1
元載元載,鳳翔岐山人也,家本寒微。 父景昇,任員外官,不理產業,常居岐州。 載母攜載適景昇,冒姓元氏。 載自幼嗜學,好屬文,性敏惠,博覽子史,尤學道書。 家貧,徒步隨鄉賦,累上不升第。 天寶初,玄宗崇奉道教,下詔求明莊、老、文、列四子之學者。 載策入高科,授邠州新平尉。 監察御史韋鎰充使監選黔中,引載為判官,載名稍著,遷大理評事。 東都留守苗晉卿又引為判官,遷大理司直。
Yuan Zai came from Qishan in Fengxiang; his family had always been of modest means. His father Jing Sheng held an extra-quota court post, paid no attention to the family estate, and lived for the most part in Qi Prefecture. When Zai's mother married Jing Sheng, she brought the boy with her, and the family adopted the surname Yuan. From boyhood he was devoted to learning, fond of writing, and gifted by nature; he read widely in history and devoted particular attention to Daoist writings. Because the family was poor, he walked to the capital to sit for the examinations, but try after try he failed to win a degree. Early in the Tianbao reign, Emperor Xuanzong, who had embraced Daoism, issued an edict calling for scholars expert in the Zhuangzi, Laozi, Wenzi, and Liezi. Zai's examination essay won the highest grade, and he was appointed defender of Xinping in Bin Prefecture. When Investigating Censor Wei Yi went to Qianzhong as commissioner overseeing the selection examinations, he took Zai on as his aide. Zai's reputation slowly spread, and he was promoted to reviewer in the Court of Judicial Review. Miao Jinqing, protector of the Eastern Capital, likewise took him on as an aide, after which he was promoted to rectifier in the Court of Judicial Review.
2
肅宗即位,急於軍務,諸道廉使隨才擢用。 時載避地江左,蘇州刺史、江東采訪使李希言表載為副,拜祠部員外郎,遷洪州刺史。 兩京平,入為度支郎中。 載智性敏悟,善奏對,肅宗嘉之,委以國計,俾充使江、淮,都領漕輓之任,尋加御史中丞。 數月徵入,遷戶部侍郎、度支使並諸道轉運使。 既至朝廷,會肅宗寢疾。 載與幸臣李輔國善。 輔國妻元氏,載之諸宗,因是相昵狎。 時輔國權傾海內,舉無違者,會選京尹,輔國乃以載兼京兆尹。 載意屬國柄,詣輔國懇辭京尹,輔國識其意,然之。 翌日拜載同中書門下平章事,度支轉運使如故。 旬日,肅宗晏駕,代宗即位,輔國勢愈重,稱載於上前。 載能伺上意,頗承恩遇,遷中書侍郎、同中書門下平章事,加集賢殿大學士,修國史。 又加銀青光祿大夫,封許昌縣子。 載以度支轉運使職務繁碎,負荷且重,慮傷名,阻大位,素與劉晏相友善,乃悉以錢穀之務委之,薦晏自代,載自加營田使。 李輔國罷職,又加判天下元帥行軍司馬。 廣德元年,與宰臣劉晏、裴遵慶同扈從至陜。 及輿駕還宮,遵慶皆罷所任,載恩寵彌盛。 輔國死,載復結內侍董秀,多與之金帛,委主書卓英倩潛通密旨。 以是上有所屬,載必先知之,承意探微,言必玄合,上益信任之。 妻王氏狠戾自專,載出朝謁,縱子伯和等遊於外,上封人顧繇奏之,上方任載以政,反罪繇而已。
When Emperor Suzong came to the throne, military affairs took precedence, and regional inspectors were promoted wherever talent was found. Zai had taken refuge south of the Yangzi. Li Xiyan, prefect of Suzhou and Jiangdong investigating commissioner, recommended him as deputy; he was appointed vice director in the Ministry of Rites and later became prefect of Hongzhou. After the two capitals were recovered, he was summoned to the capital as director in the Bureau of Revenue. Quick-witted and adept at answering in audience, Zai won Suzong's favor. The emperor entrusted him with the national accounts, sent him as commissioner to the Jiang and Huai regions to oversee grain transport, and soon named him vice censor-in-chief as well. A few months later he was recalled and promoted to vice minister of revenue, with concurrent appointment as commissioner of revenue and transport commissioner for all circuits. Shortly after he arrived at court, Emperor Suzong fell gravely ill. Zai was on close terms with the emperor's favorite, Li Fuguo. Li Fuguo's wife belonged to the Yuan clan and was related to Zai, which drew the two men into close intimacy. Li Fuguo's power then dominated the empire, and none dared defy him. When a new capital intendant was to be chosen, he had Zai appointed concurrently as metropolitan prefect of Jingzhao. Zai had his eye on the chief ministership. He went to Li Fuguo and earnestly declined the capital intendant post; Fuguo understood what he wanted and agreed. The next day Zai was appointed associate chief minister of the Secretariat and Chancellery, while retaining his posts as revenue and transport commissioner. Ten days later Emperor Suzong died and Daizong succeeded him. Li Fuguo's power grew still greater, and he spoke highly of Zai before the new emperor. Skilled at reading the emperor's mind, Zai enjoyed considerable favor. He was promoted to vice director of the Secretariat and associate chief minister, made grand academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, and put in charge of compiling the national history. He was further promoted to silver-blue-girdled Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and enfeoffed as Viscount of Xuchang County. Zai felt that the revenue and transport posts were tedious yet heavy burdens that might tarnish his reputation and block his path to supreme power. He had long been friendly with Liu Yan, so he handed all fiscal duties over to him and recommended Yan as his replacement, while taking the additional post of commissioner of garrison fields for himself. After Li Fuguo was dismissed, Zai was additionally appointed acting chief of staff to the commander-in-chief of all armies. In the first year of Guangde (763), he accompanied the chief ministers Liu Yan and Pei Zunqing when the emperor withdrew to Shaan. When the emperor returned to the capital, Pei Zunqing and the others were all dismissed, while Zai's favor only grew. After Li Fuguo's death, Zai cultivated the eunuch Dong Xiu, lavished gold and silk on him, and used chief clerk Zhuo Yingqian to pass secret messages to and from the throne. Whenever the emperor formed a preference, Zai already knew it. He anticipated intent and probed every subtlety; his words always struck the mark, and the emperor trusted him all the more. His wife Lady Wang was fierce and domineering. While Zai attended court, she let their sons Bohe and the others roam the city at will. Memorialist Gu Yao reported this, but the emperor was then relying on Zai for government and punished Yao instead.
3
內侍魚朝恩負恃權寵,不與載協,載常憚之。 大曆四年冬,乘間密奏朝恩專權不軌,請除之。 朝恩驕橫,天下咸怒,上亦知之,及聞載奏,適會於心。 載遂結北軍大將同謀,以防萬慮。 五年三月,朝恩伏法,度支使第五琦以朝恩黨坐累,載兼判度支,志氣自若,謂己有除惡之功,是非前賢,以為文武才略,莫己之若。 外委胥吏,內聽婦言。 城中開南北二甲第,室宇宏麗,冠絕當時。 又於近郊起亭榭,所至之處,帷帳什器,皆於宿設,儲不改供。 城南膏腴別墅,連疆接畛,凡數十所,婢仆曳羅綺一百餘人,恣為不法,侈僭無度。 江、淮方面,京輦要司,皆排去忠良,引用貪猥。 士有求進者,不結子弟,則謁主書,貨賄公行,近年以來,未有其比。 與王縉同列,縉方務聚財,遂睦於載,二人相得甚歡,日益縱橫。 代宗盡察其跡,以載任寄多年,欲全君臣之分,載嘗獨見,上誡之,不悛。
The eunuch Yu Chaoen relied on imperial favor and power, would not work with Zai, and Zai often feared him. In the winter of the fourth year of Dali (769), he seized an opportunity to memorialize secretly that Yu Chaoen monopolized power and acted unlawfully, and asked that he be removed. Yu Chaoen was arrogant and overbearing; the empire seethed with anger, and the emperor knew it. When he read Zai's memorial, it matched exactly what he had been thinking. Zai then conspired with generals of the northern armies to guard against every contingency. In the third month of the fifth year (770), Yu Chaoen was executed. Revenue Commissioner Diwu Qi was implicated as his partisan, and Zai took over revenue affairs as well. He was as self-assured as ever, convinced that he had rid the court of a great evil, dismissive of earlier worthies, and certain that no one matched his civil and military gifts. Outwardly he left affairs to clerks; inwardly he obeyed his wife. In the capital he built two great mansions, north and south, whose halls were grand and splendid beyond anything of the age. He also built pavilions in the suburbs. Wherever he went, curtains, furnishings, and utensils were set out the night before, and stores were kept fully stocked. South of the city he owned dozens of rich suburban estates whose boundaries ran together. More than a hundred maidservants and attendants dressed in silks; they broke the law at will in extravagance and presumption beyond measure. In the Jiang and Huai regions and in key offices of the capital, he drove out the loyal and installed the greedy and corrupt. Scholars seeking office had to cultivate his sons or bribe his chief clerks; graft was open and rampant. In recent years there had been nothing like it. He served alongside Wang Jin, who was then bent on amassing wealth; the two became close allies and grew ever more unrestrained together. Daizong saw through all of this, but because Zai had served him for many years he wished to preserve the bond between ruler and minister. Once he received Zai in private audience and admonished him, yet Zai did not repent.
4
初,扈駕自陜還,與縉上表,請以河中府為中都,秋杪行幸,春首還京,以避蕃戎侵軼之患。 帝初納之,遣條奏以聞。 自魚朝恩就誅,誌頗盈滿,遂抗表請建中都,文多不載。 大略以關輔、河東等十州戶稅入奉京師,創置精兵五萬,管在中都,以威四方,辭多開合。 自以為表入事行,潛遣所由吏於河中經營。
Earlier, when escorting the emperor back from Shaan, he and Jin had memorialized that Hezhong Prefecture be made a secondary capital, with the court moving there in late autumn and returning in early spring to escape Tibetan raids. The emperor at first accepted the proposal and ordered a detailed plan submitted. After Yu Chaoen's execution his ambition swelled, and he submitted a bold memorial calling for a permanent secondary capital. Most of the text is not recorded here. In outline it proposed diverting household taxes from ten prefectures including Guanfu and Hedong to the capital, raising fifty thousand elite troops stationed at the secondary capital to overawe the realm. The language was largely evasive. Confident that once the memorial was filed the plan would go ahead, he secretly sent clerks to Hezhong to make preparations.
5
節度寄理於涇州。 大曆八年,蕃戎入邠寧之後,朝議以為三輔已西,無襟帶之固,而涇州散地,不足為守。 載嘗為西州刺史,知河西、隴右之要害,指畫於上前曰:「今國家西境極於潘源,吐蕃防戍在摧沙堡,而原州界其間。 原州當西塞之口,接隴山之固,草肥水甘,舊壘存焉。 吐蕃比毀其垣墉,棄之不居。 其西則監牧故地,皆有長濠巨塹,重復深固。 原州雖早霜,黍稷不藝,而有平涼附其東,獨耕一縣,可以足食。 請移京西軍戍原州,乘間築之,貯粟一年。 戎人夏牧多在青海,羽書覆至,已逾月矣。 今運築並作,不二旬可畢。 移子儀大軍居涇,以為根本。 分兵守石門、木峽、隴山之關,北抵於河,皆連山峻嶺,寇不可越。 稍置鳴沙縣、豐安軍為之羽翼,北帶靈武五城為之形勢。 然後舉隴右之地以至安西,是謂斷西戎之脛,朝廷可高枕矣。」 兼圖其地形以獻。 載密使人逾隴山,入原州,量井泉,計徒庸,車乘畚鍤之器皆具。 檢校左僕射田神功沮之曰:「夫興師料敵,老將所難。 陛下信一書生言,舉國從之,聽誤矣。」 上遲疑不決,會載得罪乃止。
The military commission was provisionally administered from Jing Prefecture. In the eighth year of Dali (773), after Tibetan forces entered Bin and Ning, court opinion held that west of the capital region there was no secure defensive belt, and that Jing Prefecture's scattered territory was inadequate for defense. Zai had once been prefect of Xi Prefecture and knew the strategic points of Hexi and Longyou. Before the emperor he outlined a plan: "The empire's western border now runs to Panyuan. Tibetan garrisons hold Cuisha Fort, and Yuan Prefecture lies between them. Yuan Prefecture stands at the gateway of the western frontier, adjoins the strong position of Long Mountain, has rich grass and sweet water, and old ramparts still stand there. The Tibetans have recently destroyed its walls and abandoned it without occupying it. To its west lie the old imperial pasture lands, all with long moats and great ditches, layered defenses dug deep. Though Yuan Prefecture has early frost and grain cannot be grown there, Pingliang adjoins it on the east; farming that one county alone can feed the garrison. Move the metropolitan western army to garrison Yuan Prefecture, seize the opportunity to rebuild it, and store a year's grain there. The barbarians' summer pastures lie mostly at Qinghai; urgent dispatches have been arriving for more than a month. If transport and construction proceed together, the work can be finished in less than twenty days. Move Guo Ziyi's main army to Jing as the foundation force. Divide troops to hold the passes of Shimen, Muxia, and Long Mountain; north to the Yellow River—all linked ranges and steep peaks that invaders cannot cross. Establish Mingxia County and Feng'an Army as supporting wings; to the north link the five cities of Lingwu into a strategic line. Then advance through Longyou as far as Anxi—cut the shank of the western barbarians, and the court may rest easy." He also submitted a map of the terrain. Zai secretly sent men over Long Mountain into Yuan Prefecture to survey wells and springs, calculate labor needs, and prepare carts, baskets, and spades. Acting Left Vice Director Tian Shenggong objected: "Raising armies and estimating the enemy are hard even for veteran generals. Your Majesty would trust one scholar's word and commit the whole empire to it—if you heed this, you will be mistaken. The emperor hesitated and could not decide; when Zai fell from grace the plan was abandoned.
6
初,六年,載條奏應緣別敕授文武六品以下,敕出後望令吏部、兵部便附甲團奏,不得檢勘,從之。 時功狀奏擬,結銜多謬,載欲權歸於己,慮有司駁正。 會有上封人李少良密以載醜跡聞,載知之,奏於上前,少良等數人悉斃於公府。 由是道路以目,不敢議載之短。 門庭之內,非其黨與不接,平素交友,涉於道義者悉疏棄之。
Earlier, in the sixth year (771), Zai memorialized that civil and military appointments of the sixth rank and below made by special edict should, once issued, be reported by the Ministries of Personnel and War in group memorials without review; the emperor approved. Merit reports and proposed appointments often had errors in their linked signatures. Zai wanted power concentrated in his own hands and feared that the responsible offices would reject and correct them. A sealed memorialist named Li Shaoliang secretly reported Zai's misconduct. When Zai learned of it, he memorialized before the emperor, and Shaoliang and several others were beaten to death in the government offices. After that people exchanged fearful glances in the streets and dared not speak of Zai's faults. Within his gates he received only partisans; old friends who spoke of righteousness he cast off entirely.
7
代宗寬仁明恕,審其所由,凡累年,載長惡不悛,眾怒上聞。 大曆十二年三月庚辰,仗下後,上御延英殿,命左金吾大將軍吳湊收載、縉於政事堂,各留系本所,並中書主事卓英倩、李待榮及載男仲武、季能並收禁,命吏部尚書劉晏訊鞫。 晏以載受任樹黨,布於天下,不敢專斷,請他官共事。 敕御史大夫李涵、右散騎常侍蕭昕、兵部侍郎袁傪、禮部侍郎常袞、諫議大夫杜亞同推究其狀。 辯罪問端,皆出自禁中,仍遣中使詰以陰事,載、縉皆伏罪。 是日,宦官左衛將軍、知內侍省事董秀與載同惡,先載於禁中杖殺之。 敕曰:「任直去邪,懸於帝典; 獎善懲惡,急於時政。 和鼎之寄,匪易其人。 中書侍郎、同中書門下平章事元載,性頗奸回,跡非正直。 寵待逾分,早踐鈞衡。 亮弼之功,未能經邦成務; 挾邪之誌,常以罔上面欺。 陰托妖巫,夜行解禱,用圖非望,庶逭典章。 納受贓私,貿鬻官秩。 兇妻忍害,暴子侵牟,曾不提防,恣其淩虐。 行僻辭矯,心狠貌恭,使沈抑之流,無因自達,賞罰差謬,罔不由茲。 頃以君臣之間,重於去就,冀其遷善,掩而不言。 曾無悔非,彌益兇戾,年序滋遠,釁惡貫盈。 將肅政於朝班,俾申明於憲綱,宜賜自盡。 朕涉道猶淺,知人不明,理績未彰,遺闕斯眾,致茲刑辟,憫愧良深。 僶俯行之,務申沮勸,凡在中外,悉朕懷焉。」 又制曰:「門下侍郎、同中書門下平章事王縉,附會奸邪,阿諛讒佞。 據茲犯狀,罪至難容,矜以耋及,未忍加刑。 俾申屈法之恩,貸以嶽牧之秩。 可使持節括州諸軍事,守括州刺史,宜即赴任。 於戲! 朕恭己南面,推誠股肱,敷求哲人,將弼予理。 昧於任使,過在朕躬,無曠厥官,各慎厥職。」 初,晏等承旨,縉亦處極法,晏謂涵曰:「重刑再覆,國之常典,況誅大臣,豈得不覆奏! 又法有首從,二人同刑,亦宜重取進止。」 涵等咸聽命。 及晏等覆奏,上乃減縉罪從輕。 載長子伯和載長子伯和,先是貶在揚州兵曹參軍,載得罪,命中使馳傳於揚州賜死。 次子仲武,祠部員外郎,次子季能,秘書省校書郎,並載妻王氏並賜死。 女資敬寺尼真一,收入掖庭。 王氏,開元中河西節度使忠嗣之女也,素以兇戾聞,恣其子伯和等為虐。 伯和恃父威勢,唯以聚斂財貨,徵求音樂為事。
Daizong was magnanimous and clear-sighted; for years he watched Zai persist in evil without repentance until public anger reached the throne. On the gengchen day of the third month of the twelfth year of Dali (777), after court the emperor took the throne at Yanying Hall and ordered Left Golden Guards General Wu Cou to seize Zai and Jin in the Hall of Administration and detain each at his own office. Secretariat clerks Zhuo Yingqian and Li Dairong and Zai's sons Zhongwu and Jineng were also arrested, and Minister of Personnel Liu Yan was ordered to interrogate them. Liu Yan felt that Zai, once in power, had planted factions throughout the realm and dared not decide alone; he asked that other officials join the investigation. An edict ordered Censor-in-Chief Li Han, Right Regular Attendant Xiao Xin, Vice Minister of War Yuan Kan, Vice Minister of Rites Chang Gun, and Remonstrance Official Du Ya to investigate jointly. The charges and questions all came from within the palace; palace envoys were sent to press secret matters, and both Zai and Jin confessed. That same day the eunuch Left Guard General and director of palace attendants Dong Xiu, Zai's accomplice, was beaten to death in the palace before Zai himself. An edict said: "Employing the upright and removing the wicked are enjoined by the imperial canon; rewarding good and punishing evil are urgent duties of government. The charge of harmonizing the state is not easily entrusted to any man. Vice Director of the Secretariat and Associate Chief Minister Yuan Zai is by nature treacherous and crooked; his conduct is not upright. Favored beyond measure, he rose early to the highest offices of state. As a minister assisting the throne, he has failed to govern the state and accomplish its tasks; harboring wicked intent, he has constantly deceived his superiors and mocked the throne. He secretly relied on sorcerers, went out at night to perform rites of release and prayer, sought unlawful ambitions, and hoped to escape the law. He accepted bribes and sold offices and ranks. His fierce wife was cruel; his violent sons extorted and plundered; he never restrained them and let them oppress at will. His conduct was perverse and his words deceptive; his heart was cruel though his manner respectful. The suppressed had no way to advance; errors in rewards and punishments all stemmed from him. Recently, valuing the bond between ruler and minister, I hoped he would reform and therefore kept silent. He showed no repentance; he grew ever more violent as the years passed, until his offenses overflowed. To rectify governance at court and uphold the law, he is ordered to take his own life. My grasp of the Way is still shallow; my judgment of men has been poor; my achievements in governing are not yet manifest; omissions and faults are so many that this punishment has been reached—I am deeply ashamed. Let all carry this out diligently, striving to declare what is discouraged and what is encouraged; within and without the court, all should know my intent." Another decree said: "Vice Director of the Chancellery and Associate Chief Minister Wang Jin attached himself to the wicked, flattered and slandered with malice. According to these offenses his guilt is intolerable; yet in pity for his advanced age I have not borne to impose capital punishment. I extend the grace of bending the law and spare him with the rank of a prefectural governor. He is appointed commissioner with credentials for all military affairs of Kuozhou and defender of Kuozhou Prefecture; he should proceed at once to his post. Alas! I hold myself in respectful restraint upon the throne, extend sincerity to my ministers, broadly seek wise men, and will have them assist my governance. I have been blind in my choice of men; the fault is mine. Let no office stand vacant, and let each of you guard your duties." Earlier, when Yan and the others received the imperial order, Jin was also to receive the death penalty. Yan said to Han: "For heavy punishments to be reviewed twice is the constant canon of the state; how can execution of great ministers proceed without a second memorial! Moreover the law distinguishes principal and accomplice; when two men share the same penalty, it is also proper to seek the emperor's decision again." Han and the others all obeyed. When Yan and the others submitted their review memorial, the emperor then reduced Jin's guilt and punished him more lightly. Zai's eldest son Bohe had earlier been demoted to military aide in Yangzhou. When Zai fell from grace, the emperor ordered a palace envoy by express relay to Yangzhou to grant him death. The second son Zhongwu was vice director in the Ministry of Rites; the third son Jineng was collator in the Secretariat. Together with Zai's wife Lady Wang they were all ordered to take their own lives. His daughter Zhenyi, a nun at Zijing Temple, was taken into the rear palace. Lady Wang was the daughter of Hexi military commissioner Zhongsi in the Kaiyuan era and had long been known for fierceness and willfulness; she let her sons Bohe and the others act tyrannically. Bohe relied on his father's power and devoted himself solely to amassing wealth and seeking out musicians and entertainers.
8
載在相位多年,權傾四海,外方珍異,皆集其門,資貨不可勝計,故伯和、仲武等得肆其誌。 輕浮之士,奔其門者,如恐不及。 名姝、異樂,禁中無者有之。 兄弟各貯妓妾於室,倡優偎褻之戲,天倫同觀,略無愧恥。 及得罪,行路無嗟惜者。 中使董秀、主書卓英倩、李待榮及陰陽人李季連,以載之故,皆處極法。 遣中官於萬年縣界黃臺鄉毀載祖及父母墳墓,斫棺棄柩,及私廟木主; 並載大寧裏、安仁裏二宅,充修百司廨宇。 以載籍沒鐘乳五百兩分賜中書門下御史臺五品已上、尚書省四品已上。 附王昂王昂者,出自戎旅,以軍功累遷河中尹,充河中節度使。 貪縱不法,務於聚斂,以貨籓身。 永泰元年正月,檢校刑部尚書知省事,改殿中少監。 元載秉政,與載深相結托。 大曆五年六月,為江陵尹、兼御史大夫,充荊南節度觀察使,代衛伯玉。 昂既行,伯玉諷大將楊𨨫等拒昂,乞留伯玉,詔許之。 昂復檢校刑部尚書,知省事。 專事奢靡,廣修第宅,多畜妓妾,以逞其誌。 在刑部,雖公務有程,昂耽徇私宴,連日不視曹事。 性貪吝,無愧茍得,乃鬻公廨園菜,收其錢以潤屋,甚為時論所醜。 元載誅,貶連州刺史,遣中使監至萬州,過硤江,墜江而卒。 附李少良李少良者,以吏用,早從使幕,因職遷殿中侍御史。 罷,遊京師,幹謁權貴。 時元載專政,所居第宅崇侈,子弟縱橫,貨賄公行,士庶咸嫉之。 少良怨不見用,乘眾怒以抗疏上聞。 留少良於禁內客省,少良友人韋頌因至禁門訪少良,少良漏其言; 頌不慎密,遂為載備知之,乃奏少良狂妄,詔下御史臺訊鞫。 是時御史大夫缺,載以張延賞為之,屬意焉。 少良以泄禁中奏議,制使陸珽同伏罪。 初,韋頌及珽俱與少良友善,與載子弟親黨款狎。 頌得少良微旨,漏於載所親,遂達於載。 載密召珽問之,珽具白其狀及禁中語。 載得之,奏於上前,上大怒,並付京兆府決殺。 珽,國子司業善經之子也,少傳父業,頗通經史,性浮躁而疏,故及於累。 附郇謨大曆中,元載弄權自恣,人皆惡之。 八年七月,晉州男子郇謨以麻辮髮,持竹筐及葦席哭於東市。 人問其故,對曰:「有三十字請獻於上。 若無堪,便以竹筐貯屍,棄之於野。」 京兆府以聞。 上既召見,賜衣,館於禁內客省。 其獻三十字,各論一事。 其要者:「團」字、「監」字。 團者,請罷諸州團練使; 監者,請罷諸道監軍使。 殿中御史楊護職居左巡,郇謨哭市,護不聞奏,上以為蔽匿,貶連州桂陽縣丞員外置。 元載當承寵得誌,每改張朝政,出於載手,中外共怒,當時歸咎於載,故少良封事於前,郇謨哭市於後。 凡百有位,宜為明誡。 王縉王縉,字夏卿,河中人也。 少好學,與兄維早以文翰著名。 縉連應草澤及文辭清麗舉,累授侍御史、武部員外。 祿山之亂,選為太原少尹,與李光弼同守太原,功效謀略,眾所推先,加憲部侍郎,兼本官。 時兄維陷賊,受偽署,賊平,維付吏議,縉請以己官贖維之罪,特為減等。
Zai had been chief minister for many years with power that dominated the empire. Rare treasures from abroad gathered at his gate; wealth beyond counting let Bohe, Zhongwu, and the others indulge every desire. Frivolous men rushed to his gate as if afraid they would arrive too late. They had famous beauties and exotic music that not even the inner palace possessed. Each brother kept courtesans in his rooms; actors performed indecent plays that the whole family watched together without a trace of shame. When they fell from grace, no one on the roads sighed in regret. The palace envoy Dong Xiu, chief clerks Zhuo Yingqian and Li Dairong, and the yin-yang master Li Jilian were all executed because of their connection to Zai. Palace eunuchs were sent to Huangtai Township in Wannian County to destroy the tombs of Zai's ancestors and parents, chop open the coffins and cast out the remains, and the spirit tablets of his private temple; and Zai's two mansions in Daning Lane and Anren Lane were seized to repair government office buildings. Five hundred liang of stalactite from Zai's confiscated property were distributed among officials of the fifth rank and above in the Secretariat, Chancellery, and Censorate, and the fourth rank and above in the Department of State Affairs. Appendix: Wang Ang. Wang Ang came from the military ranks; through military merit he rose to prefect of Hezhong and military commissioner of Hezhong. Greedy and lawless, he devoted himself to amassing wealth and used bribes to secure his post. In the first month of the first year of Yongtai (765) he was acting minister of justice directing office affairs, then became vice director of the Palace Domestic Service. When Yuan Zai held power, Ang formed a deep alliance with him. In the sixth month of the fifth year of Dali (770) he became prefect of Jiangling, concurrent censor-in-chief, and Jingnan military commissioner and investigating commissioner, replacing Wei Boyu. After Ang had set out, Boyu prompted the great generals Yang Kui and others to resist him and petitioned that Boyu be retained; the emperor approved. Ang again became acting minister of justice directing office affairs. He devoted himself to luxury, built mansions on a grand scale, and kept many courtesans to indulge his desires. While in the Ministry of Justice, though public business had its schedule, Ang indulged in private feasts and for days on end ignored bureau affairs. By nature greedy and stingy, he felt no shame in grasping what he could; he even sold vegetables from the government office garden and used the money to enrich his house—a thing much despised in public opinion. When Yuan Zai was executed, Ang was demoted to prefect of Lianzhou; a palace envoy was sent to escort him under supervision to Wanzhou. Crossing the Xia River, he fell into the river and drowned. Appendix: Li Shaoliang. Li Shaoliang entered service as a clerk, early joined commissioners' staffs, and was promoted to attendant censor in the Palace. When dismissed, he traveled in the capital and paid court to the powerful. At that time Yuan Zai monopolized government; his residence was extravagant, his sons ran rampant, and bribes were openly exchanged—scholars and commoners alike resented him. Shaoliang resented that he was not employed and, seizing on public anger, submitted a bold memorial to the emperor. Shaoliang was detained in the inner palace guest office. His friend Wei Song came to the forbidden gate to visit him, and Shaoliang leaked what had been said; Song was not careful to keep secrets, and Zai learned everything. He memorialized that Shaoliang was arrogant and mad; an edict ordered the Censorate to interrogate him. At that time the post of censor-in-chief was vacant; Zai appointed Zhang Yanshang to it and placed his trust in him. Shaoliang was convicted of leaking inner-palace memorial discussions; Commissioner Lu Ting confessed guilt along with him. Earlier, Wei Song and Lu Ting had both been friendly with Shaoliang and were on intimate terms with Zai's sons and close associates. Song learned Shaoliang's intent and leaked it to Zai's intimates, and it reached Zai. Zai secretly summoned Lu Ting and questioned him; Ting fully reported the circumstances and the words from within the palace. When Zai learned of this, he memorialized before the emperor; the emperor was greatly angered and handed them all over to the metropolitan prefecture for execution. Lu Ting was the son of Shanjing, vice director of the Directorate of Education. In youth he inherited his father's learning and was fairly versed in the classics and histories; his nature was frivolous and careless, and therefore he came to ruin. Appendix: Xun Mo. In the Dali era Yuan Zai manipulated power at will and all hated him. In the seventh month of the eighth year (773), a man of Jin Prefecture named Xun Mo, with hemp braided in his hair, held a bamboo basket and reed mat and wept at the Eastern Market. When people asked the reason, he answered: "I have thirty characters to present to His Majesty. If they are not acceptable, I shall place my corpse in the bamboo basket and cast it in the wild." The metropolitan prefecture reported this. The emperor summoned him for audience, bestowed clothing, and lodged him in the inner palace guest office. The thirty characters he presented each discussed one matter. The important ones were the characters for "corps" and "supervisor." "Corps" meant: request abolition of the training-corps commissioners of all prefectures; "Supervisor" meant: request abolition of the army-supervising commissioners of all circuits. Palace censor Yang Hu held the post of left patrol. When Xun Mo wept in the market, Hu failed to report it; the emperor considered this concealment and demoted him to supernumerary assistant magistrate of Guiyang County in Lianzhou. Yuan Zai, once he received favor and achieved his ambition, altered court governance at every turn—all from his hand—and within and without the court all were angry. At the time blame was laid on Zai; hence Shaoliang's sealed memorial came first and Xun Mo's weeping in the market came after. All who hold office should take this as a clear warning. Wang Jin. Wang Jin, courtesy name Xiaqing, was a native of Hezhong. From youth he loved learning; with his elder brother Wei he was early famed for literary accomplishment. Jin successively passed the Hidden Talents and Elegant Literary Composition examinations and was repeatedly appointed attendant censor and vice director in the Ministry of War. During An Lushan's rebellion he was selected as vice prefect of Taiyuan; with Li Guangbi he jointly defended Taiyuan. In achievement and stratagem he was foremost among all; he was promoted to vice minister of justice while retaining his original post. At that time his elder brother Wei had fallen into rebel hands and accepted a false appointment. When the rebels were pacified, Wei was handed over for trial. Jin asked to use his own office to redeem Wei's guilt, and a special reduction of penalty was granted.
9
縉尋入拜國子祭酒,改鳳翔尹、秦隴州防禦使,歷工部侍郎、左散騎常侍。 撰《玄宗哀冊文》,時稱為工。 改兵部侍郎。 屬平殄史朝義,河朔未安,詔縉以本官河北宣慰,奉使稱旨。 廣德二年,拜黃門侍郎、同平章事、太微宮使、弘文崇賢館大學士。 其年,河南副元帥李光弼薨於徐州,以縉為侍中、持節都統河南、淮西、山南東道諸節度行營事。 縉懇讓侍中,從之,加上柱國,兼東都留守。 歲餘,遷河南副元帥,請減軍資錢四十萬貫修東都殿宇。 大曆三年,幽州節度使李懷仙死,以縉領幽州、盧龍節度。 縉赴鎮而還,委政於燕將朱希彩。 又屬河東節度辛雲京卒,遂兼太原尹、北都留守、河東節度營田觀察等使。 縉又讓河南副元帥、東都留守,從之。 太原舊將王無縱、張奉璋等恃功,且以縉儒者易之,每事多違約束。 縉一朝悉召斬之,將校股栗。
Jin soon entered the capital and was appointed chancellor of the Directorate of Education, then became prefect of Fengxiang and defense commissioner of Qin and Long prefectures; he served as vice minister of works and left regular attendant. He composed the Lament for Emperor Xuanzong, which at the time was praised as accomplished. He was transferred to vice minister of war. When Shi Chaoyi was destroyed, the Hebei region was still unsettled; an edict appointed Jin with his existing office as Hebei pacification commissioner. His mission accorded with the emperor's intent. In the second year of Guangde (764) he was appointed vice director of the Chancellery, associate chief minister, commissioner of the Taiwei Palace, and grand academician of the Hongwen and Chongxian halls. That same year Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Henan Li Guangbi died at Xuzhou; Jin was appointed palace attendant and commissioner with credentials overseeing all Henan, Huaixi, and Shannan East circuit military headquarters. Jin earnestly declined the post of palace attendant; this was granted. He was given the supreme pillar of state rank and made concurrent protector of the Eastern Capital. After more than a year he was transferred to deputy commander-in-chief of Henan and requested that four hundred thousand strings of military funds be diverted to repair the halls of the Eastern Capital. In the third year of Dali (768) the Youzhou military commissioner Li Huaixian died; Jin was put in charge of the Youzhou and Lulong military commissions. Jin went to his post and returned, entrusting government to the Yan general Zhu Xicai. It also happened that Hedong military commissioner Xin Yunjing died; Jin was then made concurrent prefect of Taiyuan, northern capital protector, and Hedong military commissioner, garrison-field commissioner, and investigating commissioner. Jin again declined the posts of deputy commander-in-chief of Henan and protector of the Eastern Capital; this was granted. The old Taiyuan generals Wang Wuzong, Zhang Fengzhang, and others relied on their merit and, considering Jin a scholar easy to deal with, often violated regulations. Jin summoned them all in one morning and had them beheaded; officers and generals trembled with fear.
10
二歲,罷河東歸朝,授門下侍郎、中書門下平章事。 時元載用事,縉卑附之,不敢與忤,然恃才與老,多所傲忽。 載所不悅,心雖希載旨,然以言辭淩詬,無所忌憚。 時京兆尹黎幹者,戎州人也,數論事,載甚病之,而力不能去也。 幹嘗白事於縉,縉曰:「尹,南方君子也,安知朝禮!」 其慢而侮人,率如此類。
After two years he was removed from Hedong and returned to court, appointed vice director of the Chancellery and chief minister of the Secretariat and Chancellery. At that time Yuan Zai held power; Jin humbled himself and attached to him, not daring to oppose him, yet relying on his talent and age he was often arrogant and dismissive. Though in heart he wished to please Zai, he still insulted with words whatever Zai disliked and showed no fear or restraint. At that time the metropolitan prefect Li Gan was a man of Rong Prefecture who often discussed affairs; Zai greatly resented this but lacked the power to remove him. Gan once reported affairs to Jin; Jin said: "Prefect, you are a southern gentleman—how would you know court ritual!" His arrogance and insult to others were generally of this sort.
11
縉弟兄奉佛,不茹葷血,縉晚年尤甚。 與杜鴻漸舍財造寺無限極。 妻李氏卒,舍道政里第為寺,為之追福,奏其額曰寶應,度僧三十人住持。 每節度觀察使入朝,必延至寶應寺,諷令施財,助己修繕。 初,代宗喜祠祀,未甚重佛,而元載、杜鴻漸與縉喜飯僧徒。 代宗嘗問以福業報應事,載等因而啟奏,代宗由是奉之過當,嘗令僧百餘人於宮中陳設佛像,經行念誦,謂之內道場。 其飲膳之厚,窮極珍異,出入乘廄焉,度支具廩給。 每西蕃入寇,必令群僧講誦《仁王經》,以攘虜寇。 茍幸其退,則橫加錫賜。 胡僧不空,官至卿監,封國公,通籍禁中,勢移公卿,爭權擅威,日相淩奪。 凡京畿之豐田美利,多歸於寺觀,吏不能制。 僧之徒侶,雖有贓奸畜亂,敗戮相繼,而代宗信心不易,乃詔天下官吏不得箠曳僧尼。 又見縉等施財立寺,窮極瑰麗,每對揚啟沃,必以業果為證。 以為國家慶祚靈長,皆福報所資,業力已定,雖小有患難,不足道也。 故祿山、思明毒亂方熾,而皆有子禍。 仆固懷恩將亂而死; 西戎犯闕,未擊而退。 此皆非人事之明徵也。 帝信之愈甚。 公卿大臣既掛以業報,則人事棄而不修,故大曆刑政,日以陵遲,有由然也。
Jin and his brothers observed Buddhism and did not eat meat; in his later years Jin was especially strict in this. With Du Hongjian he gave wealth to build temples without limit. When his wife Lady Li died, he gave his mansion in Daozheng Lane to become a temple, seeking merit for her, memorialized that its plaque read Baoying, and ordained thirty monks to reside there as abbots. Whenever military and investigating commissioners came to court, he always invited them to Baoying Temple and hinted that they should give wealth to help his own repairs. Earlier, Daizong delighted in sacrifices and did not greatly esteem Buddhism, but Yuan Zai, Du Hongjian, and Jin delighted in feeding monks. Daizong once asked about karmic merit and retribution; Zai and the others thereupon memorialized, and Daizong from this honored Buddhism excessively. He once ordered more than a hundred monks within the palace to set out Buddha images and walk in procession chanting sutras—this was called the inner dharma hall. Their food and drink were lavish to the utmost in rare delicacies; they went in and out riding imperial horses, and the Bureau of Revenue supplied their grain rations. Whenever the western Tibetans invaded, he always ordered monks to lecture and chant the Humane Kings Sutra to repel the invaders. If by chance they withdrew, he then lavished rewards upon the monks. The foreign monk Amoghavajra rose to ministerial rank, was enfeoffed as duke of state, had registry in the forbidden palace, shifted power against the chief ministers, and contended for authority daily, encroaching upon one another. All the rich fields and fine profits of the capital region mostly passed to temples and monasteries; officials could not control this. Though among the monks there were those guilty of corruption and breeding disorder, with ruin and execution following one after another, Daizong's faith did not change; he issued an edict that officials throughout the realm must not flog or drag monks and nuns. He also saw Jin and the others give wealth to establish temples of utmost splendor; whenever they addressed him in audience, they always cited karmic cause and effect as proof. They held that the state's felicitous fortune and longevity all depended on karmic reward; once karmic power was fixed, though there were minor calamities, these were not worth mentioning. Thus though Lushan and Siming's rebellion was at its height, both suffered calamity through their sons. Pugu Huai'en was about to rebel and died; the western barbarians violated the palace precincts and withdrew without being struck. These were none of them clear signs from human affairs alone. The emperor believed this all the more. Once the chief ministers had been hung upon karmic retribution, human affairs were neglected and left untended; under the Dali era, law and governance steadily decayed—and there was good reason for it.
12
五臺山有金閣寺,鑄銅為瓦,塗金於上,照耀山谷,計錢巨億萬。 縉為宰相,給中書符牒,令臺山僧數十人分行郡縣,聚徒講說,以求貨利。 代宗七月望日於內道場造盂蘭盆,飾以金翠,所費百萬。 又設高祖已下七聖神座,備幡節、龍傘、衣裳之制,各書尊號於幡上以識之,舁出內,陳於寺觀。 是日,排儀仗,百僚序立於光順門以俟之,幡花鼓舞,迎呼道路。 歲以為常,而識者嗤其不典,其傷教之源始於縉也。
On Wutai Mountain stood Jinge Temple, whose roof tiles were cast in copper and gilded until they blazed across the valleys—a sum reckoned in the hundreds of millions. As chief minister, Jin issued tally-documents from the Secretariat ordering several dozen Wutai monks to fan out through the prefectures and counties, gathering disciples to preach for profit. On the full moon of the seventh month, Daizong held an Ullambana feast in the Inner Chapel, adorned with gold and kingfisher ornaments at a cost of a million. He also set up spirit tablets for the seven imperial ancestors from Gaozu downward, complete with banners, insignia, dragon umbrellas, and ceremonial robes; each honorific title was written on a banner for identification, then borne out from the palace and displayed at temples and monasteries. That day ceremonial guards were deployed and the hundred officials lined up in order at Guangshun Gate to receive them; banners, flowers, and drums welcomed them with shouts all along the road. Year after year this became routine, yet the discerning mocked it as uncanonical—the source of injury to the faith began with Jin.
13
李氏,初為左丞韋濟妻,濟卒,奔縉。 縉嬖之,冒稱為妻,實妾也。 又縱弟妹女尼等廣納財賄,貪猥之跡如市賈焉。 元載得罪,縉連坐貶括州刺史,移處州刺史。 大曆十四年,除太子賓客,留司東都。 建中二年十二月卒,年八十二。 楊炎楊炎,字公南,鳳翔人。 曾祖大寶,武德初為龍門令,劉武周陷晉、絳,攻之不降,城破被害,褒贈全節侯。 祖哲,以孝行有異,旌其門閭。 父播,登進士第,隱居不仕,玄宗徵為諫議大夫,棄官就養,亦以孝行禎祥,表其門閭。 肅宗就加散騎常侍,賜號玄靖先生,名在《逸人傳》。
Lady Li had first been the wife of Left Vice Director Wei Ji; when Ji died, she went to Jin. Jin favored her and falsely claimed she was his wife, though she was in fact a concubine. He also allowed his siblings, sisters, and nun relatives to take bribes on a wide scale; their greedy, base conduct was like that of market traders. When Yuan Zai fell from grace, Jin was implicated and demoted to prefect of Kuozhou, then transferred to prefect of Chuzhou. In Dali 14 (779) he was appointed Mentor to the Heir Apparent and remained on duty at the Eastern Capital. He died in the twelfth month of Jianzhong 2 (781), aged eighty-two. Yang Yan. Yang Yan, courtesy name Gongnan, was a native of Fengxiang. His great-grandfather Dabao served as magistrate of Longmen at the beginning of Wude (618); when Liu Wuzhou seized Jin and Jiang, Dabao held out and refused to surrender; when the city fell he was killed and was posthumously enfeoffed as Marquis of Quanjie. His grandfather Zhe, for extraordinary filial conduct, had his gate and lane honored with a commemorative marker. His father Bo passed the jinshi examination and lived in seclusion without taking office; Xuanzong summoned him as Remonstrance Grandee, but he resigned to care for his parents; he too, for filial conduct and auspicious omens, had his gate and lane marked with honor. Suzong thereupon promoted him to Regular Attendant of the Dispersed Cavalry and bestowed the title Master Xuanjing; his name appears in the Biographies of Recluses.
14
炎美鬚眉,風骨峻峙,文藻雄麗,汧、隴之間,號為小楊山人。 釋褐辟河西節度掌書記。 神烏令李大簡嘗因醉辱炎,至是與炎同幕,率左右反接之,鐵棒撾之二百,流血被地,幾死。 節度使呂崇賁愛其才,不之責。 後副元帥李光弼奏為判官,不應,徵拜起居舍人,辭祿就養岐下。 丁憂,廬於墓前,號泣不絕聲,有紫芝白雀之祥,又表其門閭。 孝著三代,門樹六闕,古未有也。 服闋久之,起為司勛員外郎,改兵部,轉禮部郎中、知制誥。 遷中書舍人,與常袞並掌綸誥,袞長於除書,炎善為德音,自開元已來,言詔制之美者,時稱常、楊焉。
Yan had fine beard and brows, a stern and commanding presence, and writing of heroic splendor; between Qian and Long he was known as the Lesser Yang Mountain Man. Upon entering official life he was recruited as secretary to the Hexi military commissioner. Li Dajian, magistrate of Shenwu, had once insulted Yan while drunk; now serving on the same staff, he had his attendants bind Yan's arms behind his back and beat him two hundred blows with an iron rod—blood covered the ground and he nearly died. The military commissioner Lü Chongben valued his talent and did not hold him accountable. Later the deputy commander Li Guangbi recommended him as judge, but he declined. Summoned as Attendant of the Heir Apparent, he resigned his salary to care for his parents in the Qi region. During mourning he built a hut before the tomb and wailed without cease; auspicious signs appeared in the form of purple fungus and white sparrows, and again his gate and lane were marked with honor. Filial renown spanning three generations and six commemorative towers at the gate—unprecedented in antiquity. Long after mourning ended he was recalled as vice director in the Bureau of Merits, transferred to the Ministry of War, then promoted to director in the Ministry of Rites with charge of drafting edicts. He was promoted to Secretariat Drafter and, with Chang Gao, jointly handled edicts and proclamations—Gao excelled at appointment documents, Yan at benevolent pronouncements; from Kaiyuan onward, when people spoke of the finest edicts and decrees, they spoke of Chang and Yang.
15
炎樂賢下士,以汲引為己任,人士歸之。 嘗為《李楷洛碑》,辭甚工,文士莫不成誦之。 遷吏部侍郎,修國史。 元載自作相,常選擢朝士有文學才望者一人厚遇之,將以代己。 初,引禮部郎中劉單; 單卒,引吏部侍郎薛邕,邕貶,又引炎。 載親重炎,無與為比。 載敗,坐貶道州司馬。 德宗即位,議用宰相,崔祐甫薦炎有文學器用,上亦自聞其名,拜銀青光祿大夫、門下侍郎、同平章事。 炎有風儀,博以文學,早負時稱,天下翕然,望為賢相。
Yan delighted in honoring the worthy and deferring to men of talent, making the advancement of others his personal mission; scholars and officials rallied to him. He once composed the Stele for Li Kailuo; the wording was exquisitely crafted, and literary men all memorized it by heart. He was promoted to vice minister of personnel and took charge of compiling the national history. After Yuan Zai himself became chief minister, he regularly selected one court scholar of literary talent and reputation, treated him generously, and intended him as his successor. At first he brought forward Liu Dan, director in the Ministry of Rites; when Dan died, he brought forward Xue Yong, vice minister of personnel; when Yong was demoted, he brought forward Yan. Zai personally favored Yan as none other. When Zai fell, Yan was implicated and demoted to military adjutant of Daozhou. When Dezong took the throne and chief ministers were under discussion, Cui Youfu recommended Yan for literary talent and practical capacity; the emperor too had heard of him and appointed him Silver-Gleam Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, Vice Director of the Chancellery, and Associate Chief Councilor. Yan had dignified bearing and broad literary accomplishment; long celebrated, he drew the hopes of the realm that he would prove a worthy chief minister.
16
初,國家舊制,天下財賦皆納於左藏庫,而太府四時以數聞,尚書比部覆其出入,上下相轄,無失遺。 及第五琦為度支、鹽鐵使,京師多豪將,求取無節,琦不能禁,乃悉以租賦進入大盈內庫,以中人主之意,天子以取給為便,故不復出。 是以天下公賦,為人君私藏,有司不得窺其多少,國用不能計其贏縮,殆二十年矣。 中官以冗名持簿書,領其事者三百人,皆奉給其間,連結根固不可動。 及炎作相,頓首於上前,論之曰:「夫財賦,邦國之大本,生人之喉命,天下理亂輕重皆由焉。 是以前代歷選重臣主之,猶懼不集,往往覆敗,大計一失,則天下動搖。 先朝權制,中人領其職,以五尺宦豎操邦之本,豐儉盈虛,雖大臣不得知,則無以計天下利害。 臣愚待罪宰輔,陛下至德,惟人是恤,參校蠹弊,無斯之甚。 請出之以歸有司,度宮中經費一歲幾何,量數奉入,不敢虧用。 如此,然後可以議政。 惟陛下察焉。」 詔曰:「凡財賦皆歸左藏庫,一用舊式,每歲於數中量進三五十萬入大盈,而度支先以其全數聞。」 炎以片言移人主意,議者以為難,中外稱之。
Formerly, by the state's old system, all revenue under Heaven was paid into the Left Treasury; the Grand Storehouse reported the figures each season, the Ministry of Revenue's Audit Bureau reviewed receipts and disbursements, and upper and lower offices checked one another so that nothing was lost. When Diwu Qi became commissioner of revenue and salt and iron, the capital had many powerful generals whose demands were unbounded; unable to restrain them, Qi had all rent and levies forwarded into the Great Abundance Inner Treasury to satisfy the eunuchs who controlled the emperor's mind; the Son of Heaven found it convenient to draw supplies from there, and so they were never returned. Thus the public levies of the realm became the monarch's private hoard; responsible officials could not see how much there was, and state expenditure could not be measured for surplus or deficit—nearly twenty years had passed. Eunuchs held the ledgers under supernumerary titles; three hundred men managed the affair, all drawing salaries from it—their connections were deeply rooted and immovable. When Yan became chief minister, he bowed his head before the emperor and argued: "Revenue and levies are the great foundation of the state, the very life-blood of the people; the weight of order and disorder under Heaven all depend upon them. Hence former ages repeatedly selected weighty ministers to manage them, yet still feared failure; often they collapsed in ruin—once the great plan was lost, the realm was shaken. The previous court's expedient arrangement had eunuchs hold this charge—a five-foot palace attendant wielding the state's foundation; whether revenues were full or lean, surplus or deficit, even great ministers could not know—then there was no way to calculate the realm's benefit and harm. Your humble servant, bearing guilt as chief councilor, finds Your Majesty's supreme virtue cares for the people; comparing corrupt abuses, none is graver than this. I request that it be brought out and returned to the responsible offices; estimate how much the palace requires for a year's expenses, measure out that amount for delivery, and dare not fall short in use. Only then can governance be properly deliberated. May Your Majesty examine this. An edict said: "All revenue and levies shall return to the Left Treasury, following the old form entirely; each year a measured amount of three to five hundred thousand shall be forwarded into Great Abundance, while the Revenue Commission first reports the full amount. With a few words Yan shifted the ruler's intent; deliberators considered it a difficult achievement, and praise came from within and without the court.
17
初定令式,國家有租賦庸調之法。 開元中,玄宗修道德,以寬仁為理本,故不為版籍之書,人戶浸溢,堤防不禁。 丁口轉死,非舊名矣; 田畝移換,非舊額矣; 貧富升降,非舊第矣。 戶部徒以空文總其故書,蓋得非當時之實。 舊制,人丁戍邊者,蠲其租庸,六歲免歸。 玄宗方事夷狄,戍者多死不返,邊將怙寵而諱,不以死申,故其貫籍之名不除。 至天寶中,王鉷為戶口使,方務聚斂,以丁籍且存,則丁身焉往,是隱課而不出耳。 遂案舊籍,計除六年之外,積徵其家三十年租庸。 天下之人苦而無告,則租庸之法弊久矣。 迨至德之後,天下兵起,始以兵役,因之饑癘,徵求運輸,百役並作,人戶雕耗,版圖空虛。 軍國之用,仰給於度支、轉運二使; 四方征鎮,又自給於節度、都團練使。 賦斂之司數四,而莫相統攝,於是綱目大壞,朝廷不能覆諸使,諸使不能覆諸州,四方貢獻,悉入內庫。 權臣猾吏,因緣為奸,或公托進獻,私為贓盜者動萬萬計。 河南、山東、荊襄、劍南有重兵處,皆厚自奉養,王賦所入無幾。 吏職之名,隨人署置; 俸給厚薄,由其增損。 故科斂之名凡數百,廢者不削,重者不去,新舊仍積,不知其涯。 百姓受命而供之,瀝膏血,鬻親愛,旬輸月送無休息。 吏因其苛,蠶食千人。 凡富人多丁者,率為官為僧,以色役免; 貧人無所入則丁存。 故課免於上,而賦增於下。 是以天下殘瘁,蕩為浮人,鄉居地著者百不四五,如是者殆三十年。
When statutes and forms were first fixed, the state had the system of rent, levy, corvée, and diao tax. In Kaiyuan, Xuanzong cultivated virtue and took leniency and benevolence as the root of governance; hence he did not compile household registers; the population swelled unchecked and regulatory barriers were not enforced. Household members died or moved away—they were no longer the names on the old registers; fields changed hands—they no longer matched the old quotas; rich and poor rose and fell—they no longer matched the old ranks. The Ministry of Revenue merely tallied the old documents on paper—hardly reflecting the reality of the time. By the old system, when men were garrisoned on the frontier, their rent and corvée were remitted; after six years they were exempted and returned home. Xuanzong was then engaged with the barbarians; many garrison soldiers died and did not return; frontier generals, relying on imperial favor, concealed this and did not report deaths, so their names on the permanent registers were not removed. By Tianbao, Wang Hong served as household commissioner and was bent on accumulation; since the household register still listed the men, where had the men themselves gone?—this was concealed taxation not paid. He then examined the old registers and, beyond the six-year exemption, cumulatively levied thirty years of rent and corvée from their families. The people of the realm suffered with none to whom they could appeal—the rent-and-corvée system had long been broken. After Zhide, warfare arose throughout the realm; first came military service, then famine and pestilence, requisitions and transport—all corvées arose together; households were depleted and the territorial registers emptied. Expenditure for army and state depended on the two commissioners of revenue and transport; the military garrisons of the four directions likewise supplied themselves through military commissioners and grand training-corps commissioners. There were as many as four levying offices, yet none supervised one another; thus the whole structure collapsed—the court could not oversee the commissioners, the commissioners could not oversee the prefectures; tribute from the four directions all entered the inner treasury. Powerful ministers and crafty officials seized the opportunity for villainy; some publicly offered tribute while privately embezzling—amounts reaching tens of thousands. In Henan, Shandong, Jingxiang, and Jiannan, wherever heavy troops were stationed, all richly maintained themselves; little reached the royal levies. The names of official posts were assigned at will; salaries were raised or cut at their discretion. Hence the names of exactions numbered in the hundreds; abolished ones were not cut away, heavy ones were not removed; old and new levies piled up with no end in sight. The common people received orders and supplied them—draining their marrow and blood, selling beloved kin, delivering every ten days and every month without rest. Officials, relying on this harshness, gnawed away at the people like silkworms. Generally the rich with many sons mostly became officials or monks, exempted from corvée by status; the poor, with no such avenue, remained listed as liable men. Thus exemptions multiplied above while levies increased below. Hence the realm was worn to ruin; people drifted as vagrants; those settled in villages and rooted to the land were scarcely four or five in a hundred—thus for nearly thirty years.
18
炎因奏對,懇言其弊,乃請作兩稅法,以一其名,曰:「凡百役之費,一錢之斂,先度其數而賦於人,量出以制入。 戶無主客,以見居為簿; 人無丁中,以貧富為差。 不居處而行商者,在所郡縣稅三十之一,度所與居者均,使無僥利。 居人之稅,秋夏兩徵之,俗有不便者正之。 其租庸雜徭悉省,而丁額不廢,申報出入如舊式。 其田畝之稅,率以大曆十四年墾田之數為準而均徵之。 夏稅無過六月,秋稅無過十一月。 逾歲之後,有戶增而稅減輕,及人散而失均者,進退長吏,而以尚書度支總統焉。」 德宗善而行之,詔諭中外。 而掌賦者沮其非利,言租庸之令四百餘年,舊制不可輕改。 上行之不疑,天下便之。 人不土斷而地著,賦不加斂而增入,版籍不造而得其虛實,貪吏不誡而奸無所取。 自是輕重之權,始歸於朝廷。
Yan, in memorial response, earnestly spoke of these abuses and then proposed the Two-Tax system, unifying the name, saying: "All expenses of the hundred corvées, every cash of collection—first estimate the amount and levy it upon the people; measure expenditure to regulate income. Households have no distinction of native or guest—take current residence as the register; persons have no distinction of adult or minor—take rich and poor as the gradation. Those who do not reside but travel as merchants shall be taxed one-thirtieth in the prefecture and county where they are; estimate and equalize with residents so there is no opportunistic profit. Tax on residents shall be collected twice, in autumn and summer; where local custom is inconvenient, adjust it. Rent, corvée, and miscellaneous corvées shall all be abolished, yet the adult quota shall not be discarded; reporting of entries and exits shall follow the old form. The land tax shall uniformly be levied according to the number of reclaimed fields in Dali 14 (779). Summer tax shall not pass the sixth month; autumn tax shall not pass the eleventh month. After the year passes, if households increase yet tax decreases, or people scatter and equalization is lost, promote or demote the chief local officials, and let the Revenue Commission of the Ministry of Revenue oversee all. Dezong approved and implemented it, issuing an edict to proclaim it within and without the court. Yet those in charge of levies obstructed it as unprofitable, saying the rent-and-corvée order had stood more than four hundred years and the old system must not be lightly changed. The emperor carried it out without hesitation; the realm found it a relief. People were not forcibly bound to the soil yet settled on the land; levies were not increased yet revenue rose; registers were not newly compiled yet the true state of affairs was known; greedy officials were not warned yet villainy had nothing to seize. From this the weight of fiscal power began to return to the court.
19
炎救時之弊,頗有嘉聲。 蒞事數月,屬崔祐甫疾病,多不視事,喬琳罷免,炎遂獨當國政。 祐甫之所制作,炎隳之。 初減薄護作元陵功優,人心始不悅。 又專意報恩復仇。 道州錄事參軍王沼有微恩於炎,舉沼為監察御史。 感元載恩,專務行載舊事以報之。 初,載得罪,左僕射劉晏訊劾之,元載誅,炎亦坐貶,故深怨晏。 晏領東都、河南、江淮、山南東道轉運、租庸、青苗、鹽鐵使,炎作相數月,欲貶晏,先罷其使,天下錢穀皆歸金部、倉部。 又獻議開豐州陵陽渠,發京畿人夫於西城就役,閭裏騷擾,事竟無成。
Yan remedied the abuses of the age and won considerable praise. After several months in office, as Cui Youfu fell ill and largely ceased to attend to affairs and Qiao Lin was dismissed, Yan alone bore state governance. What Youfu had established, Yan tore down. At first he reduced the merit rewards for tending construction of Yuan Mausoleum; public sentiment first turned against him. He also devoted himself solely to repaying favors and settling scores. Wang Zhao, recording secretary of Daozhou, had shown Yan a small kindness; Yan recommended Zhao as investigating censor. Grateful for Yuan Zai's kindness, he devoted himself to carrying out Zai's old policies to repay him. Formerly, when Zai fell from grace, Left Vice Director Liu Yan investigated and impeached him; when Yuan Zai was executed, Yang Yan too was implicated and demoted—hence he deeply resented Liu Yan. Liu Yan held the commissions of transport, rent-and-corvée, green-sprout, and salt and iron for the Eastern Capital, Henan, Jiang-Huai, and Eastern Shannan circuits; several months into his chief ministership, Yang Yan, wishing to demote Liu Yan, first abolished his commissions—all money and grain under Heaven returned to the Gold and Granary bureaus. He also submitted a proposal to open the Lingyang Canal at Fengzhou, dispatching laborers from the capital region to serve at the western city; villages and lanes were thrown into turmoil, and in the end the affair came to nothing.
20
初,大曆末,元載議請城原州,以遏西番入寇之沖要,事未行而載誅。 及炎得政,建中二年二月,奏請城原州,先牒涇原節度使段秀實,令為之具。 秀實報曰:「凡安邊卻敵之長策,宜緩以計圖之,無宜草草興功也。 又春事方作,請待農隙而緝其事。」 炎怒,徵秀實為司農卿。 以邠寧別駕李懷光居前督作,以檢校司空平章事朱泚、御史大夫平章事崔寧各統兵萬人以翼後。 三月,詔下涇州為具。 涇軍怒而言曰:「吾曹為國西門之屏,十餘年矣! 始治於邠,才置農桑,地著之安; 而徙於此,置榛莽之中,手披足踐,才立城壘; 又投之塞外,吾何罪而置此乎!」 李懷光監朔方軍,法令嚴峻,頻殺大將。 涇州裨將劉文喜因人怨怒,拒不受詔,上疏復求段秀實為帥,否則朱泚。 於是以朱泚代懷光,文喜又不奉詔。 涇有勁兵二萬,閉城拒守,令其子入質吐蕃以求援。 時方炎旱,人情騷動,群臣皆請赦文喜,上皆不省。 德宗減服御以給軍人,城中軍士當受春服,賜與如故。 命朱泚、李懷光等軍攻之,乃築壘環之。 涇州別將劉海賓斬文喜首,傳之闕下。 茍非海賓效順,必生邊患,皆因炎以喜怒易帥,涇帥結怨故也。 原州竟不能城。
Earlier, in the late Dali era, Yuan Zai had proposed fortifying Yuan Prefecture to block the main route of Tibetan incursions, but the plan had not been implemented when Zai was executed. When Yang Yan came to power, in the second month of the second year of Jianzhong (781), he memorialized to fortify Yuan Prefecture and first sent instructions to Jingyuan Military Commissioner Duan Xiushi to make the preparations. Xiushi replied: "The best way to secure the frontier and repel enemies is to proceed deliberately with careful planning. It is not wise to rush such a project. Moreover, spring planting is underway; I ask that we wait until the farming season ends before taking up the matter. Yang Yan was furious and recalled Xiushi to serve as Minister of the Directorate of Grain. He placed Binning vice-prefect Li Huai'guang in charge of supervising construction up front, while Acting Minister of Works and Associate Chief Minister Zhu Ci and Censor-in-Chief and Associate Chief Minister Cui Ning each led ten thousand troops as rear guard. In the third month, an edict ordered Jing Prefecture to begin preparations. The troops at Jing were furious and protested: "We have served as the shield of the empire's western gate for more than ten years! We were first established at Bin, had just begun farming and settled into our homes— then we were uprooted and sent here to wilderness, hacking through brush with our bare hands and feet before we could even raise the walls; and now we are thrown out to the frontier. What crime have we committed to deserve this! Li Huai'guang oversaw the Shuofang army with harsh discipline and repeatedly executed senior commanders. Liu Wenxi, a deputy general at Jing Prefecture, stirred by the troops' fury, defied the imperial edict and petitioned to have Duan Xiushi restored as commander—or Zhu Ci if not him. Zhu Ci was then sent to replace Huai'guang, but Wenxi again refused to comply. Jing had twenty thousand seasoned troops. They sealed the city gates and held out, sending Wenxi's son to the Tibetans as a hostage to seek reinforcements. A drought was raging and unrest was spreading; ministers urged clemency for Wenxi, but the emperor would not listen. Emperor Dezong cut back his own provisions to support the troops, and the garrison inside the city received their spring uniforms as usual. He ordered Zhu Ci, Li Huai'guang, and other forces to besiege the city, building encampments all around it. Liu Haibin, a lieutenant at Jing Prefecture, killed Wenxi and sent his head to the capital. Had Haibin not switched sides, a border crisis would surely have erupted—all because Yang Yan capriciously replaced commanders and bred resentment at Jing. The fortification of Yuan Prefecture was never completed.
21
炎既構劉晏之罪貶官,司農卿庾淮與晏有隙,乃用準為荊南節度使,諷令誣晏以忠州叛,殺之,妻子徙嶺表,朝野為之側目。 李正己上表請殺晏之罪,指斥朝廷。 炎懼,乃遣腹心分往諸道:裴冀,東都、河陽、魏博; 孫成,澤潞、磁邢、幽州; 盧東美,河南、淄青; 李舟,山南、湖南; 王定,淮西。 聲言宣慰,而意實說謗。 且言「晏之得罪,以昔年附會奸邪,謀立獨孤妃為皇后,上自惡之,非他過也。」 或有密奏「炎遣五使往諸鎮者,恐天下以殺劉晏之罪歸己,推過於上耳。」 乃使中人復炎辭於正己,還報信然。 自此德宗有意誅炎矣,待事而發。 乃擢用盧杞為門下侍郎、平章事,炎轉中書侍郎,仍平章事。 二人同事秉政,杞無文學,儀貌寢陋,炎惡而忽之,每托疾息於他閣,多不會食,杞亦銜恨之。 舊制,中書舍人分押尚書六曹,以平奏報,開元初廢其職,杞請復之,炎固以為不可。 杞益怒,又密啟中書主書過,逐之。 炎怒曰:「主書,吾局吏也,有過吾自治之,奈何而相侵?」
After Yang Yan had framed Liu Yan and had him demoted, Minister of the Directorate of Grain Yu Zhun—who bore a grudge against Liu Yan—was appointed Jingnan military commissioner. Yang Yan prompted him to falsely accuse Liu Yan of rebellion at Zhong Prefecture and had him executed. Liu Yan's wife and children were exiled beyond the Ling mountains, and all of court and countryside looked on in horror. Li Zhengji submitted a memorial calling for accountability for Liu Yan's murder and openly condemned the court. Fearing the backlash, Yang Yan dispatched trusted agents to the various circuits: Pei Ji to the Eastern Capital, Heyang, and Weibo; Sun Cheng to Zelu, Cixing, and Youzhou; Lu Dongmei to Henan and Ziqing; Li Zhou to Shannan and Hunan; Wang Ding to Huaixi. They claimed to be on goodwill missions, but in truth they were spreading slander. They claimed that "Liu Yan's offense was that years ago he had conspired with corrupt officials to make Consort Dugu empress—a matter the emperor himself loathed. There was no other crime. Someone submitted a secret memorial: "Yang Yan sent five envoys to the military circuits because he fears the empire will hold him responsible for Liu Yan's death and is trying to shift the blame onto the emperor. The emperor sent a palace attendant to relay Yang Yan's words back to Li Zhengji, and the report confirmed that they were indeed what Yan had said. From then on Emperor Dezong resolved to destroy Yang Yan and waited for the right opportunity. Lu Qi was promoted to Vice Director of the Chancellery and Associate Chief Minister; Yang Yan was moved to Vice Director of the Secretariat but remained Associate Chief Minister. The two served together as chief ministers. Qi had no scholarly distinction and cut a homely figure. Yang Yan despised and slighted him, often feigning illness to withdraw to another hall and rarely dining with him—Qi nursed a deep grudge in return. Under an old arrangement, secretariat drafters had overseen the six bureaus of the Ministry of State to review memorials and reports; this had been abolished in early Kaiyuan. Lu Qi requested its restoration, but Yang Yan firmly opposed it. Lu Qi grew angrier still and secretly reported misconduct by the chief clerks of the Secretariat, having them expelled. Yang Yan erupted in anger: "The chief clerks are my own staff. If they err, I will discipline them myself—how dare you interfere?"
22
屬梁崇義叛換,德宗欲以淮西節度使李希烈統諸軍討之。 炎諫曰:「希烈始與李忠臣為子,親任無雙,竟逐忠臣而取其位,背本若此,豈可信也! 居常無尺寸功,猶強不奉法,異日平賊後,恃功邀上,陛下何以馭之?」 初,炎之南來,途經襄、漢,固勸崇義入朝,崇義不能從,已懷反側。 尋又使其黨李舟使馳說,崇義固而拒命,遂圖叛逆,皆炎迫而成之。 至是,德宗欲假希烈兵勢以討崇義,然後別圖希烈。 炎又固言不可,上不能平,乃曰:「朕業許之矣,不能食言。」 遂以希烈統諸軍。
At that time Liang Chongyi rebelled; Emperor Dezong wanted to put Huaixi Military Commissioner Li Sixi in overall command of the forces to suppress him. Yang Yan objected: "Li Sixi was once Li Zhongchen's adopted son and enjoyed his complete trust, yet he eventually drove Zhongchen out and took his place. A man who betrays his benefactor like this—how can he be trusted! He has accomplished nothing of note, yet already defies the law. If one day, after the rebels are crushed, he uses his military success to make demands on Your Majesty, how will you restrain him? Earlier, when Yang Yan traveled south, he had passed through Xiang and Han and strongly urged Chongyi to come to court. Chongyi refused, and resentment had already taken root. Yang Yan then sent his ally Li Zhou on an urgent mission to persuade him, but Chongyi only dug in his heels and refused orders, eventually plotting rebellion—all outcomes Yang Yan's pressure had brought about. By now Emperor Dezong intended to borrow Li Sixi's military strength to crush Chongyi, then deal with Sixi separately. Yang Yan again insisted it was unwise. The emperor, unable to accept his counsel, said: "I have already given my word and cannot take it back. Li Sixi was then placed in overall command of the armies.
23
會德宗嘗訪宰相群臣中可以大任者,盧杞薦張鎰、嚴郢,而炎舉崔昭、趙惠伯。 上以炎論議疏闊,遂罷炎相,為左僕射。 後數日中謝,對於延英,及出,馳歸,不至中書,盧杞自是益怒焉。 杞尋引嚴郢為御史大夫。 初,郢為京兆尹,不附炎,炎怒之,諷御史張著彈郢,郢罷兼御史中丞。 炎又夙聞源休與郢有隙,乃拔休自流人為京兆尹,令伺郢過。 休蒞官後,與郢友善,炎大怒。 張光晟方謀議殺回紇酋帥,炎乃以休為入回紇使,休幾為虜所殺。 郢尋坐以度田不實,改為大理卿,時人惜之。 至是,杞因群情所欲,又知郢與炎有隙,故引薦之。
When Emperor Dezong asked the chief ministers and the assembled officials who could be entrusted with great responsibility, Lu Qi recommended Zhang Yi and Yan Ying, while Yang Yan recommended Cui Zhao and Zhao Huibo. The emperor found Yang Yan's policy counsel shallow and impractical and removed him as chief minister, appointing him Left Vice Director instead. A few days later, when Yang Yan came to offer thanks and was received in the Yanying Hall, he rode straight home afterward without stopping at the Secretariat—Lu Qi was enraged all the more. Lu Qi soon appointed Yan Ying Censor-in-Chief. Earlier, when Yan Ying had served as metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, he had refused to align with Yang Yan. Yang Yan, angered, prompted censor Zhang Zhu to impeach him, and Yan Ying lost his concurrent post as vice censor-in-chief. Yang Yan had also long known of the feud between Yuan Xiu and Yan Ying, and so promoted Xiu from exile to metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, instructing him to watch for Ying's missteps. Once in office, however, Xiu became friendly with Yan Ying, and Yang Yan was furious. Zhang Guangcheng was then plotting to kill the Uyghur chieftain; Yang Yan therefore sent Xiu as envoy to the Uyghurs, and Xiu nearly died at their hands. Yan Ying was soon removed on charges of falsifying land-survey records and transferred to minister of justice; many regretted his fall. Now Lu Qi, acting on public sentiment and knowing of the rift between Yan Ying and Yang Yan, deliberately recommended him.
24
炎子弘業不肖,多犯禁,受賂請托,郢按之,兼得其他過。 初,炎將立家廟,先有私第在東都,令河南尹趙惠伯貨之,惠伯為炎市為官廨。 時惠伯自河中尹、都團練觀察等使初受代,郢奏追捕惠伯詰案。 御史以炎為宰相,抑吏貨市私第,貴估其宅,賤入其幣,計以為贓。 杞召大理正田晉評罪,晉曰:「宰臣於庶官,比之監臨,官市賈有羨利,計其利以乞取論罪,當奪官。」 杞怒,謫晉衡州司馬。 更召他吏繩之,曰:「監主自盜,罪絞。」 開元中,蕭嵩將於曲江南立私廟,尋以玄宗臨幸之所,恐置廟非便,乃罷之。 至是,炎以其地為廟,有飛語者云:「此地有王氣,炎故取之,必有異圖。」 語聞,上愈怒。 及臺司上具獄,詔三司使同覆之。 建中二年十月,詔曰:「尚書左僕射楊炎,托以文藝,累登清貫。 雖謫居荒服,而虛稱猶存。 朕初臨萬邦,思弘大化,務擢非次,招納時髦。 拔自郡佐,登於鼎司,獨委心膂,信任無疑。 而乃不思竭誠,敢為奸蠹,進邪醜正,既偽且堅,黨援因依,動涉情故。 隳法敗度,罔上行私,茍利其身,不顧於國。 加以內無訓誡,外有交通,縱恣詐欺,以成贓賄。 詢其事跡,本末乖謬,蔑恩棄德,負我何深! 考狀議刑,罪在難宥。 但以朕於將相,義切始終,顧全大體,特有弘貸,俾從遠謫,以肅具僚。 可崖州司馬同正,仍馳驛發遣。」 去崖州百里賜死,年五十五。
Yang Yan's son Hongye was a dissolute man who repeatedly broke the law and accepted bribes and favors; Yan Ying investigated him and uncovered further offenses as well. Earlier, when Yang Yan planned to build his family temple, he already owned a private residence in the Eastern Capital and had Henan Magistrate Zhao Huibo sell it; Huibo bought the property on Yang Yan's behalf as an official office. Huibo had just been relieved of his posts as metropolitan magistrate of Hezhong and military governor and observation commissioner; Yan Ying memorialized to have him pursued and interrogated. The censors charged that as chief minister, Yang Yan had coerced officials into buying his private residence at an inflated price while accepting an undervalued payment—amounting to embezzlement. Lu Qi summoned Grand Justice of the Court of Judicial Review Tian Jin to assess the crime. Jin ruled: "When a chief minister deals with a subordinate, it is comparable to supervision. If an official purchase yields surplus profit, and that profit is counted as solicited gain, the penalty should be removal from office. Lu Qi was furious and demoted Jin to assistant magistrate of Heng Prefecture. He then summoned another official to apply the law and ruled: "A supervisor who steals on his own authority is punishable by strangulation. In the Kaiyuan era, Xiao Song had planned to build a private temple south of Qujiang, but abandoned the idea when he realized it was a place Emperor Xuanzong frequented. Now Yang Yan built his temple on that very site. Rumors spread that "this place possesses the aura of kingship; Yang Yan seized it because he harbors treasonous ambitions. When word reached the emperor, his anger only deepened. When the censorate submitted the full case, an edict ordered the Three Offices to review it jointly. In the tenth month of the second year of Jianzhong, an edict declared: "Left Vice Director Yang Yan, trading on literary talent, rose repeatedly to honorable posts. Though once demoted to a remote frontier, his reputation still lingered. When I first ascended the throne, I sought to enact great reforms, promoting men out of turn and recruiting the finest talent of the age. I raised him from a prefectural aide to the highest ministry, entrusting him as my right hand without a moment's doubt. Yet instead of serving with full loyalty, he acted as a corrupt parasite—promoting the wicked, displacing the upright, obstinate in deceit, building factions and trading on personal connections at every turn. He undermined law and propriety, deceived his sovereign, and pursued private gain without regard for the state. At home he lacked moral restraint; abroad he maintained illicit contacts, indulging in fraud until bribery and corruption were complete. Examining the facts of his conduct, the whole record is a tangle of perversity. He scorned kindness and abandoned virtue—how deeply he has betrayed my trust! Reviewing the evidence and weighing the penalty, his guilt admits no pardon. Yet because I hold generals and ministers to the bond of loyalty from first to last, and for the sake of the larger interest I grant special leniency, exiling him to a distant post as a warning to all officials. He is appointed Assistant Magistrate of Yazhou with concurrent regular rank, to be dispatched immediately by post relay. One hundred li from Yazhou he was granted death by imperial order. He was fifty-five years old.
25
炎早有文章,亦勵誌節,及為中書舍人,附會元載,時議已薄之。 後坐載貶官,憤恚益甚,歸而得政,睚眥必仇,險害之性附於心,唯其愛憎,不顧公道,以至於敗。 惠伯亦坐炎貶費州多田尉,尋亦殺之。 黎幹黎幹者,戎州人。 始以善星緯數術進,待詔翰林,累官至諫議大夫。 尋遷京兆尹,以嚴肅為理,人頗便之,而因緣附會,與時上下。 大曆二年,改刑部侍郎。 魚朝恩伏誅,坐交通出為桂州刺史、本管觀察使。 至江陵,丁母憂。 久之,會京兆尹缺,人頗思幹。 八年,復拜京兆尹、兼御史大夫。 幹自以得誌,無心為理,貪暴益甚,徇於財色。 十三年,除兵部侍郎。 性險,挾左道,結中貴,以希主恩,代宗甚惑之。 時中官劉忠翼寵任方盛,幹結之素厚,嘗通其奸謀。 及德宗初即位,幹猶以詭道求進,密居輿中詣忠翼第。 事發,詔曰:「兵部侍郎黎幹,害若豺狼,特進劉忠翼,掩義隱賊,並除名長流。」 即行,市里兒童數千人噪聚,懷瓦礫投擊之,捕賊尉不能止,遂皆賜死於藍田驛。 附劉忠翼忠翼,宦官也,本名清潭,與董秀皆有寵於代宗。 天憲在口,勢回日月,貪饕納賄,貨產巨萬。 大曆中,德宗居東宮,幹及清潭嘗有奸謀動搖。 及是,積前罪以誅之。 庾準庾準,常州人。 父光先,天寶中,文部侍郎。 準以門入仕,昵於宰相王縉,縉驟引至職方郎中、知制誥,遷中書舍人。 準素寡文學,以柔媚自進,既非儒流,甚為時論所薄。 尋改御史中丞,遷尚書左丞。 縉得罪,出為汝州刺史。 復入為司農卿,與楊炎厚善。 炎欲殺劉晏,知準與晏有隙,乃用為荊南節度。 準乃上言得晏與朱泚書,且有怨望,又召補州兵以拒命。 於是先殺晏,然後下詔賜自盡,海內冤之。 炎以殺晏徵準為尚書左丞。 建中三年六月丁巳卒,時年五十一。 贈工部尚書。 史臣曰史臣曰:仲尼云:富與貴是人之欲,不以道得之不處。 反乎是道者小人。 載諂輔國以進身,弄時權而固位,眾怒難犯,長惡不悛,家亡而誅及妻兒,身死而殃及祖禰。 縉附會奸邪,以至顛覆。 炎隳崔祐甫之規,怒段秀實之直,酬恩報怨,以私害公。 三子者咸著文章,殊乖德行。 「不常其德,或承之羞」,大《易》之義也。 富貴不以其道,小人之事哉! 觀庾準之憸,遭王縉之復,徇楊炎之意,曲致劉晏之冤。 積惡而獲令終者,其在餘殃乎! 贊贊曰:載、縉、炎、準,交相附會。 《左傳》有言,貪人敗類。
Yang Yan had literary talent from early on and cultivated a reputation for integrity, but when he became secretariat drafter he attached himself to Yuan Zai, and public opinion already looked down on him. After he was implicated in Zai's fall and demoted, his resentment only deepened. Once back in power he repaid every slight; his treacherous nature took hold of his heart, and he followed only personal likes and dislikes without regard for justice—until his downfall. Zhao Huibo was also implicated through Yang Yan and demoted to registrar of Duotian in Fei Prefecture; he too was soon executed. Li Gan. Li Gan was a native of Rong Prefecture. He first rose through skill in astronomy, calendrics, and numerology, served as Hanlin attendant, and rose through repeated promotions to Remonstrance Officer. He was soon transferred to metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, where his stern governance won public approval, yet he also curried favor with the powerful and rose and fell with the political winds. In the second year of Dali (767), he was transferred to vice minister of justice. When Yu Chaoen was executed, Gan was implicated for illicit contact and sent out as prefect of Guizhou and observation commissioner of his circuit. When he reached Jiangling, he entered mourning for his mother. After a long interval, when the post of metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao fell vacant, many missed Gan's tenure. In the eighth year (773), he was again appointed metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao and concurrently Censor-in-Chief. Gan, feeling he had achieved his ambition, lost interest in governing; his greed and cruelty grew worse, and he indulged in wealth and women. In the thirteenth year (778), he was appointed vice minister of war. Treacherous by nature, he practiced heterodox arts, cultivated ties with palace eunuchs, and sought imperial favor—Emperor Daizong was greatly taken in by him. At the time the eunuch Liu Zhongyi enjoyed peak favor and trust; Gan had long been closely tied to him and had once communicated his treasonous plots. When Emperor Dezong first ascended the throne, Gan still sought advancement through deceitful means, secretly riding in a closed litter to visit Zhongyi's residence. When the affair came to light, an edict declared: "Vice Minister of War Li Gan, vicious as a wolf; Special Advance Liu Zhongyi, concealing righteousness and harboring a villain—both are stripped of rank and exiled to distant posts. As they set out, several thousand townspeople and children gathered, pelting them with tiles and stones; the constable could not restrain the mob, and both were granted death at Lantian Post. Appendix: Liu Zhongyi. Zhongyi was a eunuch; his original name was Qingtan; he and Dong Xiu both enjoyed favor with Emperor Daizong. He spoke as though he wielded Heaven's law, and his power eclipsed sun and moon; insatiably greedy, he accepted bribes until his wealth reached tens of thousands. In the Dali era, when Dezong was crown prince, Gan and Qingtan once plotted treacherously against the succession. On this occasion they were executed for their accumulated earlier crimes. Yu Zhun. Yu Zhun was a native of Chang Prefecture. His father Guangxian was vice director in the Ministry of Rites during the Tianbao reign. Zhun entered office through family connections, became intimate with Chief Minister Wang Jin, who swiftly promoted him to director in the Bureau of Appointments with charge of drafting edicts, then to drafting secretary in the Secretariat. Zhun had always lacked literary learning and advanced himself through flattery; since he was not a true scholar, he was much despised in public opinion. Soon he was appointed vice censor-in-chief and promoted to left vice director in the Department of State Affairs. When Jin fell from grace, Zhun was sent out as prefect of Ruzhou. He returned to the capital as minister of agriculture and was on close terms with Yang Yan. Yan wished to kill Liu Yan and, knowing that Zhun bore a grudge against him, appointed Zhun military commissioner of Jingnan. Zhun then memorialized that he had obtained letters between Liu Yan and Zhu Ci, that Yan harbored resentment, and that he had also summoned prefectural troops to resist orders. Thereupon Liu Yan was killed first; only then was an edict issued ordering him to take his own life. The empire considered it a grievous injustice. For killing Liu Yan, Yang Yan summoned Zhun back as left vice director in the Department of State Affairs. On the dingsi day of the sixth month of the third year of Jianzhong (782) he died, aged fifty-one. He was posthumously given the title of minister of works. The historiographer says: Confucius said: Wealth and honor are what people desire; if they are not obtained by the Way, one does not dwell in them. Those who oppose this Way are petty men. Zai flattered Li Fuguo to advance himself, manipulated power to secure his position, provoked universal anger, and persisted in evil without repentance; his house was destroyed and punishment reached wife and children, his body died and calamity reached his ancestors. Jin attached himself to the wicked and thereby reached ruin. Yan destroyed Cui Youfu's regulations, resented Duan Xiushi's uprightness, repaid favors and avenged grudges, and harmed the public with private ends. All three were accomplished in literary composition yet greatly at odds with moral conduct. "If one does not hold fast to virtue, one may inherit disgrace"—this is the meaning of the Great Changes. Wealth and honor not obtained by the Way—are these not the affairs of petty men! Consider Yu Zhun's sycophancy, his rise through Wang Jin's favor, his following Yang Yan's intent, and his crooked bringing about of Liu Yan's unjust death. One who accumulates evil yet dies a peaceful death—perhaps the remaining retribution is yet to come! Commentary says: Zai, Jin, Yan, and Zhun attached themselves to one another in turn. The Zuo Commentary says: the greedy man ruins his kind.