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卷一百十四 列傳第六十四: 魯炅 裴茙 來瑱 周智光

Volume 114 Biographies 64: Lu Jiong, Pei Rong, Lai Zhen, Zhou Zhiguan

Chapter 118 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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Chapter 118
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1
使
Yuan Zai came from Qishan in Fengxiang; his family had always been of modest means. His father Jing Sheng held an extra-quota court post, paid no attention to the family estate, and lived for the most part in Qi Prefecture. When Zai's mother married Jing Sheng, she brought the boy with her, and the family adopted the surname Yuan. From boyhood he was devoted to learning, fond of writing, and gifted by nature; he read widely in history and devoted particular attention to Daoist writings. Because the family was poor, he walked to the capital to sit for the examinations, but try after try he failed to win a degree. Early in the Tianbao reign, Emperor Xuanzong, who had embraced Daoism, issued an edict calling for scholars expert in the Zhuangzi, Laozi, Wenzi, and Liezi. Zai's examination essay won the highest grade, and he was appointed defender of Xinping in Bin Prefecture. When Investigating Censor Wei Yi went to Qianzhong as commissioner overseeing the selection examinations, he took Zai on as his aide. Zai's reputation slowly spread, and he was promoted to reviewer in the Court of Judicial Review. Miao Jinqing, protector of the Eastern Capital, likewise took him on as an aide, after which he was promoted to rectifier in the Court of Judicial Review.
2
使 使 使 使使 使 殿 祿 使使 輿
When Emperor Suzong came to the throne, military affairs took precedence, and regional inspectors were promoted wherever talent was found. Zai had taken refuge south of the Yangzi. Li Xiyan, prefect of Suzhou and Jiangdong investigating commissioner, recommended him as deputy; he was appointed vice director in the Ministry of Rites and later became prefect of Hongzhou. After the two capitals were recovered, he was summoned to the capital as director in the Bureau of Revenue. Quick-witted and adept at answering in audience, Zai won Suzong's favor. The emperor entrusted him with the national accounts, sent him as commissioner to the Jiang and Huai regions to oversee grain transport, and soon named him vice censor-in-chief as well. A few months later he was recalled and promoted to vice minister of revenue, with concurrent appointment as commissioner of revenue and transport commissioner for all circuits. Shortly after he arrived at court, Emperor Suzong fell gravely ill. Zai was on close terms with the emperor's favorite, Li Fuguo. Li Fuguo's wife belonged to the Yuan clan and was related to Zai, which drew the two men into close intimacy. Li Fuguo's power then dominated the empire, and none dared defy him. When a new capital intendant was to be chosen, he had Zai appointed concurrently as metropolitan prefect of Jingzhao. Zai had his eye on the chief ministership. He went to Li Fuguo and earnestly declined the capital intendant post; Fuguo understood what he wanted and agreed. The next day Zai was appointed associate chief minister of the Secretariat and Chancellery, while retaining his posts as revenue and transport commissioner. Ten days later Emperor Suzong died and Daizong succeeded him. Li Fuguo's power grew still greater, and he spoke highly of Zai before the new emperor. Skilled at reading the emperor's mind, Zai enjoyed considerable favor. He was promoted to vice director of the Secretariat and associate chief minister, made grand academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, and put in charge of compiling the national history. He was further promoted to silver-blue-girdled Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and enfeoffed as Viscount of Xuchang County. Zai felt that the revenue and transport posts were tedious yet heavy burdens that might tarnish his reputation and block his path to supreme power. He had long been friendly with Liu Yan, so he handed all fiscal duties over to him and recommended Yan as his replacement, while taking the additional post of commissioner of garrison fields for himself. After Li Fuguo was dismissed, Zai was additionally appointed acting chief of staff to the commander-in-chief of all armies. In the first year of Guangde (763), he accompanied the chief ministers Liu Yan and Pei Zunqing when the emperor withdrew to Shaan. When the emperor returned to the capital, Pei Zunqing and the others were all dismissed, while Zai's favor only grew. After Li Fuguo's death, Zai cultivated the eunuch Dong Xiu, lavished gold and silk on him, and used chief clerk Zhuo Yingqian to pass secret messages to and from the throne. Whenever the emperor formed a preference, Zai already knew it. He anticipated intent and probed every subtlety; his words always struck the mark, and the emperor trusted him all the more. His wife Lady Wang was fierce and domineering. While Zai attended court, she let their sons Bohe and the others roam the city at will. Memorialist Gu Yao reported this, but the emperor was then relying on Zai for government and punished Yao instead.
3
使 宿
The eunuch Yu Chaoen relied on imperial favor and power, would not work with Zai, and Zai often feared him. In the winter of the fourth year of Dali (769), he seized an opportunity to memorialize secretly that Yu Chaoen monopolized power and acted unlawfully, and asked that he be removed. Yu Chaoen was arrogant and overbearing; the empire seethed with anger, and the emperor knew it. When he read Zai's memorial, it matched exactly what he had been thinking. Zai then conspired with generals of the northern armies to guard against every contingency. In the third month of the fifth year (770), Yu Chaoen was executed. Revenue Commissioner Diwu Qi was implicated as his partisan, and Zai took over revenue affairs as well. He was as self-assured as ever, convinced that he had rid the court of a great evil, dismissive of earlier worthies, and certain that no one matched his civil and military gifts. Outwardly he left affairs to clerks; inwardly he obeyed his wife. In the capital he built two great mansions, north and south, whose halls were grand and splendid beyond anything of the age. He also built pavilions in the suburbs. Wherever he went, curtains, furnishings, and utensils were set out the night before, and stores were kept fully stocked. South of the city he owned dozens of rich suburban estates whose boundaries ran together. More than a hundred maidservants and attendants dressed in silks; they broke the law at will in extravagance and presumption beyond measure. In the Jiang and Huai regions and in key offices of the capital, he drove out the loyal and installed the greedy and corrupt. Scholars seeking office had to cultivate his sons or bribe his chief clerks; graft was open and rampant. In recent years there had been nothing like it. He served alongside Wang Jin, who was then bent on amassing wealth; the two became close allies and grew ever more unrestrained together. Daizong saw through all of this, but because Zai had served him for many years he wished to preserve the bond between ruler and minister. Once he received Zai in private audience and admonished him, yet Zai did not repent.
4
滿
Earlier, when escorting the emperor back from Shaan, he and Jin had memorialized that Hezhong Prefecture be made a secondary capital, with the court moving there in late autumn and returning in early spring to escape Tibetan raids. The emperor at first accepted the proposal and ordered a detailed plan submitted. After Yu Chaoen's execution his ambition swelled, and he submitted a bold memorial calling for a permanent secondary capital. Most of the text is not recorded here. In outline it proposed diverting household taxes from ten prefectures including Guanfu and Hedong to the capital, raising fifty thousand elite troops stationed at the secondary capital to overawe the realm. The language was largely evasive. Confident that once the memorial was filed the plan would go ahead, he secretly sent clerks to Hezhong to make preparations.
5
西 西西西 西 西 西 西西 使
The military commission was provisionally administered from Jing Prefecture. In the eighth year of Dali (773), after Tibetan forces entered Bin and Ning, court opinion held that west of the capital region there was no secure defensive belt, and that Jing Prefecture's scattered territory was inadequate for defense. Zai had once been prefect of Xi Prefecture and knew the strategic points of Hexi and Longyou. Before the emperor he outlined a plan: "The empire's western border now runs to Panyuan. Tibetan garrisons hold Cuisha Fort, and Yuan Prefecture lies between them. Yuan Prefecture stands at the gateway of the western frontier, adjoins the strong position of Long Mountain, has rich grass and sweet water, and old ramparts still stand there. The Tibetans have recently destroyed its walls and abandoned it without occupying it. To its west lie the old imperial pasture lands, all with long moats and great ditches, layered defenses dug deep. Though Yuan Prefecture has early frost and grain cannot be grown there, Pingliang adjoins it on the east; farming that one county alone can feed the garrison. Move the metropolitan western army to garrison Yuan Prefecture, seize the opportunity to rebuild it, and store a year's grain there. The barbarians' summer pastures lie mostly at Qinghai; urgent dispatches have been arriving for more than a month. If transport and construction proceed together, the work can be finished in less than twenty days. Move Guo Ziyi's main army to Jing as the foundation force. Divide troops to hold the passes of Shimen, Muxia, and Long Mountain; north to the Yellow River—all linked ranges and steep peaks that invaders cannot cross. Establish Mingxia County and Feng'an Army as supporting wings; to the north link the five cities of Lingwu into a strategic line. Then advance through Longyou as far as Anxi—cut the shank of the western barbarians, and the court may rest easy." He also submitted a map of the terrain. Zai secretly sent men over Long Mountain into Yuan Prefecture to survey wells and springs, calculate labor needs, and prepare carts, baskets, and spades. Acting Left Vice Director Tian Shenggong objected: "Raising armies and estimating the enemy are hard even for veteran generals. Your Majesty would trust one scholar's word and commit the whole empire to it—if you heed this, you will be mistaken. The emperor hesitated and could not decide; when Zai fell from grace the plan was abandoned.
6
便
Earlier, in the sixth year (771), Zai memorialized that civil and military appointments of the sixth rank and below made by special edict should, once issued, be reported by the Ministries of Personnel and War in group memorials without review; the emperor approved. Merit reports and proposed appointments often had errors in their linked signatures. Zai wanted power concentrated in his own hands and feared that the responsible offices would reject and correct them. A sealed memorialist named Li Shaoliang secretly reported Zai's misconduct. When Zai learned of it, he memorialized before the emperor, and Shaoliang and several others were beaten to death in the government offices. After that people exchanged fearful glances in the streets and dared not speak of Zai's faults. Within his gates he received only partisans; old friends who spoke of righteousness he cast off entirely.
7
殿 使 貿 使 使 使 使 西使
Daizong was magnanimous and clear-sighted; for years he watched Zai persist in evil without repentance until public anger reached the throne. On the gengchen day of the third month of the twelfth year of Dali (777), after court the emperor took the throne at Yanying Hall and ordered Left Golden Guards General Wu Cou to seize Zai and Jin in the Hall of Administration and detain each at his own office. Secretariat clerks Zhuo Yingqian and Li Dairong and Zai's sons Zhongwu and Jineng were also arrested, and Minister of Personnel Liu Yan was ordered to interrogate them. Liu Yan felt that Zai, once in power, had planted factions throughout the realm and dared not decide alone; he asked that other officials join the investigation. An edict ordered Censor-in-Chief Li Han, Right Regular Attendant Xiao Xin, Vice Minister of War Yuan Kan, Vice Minister of Rites Chang Gun, and Remonstrance Official Du Ya to investigate jointly. The charges and questions all came from within the palace; palace envoys were sent to press secret matters, and both Zai and Jin confessed. That same day the eunuch Left Guard General and director of palace attendants Dong Xiu, Zai's accomplice, was beaten to death in the palace before Zai himself. An edict said: "Employing the upright and removing the wicked are enjoined by the imperial canon; rewarding good and punishing evil are urgent duties of government. The charge of harmonizing the state is not easily entrusted to any man. Vice Director of the Secretariat and Associate Chief Minister Yuan Zai is by nature treacherous and crooked; his conduct is not upright. Favored beyond measure, he rose early to the highest offices of state. As a minister assisting the throne, he has failed to govern the state and accomplish its tasks; harboring wicked intent, he has constantly deceived his superiors and mocked the throne. He secretly relied on sorcerers, went out at night to perform rites of release and prayer, sought unlawful ambitions, and hoped to escape the law. He accepted bribes and sold offices and ranks. His fierce wife was cruel; his violent sons extorted and plundered; he never restrained them and let them oppress at will. His conduct was perverse and his words deceptive; his heart was cruel though his manner respectful. The suppressed had no way to advance; errors in rewards and punishments all stemmed from him. Recently, valuing the bond between ruler and minister, I hoped he would reform and therefore kept silent. He showed no repentance; he grew ever more violent as the years passed, until his offenses overflowed. To rectify governance at court and uphold the law, he is ordered to take his own life. My grasp of the Way is still shallow; my judgment of men has been poor; my achievements in governing are not yet manifest; omissions and faults are so many that this punishment has been reached—I am deeply ashamed. Let all carry this out diligently, striving to declare what is discouraged and what is encouraged; within and without the court, all should know my intent." Another decree said: "Vice Director of the Chancellery and Associate Chief Minister Wang Jin attached himself to the wicked, flattered and slandered with malice. According to these offenses his guilt is intolerable; yet in pity for his advanced age I have not borne to impose capital punishment. I extend the grace of bending the law and spare him with the rank of a prefectural governor. He is appointed commissioner with credentials for all military affairs of Kuozhou and defender of Kuozhou Prefecture; he should proceed at once to his post. Alas! I hold myself in respectful restraint upon the throne, extend sincerity to my ministers, broadly seek wise men, and will have them assist my governance. I have been blind in my choice of men; the fault is mine. Let no office stand vacant, and let each of you guard your duties." Earlier, when Yan and the others received the imperial order, Jin was also to receive the death penalty. Yan said to Han: "For heavy punishments to be reviewed twice is the constant canon of the state; how can execution of great ministers proceed without a second memorial! Moreover the law distinguishes principal and accomplice; when two men share the same penalty, it is also proper to seek the emperor's decision again." Han and the others all obeyed. When Yan and the others submitted their review memorial, the emperor then reduced Jin's guilt and punished him more lightly. Zai's eldest son Bohe had earlier been demoted to military aide in Yangzhou. When Zai fell from grace, the emperor ordered a palace envoy by express relay to Yangzhou to grant him death. The second son Zhongwu was vice director in the Ministry of Rites; the third son Jineng was collator in the Secretariat. Together with Zai's wife Lady Wang they were all ordered to take their own lives. His daughter Zhenyi, a nun at Zijing Temple, was taken into the rear palace. Lady Wang was the daughter of Hexi military commissioner Zhongsi in the Kaiyuan era and had long been known for fierceness and willfulness; she let her sons Bohe and the others act tyrannically. Bohe relied on his father's power and devoted himself solely to amassing wealth and seeking out musicians and entertainers.
8
使 使 殿 使 𨨫 使 使殿 使 便 使 使 殿 祿
Zai had been chief minister for many years with power that dominated the empire. Rare treasures from abroad gathered at his gate; wealth beyond counting let Bohe, Zhongwu, and the others indulge every desire. Frivolous men rushed to his gate as if afraid they would arrive too late. They had famous beauties and exotic music that not even the inner palace possessed. Each brother kept courtesans in his rooms; actors performed indecent plays that the whole family watched together without a trace of shame. When they fell from grace, no one on the roads sighed in regret. The palace envoy Dong Xiu, chief clerks Zhuo Yingqian and Li Dairong, and the yin-yang master Li Jilian were all executed because of their connection to Zai. Palace eunuchs were sent to Huangtai Township in Wannian County to destroy the tombs of Zai's ancestors and parents, chop open the coffins and cast out the remains, and the spirit tablets of his private temple; and Zai's two mansions in Daning Lane and Anren Lane were seized to repair government office buildings. Five hundred liang of stalactite from Zai's confiscated property were distributed among officials of the fifth rank and above in the Secretariat, Chancellery, and Censorate, and the fourth rank and above in the Department of State Affairs. Appendix: Wang Ang. Wang Ang came from the military ranks; through military merit he rose to prefect of Hezhong and military commissioner of Hezhong. Greedy and lawless, he devoted himself to amassing wealth and used bribes to secure his post. In the first month of the first year of Yongtai (765) he was acting minister of justice directing office affairs, then became vice director of the Palace Domestic Service. When Yuan Zai held power, Ang formed a deep alliance with him. In the sixth month of the fifth year of Dali (770) he became prefect of Jiangling, concurrent censor-in-chief, and Jingnan military commissioner and investigating commissioner, replacing Wei Boyu. After Ang had set out, Boyu prompted the great generals Yang Kui and others to resist him and petitioned that Boyu be retained; the emperor approved. Ang again became acting minister of justice directing office affairs. He devoted himself to luxury, built mansions on a grand scale, and kept many courtesans to indulge his desires. While in the Ministry of Justice, though public business had its schedule, Ang indulged in private feasts and for days on end ignored bureau affairs. By nature greedy and stingy, he felt no shame in grasping what he could; he even sold vegetables from the government office garden and used the money to enrich his house—a thing much despised in public opinion. When Yuan Zai was executed, Ang was demoted to prefect of Lianzhou; a palace envoy was sent to escort him under supervision to Wanzhou. Crossing the Xia River, he fell into the river and drowned. Appendix: Li Shaoliang. Li Shaoliang entered service as a clerk, early joined commissioners' staffs, and was promoted to attendant censor in the Palace. When dismissed, he traveled in the capital and paid court to the powerful. At that time Yuan Zai monopolized government; his residence was extravagant, his sons ran rampant, and bribes were openly exchanged—scholars and commoners alike resented him. Shaoliang resented that he was not employed and, seizing on public anger, submitted a bold memorial to the emperor. Shaoliang was detained in the inner palace guest office. His friend Wei Song came to the forbidden gate to visit him, and Shaoliang leaked what had been said; Song was not careful to keep secrets, and Zai learned everything. He memorialized that Shaoliang was arrogant and mad; an edict ordered the Censorate to interrogate him. At that time the post of censor-in-chief was vacant; Zai appointed Zhang Yanshang to it and placed his trust in him. Shaoliang was convicted of leaking inner-palace memorial discussions; Commissioner Lu Ting confessed guilt along with him. Earlier, Wei Song and Lu Ting had both been friendly with Shaoliang and were on intimate terms with Zai's sons and close associates. Song learned Shaoliang's intent and leaked it to Zai's intimates, and it reached Zai. Zai secretly summoned Lu Ting and questioned him; Ting fully reported the circumstances and the words from within the palace. When Zai learned of this, he memorialized before the emperor; the emperor was greatly angered and handed them all over to the metropolitan prefecture for execution. Lu Ting was the son of Shanjing, vice director of the Directorate of Education. In youth he inherited his father's learning and was fairly versed in the classics and histories; his nature was frivolous and careless, and therefore he came to ruin. Appendix: Xun Mo. In the Dali era Yuan Zai manipulated power at will and all hated him. In the seventh month of the eighth year (773), a man of Jin Prefecture named Xun Mo, with hemp braided in his hair, held a bamboo basket and reed mat and wept at the Eastern Market. When people asked the reason, he answered: "I have thirty characters to present to His Majesty. If they are not acceptable, I shall place my corpse in the bamboo basket and cast it in the wild." The metropolitan prefecture reported this. The emperor summoned him for audience, bestowed clothing, and lodged him in the inner palace guest office. The thirty characters he presented each discussed one matter. The important ones were the characters for "corps" and "supervisor." "Corps" meant: request abolition of the training-corps commissioners of all prefectures; "Supervisor" meant: request abolition of the army-supervising commissioners of all circuits. Palace censor Yang Hu held the post of left patrol. When Xun Mo wept in the market, Hu failed to report it; the emperor considered this concealment and demoted him to supernumerary assistant magistrate of Guiyang County in Lianzhou. Yuan Zai, once he received favor and achieved his ambition, altered court governance at every turn—all from his hand—and within and without the court all were angry. At the time blame was laid on Zai; hence Shaoliang's sealed memorial came first and Xun Mo's weeping in the market came after. All who hold office should take this as a clear warning. Wang Jin. Wang Jin, courtesy name Xiaqing, was a native of Hezhong. From youth he loved learning; with his elder brother Wei he was early famed for literary accomplishment. Jin successively passed the Hidden Talents and Elegant Literary Composition examinations and was repeatedly appointed attendant censor and vice director in the Ministry of War. During An Lushan's rebellion he was selected as vice prefect of Taiyuan; with Li Guangbi he jointly defended Taiyuan. In achievement and stratagem he was foremost among all; he was promoted to vice minister of justice while retaining his original post. At that time his elder brother Wei had fallen into rebel hands and accepted a false appointment. When the rebels were pacified, Wei was handed over for trial. Jin asked to use his own office to redeem Wei's guilt, and a special reduction of penalty was granted.
9
使 使 使 西 殿 使 使
Jin soon entered the capital and was appointed chancellor of the Directorate of Education, then became prefect of Fengxiang and defense commissioner of Qin and Long prefectures; he served as vice minister of works and left regular attendant. He composed the Lament for Emperor Xuanzong, which at the time was praised as accomplished. He was transferred to vice minister of war. When Shi Chaoyi was destroyed, the Hebei region was still unsettled; an edict appointed Jin with his existing office as Hebei pacification commissioner. His mission accorded with the emperor's intent. In the second year of Guangde (764) he was appointed vice director of the Chancellery, associate chief minister, commissioner of the Taiwei Palace, and grand academician of the Hongwen and Chongxian halls. That same year Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Henan Li Guangbi died at Xuzhou; Jin was appointed palace attendant and commissioner with credentials overseeing all Henan, Huaixi, and Shannan East circuit military headquarters. Jin earnestly declined the post of palace attendant; this was granted. He was given the supreme pillar of state rank and made concurrent protector of the Eastern Capital. After more than a year he was transferred to deputy commander-in-chief of Henan and requested that four hundred thousand strings of military funds be diverted to repair the halls of the Eastern Capital. In the third year of Dali (768) the Youzhou military commissioner Li Huaixian died; Jin was put in charge of the Youzhou and Lulong military commissions. Jin went to his post and returned, entrusting government to the Yan general Zhu Xicai. It also happened that Hedong military commissioner Xin Yunjing died; Jin was then made concurrent prefect of Taiyuan, northern capital protector, and Hedong military commissioner, garrison-field commissioner, and investigating commissioner. Jin again declined the posts of deputy commander-in-chief of Henan and protector of the Eastern Capital; this was granted. The old Taiyuan generals Wang Wuzong, Zhang Fengzhang, and others relied on their merit and, considering Jin a scholar easy to deal with, often violated regulations. Jin summoned them all in one morning and had them beheaded; officers and generals trembled with fear.
10
After two years he was removed from Hedong and returned to court, appointed vice director of the Chancellery and chief minister of the Secretariat and Chancellery. At that time Yuan Zai held power; Jin humbled himself and attached to him, not daring to oppose him, yet relying on his talent and age he was often arrogant and dismissive. Though in heart he wished to please Zai, he still insulted with words whatever Zai disliked and showed no fear or restraint. At that time the metropolitan prefect Li Gan was a man of Rong Prefecture who often discussed affairs; Zai greatly resented this but lacked the power to remove him. Gan once reported affairs to Jin; Jin said: "Prefect, you are a southern gentleman—how would you know court ritual!" His arrogance and insult to others were generally of this sort.
11
使 西 退 祿 西退
Jin and his brothers observed Buddhism and did not eat meat; in his later years Jin was especially strict in this. With Du Hongjian he gave wealth to build temples without limit. When his wife Lady Li died, he gave his mansion in Daozheng Lane to become a temple, seeking merit for her, memorialized that its plaque read Baoying, and ordained thirty monks to reside there as abbots. Whenever military and investigating commissioners came to court, he always invited them to Baoying Temple and hinted that they should give wealth to help his own repairs. Earlier, Daizong delighted in sacrifices and did not greatly esteem Buddhism, but Yuan Zai, Du Hongjian, and Jin delighted in feeding monks. Daizong once asked about karmic merit and retribution; Zai and the others thereupon memorialized, and Daizong from this honored Buddhism excessively. He once ordered more than a hundred monks within the palace to set out Buddha images and walk in procession chanting sutras—this was called the inner dharma hall. Their food and drink were lavish to the utmost in rare delicacies; they went in and out riding imperial horses, and the Bureau of Revenue supplied their grain rations. Whenever the western Tibetans invaded, he always ordered monks to lecture and chant the Humane Kings Sutra to repel the invaders. If by chance they withdrew, he then lavished rewards upon the monks. The foreign monk Amoghavajra rose to ministerial rank, was enfeoffed as duke of state, had registry in the forbidden palace, shifted power against the chief ministers, and contended for authority daily, encroaching upon one another. All the rich fields and fine profits of the capital region mostly passed to temples and monasteries; officials could not control this. Though among the monks there were those guilty of corruption and breeding disorder, with ruin and execution following one after another, Daizong's faith did not change; he issued an edict that officials throughout the realm must not flog or drag monks and nuns. He also saw Jin and the others give wealth to establish temples of utmost splendor; whenever they addressed him in audience, they always cited karmic cause and effect as proof. They held that the state's felicitous fortune and longevity all depended on karmic reward; once karmic power was fixed, though there were minor calamities, these were not worth mentioning. Thus though Lushan and Siming's rebellion was at its height, both suffered calamity through their sons. Pugu Huai'en was about to rebel and died; the western barbarians violated the palace precincts and withdrew without being struck. These were none of them clear signs from human affairs alone. The emperor believed this all the more. Once the chief ministers had been hung upon karmic retribution, human affairs were neglected and left untended; under the Dali era, law and governance steadily decayed—and there was good reason for it.
12
耀
On Wutai Mountain stood Jinge Temple, whose roof tiles were cast in copper and gilded until they blazed across the valleys—a sum reckoned in the hundreds of millions. As chief minister, Jin issued tally-documents from the Secretariat ordering several dozen Wutai monks to fan out through the prefectures and counties, gathering disciples to preach for profit. On the full moon of the seventh month, Daizong held an Ullambana feast in the Inner Chapel, adorned with gold and kingfisher ornaments at a cost of a million. He also set up spirit tablets for the seven imperial ancestors from Gaozu downward, complete with banners, insignia, dragon umbrellas, and ceremonial robes; each honorific title was written on a banner for identification, then borne out from the palace and displayed at temples and monasteries. That day ceremonial guards were deployed and the hundred officials lined up in order at Guangshun Gate to receive them; banners, flowers, and drums welcomed them with shouts all along the road. Year after year this became routine, yet the discerning mocked it as uncanonical—the source of injury to the faith began with Jin.
13
Lady Li had first been the wife of Left Vice Director Wei Ji; when Ji died, she went to Jin. Jin favored her and falsely claimed she was his wife, though she was in fact a concubine. He also allowed his siblings, sisters, and nun relatives to take bribes on a wide scale; their greedy, base conduct was like that of market traders. When Yuan Zai fell from grace, Jin was implicated and demoted to prefect of Kuozhou, then transferred to prefect of Chuzhou. In Dali 14 (779) he was appointed Mentor to the Heir Apparent and remained on duty at the Eastern Capital. He died in the twelfth month of Jianzhong 2 (781), aged eighty-two. Yang Yan. Yang Yan, courtesy name Gongnan, was a native of Fengxiang. His great-grandfather Dabao served as magistrate of Longmen at the beginning of Wude (618); when Liu Wuzhou seized Jin and Jiang, Dabao held out and refused to surrender; when the city fell he was killed and was posthumously enfeoffed as Marquis of Quanjie. His grandfather Zhe, for extraordinary filial conduct, had his gate and lane honored with a commemorative marker. His father Bo passed the jinshi examination and lived in seclusion without taking office; Xuanzong summoned him as Remonstrance Grandee, but he resigned to care for his parents; he too, for filial conduct and auspicious omens, had his gate and lane marked with honor. Suzong thereupon promoted him to Regular Attendant of the Dispersed Cavalry and bestowed the title Master Xuanjing; his name appears in the Biographies of Recluses.
14
西 使 祿
Yan had fine beard and brows, a stern and commanding presence, and writing of heroic splendor; between Qian and Long he was known as the Lesser Yang Mountain Man. Upon entering official life he was recruited as secretary to the Hexi military commissioner. Li Dajian, magistrate of Shenwu, had once insulted Yan while drunk; now serving on the same staff, he had his attendants bind Yan's arms behind his back and beat him two hundred blows with an iron rod—blood covered the ground and he nearly died. The military commissioner Lü Chongben valued his talent and did not hold him accountable. Later the deputy commander Li Guangbi recommended him as judge, but he declined. Summoned as Attendant of the Heir Apparent, he resigned his salary to care for his parents in the Qi region. During mourning he built a hut before the tomb and wailed without cease; auspicious signs appeared in the form of purple fungus and white sparrows, and again his gate and lane were marked with honor. Filial renown spanning three generations and six commemorative towers at the gate—unprecedented in antiquity. Long after mourning ended he was recalled as vice director in the Bureau of Merits, transferred to the Ministry of War, then promoted to director in the Ministry of Rites with charge of drafting edicts. He was promoted to Secretariat Drafter and, with Chang Gao, jointly handled edicts and proclamations—Gao excelled at appointment documents, Yan at benevolent pronouncements; from Kaiyuan onward, when people spoke of the finest edicts and decrees, they spoke of Chang and Yang.
15
祿
Yan delighted in honoring the worthy and deferring to men of talent, making the advancement of others his personal mission; scholars and officials rallied to him. He once composed the Stele for Li Kailuo; the wording was exquisitely crafted, and literary men all memorized it by heart. He was promoted to vice minister of personnel and took charge of compiling the national history. After Yuan Zai himself became chief minister, he regularly selected one court scholar of literary talent and reputation, treated him generously, and intended him as his successor. At first he brought forward Liu Dan, director in the Ministry of Rites; when Dan died, he brought forward Xue Yong, vice minister of personnel; when Yong was demoted, he brought forward Yan. Zai personally favored Yan as none other. When Zai fell, Yan was implicated and demoted to military adjutant of Daozhou. When Dezong took the throne and chief ministers were under discussion, Cui Youfu recommended Yan for literary talent and practical capacity; the emperor too had heard of him and appointed him Silver-Gleam Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, Vice Director of the Chancellery, and Associate Chief Councilor. Yan had dignified bearing and broad literary accomplishment; long celebrated, he drew the hopes of the realm that he would prove a worthy chief minister.
16
使便 簿
Formerly, by the state's old system, all revenue under Heaven was paid into the Left Treasury; the Grand Storehouse reported the figures each season, the Ministry of Revenue's Audit Bureau reviewed receipts and disbursements, and upper and lower offices checked one another so that nothing was lost. When Diwu Qi became commissioner of revenue and salt and iron, the capital had many powerful generals whose demands were unbounded; unable to restrain them, Qi had all rent and levies forwarded into the Great Abundance Inner Treasury to satisfy the eunuchs who controlled the emperor's mind; the Son of Heaven found it convenient to draw supplies from there, and so they were never returned. Thus the public levies of the realm became the monarch's private hoard; responsible officials could not see how much there was, and state expenditure could not be measured for surplus or deficit—nearly twenty years had passed. Eunuchs held the ledgers under supernumerary titles; three hundred men managed the affair, all drawing salaries from it—their connections were deeply rooted and immovable. When Yan became chief minister, he bowed his head before the emperor and argued: "Revenue and levies are the great foundation of the state, the very life-blood of the people; the weight of order and disorder under Heaven all depend upon them. Hence former ages repeatedly selected weighty ministers to manage them, yet still feared failure; often they collapsed in ruin—once the great plan was lost, the realm was shaken. The previous court's expedient arrangement had eunuchs hold this charge—a five-foot palace attendant wielding the state's foundation; whether revenues were full or lean, surplus or deficit, even great ministers could not know—then there was no way to calculate the realm's benefit and harm. Your humble servant, bearing guilt as chief councilor, finds Your Majesty's supreme virtue cares for the people; comparing corrupt abuses, none is graver than this. I request that it be brought out and returned to the responsible offices; estimate how much the palace requires for a year's expenses, measure out that amount for delivery, and dare not fall short in use. Only then can governance be properly deliberated. May Your Majesty examine this. An edict said: "All revenue and levies shall return to the Left Treasury, following the old form entirely; each year a measured amount of three to five hundred thousand shall be forwarded into Great Abundance, while the Revenue Commission first reports the full amount. With a few words Yan shifted the ruler's intent; deliberators considered it a difficult achievement, and praise came from within and without the court.
17
調 使 使 使 使使
When statutes and forms were first fixed, the state had the system of rent, levy, corvée, and diao tax. In Kaiyuan, Xuanzong cultivated virtue and took leniency and benevolence as the root of governance; hence he did not compile household registers; the population swelled unchecked and regulatory barriers were not enforced. Household members died or moved away—they were no longer the names on the old registers; fields changed hands—they no longer matched the old quotas; rich and poor rose and fell—they no longer matched the old ranks. The Ministry of Revenue merely tallied the old documents on paper—hardly reflecting the reality of the time. By the old system, when men were garrisoned on the frontier, their rent and corvée were remitted; after six years they were exempted and returned home. Xuanzong was then engaged with the barbarians; many garrison soldiers died and did not return; frontier generals, relying on imperial favor, concealed this and did not report deaths, so their names on the permanent registers were not removed. By Tianbao, Wang Hong served as household commissioner and was bent on accumulation; since the household register still listed the men, where had the men themselves gone?—this was concealed taxation not paid. He then examined the old registers and, beyond the six-year exemption, cumulatively levied thirty years of rent and corvée from their families. The people of the realm suffered with none to whom they could appeal—the rent-and-corvée system had long been broken. After Zhide, warfare arose throughout the realm; first came military service, then famine and pestilence, requisitions and transport—all corvées arose together; households were depleted and the territorial registers emptied. Expenditure for army and state depended on the two commissioners of revenue and transport; the military garrisons of the four directions likewise supplied themselves through military commissioners and grand training-corps commissioners. There were as many as four levying offices, yet none supervised one another; thus the whole structure collapsed—the court could not oversee the commissioners, the commissioners could not oversee the prefectures; tribute from the four directions all entered the inner treasury. Powerful ministers and crafty officials seized the opportunity for villainy; some publicly offered tribute while privately embezzling—amounts reaching tens of thousands. In Henan, Shandong, Jingxiang, and Jiannan, wherever heavy troops were stationed, all richly maintained themselves; little reached the royal levies. The names of official posts were assigned at will; salaries were raised or cut at their discretion. Hence the names of exactions numbered in the hundreds; abolished ones were not cut away, heavy ones were not removed; old and new levies piled up with no end in sight. The common people received orders and supplied them—draining their marrow and blood, selling beloved kin, delivering every ten days and every month without rest. Officials, relying on this harshness, gnawed away at the people like silkworms. Generally the rich with many sons mostly became officials or monks, exempted from corvée by status; the poor, with no such avenue, remained listed as liable men. Thus exemptions multiplied above while levies increased below. Hence the realm was worn to ruin; people drifted as vagrants; those settled in villages and rooted to the land were scarcely four or five in a hundred—thus for nearly thirty years.
18
簿 使 便 退 便
Yan, in memorial response, earnestly spoke of these abuses and then proposed the Two-Tax system, unifying the name, saying: "All expenses of the hundred corvées, every cash of collection—first estimate the amount and levy it upon the people; measure expenditure to regulate income. Households have no distinction of native or guest—take current residence as the register; persons have no distinction of adult or minor—take rich and poor as the gradation. Those who do not reside but travel as merchants shall be taxed one-thirtieth in the prefecture and county where they are; estimate and equalize with residents so there is no opportunistic profit. Tax on residents shall be collected twice, in autumn and summer; where local custom is inconvenient, adjust it. Rent, corvée, and miscellaneous corvées shall all be abolished, yet the adult quota shall not be discarded; reporting of entries and exits shall follow the old form. The land tax shall uniformly be levied according to the number of reclaimed fields in Dali 14 (779). Summer tax shall not pass the sixth month; autumn tax shall not pass the eleventh month. After the year passes, if households increase yet tax decreases, or people scatter and equalization is lost, promote or demote the chief local officials, and let the Revenue Commission of the Ministry of Revenue oversee all. Dezong approved and implemented it, issuing an edict to proclaim it within and without the court. Yet those in charge of levies obstructed it as unprofitable, saying the rent-and-corvée order had stood more than four hundred years and the old system must not be lightly changed. The emperor carried it out without hesitation; the realm found it a relief. People were not forcibly bound to the soil yet settled on the land; levies were not increased yet revenue rose; registers were not newly compiled yet the true state of affairs was known; greedy officials were not warned yet villainy had nothing to seize. From this the weight of fiscal power began to return to the court.
19
使使 西
Yan remedied the abuses of the age and won considerable praise. After several months in office, as Cui Youfu fell ill and largely ceased to attend to affairs and Qiao Lin was dismissed, Yan alone bore state governance. What Youfu had established, Yan tore down. At first he reduced the merit rewards for tending construction of Yuan Mausoleum; public sentiment first turned against him. He also devoted himself solely to repaying favors and settling scores. Wang Zhao, recording secretary of Daozhou, had shown Yan a small kindness; Yan recommended Zhao as investigating censor. Grateful for Yuan Zai's kindness, he devoted himself to carrying out Zai's old policies to repay him. Formerly, when Zai fell from grace, Left Vice Director Liu Yan investigated and impeached him; when Yuan Zai was executed, Yang Yan too was implicated and demoted—hence he deeply resented Liu Yan. Liu Yan held the commissions of transport, rent-and-corvée, green-sprout, and salt and iron for the Eastern Capital, Henan, Jiang-Huai, and Eastern Shannan circuits; several months into his chief ministership, Yang Yan, wishing to demote Liu Yan, first abolished his commissions—all money and grain under Heaven returned to the Gold and Granary bureaus. He also submitted a proposal to open the Lingyang Canal at Fengzhou, dispatching laborers from the capital region to serve at the western city; villages and lanes were thrown into turmoil, and in the end the affair came to nothing.
20
西 使 西
Earlier, in the late Dali era, Yuan Zai had proposed fortifying Yuan Prefecture to block the main route of Tibetan incursions, but the plan had not been implemented when Zai was executed. When Yang Yan came to power, in the second month of the second year of Jianzhong (781), he memorialized to fortify Yuan Prefecture and first sent instructions to Jingyuan Military Commissioner Duan Xiushi to make the preparations. Xiushi replied: "The best way to secure the frontier and repel enemies is to proceed deliberately with careful planning. It is not wise to rush such a project. Moreover, spring planting is underway; I ask that we wait until the farming season ends before taking up the matter. Yang Yan was furious and recalled Xiushi to serve as Minister of the Directorate of Grain. He placed Binning vice-prefect Li Huai'guang in charge of supervising construction up front, while Acting Minister of Works and Associate Chief Minister Zhu Ci and Censor-in-Chief and Associate Chief Minister Cui Ning each led ten thousand troops as rear guard. In the third month, an edict ordered Jing Prefecture to begin preparations. The troops at Jing were furious and protested: "We have served as the shield of the empire's western gate for more than ten years! We were first established at Bin, had just begun farming and settled into our homes— then we were uprooted and sent here to wilderness, hacking through brush with our bare hands and feet before we could even raise the walls; and now we are thrown out to the frontier. What crime have we committed to deserve this! Li Huai'guang oversaw the Shuofang army with harsh discipline and repeatedly executed senior commanders. Liu Wenxi, a deputy general at Jing Prefecture, stirred by the troops' fury, defied the imperial edict and petitioned to have Duan Xiushi restored as commander—or Zhu Ci if not him. Zhu Ci was then sent to replace Huai'guang, but Wenxi again refused to comply. Jing had twenty thousand seasoned troops. They sealed the city gates and held out, sending Wenxi's son to the Tibetans as a hostage to seek reinforcements. A drought was raging and unrest was spreading; ministers urged clemency for Wenxi, but the emperor would not listen. Emperor Dezong cut back his own provisions to support the troops, and the garrison inside the city received their spring uniforms as usual. He ordered Zhu Ci, Li Huai'guang, and other forces to besiege the city, building encampments all around it. Liu Haibin, a lieutenant at Jing Prefecture, killed Wenxi and sent his head to the capital. Had Haibin not switched sides, a border crisis would surely have erupted—all because Yang Yan capriciously replaced commanders and bred resentment at Jing. The fortification of Yuan Prefecture was never completed.
21
使 西 使 使
After Yang Yan had framed Liu Yan and had him demoted, Minister of the Directorate of Grain Yu Zhun—who bore a grudge against Liu Yan—was appointed Jingnan military commissioner. Yang Yan prompted him to falsely accuse Liu Yan of rebellion at Zhong Prefecture and had him executed. Liu Yan's wife and children were exiled beyond the Ling mountains, and all of court and countryside looked on in horror. Li Zhengji submitted a memorial calling for accountability for Liu Yan's murder and openly condemned the court. Fearing the backlash, Yang Yan dispatched trusted agents to the various circuits: Pei Ji to the Eastern Capital, Heyang, and Weibo; Sun Cheng to Zelu, Cixing, and Youzhou; Lu Dongmei to Henan and Ziqing; Li Zhou to Shannan and Hunan; Wang Ding to Huaixi. They claimed to be on goodwill missions, but in truth they were spreading slander. They claimed that "Liu Yan's offense was that years ago he had conspired with corrupt officials to make Consort Dugu empress—a matter the emperor himself loathed. There was no other crime. Someone submitted a secret memorial: "Yang Yan sent five envoys to the military circuits because he fears the empire will hold him responsible for Liu Yan's death and is trying to shift the blame onto the emperor. The emperor sent a palace attendant to relay Yang Yan's words back to Li Zhengji, and the report confirmed that they were indeed what Yan had said. From then on Emperor Dezong resolved to destroy Yang Yan and waited for the right opportunity. Lu Qi was promoted to Vice Director of the Chancellery and Associate Chief Minister; Yang Yan was moved to Vice Director of the Secretariat but remained Associate Chief Minister. The two served together as chief ministers. Qi had no scholarly distinction and cut a homely figure. Yang Yan despised and slighted him, often feigning illness to withdraw to another hall and rarely dining with him—Qi nursed a deep grudge in return. Under an old arrangement, secretariat drafters had overseen the six bureaus of the Ministry of State to review memorials and reports; this had been abolished in early Kaiyuan. Lu Qi requested its restoration, but Yang Yan firmly opposed it. Lu Qi grew angrier still and secretly reported misconduct by the chief clerks of the Secretariat, having them expelled. Yang Yan erupted in anger: "The chief clerks are my own staff. If they err, I will discipline them myself—how dare you interfere?"
22
西使 使使
At that time Liang Chongyi rebelled; Emperor Dezong wanted to put Huaixi Military Commissioner Li Sixi in overall command of the forces to suppress him. Yang Yan objected: "Li Sixi was once Li Zhongchen's adopted son and enjoyed his complete trust, yet he eventually drove Zhongchen out and took his place. A man who betrays his benefactor like this—how can he be trusted! He has accomplished nothing of note, yet already defies the law. If one day, after the rebels are crushed, he uses his military success to make demands on Your Majesty, how will you restrain him? Earlier, when Yang Yan traveled south, he had passed through Xiang and Han and strongly urged Chongyi to come to court. Chongyi refused, and resentment had already taken root. Yang Yan then sent his ally Li Zhou on an urgent mission to persuade him, but Chongyi only dug in his heels and refused orders, eventually plotting rebellion—all outcomes Yang Yan's pressure had brought about. By now Emperor Dezong intended to borrow Li Sixi's military strength to crush Chongyi, then deal with Sixi separately. Yang Yan again insisted it was unwise. The emperor, unable to accept his counsel, said: "I have already given my word and cannot take it back. Li Sixi was then placed in overall command of the armies.
23
使
When Emperor Dezong asked the chief ministers and the assembled officials who could be entrusted with great responsibility, Lu Qi recommended Zhang Yi and Yan Ying, while Yang Yan recommended Cui Zhao and Zhao Huibo. The emperor found Yang Yan's policy counsel shallow and impractical and removed him as chief minister, appointing him Left Vice Director instead. A few days later, when Yang Yan came to offer thanks and was received in the Yanying Hall, he rode straight home afterward without stopping at the Secretariat—Lu Qi was enraged all the more. Lu Qi soon appointed Yan Ying Censor-in-Chief. Earlier, when Yan Ying had served as metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, he had refused to align with Yang Yan. Yang Yan, angered, prompted censor Zhang Zhu to impeach him, and Yan Ying lost his concurrent post as vice censor-in-chief. Yang Yan had also long known of the feud between Yuan Xiu and Yan Ying, and so promoted Xiu from exile to metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, instructing him to watch for Ying's missteps. Once in office, however, Xiu became friendly with Yan Ying, and Yang Yan was furious. Zhang Guangcheng was then plotting to kill the Uyghur chieftain; Yang Yan therefore sent Xiu as envoy to the Uyghurs, and Xiu nearly died at their hands. Yan Ying was soon removed on charges of falsifying land-survey records and transferred to minister of justice; many regretted his fall. Now Lu Qi, acting on public sentiment and knowing of the rift between Yan Ying and Yang Yan, deliberately recommended him.
24
使 便 使
Yang Yan's son Hongye was a dissolute man who repeatedly broke the law and accepted bribes and favors; Yan Ying investigated him and uncovered further offenses as well. Earlier, when Yang Yan planned to build his family temple, he already owned a private residence in the Eastern Capital and had Henan Magistrate Zhao Huibo sell it; Huibo bought the property on Yang Yan's behalf as an official office. Huibo had just been relieved of his posts as metropolitan magistrate of Hezhong and military governor and observation commissioner; Yan Ying memorialized to have him pursued and interrogated. The censors charged that as chief minister, Yang Yan had coerced officials into buying his private residence at an inflated price while accepting an undervalued payment—amounting to embezzlement. Lu Qi summoned Grand Justice of the Court of Judicial Review Tian Jin to assess the crime. Jin ruled: "When a chief minister deals with a subordinate, it is comparable to supervision. If an official purchase yields surplus profit, and that profit is counted as solicited gain, the penalty should be removal from office. Lu Qi was furious and demoted Jin to assistant magistrate of Heng Prefecture. He then summoned another official to apply the law and ruled: "A supervisor who steals on his own authority is punishable by strangulation. In the Kaiyuan era, Xiao Song had planned to build a private temple south of Qujiang, but abandoned the idea when he realized it was a place Emperor Xuanzong frequented. Now Yang Yan built his temple on that very site. Rumors spread that "this place possesses the aura of kingship; Yang Yan seized it because he harbors treasonous ambitions. When word reached the emperor, his anger only deepened. When the censorate submitted the full case, an edict ordered the Three Offices to review it jointly. In the tenth month of the second year of Jianzhong, an edict declared: "Left Vice Director Yang Yan, trading on literary talent, rose repeatedly to honorable posts. Though once demoted to a remote frontier, his reputation still lingered. When I first ascended the throne, I sought to enact great reforms, promoting men out of turn and recruiting the finest talent of the age. I raised him from a prefectural aide to the highest ministry, entrusting him as my right hand without a moment's doubt. Yet instead of serving with full loyalty, he acted as a corrupt parasite—promoting the wicked, displacing the upright, obstinate in deceit, building factions and trading on personal connections at every turn. He undermined law and propriety, deceived his sovereign, and pursued private gain without regard for the state. At home he lacked moral restraint; abroad he maintained illicit contacts, indulging in fraud until bribery and corruption were complete. Examining the facts of his conduct, the whole record is a tangle of perversity. He scorned kindness and abandoned virtue—how deeply he has betrayed my trust! Reviewing the evidence and weighing the penalty, his guilt admits no pardon. Yet because I hold generals and ministers to the bond of loyalty from first to last, and for the sake of the larger interest I grant special leniency, exiling him to a distant post as a warning to all officials. He is appointed Assistant Magistrate of Yazhou with concurrent regular rank, to be dispatched immediately by post relay. One hundred li from Yazhou he was granted death by imperial order. He was fifty-five years old.
25
便 使 輿
Yang Yan had literary talent from early on and cultivated a reputation for integrity, but when he became secretariat drafter he attached himself to Yuan Zai, and public opinion already looked down on him. After he was implicated in Zai's fall and demoted, his resentment only deepened. Once back in power he repaid every slight; his treacherous nature took hold of his heart, and he followed only personal likes and dislikes without regard for justice—until his downfall. Zhao Huibo was also implicated through Yang Yan and demoted to registrar of Duotian in Fei Prefecture; he too was soon executed. Li Gan. Li Gan was a native of Rong Prefecture. He first rose through skill in astronomy, calendrics, and numerology, served as Hanlin attendant, and rose through repeated promotions to Remonstrance Officer. He was soon transferred to metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, where his stern governance won public approval, yet he also curried favor with the powerful and rose and fell with the political winds. In the second year of Dali (767), he was transferred to vice minister of justice. When Yu Chaoen was executed, Gan was implicated for illicit contact and sent out as prefect of Guizhou and observation commissioner of his circuit. When he reached Jiangling, he entered mourning for his mother. After a long interval, when the post of metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao fell vacant, many missed Gan's tenure. In the eighth year (773), he was again appointed metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao and concurrently Censor-in-Chief. Gan, feeling he had achieved his ambition, lost interest in governing; his greed and cruelty grew worse, and he indulged in wealth and women. In the thirteenth year (778), he was appointed vice minister of war. Treacherous by nature, he practiced heterodox arts, cultivated ties with palace eunuchs, and sought imperial favor—Emperor Daizong was greatly taken in by him. At the time the eunuch Liu Zhongyi enjoyed peak favor and trust; Gan had long been closely tied to him and had once communicated his treasonous plots. When Emperor Dezong first ascended the throne, Gan still sought advancement through deceitful means, secretly riding in a closed litter to visit Zhongyi's residence. When the affair came to light, an edict declared: "Vice Minister of War Li Gan, vicious as a wolf; Special Advance Liu Zhongyi, concealing righteousness and harboring a villain—both are stripped of rank and exiled to distant posts. As they set out, several thousand townspeople and children gathered, pelting them with tiles and stones; the constable could not restrain the mob, and both were granted death at Lantian Post. Appendix: Liu Zhongyi. Zhongyi was a eunuch; his original name was Qingtan; he and Dong Xiu both enjoyed favor with Emperor Daizong. He spoke as though he wielded Heaven's law, and his power eclipsed sun and moon; insatiably greedy, he accepted bribes until his wealth reached tens of thousands. In the Dali era, when Dezong was crown prince, Gan and Qingtan once plotted treacherously against the succession. On this occasion they were executed for their accumulated earlier crimes. Yu Zhun. Yu Zhun was a native of Chang Prefecture. His father Guangxian was vice director in the Ministry of Rites during the Tianbao reign. Zhun entered office through family connections, became intimate with Chief Minister Wang Jin, who swiftly promoted him to director in the Bureau of Appointments with charge of drafting edicts, then to drafting secretary in the Secretariat. Zhun had always lacked literary learning and advanced himself through flattery; since he was not a true scholar, he was much despised in public opinion. Soon he was appointed vice censor-in-chief and promoted to left vice director in the Department of State Affairs. When Jin fell from grace, Zhun was sent out as prefect of Ruzhou. He returned to the capital as minister of agriculture and was on close terms with Yang Yan. Yan wished to kill Liu Yan and, knowing that Zhun bore a grudge against him, appointed Zhun military commissioner of Jingnan. Zhun then memorialized that he had obtained letters between Liu Yan and Zhu Ci, that Yan harbored resentment, and that he had also summoned prefectural troops to resist orders. Thereupon Liu Yan was killed first; only then was an edict issued ordering him to take his own life. The empire considered it a grievous injustice. For killing Liu Yan, Yang Yan summoned Zhun back as left vice director in the Department of State Affairs. On the dingsi day of the sixth month of the third year of Jianzhong (782) he died, aged fifty-one. He was posthumously given the title of minister of works. The historiographer says: Confucius said: Wealth and honor are what people desire; if they are not obtained by the Way, one does not dwell in them. Those who oppose this Way are petty men. Zai flattered Li Fuguo to advance himself, manipulated power to secure his position, provoked universal anger, and persisted in evil without repentance; his house was destroyed and punishment reached wife and children, his body died and calamity reached his ancestors. Jin attached himself to the wicked and thereby reached ruin. Yan destroyed Cui Youfu's regulations, resented Duan Xiushi's uprightness, repaid favors and avenged grudges, and harmed the public with private ends. All three were accomplished in literary composition yet greatly at odds with moral conduct. "If one does not hold fast to virtue, one may inherit disgrace"—this is the meaning of the Great Changes. Wealth and honor not obtained by the Way—are these not the affairs of petty men! Consider Yu Zhun's sycophancy, his rise through Wang Jin's favor, his following Yang Yan's intent, and his crooked bringing about of Liu Yan's unjust death. One who accumulates evil yet dies a peaceful death—perhaps the remaining retribution is yet to come! Commentary says: Zai, Jin, Yan, and Zhun attached themselves to one another in turn. The Zuo Commentary says: the greedy man ruins his kind.
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