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卷八十二 列傳第三十二: 許敬宗 李義府

Volume 82 Biographies 32: Xu Jingzong, Li Yifu

Chapter 86 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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1
Xu Jingzong
2
祿
Xu Jingzong, a native of Xincheng in Hangzhou, was the son of Shanxin, Vice Minister of Rites under the Sui. His forebears had migrated south from Gaoyang and for generations served in office in the Jiangzuo region. Jingzong showed literary talent from an early age. After passing the xiucai examination he was made Judicial Assistant of Huaiyang Commandery, and soon afterward served at the Office of Imperial Reception, handling matters as a Tongshi Sheren. During the upheaval at Jiangdu, Shanxin was killed by Yuwen Huaji. Jingzong wandered in exile and attached himself to Li Mi, who appointed him Recorder of the Marshal's Headquarters. He and Wei Zheng both served as administrative recorders. Early in the Wude reign, a red nomination slip proposed him for Vice Prefect of Lianzhou. When Emperor Taizong heard of him, he summoned Jingzong to serve as an academician in the Prince of Qin's household. In 634 he was promoted in succession to Compiler, concurrently edited the National History, and was appointed Secretariat Drafter. In 636, when Empress Wende died, all officials wore hemp mourning dress. Ouyang Xun, Director of the Imperial Workshops, had a grotesque appearance, and people in the crowd would point at him. Jingzong saw this and burst out laughing. The censors impeached him, and he was demoted to Military Assistant under the Hongzhou Area Command. He was later promoted to Attendant and again served as an editor of the National History. In 643, for completing the Veritable Records of the Wude and Zhenguan reigns, he was enfeoffed as Baron of Gaoyang, rewarded with eight hundred lengths of goods, and given acting appointment as Vice Director of the Yellow Gate. While Gaozong was still crown prince, Jingzong was appointed Right Vice Director of the Crown Prince's Household. In 645, when Emperor Taizong campaigned in person against Goguryeo, the crown prince remained at Dingzhou to supervise the realm. Jingzong, together with Gao Shilian and others, jointly handled state secrets. Chief Minister Cen Wenti died on campaign, and Jingzong was ordered to serve as acting Vice Director of the Secretariat while keeping his original post. At Mount Zhubi the emperor won a great victory over the Liao forces. Jingzong stood before his horse, received his instructions, and drafted an edict on the spot. The prose was splendid, and the emperor greatly praised him. Earlier, after the deposed former crown prince Chengqian had been cast aside, many of his palace staff had been dismissed and stripped of rank, and for a long time had not been restored to office. Jingzong submitted a memorial saying, "I have heard that the ancient kings were cautious in imposing punishments and strove to temper justice with mercy, while the sages of old were generous and humane and held that faults should be forgiven. Among the principles of the sages, none ranks higher than this. I observe that dismissed officials of the fifth rank and above, whose names were struck from the rolls and who were cast out, have already endured many years in exile. Yet in years past the deposed prince, though occupying a position that should have been above suspicion, harbored rebellion, secretly conspired with chief ministers, and in the plots in which he took part many of his kinsmen were implicated. The disaster arose beyond what could have been foreseen and could not have been stopped at the outset; the palace officials had no part in it whatsoever. Yet now, in striking at the rat, the vessel is damaged as well—who can say there is no injustice in this? To burn the mountain and destroy the jade is much like venting one's anger on the innocent. Upon examining the ancient statutes, I find that precedent allows for pardon. In former times, among the attendant ministers of Wu, Yuan Si was not punished for the crime of Liu Pi; and Wang Ji, Commandant of Changyi, was exempted from implication in the case of the Marquis of Haihun. Compare Luan Bu, who made his name while serving Peng Yue; or Tian Shu, who likewise pledged his service to Zhang Ao. Their lords, because of treason and rebellion, were executed and destroyed; yet these ministers, because of their worth and integrity, were taken into service and promoted. Looking back through the ages, such cases are especially numerous. Even in recent times the Sui followed this same principle. When Yang Yong was deposed, punishment fell only on the flatterers; men such as Li Gang were not caught in the net of the law. Ancient and modern alike have judged this the balanced course, and the histories praise it as a fine example. Yet now Zhang Xuansu, Linghu Defen, Zhao Hongzhi, Pei Xuanji, Xiao Jun, and others all hold fast to integrity and enjoy refined repute at court; they are versed in the classics and cultivated in conduct, and their good names are known throughout the realm. Some because of blunt speech were beaten, others because they displeased the throne met with suspicion—treated all alike, they alike fell under imperial punishment. This may harm the kingly way, for the injury lies in its lack of magnanimity." Thereupon Xuansu and the others were gradually restored to office. In 647 he was given the additional title Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness.
3
使西穿 祿 西
When Emperor Gaozong succeeded to the throne, Jingzong replaced Yu Zhining as Minister of Rites. Jingzong gave his daughter in marriage to the son of the tribal chieftain Feng Ang and accepted large gifts of gold and treasure. The authorities impeached him, and he was demoted to Prefect of Zhengzhou. In 652 he returned to the capital as Commandant of the Guards, was made an academician of the Hongwen Hall, and again edited the National History. In 655 he was again appointed Minister of Rites. When Gaozong planned to depose Empress Wang and elevate Lady Wu, Jingzong strongly supported the scheme. Zhangsun Wuji, Chu Suiliang, Han Yuan, and others all spoke bluntly against the emperor's will. Jingzong and Li Yifu secretly fabricated charges against them, and they were all exiled and died in the far south. In 656 he was made Guest of the Crown Prince, and soon afterward was appointed Palace Attendant and put in charge of editing the National History. In 658 he was advanced to Duke of a commandery, and soon his father Shanxin was posthumously granted the title Prefect of Jizhou. While touring the old city of Chang'an, Gaozong asked his ministers, "When I look at the old foundations here, the palaces seem to have been mixed in with the common people. Since the Qin and Han, how many dynasties have made this their capital?" Jingzong replied, "The Qin made their capital at Xianyang, and the outer city stretched across the Wei River. Hence the saying, 'The Wei River runs through the capital, symbolizing the River of Heaven. It was only under Emperor Hui of Han that this city was first built. Afterward Fu Jian, Yao Chang, and the Later Zhou all made it their capital." The emperor asked again, "In which year of Emperor Wu of Han was Kunming Pool excavated?" Jingzong replied, "Emperor Wu sent envoys to open relations with the southwestern tribes, but they were blocked at Dian Lake by the Kunming people. Wishing to attack the state of Kunming, he used the old marshlands of the Hao region to excavate this pool for naval training. This took place in 120 BCE, the third year of Yuanshuo." The emperor then ordered Jingzong and the Hongwen Hall academicians to research fully the sites of palaces of successive dynasties since the Qin and Han and submit a report. That year he replaced Li Yifu as Chief Minister of the Secretariat, and the favor shown him was unmatched at court. In 662, under the new statutes, he was redesignated Right Chancellor and given the additional title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. In 663 he was formally appointed Junior Tutor of the Crown Prince and Associate of the Third Rank of the Eastern and Western Offices, and as before supervised the editing of the National History. Early in the Qianfeng era, because Jingzong was elderly and could no longer walk, he and Sikong Li Ji were specially permitted each court day to ride small horses through the forbidden gate to the Inner Secretariat.
4
殿西 姿 祿 忿 使
Once Jingzong took charge of the National History, he recorded events in a flattering and distorted manner. Earlier, Yu Shiji and Jingzong's father Shanxin were both killed by Yuwen Huaji. Feng Deyi, then a Secretariat drafter, witnessed the whole affair and said to others, "When Shiji was executed, Shinan crawled prostrate to beg to die in his place; when Shanxin was killed, Jingzong danced and capered to beg for his life." People repeated this as a byword, and Jingzong deeply resented it. When he wrote Deyi's biography, he greatly exaggerated his crimes and wickedness. Jingzong gave his daughter in marriage to Qian Jiulong, General of the Left Gate Guards, who had originally been an imperial bondservant. Greedy for money, Jingzong entered the marriage and then falsified Jiulong's lineage, invented achievements for him, and placed his biography in the same scroll as those of Liu Wenjing and Zhangsun Shunde. Jingzong had his son marry the granddaughter of Yuchi Baolin and accepted many bribes from the family. When he wrote the biography of Baolin's father Jingde, he concealed all their faults. Emperor Taizong had composed the "Rhapsody on the Majestic Phoenix" to bestow on Zhangsun Wuji, but Jingzong altered the record to say it had been bestowed on Jingde. Pang Xiaotai of Baizhou, a tribal chieftain of ordinary rank, led troops on the campaign against Goguryeo. The enemy knew he was timid, attacked him, and routed his force. Jingzong again accepted bribes from him and reported that Xiaotai had repeatedly defeated the enemy and killed or captured tens of thousands. Among valiant Han generals, only Su Dingfang and Pang Xiaotai were his equals, while Cao Jishu and Liu Boying were beneath him. Such was the extent of his false praise and concealment of wrongdoing! Earlier, in the Veritable Records of the Gaozu and Taizong reigns, the portions compiled by Xu Jingbo were in many places detailed and straightforward, but Jingzong repeatedly revised events according to his own likes and dislikes, and critics especially condemned him for this. Yet from the Zhenguan era onward, he was placed in overall charge of such court compilations as the History of the Five Dynasties, the Book of Jin, the New Book of the Eastern Hall, the Gazetteer of the Western Regions, the Comprehensive Digest of Literary Thought, the Forest of Literary Phrases of the Literary Hall, the Accumulated Jade, the Jade Splendor of Mount Yao, the Register of Surnames, and the New Rites, and the rewards he received before and after are beyond counting. Jingzong was licentious beyond measure. His eldest son Ang was quite gifted in letters and rose to the post of Attendant of the Crown Prince. His mother, Lady Pei, had died early. A maidservant of the Pei household was beautiful, and Jingzong favored her, made her his successor wife, and gave her the false surname Yu. Ang had long been intimate with her and continued the affair without cease. Jingzong in anger dismissed Lady Yu, charged Ang with unfilial conduct, and memorialized requesting his exile to the far south. During the Xianqing era he memorialized asking that Ang be recalled, appointed him Magistrate of Qianhua, and Ang soon died. In 670 he submitted a memorial asking to retire on account of age. The emperor permitted him to leave office, granted him the special advancement rank, and kept his salary unchanged. In 672 he died at the age of eighty-one. Gaozong mourned for him, suspended court for three days, and ordered civil and military officials to go to his residence to wail. He was posthumously granted Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal and Ribbon of the First Rank and Area Commander-in-Chief of Yangzhou, and was buried with honor at Zhaoling. His collected writings ran to eighty scrolls. When the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was about to fix his posthumous name, Academician Yuan Sigu proposed, "Jingzong rose through talent and long held a high office, yet he abandoned his eldest son in the wild borderlands and gave his young daughter in marriage to a barbarian settlement. To hear the Odes and study the Rites—such things ended at the courtyard gate; in betrothal gifts and asking the bride's name, one hears only of bribes. The white jade has its stain and mars his fair reputation; the canon of posthumous naming must rely on actual conduct. According to the canon of posthumous names, 'when name and reality diverge, the name is Miu,' and I request the posthumous name Miu." Jingzong's grandson Yanbo, Attendant of the Crown Prince, could not bear the shame and quarreled fiercely with Sigu. He also claimed that Sigu had long borne a grudge against the Xu clan and requested that different officials be assigned to fix the posthumous name. Academician Wang Fuchou of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices proposed, "A posthumous name is the title that adorns a man's end; gain and loss last but a morning, yet honor and shame endure a thousand ages. If the grudge is real, then the law should be applied and punishment pursued; if he has not failed the straight path, then righteousness cannot be set aside, nor may his office be encroached upon. To be of two minds in virtue—how can one speak of ritual propriety? Fuchou, though unworthy, holds this office and must not fail in his duty. If one follows the wind and flatters power, turning one's back on the straight and following the crooked, the statutes become a dead letter and the Court of Rites is shown to have no men of integrity. How then could one inspire the refined way and face one's colleagues! I request that Sigu's posthumous-name proposal be adopted as final." Minister of Revenue Dai Zhide said to Fuchou, "The Duke of Gaoyang received such favor and appointment—how can his posthumous name be fixed as Miu?" He replied, "In former times, when He Zeng, Minister of Works of Jin, died, Academician Qin Xiu of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices gave him the posthumous name Duke Miu Chou. He Zeng was both loyal and filial, yet solely because he spent ten thousand cash a day on food, he was given the demeaning name Miu Chou. Jingzong falls far short of Zeng in loyalty and filial piety, while his indulgence in food, drink, and women exceeds even the He clan—yet to give him the posthumous name Miu does the Xu clan no injustice." At that time an edict ordered officials of the fifth rank and above in the Ministry of State Affairs to deliberate again. Minister of Rites Yuan Sijing proposed, "According to the canon of posthumous names, 'having faults but able to reform is called Gong,' and I request the posthumous name Gong." An edict followed his proposal. Yanbo, the son of Ang, began his career as an Editing Clerk. In Xu Jingzong's last years, Yanbo was often asked to draft his compositions for him. He also took in a maidservant concubine who spread slander against him; a memorial had him exiled to the far south. After an amnesty allowed his return, he was appointed Attendant of the Heir Apparent. He died young, leaving a collected writings in ten scrolls.
5
Li Yifu
6
使
Li Yifu was a native of Raoyang in Ying Prefecture. His grandfather had served as assistant magistrate of Shehong County in Zizhou, and the family thereafter made its home at Yongtai. In the eighth year of Zhenguan, Li Daliang, touring inspector of the Jiannan Circuit, recommended Yifu in a memorial, citing his skill at literary composition. He placed at the top of the palace examination and was appointed Ceremonial Officer in the Chancellery. Vice Director of the Chancellery Liu Ji and Palace Secretariat Censor Ma Zhou both praised and recommended him, and he was soon appointed Investigating Censor. An edict also ordered Yifu to retain his original post while serving concurrently as attendant to Prince Jin. When the prince entered the Eastern Palace, Yifu was appointed Attendant of the Heir Apparent and additionally Direct Academician of the Chongxian Hall. He and Lai Ji, Reviewer of Memorials for the Heir Apparent, were both known for their literary talent; at the time they were called Lai and Li. Yifu once presented the Admonition on Upholding Splendor (Chenghua Zhen); its text reads:
7
沿
In the utter beginning all was dark and obscure, and primordial breath swirled in mist. Heaven and Earth first unfolded, and the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Man were set apart. Heaven ordained governance and raised up the sovereign; from the hexagram Zhen the ruler emerges—as eldest son and heir. Civilizing influence reveals simplicity and purity; the Way is reflected in the canonical texts. When merit is complete, the throne is yielded in abdication; the model reaches its height with Yao and Shun. It began with Qi of Xia and descended to King Wen of Zhou. All rely on inheriting virtue and forever plant their lofty renown. For a hundred generations the succession has endured; for a thousand ages the sage has been revered. Thus our sovereign, grandly inheriting the precious Mandate of Heaven— has brought true harmony to the three ranks and aligned himself with the seven regulators of Heaven. Universal harmony pervades; customs shift and the age flourishes. He uplifts the foundation of the state and extends the fortune of the royal house. The hexagram Zhen marks the crown prince's virtue; the hexagram Li warns him to keep his conduct correct. His charge touches the ancestral line; his office is to oversee and nurture the realm. Bear in mind the sovereign's abundant norms; respectfully seek counsel from upright ministers. Let your achievements shine like those of Qi and Song; let your arts excel as in the Shield-and-Axe Dance. Nine years honoring the Confucian tradition, thrice at court questioning the learned—regulations for the heir have been chosen through the ages, and the legacy texts remain with us. Look to trial upon the ritual altar; let lofty instruction reach the towering branch. Bow in humility and think of compliance; let nothing unfitting be done. The great achievements of former worthies, the universal standards of sages to come— if you discipline your person and follow their path, then sagely inquiry will come swift as the wind; if your resolve should falter, then your deep designs will daily fall away. Do not trust in supreme rank—the upward path is hard to measure; do not trust in closeness to the virtuous—lose virtue and none of you is whole. Do not slight small acts of goodness; gather them and your name will rise of itself; do not slight slight conduct; accumulate it and your person will be set right of itself. Flattery and sycophancy come in kinds; crooked cunning takes many forms. If their sprouts are not cut off, their harm is sure to show. When such words are barred from the heir's ear, his charge will flourish. I humbly consider our heir apparent: his case differs from those before. Though honored for rank and virtue, he is neither the eldest son nor next in order of birth. The imperial grace, cherishing his virtue, set him above his peers as heir to the throne. Unless he cultivates brilliance and fame, how can he repay this extraordinary favor? Unless he elevates his fine virtue, how can he match Heaven's intent? Strive and strive again—glorify your charge as guardian of the vessel of state! Your humble minister, charged with admonition, dares to address those who attend him closely.
8
The crown prince submitted the text in a memorial. An edict of special favor granted forty bolts of silk, and Yifu was also ordered to take part in compiling the Book of Jin. When Emperor Gaozong succeeded to the throne, Yifu was transferred to Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat. In the second year of Yonghui he was additionally charged with compiling the national history and was made Academician of the Hongwen Hall. When Emperor Gaozong was about to install Consort Wu Zhaoyi as empress, Yifu had secretly expressed his support. Soon he was promoted to Vice Director of the Secretariat with chancellor rank, charged with supervising compilation of the national history, and granted the title Baron of Guangping County.
9
姿 婿 西 婿 沿 西
Yifu looked mild and courteous. When he spoke with others he always smiled pleasantly, yet he was narrow-minded, jealous, and secretly malicious. Once he held power, he wanted others to attach themselves to him; whoever slightly displeased him, he would at once bring down and ruin. Therefore people of the time said that Yifu had a knife hidden in his smile, and because he was soft yet harmed others, they also called him "Li the Cat." In the first year of Xianqing, retaining his original post, he was additionally made Right Assistant to the Heir Apparent and advanced in rank to marquis. There was a woman of Luozhou named Lady Chunyu, imprisoned at the Court of Judicial Review on a charge of adultery. Yifu heard of her beauty and instructed Vice Director Bi Zhengyi of the Court of Judicial Review to obtain her as a concubine for his separate residence, and specially had her crime cleared. Senior Director Duan Baoxuan suspected the reason and hurriedly reported the matter in a memorial. An edict ordered an investigation, and Zhengyi, in fear and panic, hanged himself. Attending Censor Wang Yifang memorialized in court on Yifu's offenses, and further said that at first his handsome appearance had been favored by Liu Ji and Ma Zhou, by which he had advanced; his language was obscene and lewd. The emperor was angry and sent Yifang out as registrar of Laizhou, but did not inquire into Yifu's crimes of adultery and abuse. Yifu said, "Censor Wang recklessly memorialized against me—should he not feel ashamed?" Yifang replied, "Confucius, as Minister of Crime of Lu, within seven days executed Shaozheng Mao beneath the twin watchtowers; I have served as censor for sixteen days and could not remove the wicked and corrupt before the twin palace gates—I truly feel ashamed." Soon Yifu was additionally made Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent. In the second year he replaced Cui Dunli as Director of the Secretariat, additionally serving as acting Censor-in-Chief; his charge over compilation of the national history and his status as academician remained as before. Soon he was additionally made Mentor to the Heir Apparent and advanced in enfeoffment to Duke of Hejian Commandery. In the third year his father Desheng was posthumously enfeoffed as prefect of Weizhou; all his sons, even those still in arms, were given posts in the pure offices. An edict ordered a grand mansion built for him—honor and favor none could match. Yet Yifu was greedy and insatiable. Together with his mother, wife, sons, and sons-in-law he sold offices and traded in judicial verdicts; his gate was like a market. He brought in many trusted intimates and widely planted factions, shaking court and countryside. Earlier, Du Zhenglun had been Vice Director of the Secretariat while Yifu had held the post of Ceremonial Officer; now the two of them served together as Directors of the Secretariat. Zhenglun always placed himself as the senior man and would not defer to Yifu, while Vice Director of the Secretariat Li Youyi secretly joined Zhenglun in plotting against Yifu; they watched and investigated each other in turn. Yifu learned of this and secretly had someone submit a sealed memorial reporting the affair. Zhenglun and Yifu argued their case before the emperor; each had points in his favor and against. Because the great ministers were not in harmony, the emperor rebuked them both and demoted Yifu to prefect of Puzhou and Zhenglun to prefect of Hengzhou; Youyi was sentenced to exile in Feng Prefecture. In the fourth year Yifu was recalled and additionally made Minister of the Civil Service with chancellor rank; his other offices and enfeoffments remained as before. In the first year of Longshuo he left office upon mourning for his mother. In the second year he was recalled from mourning as Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices with chancellor rank in the Eastern and Western Offices. Yifu soon requested to reinter his grandfather and built a tomb beside Yongkang Mausoleum. Magistrate Li Xiaojie of Sanyuan privately levied corvée laborers, carts, and oxen to haul earth and build the mound for him, working day and night without cease. Thereupon the seven counties of Gaoling, Liyang, Fuping, Yunyang, Huayuan, Tongguan, and Jingyang, fearing they had no choice because of Xiaojie, all levied corvée laborers and carts to go to the work. Magistrate Zhang Jingye of Gaoling, though respectful and diligent, was timid and weak and could not endure the labor; he died at the work site. From princes and dukes downward, all vied to send gifts. The ceremonial guards, escorts, carriages, and accoutrements were all pushed to the utmost extravagance. Moreover, at the joint burial the funeral carriages, roadside offerings, and provision tents stretched from Ba Bridge to Sanyuan—a distance of seventy li—unbroken in succession. Since the Wude era, the splendor of princely and ducal funerals had never been seen before. Yifu originally had no talent for discerning men. Relying on Empress Wu's power, he devoted himself solely to selling offices. The order of appointments was disrupted and many people complained and cursed. At that time Prince Yin had just left the palace precinct, and Yifu was additionally made chief administrator of the princely household. In the third year he was transferred to Right Chancellor; his post as chief administrator of the princely household and his charge over appointments remained as before. Yifu, when inside, flattered with fawning words; when outside, he gave free rein to his wickedness. The hundred officials feared him, and none dared speak of his faults. The emperor was quite aware of his faults and offenses. He calmly admonished Yifu, saying, "I hear that your sons and sons-in-law are all careless and commit many offenses. I have also covered for you and have not spoken of it publicly. You should warn and encourage them—do not let them go on this way." Yifu suddenly flushed with anger; his cheeks and neck both reddened. He said slowly, "Who told Your Majesty this?" The emperor said, "But I speak thus—why must you ask where I heard it from!" Yifu stared blankly, showed no sign of accepting blame, and walked away at an unhurried pace. The emperor also treated him with forbearance. Earlier, the ceremonial regulations for the Five Rites, handed down from former ages, included both auspicious and inauspicious rites in full. Academicians Xiao Chucai and Kong Zhiyue of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices held that the imperial mourning rites, as preparations for inauspicious events, were not what subjects should speak of. Yifu deeply agreed with this. Thereupon he had them all deleted and burned. After Yifu had risen to high rank, he also declared that his family originally came from Zhao Commandery and began to arrange senior and junior relations with various members of the Li clan. Many rascals who attached themselves to him, relying on his power, bowed and called him elder brother or uncle. Attendant Li Chongde had at first also joined him in arranging their clan genealogy, but when Yifu was demoted to Prefect of Puzhou, Chongde was immediately struck from the roll. Yifu heard of this and bore a grudge. When he again became chief minister, he had charges fabricated against Chongde, who was thrown into prison and took his own life. Earlier, during the Zhenguan era, Emperor Taizong ordered Gao Shilian, Wei Ting, Cen Wenti, Linghu Defen, and other officials, together with scholars versed in distinguished clans from across the realm, to compile the Genealogies of Clans. The work ran to a hundred scrolls, and its rankings were widely judged fair. It was distributed to all prefectures and preserved as a permanent standard. Ashamed that his family had for generations lacked renown, Yifu memorialized to revise the work and entrusted Kong Zhiyue, Yang Renqing, Shi Xuandao, and Lü Cai with a full revision. Zhiyue and the others then established a rule: "In our dynasty, all who obtain office of the fifth rank are to be entered among the gentry." Thereupon soldiers who through military merit reached the fifth rank were all entered in the register, which was renamed the Register of Surnames. Because of this, many gentry and scholar-officials were ashamed to be listed in it and called the book the "Merit Register." Yifu also memorialized to collect all copies of the Genealogies of Clans throughout the realm and burn them. The old families of Wei and Qi east of the Pass, though fallen from power, still prided themselves on their standing and married only among themselves. When Yifu failed to secure a marriage for his son, he memorialized that the seven great families, including the Li of Longxi, must not intermarry with one another.
10
使便 婿簿
The yin-yang diviner Du Yuanji read the qi of Yifu's residence and said, "Your house bears the qi of imprisonment; only by spending twenty million cash from your hoard can the omen be overcome." Yifu believed him and extorted wealth all the more ruthlessly. While in mourning for his mother, Yifu was granted leave to weep on the first and fifteenth of each month, yet he would don ordinary dress and go out with Yuanji at dawn to the east of the city, climb an ancient tomb to observe the omens, and utterly abandon mourning propriety. Because of this everyone said he was watching for omens of disaster and secretly harbored treasonous designs. Yifu also sent his son Jin, a Right Secretariat Discussant, to summon Yan, grandson of Zhangsun Wuji, and told him, "I will secure you an office; the edict will issue in a few days." Five days later Yan was indeed appointed Director of the Ferry Office, and Jin then took seven hundred strings of cash from him. Thereupon Yang Xingying, a military adjutant of the Right Golden Guards, memorialized detailing Yifu's crimes. An edict ordered Liu Xiangdao and the attending censor for detailed punishment to investigate jointly, with Sikong Li Ji supervising. The investigation substantiated every charge, and an edict declared: "Right Chancellor, Acting Chief Administrator of the Prince of Yin's household, Duke of Hejian Commandery Li Yifu leaked words from within the forbidden precincts and sold imperial favor for personal gain; he consorted with diviners and treated lightly the mourning rites due on the first and fifteenth of the month; he hoarded wickedness and amassed corrupt wealth, truly staining the dignity of office; his wickedness ripened and he envied the worthy, greatly harming the conduct of government. Because he has served for many years, We cannot bear to impose the heaviest punishment at once; he should be cast off to a distant place to restore order at court. His name is struck from the rolls and he is exiled for life to Xizhou. His son Jin, a Right Secretariat Discussant of the Heir Apparent, relied solely on his father's power, rarely showed restraint, devoted himself to lewdness, was insatiable in bribes, consorted with improper persons, and secretly reported confidential matters. He too should be clearly punished and banished to the wild borderlands. His name is struck from the rolls and he is exiled for life to Zhenzhou." Yifu's second son Qia, his son Yang, and his son-in-law Liu Yuanzhen all relied on his power to accept bribes and were likewise struck from the rolls and exiled for life to Yanzhou. Court and country alike rejoiced. People of the time said, "In this great Tang year, the four wicked clans are at last punished." The four wicked ones referred to Qia, Liu Yuanzhen, and the others—four men in all. Someone composed a field dispatch entitled "Campaign Marshal Liu Xiangdao of the Hejian Circuit Defeats the Great Bandit Li Yifu of Copper Mountain" and posted it in the public streets. Yifu had earlier seized many people's slaves and servants; when he fell, they all scattered at once and each returned home. The dispatch's line about "mixing slaves and servants and releasing them in disorder, each recognizing his home and rushing to enter" referred to this. In 666 a general amnesty was proclaimed, but those exiled for life were not permitted to return. Yifu, aggrieved and indignant, fell ill and died at somewhat over fifty years of age. His collected writings ran to thirty scrolls and were transmitted to later ages; he also wrote Records of Official Travel in twenty scrolls, which were soon lost. After Yifu was exiled, court officials lived in constant fear that he might return; when they heard of his death, they were at last at ease.
11
The youngest son, Zhan
12
殿 殿 殿 殿 宿 滿
Zhan, Yifu's youngest son, was at the age of six appointed Literary Scholar of the Prince of Zhou because of his father's eminence. Early in the Shenlong era he rose to Right Regular Attendant and inherited the title Duke of Hejian Commandery. When Zhang Jianzhi, Vice Director of the Phoenix Pavilion, planned to execute the Zhang Yizhi brothers, he appointed Zhan General of the Left Feathered Forest and ordered him, together with Jing Hui and others, to petition the crown prince and explain the plan in full. The crown prince consented. When the troops set out, Zhan and Li Duozuo, General-in-Chief of the Right Feathered Forest, went to the Eastern Palace to bring out the crown prince, who refused to come out promptly. Zhan stepped forward and said, "These rebels violate the Way and plot treason; the altars of state stand on the brink of ruin—this is a matter of moments. We generals, together with the officials of the Southern Yamen, have set a date to strike them down. We humbly beg Your Highness to come at once to the Xuanwu Gate and fulfill the people's hope." The crown prince said, "These wicked men are rebellious and deserve execution, yet the sacred person is unwell and I fear there may be alarm. You gentlemen must stop for now and wait for a later opportunity." Zhan said, "These generals have abandoned their families and, together with the chief minister, exert all their strength to save the realm. How can Your Highness fail to pity their earnest devotion and instead wish to cast them into the cauldron? Our slight lives are not worth cherishing, but Your Highness must come out at once to restrain the situation." The crown prince thereupon spurred his horse and set out. Zhan followed to the Xuanwu Gate, broke through the barrier, and led his troops straight to the Everlasting Life Hall where Empress Zetian lay, surrounding it with guards. He reported, "We received orders to execute the traitors Yizhi and Changzong. Fearing a leak, we could not report in advance and rashly brought troops into the forbidden inner quarters—this is our crime deserving death." Empress Zetian said to Zhan, "Are you also one of the generals sent to execute Yizhi? I have shown your father and you no small favor—how could it come to this!" Empress Zetian was moved to the Shangyang Palace, and Zhan was left behind to stand guard. When Emperor Zhongzong took the throne, Zhan was appointed General of the Right Feathered Forest, ennobled as Duke of Zhao, and granted enfeoffment in actual households totaling five hundred. Soon afterward he was appointed Left Regular Attendant and later rose to General-in-Chief of the Left Army Guard. He died early in the Kaiyuan era. Cui Yixuan has a separate biography.
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The historian says:
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The historian says: Xu of Gaoyang in the Wude era was already a guest whom Emperor Taizong brought into his household. For nearly thirty years his rank never rose above a departmental director; yet Ma Zhou and Liu Ji, who began as humble travelers, within six or seven years both reached the chief ministership. Examining their conduct and achievements, Gaoyang's literary learning was grand and profound, which Zhou and Ji could not surpass; yet the reason Emperor Taizong favored them so differently was truly that Gaoyang's talent was superior but his conduct was wanting. When the succession fell to a dull and dim ruler, with favored concubines and wicked ministers, he attached himself to wolves and schemed for the pivot of power—the viciousness of a man can reach even to this. What Confucius called "though he has the talent of the Duke of Zhou, he is not worth observing." Yifu's literary thought was precise and subtle—what people call "the orangutan can speak"—how base!
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The eulogy says: Literary gentlemen of the Zhenguan era—Gaoyang and Hejian. Their images were painted in the academic halls; they stained their brushes on the mountain of books. They advanced through the brush and obtained position through wickedness. Giving wings to a tiger—how then could they show their faces?
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