and moon. Even men of honor, fearing for their heads, could only weep in hovels. He cited Shaokang’s single brigade and Guangwu’s hundred men to show a tiny host can restore a dynasty—surely fierce Jing and Yang plus Liangzhou’s shock horse could devour the remnant Jie. He begged the emperor to widen his plan, remember past merit, and order Yu Liang’s hosts onto the Jiang and Mian so both ends of the realm could strike together.
48
自後駿遣使多為季龍所獲，不達。 後駿又遣護羌參軍陳宇、從事徐虓、華馭等至京師，征西大將軍亮上疏言陳宇等冒險遠至，宜蒙銓敘，詔除寓西平相，虓等為縣令。 ，以世子重華為五官中郎將、涼州刺史。 酒泉太守馬岌上言：「酒泉南山，即昆侖之體也。 周穆王見西王母，樂而忘歸，即謂此山。 此山有石室玉堂，珠璣鏤飾，煥若神宮。 宜立西王母祠，以裨朝廷無疆之福。」 駿從之。 駿在位二十二年卒，時年四十，私諡曰文公，穆帝追諡曰忠成公。
After that, Zhang Jun’s envoys were often captured by Shi Hu and never arrived. Later Zhang Jun sent Chen Yu, Xu Xiao, and Hua Yu to the capital; Yu Liang memorialized their perilous journey and won them appointments as west-ping minister and county magistrates. He named crown prince Zhang Chonghua general of the gentlemen of the household for all purposes and inspector of Liangzhou. Ma Ji began a memorial claiming Jiuquan’s southern mountain was the body of Kunlun. King Mu of Zhou met the Queen Mother of the West there and lingered, forgetting to return—that was this peak. He described jeweled caverns on the mountain. He asked to build a shrine for boundless blessing. Zhang Jun approved and built the shrine. Zhang Jun died at forty after twenty-two years in power; private posthumous title Wen; Emperor Mu later styled him Zhongcheng.
50
駿子重華
Zhang Chonghua, Zhang Jun’s heir
51
=重華字泰臨，駿之第二子也。 寬和懿重，沈毅少言。 父卒，時年十六。 以自稱持節、大都督、太尉、護羌校尉、涼州牧、西平公、假涼王，赦其境內。 尊其母嚴氏為太王太后，居永訓宮； 所生母馬氏為王太后，居永壽宮。 輕賦斂，除關稅，省園囿，以恤貧窮。
Zhang Chonghua, courtesy name Tailin, was the second son. He was gentle, grave, and taciturn. He was sixteen when his father died. He assumed the staff, grand governorship, grand commandant, Qiang colonelcy, Liangzhou shepherd, ducal title, and acting kingship of Liang, then amnestied the province. He elevated Lady Yan to grand queen dowager in Yongxun Palace. He elevated his mother Lady Ma to queen dowager in Yongshou Palace. Zhang Chonghua cut taxes, lifted tolls, shrank court parks, and steered relief to the destitute.
52
遣使奉章于石季龍。 季龍使王擢、麻秋、孫伏都等侵寇不輟。 金城太守張沖降於秋。 於是涼州振動。 重華掃境內，使其征南將軍裴恆禦之。 恆壁于廣武，欲以持久弊之。 牧府相司馬張耽言于重華曰：「臣聞國以兵為強，以將為主。 主將者，存亡之機，吉凶所系。 故燕任樂毅，克平全齊，及任騎劫，喪七十城之地。 是以古之明君靡不慎於將相也。 今之所要，在於軍師。 然議者舉將多推宿舊，未必妙盡精才也。 且韓信之舉，非舊名也； 穰宜之信，非舊將也； 呂蒙之進，非舊勳也； 魏延之用，非舊德也。 蓋明王之舉，舉無常人，才之所能，則授以大事。 今強寇在郊，諸將不進，人情騷動，危機稍逼。 主簿謝艾，兼資文武，明識兵略，若授以斧鉞，委以專征，必能折沖禦侮，殲殄凶類。」 重華召艾，問以討寇方略。 艾曰：「昔耿弇不欲以賊遺君父，黃權願以萬人當寇。 乞假臣兵七千，為殿下吞王擢、麻秋等。」 重華大悅，以艾為中堅將軍，配步騎五千擊秋。 引師出振武，夜有二梟鳴於牙中，艾曰：「梟，邀也，六博得梟者勝。 今梟鳴牙中，克敵之兆。」 於是進戰，大破之，斬首五千級。 重華封艾為福祿伯，善待之。 諸寵貴惡其賢，共毀譖之，乃出為酒泉太守。
He dispatched a memorial to Shi Hu, styled Jilong. Shi Hu answered with Wang Zhuo, Ma Qiu, and Sun Fudu in relentless border raids. Jincheng’s Zhang Chong went over to Ma Qiu. Panic swept the province. Zhang Chonghua mobilized the province and sent Pei Heng, general who conquers the south, to meet the threat. Pei Heng fortified Guangwu, planning to exhaust the foe by stalemate. Marshal Zhang Dan told him: “A state’s strength is its army; its heart is its generals. The supreme commander decides whether the realm stands or falls. Yan used Yue Yi and conquered Qi; with Qi Jia it lost seventy towns. Wise kings always picked commanders with care. Today the crucial post is chief strategist. Counselors keep naming old faces who may not be the best talents. Han Xin had no prior fame when taken up; Rang Ju was no longtime commander when trusted; Lü Meng was not promoted for past laurels; Wei Yan was not chosen for old kindness. Great kings assign great tasks purely on talent. With the enemy at the gate and armies idle, the people panicked. Chief clerk Xie Ai, both scholar and soldier, could shatter the invasion if given independent command.” Zhang Chonghua called Xie Ai in for a war plan. Xie Ai cited Geng Yan and Huang Quan’s zeal against rebels. He asked for seven thousand men to destroy Wang Zhuo and Ma Qiu.” Zhang Chonghua made him central-rampart general with five thousand to hit Ma Qiu. Leaving Zhenwu, two owls hooted in camp; Xie Ai called it a lucky omen like the owl token in liubo. The owl at headquarters foretold victory. He attacked and routed them, taking five thousand heads. Zhang Chonghua ennobled him as count of Fulu and favored him. Court favorites envied him and had him posted away to Jiuquan.
53
季龍又令麻秋進陷大夏，大夏護軍梁式執太守宋晏，以城應秋。 秋遣晏以書誘宛戍都尉宋矩。 宋矩謂秋曰：「辭父事君，當立功義； 功義不立，當守名節。 矩終不肯主偷生於世。」 於是先殺妻子，自刎而死。
Shi Hu sent Ma Qiu to take Daxia; its protector seized the governor and surrendered. Ma Qiu used Song Yan to lure Wanshu’s commandant Song Ju. Song Ju told Ma Qiu that serving a lord meant earning honor or dying with honor; without achievement, a man still keeps his good name. He would not live in shame. He slew his family and cut his own throat.
54
是月，有司議遣司兵趙長迎秋西郊。 謝艾以《春秋》之義，國有大喪，省蒐狩之禮，宜待逾年。 別駕從事索遐議曰：「禮，天子崩，諸侯薨，末殯，五祀不行，既殯而行之。 魯宣三年，天王崩，不廢郊祀。 今聖上統承大位，百揆惟新，宜在璿璣玉衡以齊七政。 立秋，萬物將成，殺氣之始，其于王事，杖麾誓眾，釁鼓禮神，所以討逆除暴，成功濟務，寧宗廟社稷，致天下之福，不可廢也。」 重華從之。
Officials proposed welcoming Ma Qiu outside the west gate. Xie Ai cited the Annals: great mourning cancels hunts—wait a year. Suo Xia argued ritual allowed the ceremony after burial. Lu kept suburban sacrifice when the Zhou king died. The new ruler should align heaven and earth with the seven luminaries. Autumn rites for war against rebels must proceed.” Zhang Chonghua agreed.
55
俄而麻秋進攻枹罕，時晉陽太守郎坦以城大難守，宜棄外城。 武城太守張悛曰：「棄外城則大事去矣，不可以動眾心。」 甯戎校尉張璩從之，固守大城。 秋率眾八萬，圍塹數重，雲梯雹車，地突百道，皆通於內。 城中亦應之，殺傷秋眾已數萬。 季龍復遣其將劉渾等率步騎二萬會之。 郎坦恨言之不從，教軍士李嘉潛與秋通，引賊千餘人上城西北隅。 璩使宋修、張弘、辛挹、郭普距之，短兵接戰，斬二百餘人，賊乃退。 璩戮李嘉以徇，燒其攻具。 秋退保大夏，謂諸將曰：「我用兵於五都之間，攻城掠地，往無不捷。 及登秦隴，謂有征無戰。 豈悟南襲仇池，破軍殺將； 築城長最，匹馬不歸； 及攻此城，傷兵挫銳。 殆天所贊，非人力也。」 季龍聞而歎曰：「吾以偏師定九州，今以九州之力困於枹罕，真所謂彼有人焉，未可圖也。」
Ma Qiu besieged Fuhan; Lang Tan of Jinyang wanted to abandon the outer wall. Zhang Quan of Wucheng warned that yielding the outer wall would break morale. Colonel Zhang Qu agreed and held the main citadel. Ma Qiu brought eighty thousand, trenches, ladders, siege towers, and saps. The defenders killed tens of thousands of his troops. Shi Hu reinforced him with Liu Hun and twenty thousand men. Lang Tan betrayed the city, smuggling Ma Qiu’s men onto the wall. Zhang Qu’s officers drove the breach force back, killing two hundred. Zhang Qu executed Li Jia and torched the siege gear. Ma Qiu boasted of past invincibility across the heartland. He had expected the northwest to fall easily. Southward at Chouchi he had lost generals; at Changzui not one horse came home; Fuhan had bloodied his veterans. He blamed Heaven, not his skill. Shi Hu sighed that one good defender had stymied his whole empire.
56
重華以謝艾為使持節、軍師將軍，率步騎三萬，進軍臨河。 秋以三萬眾距之。 艾乘軺車，冠白帢，鳴鼓而行。 秋望而怒曰：「艾年少書生，冠服如此，輕我也。」 命黑槊龍驤三千人馳擊之。 艾左右大擾。 左戰帥李偉勸艾乘馬，艾不從，乃下車踞胡床，指麾處分。 賊以為伏兵發也，懼不敢進。 張瑁從左南緣河而截其後，秋軍乃退。 艾乘勝奔擊，遂大敗之，斬秋將杜勳、汲魚，俘斬一萬三級，秋匹馬奔大夏。 重華論功，以謝艾為太府左長史，進封福祿縣伯，邑五千戶，帛八千匹。
Zhang Chonghua gave Xie Ai the staff as army supervisor with thirty thousand men to the Yellow River. Ma Qiu met him with thirty thousand. Xie Ai rode a light wagon in a white cap, drums rolling. Ma Qiu raged that a young clerk in white was mocking him. He sent three thousand elite lancers to charge. Xie Ai’s staff panicked. Li Wei begged him to mount; Xie Ai sat on a camp stool and commanded seated. The foe thought an ambush had fired and hesitated. Zhang Mao swung from the left along the river and severed Ma Qiu’s retreat; Ma Qiu pulled back. Xie Ai routed him, slew Du Xun and Ji Yu, took thirteen thousand heads, and drove Ma Qiu alone to Daxia. Zhang Chonghua raised him to left chief clerk of the grand treasury, count of Fulu with five thousand households and eight thousand bolts of silk.
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麻秋又據枹罕，有眾十二萬，進屯河內，遣王擢略地晉興、廣武，越洪池嶺，至於曲柳，姑臧大震。 重華議欲親出距之，謝艾固諫以為不可。 別駕從事索遐進曰：「賊眾甚盛，漸逼京畿。 君者，國之鎮也，不可以親動。 左長史謝艾，文武兼資，國之方邵，宜委以推轂之任。 殿下居中作鎮，授以算略，小賊不足平也。」 重華納之，於是以艾為使持節、都督征討諸軍事、行衛將軍，遐為軍正將軍，率步騎二萬距之。 艾建牙旗，盟將士，有西北風吹旌旗東南指。 遐曰：「風為號令，今能令旗指之，天所贊也，破之必矣。」 軍次神鳥，王擢與前鋒戰，敗，遁還河南。 還討叛虜斯骨真萬餘落，破之，斬首千餘級，俘擒二千八百，獲牛羊十餘萬頭。
Ma Qiu massed one hundred twenty thousand, crossed toward Guzang, and raided deep toward the capital. Zhang Chonghua meant to lead in person; Xie Ai forbade it. Suo Xia said the enemy was too strong for the prince to ride out. The ruler must not risk the field. Xie Ai was the realm’s Fang and Shao—give him the army. Hold Guzang and let Xie Ai win the campaign.” Zhang Chonghua named Xie Ai expedition commander with twenty thousand men and Suo Xia as army corrector. When Xie Ai swore his host, a northwest wind snapped the flags southeast. Suo Xia read the wind as Heaven’s omen of victory. At Shenniao, Wang Zhuo lost the van and fled to Henan. He then crushed Siguzhen’s tribal camps, taking livestock and captives.
58
重華自以連破勍敵，頗怠政事，希接賓客。 司直索遐諫曰：「殿下承四聖之基，當升平之會，荷當今之任，憂率土之塗炭。 宜躬親萬機，開延英乂，夙夜乾乾，勉於庶政。 自頃內外囂然，皆云去賊投誠者應即撫慰，而彌日不接。 國老朝賢，當虛己引納，詢訪政事，比多經旬積朔，不留意接之。 文奏入內，曆月不省，廢替見務，注情於棋弈之間，繾綣左右小臣之娛，不存將相遠大之謀。 至使親臣不言，朝吏杜口，愚臣所以回惶忘寢與食也。 今王室如毀，百姓倒懸，正是殿下銜膽茹辛厲心之日。 深願垂心朝政，延納直言，周爰五美，以成六德，捐彼近習，弭塞外聲，修政聽朝，使下觀而化。」 重華覽之大悅，優文答謝，然不之改也。
Flush with victories, Zhang Chonghua neglected administration. Suo Xia the rectifier urged him to shoulder the people’s woes. He should rule dawn to dusk and court wise men. Defectors waited days for an audience he never granted. Elders languished unheard for months. Memorials piled unread while he played weiqi with favorites. Silence had fallen on honest officials—that was Suo Xia’s fear. Jin’s house was shattered; the moment called for bitter resolve. He begged for open courts, straight speech, and an end to petty distractions.” Zhang Chonghua praised Suo Xia’s memorial but changed nothing.
59
詔遣侍御史俞歸拜重華護羌校尉、涼州刺史、假節。 是時石季龍西中郎將王擢屯結隴上，為苻雄所破，奔重華。 重華厚寵之，以為征虜將軍、秦州刺史、假節，使張弘、宗悠率步騎萬五千配擢，伐苻健。 健遣苻碩禦之，戰于龍黎。 擢等大敗，單騎而還，弘、悠皆沒。 重華痛之，素服為戰亡吏士舉哀號慟，各遣吊問其家。 復授擢兵，使攻秦州，克之。 遣使上疏曰：「季龍自斃，遺燼遊魂，取亂侮亡，睹機則發。 臣今遣前都鋒督裴恆步騎七萬，遙出隴上，以俟聖朝赫然之威。 山東騷擾不足厝懷，長安膏腴，宜速平蕩。 臣守任西荒，山川悠遠，大誓六軍，不及聽受之末； 猛將鷹揚，不豫告成之次，瞻雲望日，孤憤義傷，彈劍慷慨，中情蘊結。」 於是康獻皇后詔報，遣使進重華為涼州牧。
The court sent Yu Gui to confirm his Qiang colonelcy, Liangzhou inspectorship, and staff. Wang Zhuo, beaten by Fu Xiong on Long, fled to Zhang Chonghua. Zhang Chonghua ennobled Wang Zhuo and sent Zhang Hong and Zong You with fifteen thousand to strike Fu Jian. Fu Jian sent Fu Shuo to meet them at Longli. Wang Zhuo fled alone; Zhang Hong and Zong You died. Zhang Chonghua wore white and mourned every fallen soldier, sending aid to their kin. He rearmed Wang Zhuo, who then took Qinzhou. His memorial declared Shi Hu dead and the remnant Zhao state ripe for attack. He would march Pei Heng with seventy thousand onto Long to await Jin’s strike. He dismissed the Shandong turmoil as trivial and urged a swift strike on Chang’an. The memorial continued: cut off on the frontier, he could not hear the court’s reply in time; His crack troops could not share Luoyang’s triumphs; he nursed private grief for Jin. Empress Kangxian answered and promoted him to Liangzhou governor.
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是時御史俞歸至涼州，重華方謀為涼王，不肯受詔，使親信人沈猛謂歸曰：「我家主公奕世忠於晉室，而不如鮮卑矣。 台加慕容皝燕王，今甫授州主大將軍，何以加勸有功忠義之臣乎！ 明台今宜移河右，共勸州主為涼王。 大夫出使，苟利社稷，專之可也。」 歸對曰：「王者之制，異姓不得稱王； 九州之內，重爵不得過公。 漢高一時王異姓，尋皆誅滅，蓋權時之宜，非舊體也。 故王陵曰：'非劉氏而王，天下共伐之。 '至於戎狄，不從此例。 春秋時吳楚稱王，而諸侯不以為非者，蓋蠻夷畜之也。 假令齊魯稱王，諸侯豈不伐之！ 故聖上以貴公忠賢，是以爵以上公，位以方伯，鮮卑北狄，豈足為比哉！ 子失問也。 且吾又聞之，有殊勳絕世者亦有不世之賞，若今便以貴公為王者，設貴公以河右之眾南平巴蜀，東掃趙魏，修復舊都，以迎天子，天子復以何爵何位可以加賞？ 幸三思之。」 猛具宣歸言，重華遂止。
Zhang Chonghua refused the edict while plotting kingship and sent Shen Meng to bluster at Yu Gui. Shen Meng complained that Murong Huang got a royal title while Zhang Chonghua only got general. He urged Yu Gui to cross the river and support a Liang kingship. He cited the right of an envoy to improvise for the state’s good.” Yu Gui replied that non-imperial kin could not be kings under Jin law; noble rank could not exceed duke inside the nine provinces. Han Gaozu’s non-Liu kings were a temporary mistake quickly purged. He quoted Wang Ling’s oath against non-Liu kings. Barbarians were a separate case. Wu and Chu’s royal titles were tolerated as barbarian pretense. Had Chinese states claimed kingship, allies would have crushed them. Jin honored Zhang Chonghua as duke and shepherd—barbarian princes were no parallel. Yu Gui dismissed the question. He asked what higher title could Jin offer if Zhang Chonghua already took the throne and then reconquered the north. He told Shen Meng to think again.” Shen Meng relayed Yu Gui’s logic and Zhang Chonghua dropped his claim.
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重華好與群小遊戲，屢出錢帛以賜左右。 征事索振諫曰：「先王寢不安席，志平天下，故繕甲兵，積資實。 大業未就，懷恨九泉。 殿下遭巨寇於諒闇之中，賴重餌以挫勍敵。 今遺燼尚廣，倉帑虛竭，金帛之費，所宜慎之。 昔世祖即位，躬親萬機，章奉詣闕，報不終日，故能隆中興之業，定萬世之功。 今章奉停滯，動經時月，下情不得上達，哀窮困于囹圄，蓋非明主之事，臣竊未安。」 重華善之。
Zhang Chonghua gambled and showered favorites with gold and silk. Suo Zhen reminded him his father had saved every coin for conquest. Zhang Jun died with the north unconquered. Zhang Chonghua had survived crisis with bribes and armies. The treasury was bare; spending had to be restrained. He cited Guangwu’s instant replies to memorials. Memorials now sat unread while innocents rotted in jail.” Zhang Chonghua praised Suo Zhen.
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將受詔，未及而卒，時年二十七。 在位十一年。 私諡曰昭公，後改曰桓公，穆帝賜諡曰敬烈。 子耀靈嗣。
He died at twenty-seven before taking the new commission. He ruled eleven years. Private posthumous titles changed to Huan; Emperor Mu named him Jinglie. His son Zhang Yaoling inherited.
64
重華子耀靈
Zhang Yaoling, Zhang Chonghua’s son
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=耀靈字元舒。 年十歲嗣事，稱大司馬、校尉、刺史、西平公。 伯父長寧侯祚性傾巧，善承內外，初與重華寵臣趙長、尉緝等結異姓兄弟。 長等矯稱重華遺令，以祚為持節、督中外諸軍、撫軍將軍，輔政。 長待議以耀靈沖幼，時難未夷，宜立長君。 祚先烝重華母馬氏，馬氏遂從緝議，命廢耀靈為涼甯侯而立祚。 祚尋使楊秋胡害耀靈于東苑，埋之於沙坑，私諡曰哀公。
Zhang Yaoling, courtesy name Yuanshu. The boy ruler took titles as grand marshal and duke of Xiping at ten. His uncle Zhang Zuo curried favor with Zhao Chang and Wei Ji. They forged a will naming Zhang Zuo regent. They argued a child could not rule in wartime. Zhang Zuo had seized Lady Ma; she deposed her grandson for him. Zhang Zuo had Zhang Yaoling murdered in the east park.
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耀靈伯父祚
Zhang Zuo, uncle of Zhang Yaoling
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=祚字太伯，博學雄武，有政事之才。 既立，自稱大都督、大將軍、涼州牧、涼公。 淫暴不道，又通重華妻裴氏，自閣內媵妾及駿、重華未嫁子女，無不暴亂，國人相目，咸賦《牆茨》之詩。
Zhang Zuo, courtesy name Taibo, was learned, martial, and politically capable. He took grand governor, general, Liangzhou governor, and duke of Liang. He raped kin including Zhang Chonghua’s widow and children, revolting the realm.
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。祚納尉緝、趙長等議，僭稱帝位，立宗廟，舞八佾，置百官，下書曰：「昔金行失馭，戎狄亂華，胡、羯、氐、羌咸懷竊璽。 我武公以神武撥亂，保甯西夏，貢款勤王，旬朔不絕。 四祖承光，忠誠彌著。 往受晉禪，天下所知，謙沖遜讓，四十年於茲矣。 今中原喪亂，華裔無主，群後僉以九州之望無所依歸，神祇嶽瀆罔所憑系，逼孤攝行大統，以一四海之心。 辭不獲已，勉從群議。 待掃穢二京，蕩清周魏，然後迎帝舊都，謝罪天闕，思與兆庶，同茲更始。」 改建興四十二年為和平元年，赦殊死，賜鰥寡帛，加文武爵各一級，追崇曾祖軌為武王，祖寔為昭王，從祖茂為成王，父駿為文王，弟重華為明王。 立妻辛氏為皇后，弟天錫為長寧王，子泰和為太子，庭堅為建康王，耀靈弟玄靚為涼武侯。 其夜，天有光如車蓋，聲若雷霆，震動城邑。 明日，大風拔木。 災異屢見，而祚凶虐愈甚。 其尚書馬岌以切諫免官。 郎中丁琪又諫曰：「先公累執忠節，遠宗吳會，持盈守謙，五十作載，蒼生所以鵠企西望，四海所以注心大涼，皇天垂贊，士庶效死者，正以先公道高彭昆，忠逾西伯，萬里通虔，任節不貳故也。 能以一州之眾抗崩天之虜，師徒歲起，人不告疲。 陛下雖以大聖雄姿纂戎鴻緒，勳德未高於先公，而行革命之事，臣竊未見其可。 華夷所以歸系大涼、義兵所以千里響赴者，以陛下為本朝之故。 今既自尊，人斯高競，一隅之地何以當中國之師！ 城峻沖生，負乘致寇，惟陛下圖之。」 祚大怒，斬之于闕下。 遣其將和昊率眾伐麗靬戎于南山，大敗而還。
Zhang Zuo declared himself emperor with a long usurpation edict. He praised Zhang Gui’s loyal service to Jin. He listed Zhang successors’ loyalty. He claimed the Zhangs had once taken Jin’s abdication yet stayed humble. He feigned popular demand to seize the throne. He claimed reluctant acceptance. He promised to restore Jin after conquering the north. He renamed the era Heping and piled royal posthumous titles on the Zhang line. He crowned his wife, ennobled kin, and named an heir. Omens: a canopy of light and thunder over the city. A gale tore up trees. Portents multiplied while Zhang Zuo grew crueller. Minister Ma Ji lost office for speaking plainly. Ding Qi praised the Zhang line’s loyalty and warned against usurpation. Liangzhou had long held off invaders. Zhang Zuo had not earned the right to seize the throne. Loyalty had rested on nominal Jin service. Usurpation would invite Jin’s crushing response. He warned that pride invites attack.” Zhang Zuo executed Ding Qi at the gate. He Hao’s campaign against southern tribes failed.
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太尉桓溫入關，王擢時鎮隴西，馳使於祚，言溫善用兵，勢在難測。 祚既震懼，又慮擢反噬，即召馬岌復位而與之謀。 密遣親人刺擢，事覺，不克。 祚益懼，大聚眾，聲言東征，實欲西保敦煌。 會溫還而止。 更遣其平東將軍秦州刺史牛霸、司兵張芳率三千人擊擢，破之。 擢奔於苻健。 其國中五月霜降，殺苗稼果實。
Wang Zhuo warned that Huan Wen was marching into Guanzhong. Zhang Zuo recalled Ma Ji, fearing Wang Zhuo might defect. The plot to murder Wang Zhuo failed. He feigned an eastward march to run for Dunhuang. Huan Wen withdrew, so Zhang Zuo stayed. Niu Ba and Zhang Fang beat Wang Zhuo. Wang Zhuo fled to Former Qin. May frost in Liangzhou ruined the crops.
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祚宗人張瓘時鎮枹罕，祚惡其強，遣其將易揣、張玲率步騎萬三千以襲之。 時張掖人王鸞頗知神道，言於祚曰：「軍出不復還，涼國將有不利矣。」 祚大怒，以鸞妖言沮眾，斬之以徇，三軍乃發。 鸞臨刑曰：「我死不二十日，軍必敗。」 時有神降於玄武殿，自稱玄冥，與人交語。 祚日夜祈之，神言與之福利，祚甚信之。 祚又遣張掖太守索孚代瓘鎮枹罕，為瓘所殺。 玲等濟河未畢，又為瓘兵所破。 仍舊單騎奔走，瓘軍躡之。 祚眾震懼。 敦煌人宋混與弟澄等聚眾以應瓘。 趙長、張璹等懼罪，入閣呼重華母馬氏出殿，拜耀靈庶弟玄靚為主。 揣等率眾入殿伐長，殺之。 瓘弟琚及子嵩募數百市人，揚聲言：「張祚無道，我兄大軍已到城東，敢有舉手者誅三族。」 祚眾披散。 琚、嵩率眾入城，祚按劍殿上，大呼，令左右死戰。 祚既失眾心，莫有鬥志，於是被殺。 梟其首，宣示內外，暴屍道左，國內咸稱萬歲。 祚篡立三年而亡。
Zhang Zuo sent Yi Chuai against kinsman Zhang Quan at Fuhan. Wang Luan prophesied defeat. Zhang Zuo executed Wang Luan for dampening morale. Wang Luan predicted defeat within twenty days. A spirit possessed the Xuanwu Hall claiming to be Xuanming. Zhang Zuo trusted the possessing spirit. Suo Fu died trying to replace Zhang Quan. Zhang Ling’s column was routed mid-river. Yi Chuai fled with Zhang Quan in pursuit. Zhang Zuo’s men panicked. Song Hun rose for Zhang Quan. The coup party proclaimed Zhang Xuanjing. Yi Chuai’s faction killed Zhao Chang in the hall. Zhang Ju spread panic that Zhang Quan’s army was at the gates. Zhang Zuo’s guards melted away. Zhang Ju entered; Zhang Zuo raged on the dais. No one fought for him and he was cut down. His head hung on the wall and the capital rejoiced. Zhang Zuo’s three-year reign ended in blood.
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耀靈弟玄靚
Zhang Xuanjing, younger brother of Zhang Yaoling
74
=玄靚字元安。 既立，自號大都督、大將軍、校尉、涼州牧、西平公，赦其國內，廢和平之號，復稱建興四十三年。 誅祚二子，以張瓘為衛將軍，領兵萬人，行大將軍事，改易僚屬。
Zhang Xuanjing, courtesy name Yuan’an. He restored nominal Jin dating as Jianxing forty-three and amnestied the realm. He killed Zhang Zuo’s sons and put Zhang Quan in command.
75
有隴西人李儼，誅大姓彭姚，自立於隴右，奉中興年號，百姓悅之。 玄靚遣牛霸率眾討之，未達，而西平人衛綝又據郡叛。 霸眾潰，單騎而還。 瓘先欲征綝、以兄珪在綝中為疑，綝亦以弟在瓘中，故彼我經年不相伐。 西平人郭勳解天文，不應州郡之命，綝禮聘之。 勳曰：「張氏應衰，衛氏當興，豈得以一弟而滅一門，宜速伐瓘。」 綝將從之。 瓘遣弟琚領大眾征綝敗之。 西平田旋要酒泉太守馬基背瓘應綝，旋謂基曰：「綝擊其東，我等絕其西，不六旬，天下可定，斯閉口捕舌也。」 基許之。 瓘遣司馬張姚、王國將二千人伐基，敗之，斬基、旋二人之首，傳姑臧。
Li Yan of Longxi killed magnates, declared autonomy, and used Jin’s era calendar to popular acclaim. Zhang Xuanjing sent Niu Ba against Li Yan, but Wei Shen rebelled in Xiping first. Niu Ba’s army routed and he fled alone. Zhang Quan and Wei Shen held each other’s kin hostage and avoided battle. Wei Shen recruited the astronomer Guo Xun. Guo Xun urged that the Zhangs were fading and Weis rising. Wei Shen agreed. Zhang Quan’s brother Zhang Ju crushed Wei Shen. Tian Xuan tried to flip Ma Ji against Zhang Quan. Ma Ji agreed. Zhang Quan executed Ma Ji and Tian Xuan and sent their heads to the capital.
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瓘兄弟強盛，負其勳力，有篡立之謀。 輔國宋混與弟澄共討瓘，盡夷其屬，玄靚以混為都督中外諸軍事、車騎大將軍、假節，輔政。 混卒，又以澄代之。 玄靚右司馬張邕惡澄專擅，殺之。 遂滅宋氏，玄靚乃以邕為中護軍，叔父天錫為中領軍，共輔政。
Zhang Quan and his brothers grew arrogant and plotted the throne. Song Hun destroyed the Zhang Quan faction and became regent. Song Cheng succeeded his brother. Zhang Yong murdered Song Cheng. Zhang Yong wiped out the Songs and shared power with Zhang Tianxi.
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邕自以功大，驕矜淫縱，又通馬氏，樹黨專權。 國人患之。 天錫腹心郭增、劉肅二人，並年十八九，因寢，謂天錫曰：「天下事欲未靜。」 天錫曰：「何謂也？」 二人曰：「今護軍出入，有似長寧。」 天錫大驚曰：「我早疑之，未敢出口。 計當云何？」 肅曰：「政當速除之耳。」 天錫曰：「安得其人？」 肅曰：「肅即是也。」 天錫曰：「汝年少，更求可與謀者。」 肅曰：「趙白駒及肅二人足以辦之矣。」 於是天錫從兵四百人，與邕俱入朝，肅與白駒剔刀鞘出刃，從天錫入。 值邕于門下，肅斫之不中，白駒繼之，又不克，二人與天錫俱入禁中。 邕得逸走，因率甲士三百餘人反攻禁門。 天錫上屋大呼，謂將士曰：「張邕凶逆，所行無道，諸宋何罪，盡誅滅之？ 傾覆國家，肆亂社稷。 我不惜死，實懼先人廢祀，事不獲已故耳。 我家門戶事，而將士豈可以干戈見向！ 今之所取，邕身而已。 天地有靈，吾不食言。」 邕眾聞之，悉散走，邕以劍自刎而死。 於是悉誅邕黨。
Zhang Yong grew tyrannical and seized the court. The realm hated Zhang Yong. Two youths warned Zhang Tianxi at night. He asked what they meant. They compared Zhang Yong to the tyrant Zhang Zuo of Changning. Zhang Tianxi admitted his fear. He asked for a plan. Liu Su urged assassination. He asked who could do it. Liu Su volunteered. Zhang Tianxi hesitated at his youth. Liu Su named Zhao Baiju as accomplice. They armed four hundred guards and entered the palace. The first strikes on Zhang Yong missed. Zhang Yong rallied three hundred men against the inner gate. Zhang Tianxi harangued the troops from the roof. He accused Zhang Yong of ruining the state. He claimed he acted to save the Zhang ancestral cult. He begged the army not to mutiny. He swore only Zhang Yong would die. He swore an oath to heaven. Zhang Yong’s men deserted; he killed himself. Zhang Tianxi purged Zhang Yong’s clique.
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玄靚年既幼沖，性又仁弱，天錫既克邕，專掌朝政，改建興四十九年，奉升平之號。 ，駿妻馬氏卒，玄靚以其庶母郭氏為太妃。 郭氏以天錫專政，與大臣張欽等謀討之。 事泄，欽等伏法。 是歲，天錫率眾入禁門，潛害玄靚，宣言暴薨，時年十四。 在位九年。 私諡曰沖公，孝武帝賜諡曰敬悼公。
The boy ruler fell under Zhang Tianxi’s thumb; the era became Jin’s Taiping. After Lady Ma’s death he elevated concubine Lady Guo. Lady Guo and Zhang Qin plotted against Zhang Tianxi. The plot failed and they were executed. Zhang Tianxi murdered Zhang Xuanjing at fourteen and faked a natural death. Zhang Xuanjing had ruled nine years. He was posthumously titled Jingdao.
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玄靚叔天錫
Zhang Tianxi, Zhang Xuanjing’s uncle
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=天錫字純嘏，駿少子也，小名獨活。 初字公純嘏，入朝，人笑其三字，因自改焉。 玄靚死，國人立之，自號大將軍、校尉、涼州牧、西平公。 遣司馬綸騫奉章請命，並送御史俞歸還京都。 太和初，詔以天錫為大將軍、大都督、督隴右關中諸軍事、護羌校尉、涼州刺史、西平公。
Zhang Tianxi, youngest son of Zhang Jun, courtesy Chungu, nicknamed Duhuo. He shortened an awkward childhood courtesy name after mockery at court. On Zhang Xuanjing’s death Zhang Tianxi took the same titles. He sent Lun Qian to Jiankang with tribute and returned Yu Gui. Jin confirmed him as grand general and Liangzhou inspector.
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天錫數宴園池，政事頗廢。 蕩難將軍、校書祭酒索商上疏極諫，天錫答曰：「吾非好行，行有得也。 觀朝榮，則敬才秀之士； 玩芝蘭，則愛德行之臣； 睹松竹，則思貞操之賢； 臨清流，則貴廉潔之行； 覽蔓草，則賤貪穢之吏； 逢飆風，則惡凶狡之徒。 若引而申之，觸類而長之，庶無遺漏矣。」
Zhang Tianxi neglected rule for garden parties. Suo Shang remonstrated; Zhang Tianxi offered a sophistical reply about nature walks. He claimed flowers taught him to honor talent; orchids taught love of virtue; pines suggested integrity; streams suggested honesty; weeds meant corrupt officials; gales meant villains. He claimed moral lessons from every stroll.”
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羌廉岐自稱益州刺史，率略陽四千家背苻堅就李儼。 天錫自往討之，以別駕楊遹為監前鋒軍事、前將軍，趣金城。 晉興相常據為使持節、征東將軍，向左南，遊擊將軍張統出白土，天錫自率三萬人次倉松，伐儼。 儼大敗，入城固守，遣子純求救於苻堅。 堅使其將王猛救之。 天錫敗績，死者十二三，天錫乃還。 立子大懷為世子。
Lian Qi took four thousand households from Fu Jian to Li Yan. Zhang Tianxi marched with Yang You toward Jincheng. He coordinated columns against Li Yan. Li Yan lost and begged Fu Jian. Fu Jian sent Wang Meng. Zhang Tianxi lost twelve or thirteen men in ten and withdrew. He named Zhang Dahuai heir.
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自天錫之嗣事也，連年地震山崩，水泉湧出，柳化為松，火生泥中。 而天錫荒於聲色，不恤政事。 初，安定梁景、敦煌劉肅並以門胄，總角與天錫友昵。 張邕之誅，肅、景有勳，天錫深德之賜姓張氏，又改其字，以為己子。 天錫諸子皆以大為字，故景曰大奕，肅曰大誠。 廢大懷為高昌公，更立嬖子大豫為世子，景、肅等俱參政事。 人情怨懼，從弟從事中郎憲切諫，不納。
Nature threw omens at Liangzhou yearly. Zhang Tianxi ignored government for pleasure. Liang Jing and Liu Su had been his childhood friends. He adopted them as Zhang clan sons for killing Zhang Yong. They became Zhang Dayi and Zhang Dacheng. He replaced his heir with a favorite son and empowered the adoptees. Kinsmen warned him in vain.
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時苻堅強盛，每攻之，兵無寧歲。 天賜甚懼，乃立壇刑牲，率典軍將軍張甯、中堅將軍馬芮等，遙與晉三公盟誓，獻書大司馬桓溫，克六年夏誓同大舉。 遣從事中郎韓博、奮節將軍康妙奉表，並送盟文。 博有口才，溫甚稱之。 嘗大會，溫使司馬刁彝嘲之，彝謂博曰：「君是韓盧後邪？」 博曰：「卿是韓盧後。」 溫笑曰：「刁以君姓韓，故相問焉。 他自姓刁，那得韓盧後邪！」 博曰：「明公脫未之思，短尾者則為刁也。」 一坐推歎焉。
Former Qin hammered the border every year. Zhang Tianxi allied formally with Jin and Huan Wen against Fu Jian. He sent Han Bo to Jiankang with the alliance document. Huan Wen admired Han Bo’s wit. Diao Yi insulted Han Bo as a dog’s offspring. Han Bo turned the insult on Diao’s name. Huan Wen tried to smooth it over; Diao was not surnamed Han; Han Bo called Diao Yi “short tail,” a dog joke. The hall roared approval.
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太元元年，苻堅遣其將苟萇、毛當、梁熙、姚萇來寇，渡石城津。 天錫集議，中錄事席仂曰：「先公既有故事，徐思後變，此孫仲謀屈伸之略也。」 眾以仂為老怯，咸曰：「龍驤將軍馬達，精兵萬人距之，必不敢進。」 廣武太守辛章保城固守。 章與晉興相彭知正、西平相趙疑謀曰：「馬達出於行陣，必不為用，則秦軍深入。 吾相與率三郡精卒，斷其糧運，決一朝命矣。」 征東常據亦欲先擊姚萇，須天錫命。 天錫率萬人頓金昌城。 馬達萬人逆萇等，因請降，兵人散走。 常據、席仂皆戰死。 司兵趙充哲與萇苦戰，又死。 中衛將軍史景亦沒於陣。 天錫大懼，出城自戰，城內又反。 天錫窘逼，降於萇等。 初，天錫所居安昌門及平章殿無故而崩，旬日而國亡。 即位凡十三年。 自軌為涼州，至天錫，凡九世，七十六年矣。 苻堅先為天錫起宅，至，以為尚書，封歸義侯。
In 376 Fu Jian sent Gou Chang, Mao Dang, Liang Xi, and Yao Chang across the Yellow River. Xi Le urged delay like Sun Quan. The court mocked Xi Le and trusted Ma Da. Xin Zhang held Guangwu. Local governors doubted Ma Da’s ability; they planned to cut Former Qin’s supply lines. Chang Ju wanted to hit Yao Chang first. Zhang Tianxi camped at Jinchang. Ma Da surrendered to Former Qin at once. Chang Ju and Xi Le fell. Zhao Chongzhe died fighting Gou Chang. Shi Jing died in the rout. Zhang Tianxi sallied as his capital mutinied. He surrendered to Gou Chang. His gates and hall had collapsed before the fall—an omen of doom. Zhang Tianxi had ruled Former Liang thirteen years. From Zhang Gui to Zhang Tianxi the house held the west nine generations over seventy-six years. Fu Jian housed him in Chang’an and made him a minister and marquis of submission.
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堅大敗于淮肥時，天錫為苻融征南司馬，於陣歸國。 詔曰：「昔孟明不替，終顯厥功，豈以一眚而廢才用！ 其以天錫為散騎常侍、左員外。」 又詔曰：「故太尉、西平公張軌著德遐域，世襲前勞。 強兵縱害，遂至失守。 散騎常侍天錫拔跡登朝，先祀淪替，用增矜慨，可復天錫西平郡公爵。」 俄拜金紫光祿大夫。
At the Fei River disaster Zhang Tianxi slipped back to Jin from Fu Rong’s army. Jin cited Meng Ming: one defeat must not ruin a good man. They named him cavalier attendant-in-ordinary. An edict praised Zhang Gui’s legacy; warlords had cost them the province; Zhang Tianxi was restored as duke of Xiping for his suffering. He soon took golden-purple grand master honors.
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天錫少有文才，流譽遠近。 及歸朝，甚被恩遇。 朝士以其國破身虜，多共毀之。 會稽王道子嘗問其西土所出，天錫應聲曰：「桑葚甜甘，鴟鴞革響，乳酪養性，人無妒心。」 後形神昏喪，雖處列位，不復被齒遇。 隆安中，會稽世子元顯用事，常延致之，以為戲弄。 以其家貧，拜廬江太守，本官如故。 桓玄時，欲招懷四遠，乃用天錫為護羌校尉、涼州刺史。 尋卒，年六十一。 追贈金紫光祿大夫。
Zhang Tianxi had been a famed young writer. Jin treated him kindly at first. Jiankang snobs sneered at the fallen prince. Sima Daozi asked for a western travelogue; Zhang Tianxi answered with a whimsical rhyme. He faded mentally and lost standing at court. Sima Yuanxian mocked him at parties. He was given Lujiang to earn a salary. Huan Xuan briefly restored his old Liangzhou titles for show. He died at sixty-one. The court posthumously awarded golden-purple grand master.
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史評
Section: historians’ appraisal
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史臣曰：長河外區，流沙作紀，玉關懸險，金城負固，有苗攸竄，帝舜投而不羈； 渠搜是居，大禹即而方敘。 世逢多難，嬰五郡以誰何； 時遇兵凶，阻三邊而高視。 雖非久安之地，足為苟全之所乎！ 周公保之而立功，士彥擁之布延世。 摯虞觀象，記洪災之不流； 侯瑾覘泉，知霸者之斯在。 匪唯地勢，抑亦有天道歙！ 茂、駿、重華資忠踵武，崎嶇僻陋，無忘本朝，故能西控諸戎，東攘巨猾，綰累葉之珪組，賦絕域之琛賨，振曜遐荒，良由杖順之效矣。 祚以卑孽，陰傾塚嗣，播有茨于彤管，擬宸居於黑山，丁琪以切諫遇誅夷，王鸞以讜言嬰顯戮，境內雲據，仇其竊名，卒致梟懸，自然之理也。 純嘏微弱，竟亡其眾。 奉身魏闕，齒跡朝流，再襲銀黃，祖德之延慶矣。
They paint the Hexi corridor’s harsh geography and ancient tribes; Yu the Great ordered the western wastes. Through generations of crisis they armed five commanderies and dared any challenger to intervene. They barred three frontiers in an age of war and held a commanding gaze. Hexi was no paradise but a refuge. Zhou’s model and Zhang Shiyan’s grit extended the line. Zhi Yu’s omen said Chang’an’s flood would spare Liangzhou; Hou Jin’s spring prophecy foretold Zhang power. Heaven as well as earth favored the west. The good early Zhangs held Jin’s mandate in the wilds and prospered. Zhang Zuo’s incest and usurpation brought a natural fall. Zhang Tianxi’s weakness lost the army and state. Zhang Tianxi ended his days a Jin official, still honored as Zhang Gui’s heir.
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贊曰：三象構氛，九土瓜分。 鼎遷江介，地絕河濆。 歸誠晉室，美矣張君。 內撫遺黎，外攘逋寇。 世既綿遠，國亦完富。 杖順為基，蓋天所佑。
The eulogy opens on cosmic chaos and partition. Jin ruled south of the river while the north split; the Zhangs served Jin faithfully; they sheltered people and fought invaders; their realm endured and grew rich; righteousness drew Heaven’s help.