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許敬宗
Xu Jingzong
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許敬宗,杭州新城人,隋禮部侍郎善心子也。 其先自高陽南渡,世仕江左。 敬宗幼善屬文,舉秀才,授淮陽郡司法書佐,俄直謁者台,奏通事舍人事。 江都之難,善心為宇文化及所害。 敬宗流轉,投於李密,密以為元帥府記室,與魏徵同為管記。 武德初,赤牒擬漣州別駕。 太宗聞其名,召補秦府學士。 貞觀八年,累除著作郎,兼修國史,遷中書舍人。 十年,文德皇后崩,百官縗絰。 率更令歐陽詢狀貌醜異,眾或指之,敬宗見而大笑,為御史所劾,左授洪州都督府司馬。 累遷給事中,兼修國史。 十七年,以修《武德》、《貞觀實錄》成,封高陽縣男,賜物八百段,權檢校黃門侍郎。 高宗在春宮,遷太子右庶子。 十九年,太宗親伐高麗,皇太子定州監國,敬宗與高士廉等共知機要。 中書令岑文本卒於行所,令敬宗以本官檢校中書侍郎。 太宗大破遼賊於駐蹕山,敬宗立於馬前受旨草詔書,詞彩甚麗,深見嗟賞。 先是,庶人承乾廢黜,宮僚多被除削,久未收敘。 敬宗上表曰:「臣聞先王慎罰,務在於恤刑,往哲寬仁,義在於宥過。 聖人之道,莫尚於茲。 竊見廢官,五品以上,除名棄斥,頗歷歲時。 但庶人疇昔之年,身處不疑之地,苞藏悖逆,陰結宰臣,所預奸謀,多連宗戚。 禍生慮表,非可防萌,宮內官僚,迥無關預。 今乃投鼠及器,孰謂無冤? 焚山毀玉,稍同遷怒。 伏尋先典,例有可原。 昔吳國陪臣,則爰絲不坐於劉濞; 昌邑中尉,則王吉免緣於海昏。 譬諸欒布,乃策名於彭越; 比乎田叔,亦委質於張敖。 主以凶逆,陷其誅夷; 臣以賢良,荷彼收擢。 歷觀往代,此類尤多。 近者有隋,又遵斯義。 楊勇之廢,罪止加於佞人,李綱之徒,皆不預於刑網。 古今裁其折衷,史籍稱為美談。 而今張玄素、令狐德棻、趙弘智、裴宣機、蕭鈞等,並砥節勵操,有雅望於當朝; 經明行修,播令名於天下。 或以直言而遭箠撲,或以忤意而見猜嫌,一概雷同,並罹天憲,恐於王道,傷在未弘。」 由是玄素等稍得敘用。 二十一年,加銀青光祿大夫。
Xu Jingzong, a native of Xincheng in Hangzhou, was the son of Shanxin, Vice Minister of Rites under the Sui. His forebears had migrated south from Gaoyang and for generations served in office in the Jiangzuo region. Jingzong showed literary talent from an early age. After passing the xiucai examination he was made Judicial Assistant of Huaiyang Commandery, and soon afterward served at the Office of Imperial Reception, handling matters as a Tongshi Sheren. During the upheaval at Jiangdu, Shanxin was killed by Yuwen Huaji. Jingzong wandered in exile and attached himself to Li Mi, who appointed him Recorder of the Marshal's Headquarters. He and Wei Zheng both served as administrative recorders. Early in the Wude reign, a red nomination slip proposed him for Vice Prefect of Lianzhou. When Emperor Taizong heard of him, he summoned Jingzong to serve as an academician in the Prince of Qin's household. In 634 he was promoted in succession to Compiler, concurrently edited the National History, and was appointed Secretariat Drafter. In 636, when Empress Wende died, all officials wore hemp mourning dress. Ouyang Xun, Director of the Imperial Workshops, had a grotesque appearance, and people in the crowd would point at him. Jingzong saw this and burst out laughing. The censors impeached him, and he was demoted to Military Assistant under the Hongzhou Area Command. He was later promoted to Attendant and again served as an editor of the National History. In 643, for completing the Veritable Records of the Wude and Zhenguan reigns, he was enfeoffed as Baron of Gaoyang, rewarded with eight hundred lengths of goods, and given acting appointment as Vice Director of the Yellow Gate. While Gaozong was still crown prince, Jingzong was appointed Right Vice Director of the Crown Prince's Household. In 645, when Emperor Taizong campaigned in person against Goguryeo, the crown prince remained at Dingzhou to supervise the realm. Jingzong, together with Gao Shilian and others, jointly handled state secrets. Chief Minister Cen Wenti died on campaign, and Jingzong was ordered to serve as acting Vice Director of the Secretariat while keeping his original post. At Mount Zhubi the emperor won a great victory over the Liao forces. Jingzong stood before his horse, received his instructions, and drafted an edict on the spot. The prose was splendid, and the emperor greatly praised him. Earlier, after the deposed former crown prince Chengqian had been cast aside, many of his palace staff had been dismissed and stripped of rank, and for a long time had not been restored to office. Jingzong submitted a memorial saying, "I have heard that the ancient kings were cautious in imposing punishments and strove to temper justice with mercy, while the sages of old were generous and humane and held that faults should be forgiven. Among the principles of the sages, none ranks higher than this. I observe that dismissed officials of the fifth rank and above, whose names were struck from the rolls and who were cast out, have already endured many years in exile. Yet in years past the deposed prince, though occupying a position that should have been above suspicion, harbored rebellion, secretly conspired with chief ministers, and in the plots in which he took part many of his kinsmen were implicated. The disaster arose beyond what could have been foreseen and could not have been stopped at the outset; the palace officials had no part in it whatsoever. Yet now, in striking at the rat, the vessel is damaged as well—who can say there is no injustice in this? To burn the mountain and destroy the jade is much like venting one's anger on the innocent. Upon examining the ancient statutes, I find that precedent allows for pardon. In former times, among the attendant ministers of Wu, Yuan Si was not punished for the crime of Liu Pi; and Wang Ji, Commandant of Changyi, was exempted from implication in the case of the Marquis of Haihun. Compare Luan Bu, who made his name while serving Peng Yue; or Tian Shu, who likewise pledged his service to Zhang Ao. Their lords, because of treason and rebellion, were executed and destroyed; yet these ministers, because of their worth and integrity, were taken into service and promoted. Looking back through the ages, such cases are especially numerous. Even in recent times the Sui followed this same principle. When Yang Yong was deposed, punishment fell only on the flatterers; men such as Li Gang were not caught in the net of the law. Ancient and modern alike have judged this the balanced course, and the histories praise it as a fine example. Yet now Zhang Xuansu, Linghu Defen, Zhao Hongzhi, Pei Xuanji, Xiao Jun, and others all hold fast to integrity and enjoy refined repute at court; they are versed in the classics and cultivated in conduct, and their good names are known throughout the realm. Some because of blunt speech were beaten, others because they displeased the throne met with suspicion—treated all alike, they alike fell under imperial punishment. This may harm the kingly way, for the injury lies in its lack of magnanimity." Thereupon Xuansu and the others were gradually restored to office. In 647 he was given the additional title Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness.
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高宗嗣位,代於志寧為禮部尚書。 敬宗嫁女與蠻酋馮盎之子,多納金寶,為有司所劾,左授鄭州刺史。 永徽三年,入為衛尉卿,加弘文館學士,兼修國史。 六年,復拜禮部尚書,高宗將廢皇后王氏而立武昭儀,敬宗特贊成其計。 長孫無忌、褚遂良、韓瑗等並直言忤旨,敬宗與李義府潛加誣構,並流死於嶺外。 顯慶元年,加太子賓客,尋冊拜侍中,監修國史。 三年,進封郡公,尋贈其父善心為冀州刺史。 高宗因於古長安城遊覽,問侍臣曰:「朕觀故城舊基,宮室似與百姓雜居,自秦、漢已來,幾代都此?」 敬宗對曰:「秦都咸陽,郭邑連跨渭水,故云『渭水貫都,以象天河。』 至漢惠帝始築此城,其後苻堅、姚萇、後周並都之。」 帝又問:「昆明池是漢武帝何年中開鑿?」 敬宗對曰:「武帝遣使通西南夷,而為昆明滇池所閉,欲伐昆明國,故因鎬之舊澤,以穿此池,用習水戰,元狩三年事也。」 帝因令敬宗與弘文館學士具檢秦、漢已來歷代宮室處所以奏。 其年,代李義府為中書令,任遇之重,當朝莫比。 龍朔二年,從新令改為右相,加光祿大夫。 三年,冊拜太子少師、同東西台三品,並依舊監修國史。 乾封初,以敬宗年老,不能行步,特令與司空李勣,每朝日各乘小馬入禁門至內省。
When Emperor Gaozong succeeded to the throne, Jingzong replaced Yu Zhining as Minister of Rites. Jingzong gave his daughter in marriage to the son of the tribal chieftain Feng Ang and accepted large gifts of gold and treasure. The authorities impeached him, and he was demoted to Prefect of Zhengzhou. In 652 he returned to the capital as Commandant of the Guards, was made an academician of the Hongwen Hall, and again edited the National History. In 655 he was again appointed Minister of Rites. When Gaozong planned to depose Empress Wang and elevate Lady Wu, Jingzong strongly supported the scheme. Zhangsun Wuji, Chu Suiliang, Han Yuan, and others all spoke bluntly against the emperor's will. Jingzong and Li Yifu secretly fabricated charges against them, and they were all exiled and died in the far south. In 656 he was made Guest of the Crown Prince, and soon afterward was appointed Palace Attendant and put in charge of editing the National History. In 658 he was advanced to Duke of a commandery, and soon his father Shanxin was posthumously granted the title Prefect of Jizhou. While touring the old city of Chang'an, Gaozong asked his ministers, "When I look at the old foundations here, the palaces seem to have been mixed in with the common people. Since the Qin and Han, how many dynasties have made this their capital?" Jingzong replied, "The Qin made their capital at Xianyang, and the outer city stretched across the Wei River. Hence the saying, 'The Wei River runs through the capital, symbolizing the River of Heaven. It was only under Emperor Hui of Han that this city was first built. Afterward Fu Jian, Yao Chang, and the Later Zhou all made it their capital." The emperor asked again, "In which year of Emperor Wu of Han was Kunming Pool excavated?" Jingzong replied, "Emperor Wu sent envoys to open relations with the southwestern tribes, but they were blocked at Dian Lake by the Kunming people. Wishing to attack the state of Kunming, he used the old marshlands of the Hao region to excavate this pool for naval training. This took place in 120 BCE, the third year of Yuanshuo." The emperor then ordered Jingzong and the Hongwen Hall academicians to research fully the sites of palaces of successive dynasties since the Qin and Han and submit a report. That year he replaced Li Yifu as Chief Minister of the Secretariat, and the favor shown him was unmatched at court. In 662, under the new statutes, he was redesignated Right Chancellor and given the additional title Grand Master of Splendid Happiness. In 663 he was formally appointed Junior Tutor of the Crown Prince and Associate of the Third Rank of the Eastern and Western Offices, and as before supervised the editing of the National History. Early in the Qianfeng era, because Jingzong was elderly and could no longer walk, he and Sikong Li Ji were specially permitted each court day to ride small horses through the forbidden gate to the Inner Secretariat.
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敬宗自掌知國史,記事阿曲。 初,虞世基與敬宗父善心同為宇文化及所害,封德彝時為內史舍人,備見其事,因謂人曰:「世基被誅,世南匍匐而請代; 善心之死,敬宗舞蹈以求生。」 人以為口實,敬宗深銜之,及為德彝立傳,盛加其罪惡。 敬宗嫁女與左監門大將軍錢九隴,本皇家隸人,敬宗貪財與婚,乃為九隴曲敘門閥,妄加功績,並升與劉文靜、長孫順德同卷。 敬宗為子娶尉遲寶琳孫女為妻,多得賂遺,及作寶琳父敬德傳,悉為隱諸過咎。 太宗作《威鳳賦》以賜長孫無忌,敬宗改雲賜敬德。 白州人龐孝泰,蠻酋凡品,率兵從征高麗,賊知其懦,襲破之。 敬宗又納其寶貨,稱孝泰頻破賊徒,斬獲數萬。 漢將驍健者,唯蘇定方與龐孝泰耳,曹繼叔、劉伯英皆出其下。 虛美隱惡如此! 初,高祖、太宗兩朝實錄,其敬播所修者,頗多詳直,敬宗又輒以己愛憎曲事刪改,論者尤之。 然自貞觀已來,朝廷所修《五代史》及《晉書》、《東殿新書》、《西域圖志》、《文思博要》、《文館詞林》、《累璧》、《瑤山玉彩》《姓氏錄》、《新禮》,皆總知其事,前後賞賚,不可勝紀。 敬宗好色無度。 其長子昂頗有才藻,歷位太子舍人。 母裴氏早卒。 裴侍婢有姿色,敬宗嬖之,以為繼室,假姓虞氏。 昂素與通,烝之不絕,敬宗怒黜虞氏,加昂以不孝,奏請流於嶺外。 顯慶中,表乞昂還,除虔化令,尋卒。 咸亨元年,抗表乞骸骨,詔聽致仕,仍加特進,俸祿如舊。 三年薨,年八十一。 高宗為之舉哀,廢朝三日,詔文武百官就第赴哭,冊贈開府儀同三司、揚州大都督,陪葬昭陵。 文集八十捲。 太常將定謚,博士袁思古議曰:「敬宗位以才升,歷居清級,然棄長子於荒徼,嫁少女於夷落。 聞《詩》學《禮》,事絕於趨庭; 納采問名,唯聞於黷貨。 白圭斯玷,有累清塵,易名之典,須憑實行。 按謚法『名與實爽曰繆』,請謚為『繆』。」 敬宗孫、太子舍人彥伯不勝其恥,與思古大相忿競,又稱思古與許氏先有嫌隙,請改謚官。 太常博士王福畤議曰:「謚者,飾終之稱也,得失一朝,榮辱千載。 若使嫌隙是實,即合據法推繩; 如其不虧直道,義不可奪,官不可侵。 二三其德,何以言禮? 福畤忝當官守,匪躬之故。 若順風阿意,背直從曲,更是甲令虛設,將謂禮院無人,何以激揚雅道,顧視同列! 請依思古謚議為定。」 戶部尚書戴至德謂福畤曰:「高陽公任遇如此,何以定謚為『繆』?」 答曰:「昔晉司空何曾薨,太常博士秦秀謚為繆丑公。 何曾既忠且孝,徒以日食萬錢,所以貶為繆丑。 況敬宗忠孝不逮於曾,飲食男女之累,有逾於何氏,而謚之為『繆』,無負於許氏矣。」 時有詔令尚書省五品已上重議,禮部尚書袁思敬議稱:「按謚法『既過能改曰恭』,請謚曰『恭』。」 詔從其議。 彥伯,昂之子,起家著作郎。 敬宗末年文筆,多令彥伯代作。 又納婢妾讒言,奏流於嶺表,後遇赦得還,除太子舍人。 早卒,有集十捲。
Once Jingzong took charge of the National History, he recorded events in a flattering and distorted manner. Earlier, Yu Shiji and Jingzong's father Shanxin were both killed by Yuwen Huaji. Feng Deyi, then a Secretariat drafter, witnessed the whole affair and said to others, "When Shiji was executed, Shinan crawled prostrate to beg to die in his place; when Shanxin was killed, Jingzong danced and capered to beg for his life." People repeated this as a byword, and Jingzong deeply resented it. When he wrote Deyi's biography, he greatly exaggerated his crimes and wickedness. Jingzong gave his daughter in marriage to Qian Jiulong, General of the Left Gate Guards, who had originally been an imperial bondservant. Greedy for money, Jingzong entered the marriage and then falsified Jiulong's lineage, invented achievements for him, and placed his biography in the same scroll as those of Liu Wenjing and Zhangsun Shunde. Jingzong had his son marry the granddaughter of Yuchi Baolin and accepted many bribes from the family. When he wrote the biography of Baolin's father Jingde, he concealed all their faults. Emperor Taizong had composed the "Rhapsody on the Majestic Phoenix" to bestow on Zhangsun Wuji, but Jingzong altered the record to say it had been bestowed on Jingde. Pang Xiaotai of Baizhou, a tribal chieftain of ordinary rank, led troops on the campaign against Goguryeo. The enemy knew he was timid, attacked him, and routed his force. Jingzong again accepted bribes from him and reported that Xiaotai had repeatedly defeated the enemy and killed or captured tens of thousands. Among valiant Han generals, only Su Dingfang and Pang Xiaotai were his equals, while Cao Jishu and Liu Boying were beneath him. Such was the extent of his false praise and concealment of wrongdoing! Earlier, in the Veritable Records of the Gaozu and Taizong reigns, the portions compiled by Xu Jingbo were in many places detailed and straightforward, but Jingzong repeatedly revised events according to his own likes and dislikes, and critics especially condemned him for this. Yet from the Zhenguan era onward, he was placed in overall charge of such court compilations as the History of the Five Dynasties, the Book of Jin, the New Book of the Eastern Hall, the Gazetteer of the Western Regions, the Comprehensive Digest of Literary Thought, the Forest of Literary Phrases of the Literary Hall, the Accumulated Jade, the Jade Splendor of Mount Yao, the Register of Surnames, and the New Rites, and the rewards he received before and after are beyond counting. Jingzong was licentious beyond measure. His eldest son Ang was quite gifted in letters and rose to the post of Attendant of the Crown Prince. His mother, Lady Pei, had died early. A maidservant of the Pei household was beautiful, and Jingzong favored her, made her his successor wife, and gave her the false surname Yu. Ang had long been intimate with her and continued the affair without cease. Jingzong in anger dismissed Lady Yu, charged Ang with unfilial conduct, and memorialized requesting his exile to the far south. During the Xianqing era he memorialized asking that Ang be recalled, appointed him Magistrate of Qianhua, and Ang soon died. In 670 he submitted a memorial asking to retire on account of age. The emperor permitted him to leave office, granted him the special advancement rank, and kept his salary unchanged. In 672 he died at the age of eighty-one. Gaozong mourned for him, suspended court for three days, and ordered civil and military officials to go to his residence to wail. He was posthumously granted Grand Master of the Palace with Golden Seal and Ribbon of the First Rank and Area Commander-in-Chief of Yangzhou, and was buried with honor at Zhaoling. His collected writings ran to eighty scrolls. When the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was about to fix his posthumous name, Academician Yuan Sigu proposed, "Jingzong rose through talent and long held a high office, yet he abandoned his eldest son in the wild borderlands and gave his young daughter in marriage to a barbarian settlement. To hear the Odes and study the Rites—such things ended at the courtyard gate; in betrothal gifts and asking the bride's name, one hears only of bribes. The white jade has its stain and mars his fair reputation; the canon of posthumous naming must rely on actual conduct. According to the canon of posthumous names, 'when name and reality diverge, the name is Miu,' and I request the posthumous name Miu." Jingzong's grandson Yanbo, Attendant of the Crown Prince, could not bear the shame and quarreled fiercely with Sigu. He also claimed that Sigu had long borne a grudge against the Xu clan and requested that different officials be assigned to fix the posthumous name. Academician Wang Fuchou of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices proposed, "A posthumous name is the title that adorns a man's end; gain and loss last but a morning, yet honor and shame endure a thousand ages. If the grudge is real, then the law should be applied and punishment pursued; if he has not failed the straight path, then righteousness cannot be set aside, nor may his office be encroached upon. To be of two minds in virtue—how can one speak of ritual propriety? Fuchou, though unworthy, holds this office and must not fail in his duty. If one follows the wind and flatters power, turning one's back on the straight and following the crooked, the statutes become a dead letter and the Court of Rites is shown to have no men of integrity. How then could one inspire the refined way and face one's colleagues! I request that Sigu's posthumous-name proposal be adopted as final." Minister of Revenue Dai Zhide said to Fuchou, "The Duke of Gaoyang received such favor and appointment—how can his posthumous name be fixed as Miu?" He replied, "In former times, when He Zeng, Minister of Works of Jin, died, Academician Qin Xiu of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices gave him the posthumous name Duke Miu Chou. He Zeng was both loyal and filial, yet solely because he spent ten thousand cash a day on food, he was given the demeaning name Miu Chou. Jingzong falls far short of Zeng in loyalty and filial piety, while his indulgence in food, drink, and women exceeds even the He clan—yet to give him the posthumous name Miu does the Xu clan no injustice." At that time an edict ordered officials of the fifth rank and above in the Ministry of State Affairs to deliberate again. Minister of Rites Yuan Sijing proposed, "According to the canon of posthumous names, 'having faults but able to reform is called Gong,' and I request the posthumous name Gong." An edict followed his proposal. Yanbo, the son of Ang, began his career as an Editing Clerk. In Xu Jingzong's last years, Yanbo was often asked to draft his compositions for him. He also took in a maidservant concubine who spread slander against him; a memorial had him exiled to the far south. After an amnesty allowed his return, he was appointed Attendant of the Heir Apparent. He died young, leaving a collected writings in ten scrolls.
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李義府
Li Yifu
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李義府,瀛州饒陽人也。 其祖為梓州射洪縣丞,因家於永泰。 貞觀八年,劍南道巡察大使李大亮以義府善屬文,表薦之。 對策擢第,補門下省典儀。 黃門侍郎劉洎、侍書御史馬周皆稱薦之,尋除監察御史。 又敕義府以本官兼侍晉王。 及升春宮,除太子舍人,加崇賢館直學士,與太子司議郎來濟俱以文翰見知,時稱來、李。 義府嘗獻《承華箴》,其辭曰:
Li Yifu was a native of Raoyang in Ying Prefecture. His grandfather had served as assistant magistrate of Shehong County in Zizhou, and the family thereafter made its home at Yongtai. In the eighth year of Zhenguan, Li Daliang, touring inspector of the Jiannan Circuit, recommended Yifu in a memorial, citing his skill at literary composition. He placed at the top of the palace examination and was appointed Ceremonial Officer in the Chancellery. Vice Director of the Chancellery Liu Ji and Palace Secretariat Censor Ma Zhou both praised and recommended him, and he was soon appointed Investigating Censor. An edict also ordered Yifu to retain his original post while serving concurrently as attendant to Prince Jin. When the prince entered the Eastern Palace, Yifu was appointed Attendant of the Heir Apparent and additionally Direct Academician of the Chongxian Hall. He and Lai Ji, Reviewer of Memorials for the Heir Apparent, were both known for their literary talent; at the time they were called Lai and Li. Yifu once presented the Admonition on Upholding Splendor (Chenghua Zhen); its text reads:
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邃初冥昧,元氣氤氳。 二儀始闡,三才既分。 司乾立宰,出《震》為君。 化昭淳樸,道映典墳。 功成揖讓,事極華、勳。 肇興夏啟,降及姬文。 咸資繼德,永樹高芬。 百代沿襲,千齡奉聖。 粵若我後,丕承寶命。 允穆三階,爰齊七政。 時雍化洽,風移俗盛。 載崇國本,式延家慶。 《震》維標德,《離》警體正。 寄切宗祧,事隆監撫。 思皇茂則,敬詢端輔。 業光啟、誦,藝優干羽。 九載崇儒,三朝問豎,歷選儲儀,遺文在斯。 望試登俎,高諭喬枝。 俯容思順,非禮無施。 前修盛業,來哲通規。 飭躬是蹈,則叡問風馳; 立志或爽,則玄猷日虧。 無恃尊極,修途難測; 無恃親賢,失德靡全。 勿輕小善,積小而名自聞; 勿輕微行,累微而身自正。 佞諛有類,邪巧多方。 其萌不絕,其害必彰。 監言斯屏,儲業攸昌。 竊惟令嗣,有殊前事。 雖以貴以賢,而非長非次。 皇明眷德,超倫作貳。 匪懋聲華,莫酬恩異。 匪崇徽烈,莫符天志。 勉之又勉,光茲守器。 下臣司箴,敢告近侍。
In the utter beginning all was dark and obscure, and primordial breath swirled in mist. Heaven and Earth first unfolded, and the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Man were set apart. Heaven ordained governance and raised up the sovereign; from the hexagram Zhen the ruler emerges—as eldest son and heir. Civilizing influence reveals simplicity and purity; the Way is reflected in the canonical texts. When merit is complete, the throne is yielded in abdication; the model reaches its height with Yao and Shun. It began with Qi of Xia and descended to King Wen of Zhou. All rely on inheriting virtue and forever plant their lofty renown. For a hundred generations the succession has endured; for a thousand ages the sage has been revered. Thus our sovereign, grandly inheriting the precious Mandate of Heaven— has brought true harmony to the three ranks and aligned himself with the seven regulators of Heaven. Universal harmony pervades; customs shift and the age flourishes. He uplifts the foundation of the state and extends the fortune of the royal house. The hexagram Zhen marks the crown prince's virtue; the hexagram Li warns him to keep his conduct correct. His charge touches the ancestral line; his office is to oversee and nurture the realm. Bear in mind the sovereign's abundant norms; respectfully seek counsel from upright ministers. Let your achievements shine like those of Qi and Song; let your arts excel as in the Shield-and-Axe Dance. Nine years honoring the Confucian tradition, thrice at court questioning the learned—regulations for the heir have been chosen through the ages, and the legacy texts remain with us. Look to trial upon the ritual altar; let lofty instruction reach the towering branch. Bow in humility and think of compliance; let nothing unfitting be done. The great achievements of former worthies, the universal standards of sages to come— if you discipline your person and follow their path, then sagely inquiry will come swift as the wind; if your resolve should falter, then your deep designs will daily fall away. Do not trust in supreme rank—the upward path is hard to measure; do not trust in closeness to the virtuous—lose virtue and none of you is whole. Do not slight small acts of goodness; gather them and your name will rise of itself; do not slight slight conduct; accumulate it and your person will be set right of itself. Flattery and sycophancy come in kinds; crooked cunning takes many forms. If their sprouts are not cut off, their harm is sure to show. When such words are barred from the heir's ear, his charge will flourish. I humbly consider our heir apparent: his case differs from those before. Though honored for rank and virtue, he is neither the eldest son nor next in order of birth. The imperial grace, cherishing his virtue, set him above his peers as heir to the throne. Unless he cultivates brilliance and fame, how can he repay this extraordinary favor? Unless he elevates his fine virtue, how can he match Heaven's intent? Strive and strive again—glorify your charge as guardian of the vessel of state! Your humble minister, charged with admonition, dares to address those who attend him closely.
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太子表上其文,優詔賜帛四十匹,又令預撰《晉書》。 高宗嗣位,遷中書舍人。 永徽二年,兼修國史,加弘文館學士。 高宗將立武昭儀為皇后,義府嘗密申協贊,尋擢拜中書侍郎、同中書門下三品,監修國史,賜爵廣平縣男。
The crown prince submitted the text in a memorial. An edict of special favor granted forty bolts of silk, and Yifu was also ordered to take part in compiling the Book of Jin. When Emperor Gaozong succeeded to the throne, Yifu was transferred to Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat. In the second year of Yonghui he was additionally charged with compiling the national history and was made Academician of the Hongwen Hall. When Emperor Gaozong was about to install Consort Wu Zhaoyi as empress, Yifu had secretly expressed his support. Soon he was promoted to Vice Director of the Secretariat with chancellor rank, charged with supervising compilation of the national history, and granted the title Baron of Guangping County.
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義府貌狀溫恭,與人語必嬉怡微笑,而褊忌陰賊。 既處權要,欲人附己,微忤意者,輒加傾陷。 故時人言義府笑中有刀,又以其柔而害物,亦謂之「李貓。」 顯慶元年,以本官兼太子右庶子,進爵為侯。 有洛州婦人淳于氏,坐奸繫於大理,義府聞其姿色,囑大理丞畢正義求為別宅婦,特為雪其罪。 卿段寶玄疑其故,遽以狀聞,詔令按其事,正義惶懼自縊而死。 侍御史王義方廷奏義府犯狀,因言其初容貌為劉洎、馬周所幸,由此得進,言詞猥褻。 帝怒,出義方為萊州司戶,而不問義府奸濫之罪。 義府云:「王御史妄相彈奏,得無愧乎?」 義方對云:「仲尼為魯司寇七日,誅少正卯於兩觀之下; 義方任御史旬有六日,不能去奸邪於雙闕之前,實以為愧。」 尋兼太子左庶子。 二年,代崔敦禮為中書令,兼檢校御史大夫,監修國史、學士並如故。 尋加太子賓客,進封河間郡公。 三年,又追贈其父德晟為魏州刺史,諸子孩抱者並列清官,詔為造甲第,榮寵莫之能比。 而義府貪冒無厭,與母、妻及諸子、女婿賣官鬻獄,其門如市。 多引腹心,廣樹朋黨,傾動朝野。 初,杜正倫為中書侍郎,義府時任典儀,至是乃與正倫同為中書令。 正倫每以先進自處,不下義府,而中書侍郎李友益密與正倫共圖議義府,更相伺察。 義府知而密令人封奏其事。 正倫與義府訟於上前,各有曲直。 上以大臣不和,兩責之,左貶義府為普州刺史,正倫為橫州刺史,友益配流峰州。 四年,復召義府兼吏部尚書、同中書門下三品,自余官封如故。 龍朔元年,丁母憂去職。 二年,起復為司列太常伯、同東西台三品。 義府尋請改葬其祖父,營墓於永康陵側。 三原令李孝節私課丁夫車牛,為其載土築墳,晝夜不息。 於是高陵、櫟陽、富平、雲陽、華原、同官、涇陽等七縣,以孝節之故,懼不得已,悉課丁車赴役。 高陵令張敬業恭勤怯懦,不堪其勞,死於作所。 王公已下,爭致贈遺,其羽儀、導從、轜輶、器服,並窮極奢侈。 又會葬車馬祖奠供帳,自灞橋屬於三原,七十里間,相繼不絕。 武德已來,王公葬送之盛,未始有也。 義府本無藻鑑才,怙武後之勢,專以賣官為事。 銓序失次,人多怨讟。 時殷王初出閣,又以義府兼王府長史。 三年,遷右相,殷王府長史仍知選事並如故。 義府入則諂言自媚,出則肆其奸宄,百僚畏之,無敢言其過者。 帝頗知其罪失,從容誡義府云:「聞卿兒子、女婿皆不謹慎,多作罪過,我亦為卿掩覆,未即公言,卿可誡勖,勿令如此。」 義府勃然變色,腮頸俱起,徐曰:「誰向陛下道此?」 上曰:「但我言如是,何須問我所從得耶!」 義府睆然,殊不引咎,緩步而去。 上亦優容之。 初,五禮儀注,自前代相沿,吉凶畢舉。 太常博士蕭楚材、孔志約以皇室凶禮為預備凶事,非臣子所宜言之。 義府深然之。 於是悉刪而焚焉。 義府既貴之後,又自言本出趙郡,始與諸李敘昭穆,而無賴之徒苟合,藉其權勢,拜伏為兄叔者甚眾。 給事中李崇德初亦與同譜敘昭穆,及義府出為普州刺史,遂即除削。 義府聞而銜之,及重為宰相,乃令人誣構其罪,竟下獄自殺。 初,貞觀中,太宗命吏部尚書高士廉、御史大夫韋挺、中書侍郎岑文本、禮部侍郎令狐德棻等及四方士大夫諳練門閥者修《氏族志》,勒成百卷,升降去取,時稱允當,頒下諸州,藏為永式。 義府恥其家代無名,乃奏改此書,專委禮部郎中孔志約、著作郎楊仁卿、太子洗馬史玄道、太常丞呂才重修。 志約等遂立格云:「皇朝得五品官者,皆升士流。」 於是兵卒以軍功致五品者,盡入書限,更名為《姓氏錄》。 由是搢紳士大夫多恥被甄敘,皆號此書為「勳格」。 義府仍奏收天下《氏族志》本焚之。 關東魏、齊舊姓,雖皆淪替,猶相矜尚,自為婚姻。 義府為子求婚不得,乃奏隴西李等七家,不得相與為婚。
Yifu looked mild and courteous. When he spoke with others he always smiled pleasantly, yet he was narrow-minded, jealous, and secretly malicious. Once he held power, he wanted others to attach themselves to him; whoever slightly displeased him, he would at once bring down and ruin. Therefore people of the time said that Yifu had a knife hidden in his smile, and because he was soft yet harmed others, they also called him "Li the Cat." In the first year of Xianqing, retaining his original post, he was additionally made Right Assistant to the Heir Apparent and advanced in rank to marquis. There was a woman of Luozhou named Lady Chunyu, imprisoned at the Court of Judicial Review on a charge of adultery. Yifu heard of her beauty and instructed Vice Director Bi Zhengyi of the Court of Judicial Review to obtain her as a concubine for his separate residence, and specially had her crime cleared. Senior Director Duan Baoxuan suspected the reason and hurriedly reported the matter in a memorial. An edict ordered an investigation, and Zhengyi, in fear and panic, hanged himself. Attending Censor Wang Yifang memorialized in court on Yifu's offenses, and further said that at first his handsome appearance had been favored by Liu Ji and Ma Zhou, by which he had advanced; his language was obscene and lewd. The emperor was angry and sent Yifang out as registrar of Laizhou, but did not inquire into Yifu's crimes of adultery and abuse. Yifu said, "Censor Wang recklessly memorialized against me—should he not feel ashamed?" Yifang replied, "Confucius, as Minister of Crime of Lu, within seven days executed Shaozheng Mao beneath the twin watchtowers; I have served as censor for sixteen days and could not remove the wicked and corrupt before the twin palace gates—I truly feel ashamed." Soon Yifu was additionally made Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent. In the second year he replaced Cui Dunli as Director of the Secretariat, additionally serving as acting Censor-in-Chief; his charge over compilation of the national history and his status as academician remained as before. Soon he was additionally made Mentor to the Heir Apparent and advanced in enfeoffment to Duke of Hejian Commandery. In the third year his father Desheng was posthumously enfeoffed as prefect of Weizhou; all his sons, even those still in arms, were given posts in the pure offices. An edict ordered a grand mansion built for him—honor and favor none could match. Yet Yifu was greedy and insatiable. Together with his mother, wife, sons, and sons-in-law he sold offices and traded in judicial verdicts; his gate was like a market. He brought in many trusted intimates and widely planted factions, shaking court and countryside. Earlier, Du Zhenglun had been Vice Director of the Secretariat while Yifu had held the post of Ceremonial Officer; now the two of them served together as Directors of the Secretariat. Zhenglun always placed himself as the senior man and would not defer to Yifu, while Vice Director of the Secretariat Li Youyi secretly joined Zhenglun in plotting against Yifu; they watched and investigated each other in turn. Yifu learned of this and secretly had someone submit a sealed memorial reporting the affair. Zhenglun and Yifu argued their case before the emperor; each had points in his favor and against. Because the great ministers were not in harmony, the emperor rebuked them both and demoted Yifu to prefect of Puzhou and Zhenglun to prefect of Hengzhou; Youyi was sentenced to exile in Feng Prefecture. In the fourth year Yifu was recalled and additionally made Minister of the Civil Service with chancellor rank; his other offices and enfeoffments remained as before. In the first year of Longshuo he left office upon mourning for his mother. In the second year he was recalled from mourning as Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices with chancellor rank in the Eastern and Western Offices. Yifu soon requested to reinter his grandfather and built a tomb beside Yongkang Mausoleum. Magistrate Li Xiaojie of Sanyuan privately levied corvée laborers, carts, and oxen to haul earth and build the mound for him, working day and night without cease. Thereupon the seven counties of Gaoling, Liyang, Fuping, Yunyang, Huayuan, Tongguan, and Jingyang, fearing they had no choice because of Xiaojie, all levied corvée laborers and carts to go to the work. Magistrate Zhang Jingye of Gaoling, though respectful and diligent, was timid and weak and could not endure the labor; he died at the work site. From princes and dukes downward, all vied to send gifts. The ceremonial guards, escorts, carriages, and accoutrements were all pushed to the utmost extravagance. Moreover, at the joint burial the funeral carriages, roadside offerings, and provision tents stretched from Ba Bridge to Sanyuan—a distance of seventy li—unbroken in succession. Since the Wude era, the splendor of princely and ducal funerals had never been seen before. Yifu originally had no talent for discerning men. Relying on Empress Wu's power, he devoted himself solely to selling offices. The order of appointments was disrupted and many people complained and cursed. At that time Prince Yin had just left the palace precinct, and Yifu was additionally made chief administrator of the princely household. In the third year he was transferred to Right Chancellor; his post as chief administrator of the princely household and his charge over appointments remained as before. Yifu, when inside, flattered with fawning words; when outside, he gave free rein to his wickedness. The hundred officials feared him, and none dared speak of his faults. The emperor was quite aware of his faults and offenses. He calmly admonished Yifu, saying, "I hear that your sons and sons-in-law are all careless and commit many offenses. I have also covered for you and have not spoken of it publicly. You should warn and encourage them—do not let them go on this way." Yifu suddenly flushed with anger; his cheeks and neck both reddened. He said slowly, "Who told Your Majesty this?" The emperor said, "But I speak thus—why must you ask where I heard it from!" Yifu stared blankly, showed no sign of accepting blame, and walked away at an unhurried pace. The emperor also treated him with forbearance. Earlier, the ceremonial regulations for the Five Rites, handed down from former ages, included both auspicious and inauspicious rites in full. Academicians Xiao Chucai and Kong Zhiyue of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices held that the imperial mourning rites, as preparations for inauspicious events, were not what subjects should speak of. Yifu deeply agreed with this. Thereupon he had them all deleted and burned. After Yifu had risen to high rank, he also declared that his family originally came from Zhao Commandery and began to arrange senior and junior relations with various members of the Li clan. Many rascals who attached themselves to him, relying on his power, bowed and called him elder brother or uncle. Attendant Li Chongde had at first also joined him in arranging their clan genealogy, but when Yifu was demoted to Prefect of Puzhou, Chongde was immediately struck from the roll. Yifu heard of this and bore a grudge. When he again became chief minister, he had charges fabricated against Chongde, who was thrown into prison and took his own life. Earlier, during the Zhenguan era, Emperor Taizong ordered Gao Shilian, Wei Ting, Cen Wenti, Linghu Defen, and other officials, together with scholars versed in distinguished clans from across the realm, to compile the Genealogies of Clans. The work ran to a hundred scrolls, and its rankings were widely judged fair. It was distributed to all prefectures and preserved as a permanent standard. Ashamed that his family had for generations lacked renown, Yifu memorialized to revise the work and entrusted Kong Zhiyue, Yang Renqing, Shi Xuandao, and Lü Cai with a full revision. Zhiyue and the others then established a rule: "In our dynasty, all who obtain office of the fifth rank are to be entered among the gentry." Thereupon soldiers who through military merit reached the fifth rank were all entered in the register, which was renamed the Register of Surnames. Because of this, many gentry and scholar-officials were ashamed to be listed in it and called the book the "Merit Register." Yifu also memorialized to collect all copies of the Genealogies of Clans throughout the realm and burn them. The old families of Wei and Qi east of the Pass, though fallen from power, still prided themselves on their standing and married only among themselves. When Yifu failed to secure a marriage for his son, he memorialized that the seven great families, including the Li of Longxi, must not intermarry with one another.
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陰陽占候人杜元紀為義府望氣,雲「所居宅有獄氣,發積錢二千萬乃可厭勝。」 義府信之,聚斂更急切。 義府居母服,有制朔望給哭假,義府輒微服與元紀凌晨共出城東,登古冢候望,哀禮都廢。 由是人皆言其窺覘災眚,陰懷異圖。 義府又遣其子右司議郎津,召長孫無忌之孫延,謂曰:「相為得一官,數日詔書當出。」 居五日,果授延司津監,乃取延錢七百貫。 於是右金吾倉曹參軍楊行穎表言義府罪狀,制下司刑太常伯劉祥道與侍御詳刑對推其事,仍令司空李勣監焉。 按皆有實,乃下制曰:「右相、行殷王府長史、河間郡公李義府,洩禁中之語,鬻寵授之朝恩; 交占候之人,輕朔望之哀禮。 蓄邪黷貨,實玷衣冠; 稔惡嫉賢,載虧政道。 特以任使多年,未忍便加重罰,宜從遐棄,以肅朝倫。 可除名長流巂州。 其子太子右司議郎津,專恃權門,罕懷忌憚,姦淫是務,賄賂無厭,交遊非所,潛報機密,亦宜明罰,屏跡荒裔。 可除名長流振州。」 義府次子率府長史洽、千牛備身洋、子婿少府主簿柳元貞等,皆憑恃受贓,併除名長流延州。 朝野莫不稱慶,時人為之語曰:「今日巨唐年,還誅四凶族。」 四凶者,謂洽及柳元貞等四人也。 或作《河間道行軍元帥劉祥道破銅山大賊李義府露布》,榜之通衢。 義府先多取人奴婢,及敗,一時奔散,各歸其家。 《露布》稱「混奴婢而亂放,各識家而競入」者,謂此也。 乾封元年,大赦,長流人不許還,義府憂憤發疾卒,年五十餘。 文集三十捲,傳於代; 又著《宦遊記》二十捲,尋亡失。 自義府流放後,朝士常憂懼,恐其復來,及聞其死,於是始安。
The yin-yang diviner Du Yuanji read the qi of Yifu's residence and said, "Your house bears the qi of imprisonment; only by spending twenty million cash from your hoard can the omen be overcome." Yifu believed him and extorted wealth all the more ruthlessly. While in mourning for his mother, Yifu was granted leave to weep on the first and fifteenth of each month, yet he would don ordinary dress and go out with Yuanji at dawn to the east of the city, climb an ancient tomb to observe the omens, and utterly abandon mourning propriety. Because of this everyone said he was watching for omens of disaster and secretly harbored treasonous designs. Yifu also sent his son Jin, a Right Secretariat Discussant, to summon Yan, grandson of Zhangsun Wuji, and told him, "I will secure you an office; the edict will issue in a few days." Five days later Yan was indeed appointed Director of the Ferry Office, and Jin then took seven hundred strings of cash from him. Thereupon Yang Xingying, a military adjutant of the Right Golden Guards, memorialized detailing Yifu's crimes. An edict ordered Liu Xiangdao and the attending censor for detailed punishment to investigate jointly, with Sikong Li Ji supervising. The investigation substantiated every charge, and an edict declared: "Right Chancellor, Acting Chief Administrator of the Prince of Yin's household, Duke of Hejian Commandery Li Yifu leaked words from within the forbidden precincts and sold imperial favor for personal gain; he consorted with diviners and treated lightly the mourning rites due on the first and fifteenth of the month; he hoarded wickedness and amassed corrupt wealth, truly staining the dignity of office; his wickedness ripened and he envied the worthy, greatly harming the conduct of government. Because he has served for many years, We cannot bear to impose the heaviest punishment at once; he should be cast off to a distant place to restore order at court. His name is struck from the rolls and he is exiled for life to Xizhou. His son Jin, a Right Secretariat Discussant of the Heir Apparent, relied solely on his father's power, rarely showed restraint, devoted himself to lewdness, was insatiable in bribes, consorted with improper persons, and secretly reported confidential matters. He too should be clearly punished and banished to the wild borderlands. His name is struck from the rolls and he is exiled for life to Zhenzhou." Yifu's second son Qia, his son Yang, and his son-in-law Liu Yuanzhen all relied on his power to accept bribes and were likewise struck from the rolls and exiled for life to Yanzhou. Court and country alike rejoiced. People of the time said, "In this great Tang year, the four wicked clans are at last punished." The four wicked ones referred to Qia, Liu Yuanzhen, and the others—four men in all. Someone composed a field dispatch entitled "Campaign Marshal Liu Xiangdao of the Hejian Circuit Defeats the Great Bandit Li Yifu of Copper Mountain" and posted it in the public streets. Yifu had earlier seized many people's slaves and servants; when he fell, they all scattered at once and each returned home. The dispatch's line about "mixing slaves and servants and releasing them in disorder, each recognizing his home and rushing to enter" referred to this. In 666 a general amnesty was proclaimed, but those exiled for life were not permitted to return. Yifu, aggrieved and indignant, fell ill and died at somewhat over fifty years of age. His collected writings ran to thirty scrolls and were transmitted to later ages; he also wrote Records of Official Travel in twenty scrolls, which were soon lost. After Yifu was exiled, court officials lived in constant fear that he might return; when they heard of his death, they were at last at ease.
11
少子湛
The youngest son, Zhan
12
義府少子湛,年六歲時,以父貴授周王文學。 神龍初,累遷右散騎常侍,襲封河間郡公。 時鳳閣侍郎張柬之將誅張易之兄弟,遂引湛為左羽林將軍,令與敬暉等啟請皇太子,備陳將誅易之兄弟意,太子許之。 及兵發,湛與右羽林大將軍李多祚等詣東宮迎皇太子,拒而不時出,湛進啟曰:「逆豎反道亂常,將圖不軌,宗社危敗,實在須臾。 湛等諸將與南衙執事剋期誅翦,伏願殿下暫至玄武門,以副眾望。」 太子曰:「凶豎悖亂,誠合誅夷,然聖躬不豫,慮有驚動。 公等且止,以俟後圖。」 湛曰:「諸將棄家族,共宰相同心戮力,匡輔社稷,殿下奈何不哀其懇誠而欲陷之鼎鑊? 湛等微命,雖不足惜,殿下速出自止遏。」 太子乃馳馬就路。 湛從至玄武門,斬關而入,率所部兵直至則天所寢長生殿,環繞侍衛。 因奏:「臣等奉令誅逆賊易之、昌宗,恐有漏洩,遂不獲預奏,輒陳兵禁掖,是臣等死罪。」 則天謂湛曰:「卿亦是誅易之軍將耶? 我於汝父子恩不少,何至是也!」 則天移就上陽宮,因留湛宿衛。 中宗即位,拜右羽林大將軍,進封趙國公,加實封通前滿五百戶。 頃之,復授左散騎常侍,累轉左領軍衛大將軍。 開元初卒。 崔義玄別有傳。
Zhan, Yifu's youngest son, was at the age of six appointed Literary Scholar of the Prince of Zhou because of his father's eminence. Early in the Shenlong era he rose to Right Regular Attendant and inherited the title Duke of Hejian Commandery. When Zhang Jianzhi, Vice Director of the Phoenix Pavilion, planned to execute the Zhang Yizhi brothers, he appointed Zhan General of the Left Feathered Forest and ordered him, together with Jing Hui and others, to petition the crown prince and explain the plan in full. The crown prince consented. When the troops set out, Zhan and Li Duozuo, General-in-Chief of the Right Feathered Forest, went to the Eastern Palace to bring out the crown prince, who refused to come out promptly. Zhan stepped forward and said, "These rebels violate the Way and plot treason; the altars of state stand on the brink of ruin—this is a matter of moments. We generals, together with the officials of the Southern Yamen, have set a date to strike them down. We humbly beg Your Highness to come at once to the Xuanwu Gate and fulfill the people's hope." The crown prince said, "These wicked men are rebellious and deserve execution, yet the sacred person is unwell and I fear there may be alarm. You gentlemen must stop for now and wait for a later opportunity." Zhan said, "These generals have abandoned their families and, together with the chief minister, exert all their strength to save the realm. How can Your Highness fail to pity their earnest devotion and instead wish to cast them into the cauldron? Our slight lives are not worth cherishing, but Your Highness must come out at once to restrain the situation." The crown prince thereupon spurred his horse and set out. Zhan followed to the Xuanwu Gate, broke through the barrier, and led his troops straight to the Everlasting Life Hall where Empress Zetian lay, surrounding it with guards. He reported, "We received orders to execute the traitors Yizhi and Changzong. Fearing a leak, we could not report in advance and rashly brought troops into the forbidden inner quarters—this is our crime deserving death." Empress Zetian said to Zhan, "Are you also one of the generals sent to execute Yizhi? I have shown your father and you no small favor—how could it come to this!" Empress Zetian was moved to the Shangyang Palace, and Zhan was left behind to stand guard. When Emperor Zhongzong took the throne, Zhan was appointed General of the Right Feathered Forest, ennobled as Duke of Zhao, and granted enfeoffment in actual households totaling five hundred. Soon afterward he was appointed Left Regular Attendant and later rose to General-in-Chief of the Left Army Guard. He died early in the Kaiyuan era. Cui Yixuan has a separate biography.
13
史臣曰
The historian says:
14
史臣曰:許高陽武德之際,已為文皇入館之賓,垂三十年,位不過列曹尹; 而馬周、劉洎起羈旅徒步,六七年間,皆登宰執。 考其行實,則高陽之文學宏奧,周、洎無以過之,然而太宗任遇相殊者,良以高陽才優而行薄故也。 及屬嗣君沖暗,嬖妾奸邪,阿附豺狼,窺圖權軸,人之凶險,一至於斯。 仲尼所謂「雖有周公之才,不足觀也。」 義府才思精密,所謂「猩猩能言」,鄙哉!
The historian says: Xu of Gaoyang in the Wude era was already a guest whom Emperor Taizong brought into his household. For nearly thirty years his rank never rose above a departmental director; yet Ma Zhou and Liu Ji, who began as humble travelers, within six or seven years both reached the chief ministership. Examining their conduct and achievements, Gaoyang's literary learning was grand and profound, which Zhou and Ji could not surpass; yet the reason Emperor Taizong favored them so differently was truly that Gaoyang's talent was superior but his conduct was wanting. When the succession fell to a dull and dim ruler, with favored concubines and wicked ministers, he attached himself to wolves and schemed for the pivot of power—the viciousness of a man can reach even to this. What Confucius called "though he has the talent of the Duke of Zhou, he is not worth observing." Yifu's literary thought was precise and subtle—what people call "the orangutan can speak"—how base!
15
贊曰:貞觀文士,高陽、河間。 圖形學館,染翰書山。 進身以筆,得位由奸。 為虎傅翼,即又胡顏。
The eulogy says: Literary gentlemen of the Zhenguan era—Gaoyang and Hejian. Their images were painted in the academic halls; they stained their brushes on the mountain of books. They advanced through the brush and obtained position through wickedness. Giving wings to a tiger—how then could they show their faces?