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卷一百十五 列傳第六十五: 崔器 趙國珍 崔瓘 敬括 韋元甫 魏少游 衛伯玉 李承

Volume 115 Biographies 65: Cui Qi, Zhao Guozhen, Cui Guan, Jing Kuo, Wei Yuanfu, Wei Shaoyou, Wei Boyu, Li Cheng

Chapter 119 of 舊唐書 · Old Book of Tang
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Chapter 119
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1
Cui Qi came from Anping in Shen prefecture. His great-grandfather Gongli was tall and powerfully built and could drink more than a dou of wine in one sitting. During the Zhenguan reign he was made Commandant of the Horse Stables for Imperial Sons-in-Law and married Princess Taogu of the Shenyao line. His father Suran served as assistant magistrate of Pingyin.
2
使 西 使
Qi had a gift for administration. Upright and unyielding, with little tact, he passed the Mingjing examination and served throughout with scrupulous integrity. In 747 he became warden of Wannian County, and within a month was appointed supervisory censor. When Chief Censor Song Hun served as visiting commissioner of the Eastern Capital circuit, he took Qi on as his legal aide; when Hun was convicted of graft and exiled to Lingnan, Qi was banished along with him. In 754 he was transferred by quota to recorder of Jingzhao prefecture, promoted to vice director in the Ministry of Justice, and sent out as magistrate of Fengxian. When the rebel armies seized the Western Capital, Qi was caught in occupied territory yet continued to govern Fengxian. Soon afterward the Tongluo contingent turned against the rebel forces, and Chang'an's defenders An Shouzhong and Zhang Tongru both vanished. Patriot militia also rose along the Wei River, and within a morning tens of thousands had assembled. Terrified, Qi burned every rebel commission, pass, and order in his possession, posted notices calling loyal troops, and prepared to march to the Wei River army. When the Wei River force was broken, the rebel general Cui Qianyou—already holding Pu and Tong—sent thirty horsemen to seize Qi, and Qi fled north to Lingwu.
3
使 使 殿 西 使
Qi had long been close to Lü Yin, who recommended him as vice censor-in-chief and concurrent vice minister of revenue. He followed Emperor Suzong to Fengxiang and was additionally appointed commissioner of court ritual. After the two capitals were recovered, he became commissioner of the Three Offices. Qi drafted the ceremonial protocol. When the imperial procession entered the city, he had officials who had served the rebels stand before Hanyuan Hall bareheaded and barefoot, beating their breasts and kowtowing for pardon, ringed by guards with blades and staves, while every accompanying official from the chief ministers down was made to watch. When the Eastern Capital was retaken, he required several hundred men, including Chen Xilie, to undergo the same humiliation as at the Western Capital. Qi was secretive, cruel, and delighted in others' ruin—ruthless and devoid of mercy. Currying favor, he memorialized that every official who had served the rebels deserved death under the statutes. Suzong was on the point of accepting his proposal. Li Xian, Duke of Liang and commissioner of the Three Offices, submitted a forceful memorial insisting this must not be done. Guilt was then graded into six classes; many were spared, and only Chen Xilie and Daxi Xun were beheaded beneath the Lone Willow Tree. Later Xiao Hua, who had held office under the rebels at Xiangzhou before returning to court, memorialized: "Those of us who served in the rebel realm were driven again by An Qingxu to Xiangzhou. When we first heard that the Prince of Guangping proclaimed the imperial grace and released Chen Xilie and the rest, we looked at one another and said, 'The throne has treated us with such mercy—what regret could exceed this? When we heard that Cui Qi's proposed punishments were too harsh, our hearts wavered anew. Suzong said, "I came within a hair's breadth of letting Cui Qi lead me astray."
4
Lü Yin suddenly recommended Qi for vice director of the Ministry of Personnel and censor-in-chief. In the seventh month of 760, Qi's legs swelled with edema; after more than a month his illness turned grave. Whenever he closed his eyes he saw Daxi Xun kowtowing and saying, "Great Chief, you are not free of this. When those at his bedside asked, Qi answered, "Chief Daxi once pleaded his case to me, and I refused him." After three days of this, Qi died.
5
使
Zhao Guozhen was descended from the Zangke people. During the Tianbao reign he rose through repeated military achievements to governor of Qian prefecture and concurrent commissioner of the circuit's military affairs. At that time the southern chieftain Geluofeng rebelled. Chief Minister Yang Guozhong also held the Jiannan command and directed operations from afar, losing armies again and again. Secretariat drafter Zhang Jian recommended Guozhen for his military skill and intimate knowledge of southern terrain, and Guozhong memorialized for his appointment. He spent more than ten years in the Five Streams region; while the central plains convulsed with war, only the Qianzhong frontier remained secure. When Emperor Daizong took the throne he singled Guozhen out for praise and summoned him to court as minister of works. In the ninth month of 768 he died of illness and was posthumously created grand preceptor of the heir apparent.
6
祿 使 便 使忿
Cui Guan came from Boling. He was known for moral cultivation and served with scrupulous integrity. He rose in turn to prefect of Li prefecture, and upon taking office stripped away burdensome regulations, making the people's welfare his chief concern. Within two years local custom was transformed; refugees returned carrying infants on their backs, and registered households increased by tens of thousands. The authorities reported his success; an exceptional edict raised him five ranks to silver-green grand master of splendor in recognition of his governance. He was transferred to prefect of Tan, concurrent vice censor-in-chief, and military governor and observation commissioner of Hunan. When Guan took up his post his administration was spare and strict; he reverently upheld ritual and law. Officers and clerks, long accustomed to lawlessness through the recent turmoil, found his ways deeply inconvenient. In the fourth month of 770, at the monthly distribution of grain stores, army commissioner Zang Zhi quarreled with legal aide Daxi Gun. Gun said, "For the moment all is well. Zhi retorted, "If trouble comes, where will you run?" He stalked off, his face dark with anger. That night Zhi incited a mutiny and stormed the prefectural city on the pretext of killing Daxi Gun. Guan fled in panic, ran into Zhi's soldiers, and was slain. When Daizong heard the news, he grieved for him a long while.
7
殿
Jing Kuo came from Hedong. In his youth he was known for literary talent. He passed the provincial jinshi examination and also the special palace examination, then rose twice to right reminder, inner attendant, and attending censor in the palace bureau. At the end of the Tianbao era, Chief Minister Yang Guozhong drove out those who would not align with him; by precedent Kuo was sent out as prefect of Guo. He rose in turn to imperial attendant, vice minister of war, and chief of the Court of Judicial Review. His temperament was deep and steady. His aims were modest; in office he sought no fame and was content simply to follow precedent. Early in the Dali era, after the rebel Zhou Zhiguang was executed, an edict called for humane officials to serve near the throne, and Kuo was made prefect of Tong. After more than a year he entered court as censor-in-chief. Deliberate and grave, he dealt sincerely with subordinates and never sacrificed the public good to private interest; men of quality praised him; yet he cultivated his standing at an easy pace and did not tighten discipline, and for this men of quality thought somewhat less of him. He died in the third month of 771.
8
使使 西使 使使
From youth Wei Yuanfu cultivated careful conduct and was quick in both learning and action. His first post was as aide in Baima district of Hua prefecture, where he became known for administrative skill. The circuit visiting commissioner Wei She valued him highly and memorialized for him to serve as requisition officer; he won equal renown with his fellow staff judge Yuan Xi. Yuanfu excelled at drafting documents and Xi at interrogation; She trusted both openly, and contemporaries called them "Yuan pushes the case, Wei writes the brief. Yuanfu had breadth of vision; wherever he served he made a reputation, rising to prefect of Su and military governor and observation commissioner of Zhexi West circuit. Early in the Dali era Chief Minister Du Hongjian first recommended him, and he was summoned as vice director of the right department of the State Chancellery. When the Huainan command fell vacant, Hongjian again recommended him as fit for grave responsibility, and he was appointed chief administrator of Yangzhou, concurrent censor-in-chief, and Huainan military governor and observation commissioner. For three years at Yangzhou his government favored leaving the people undisturbed, and affairs were kept in reasonable order. In the eighth month of 771 he died in office of illness.
9
鹿 使 耀 殿 婿簿
Wei Shaoyou came from Julu. Early on he was known for administrative competence, rising to deputy commissioner for Shuofang water-and-land transport. When Suzong went to Lingwu, Du Hongjian and others went out to welcome him; Shaoyou was left behind as acting commissioner to prepare palaces and attend to cleaning. Because Suzong had left the palace far behind and had only just reached the frontier, Shaoyou lavished supplies upon him to win his favor. As the emperor neared Lingwu, Shaoyou drew up more than a thousand mounted troops, weapons flashing in the sun, and at Mingsha county on Lingwu's southern border welcomed him with full ceremonial escort, entering in martial array. When Suzong reached Lingwu, halls and imperial screens all imitated the palace; each prince and princess had a separate courtyard; provisions sent to the throne exhausted every delicacy of land and water. Suzong said, "I came here to accomplish great deeds—what need of all this! He ordered the officials to pare it back by degrees. He rose in turn to minister of the imperial regalia. In the tenth month of 759 there was discussion of requiring court officials to contribute horses for the army; Shaoyou and the Prince of Hanzhong, Li Yu, obstructed the plan. When the emperor learned of it, he demoted Shaoyou to chief administrator of Qu prefecture. Later, as mayor of the capital, he petitioned that no one from the secretariat-chancellery of fifth rank or higher, from the two departments of fifth rank or higher, from the ministries of third full rank or higher, no prince, imperial son-in-law, or relative for whom one observes a year of mourning or more, and no son-in-law or sister's son, might serve as legal aide in the metropolitan prefecture, as magistrate of a capital district, or as assistant or clerk in a red county; the throne approved. He was transferred to vice minister of justice.
10
西使 西 使
In the fourth month of 767 he went out as prefect of Hong, concurrent censor-in-chief, and military governor and observation commissioner of Jiangxi West circuit. In the sixth month of 769 he was enfeoffed duke of Zhao. Jia Mingguan had been a junior clerk for apprehending thieves in Wannian county; he served Liu Xixian and, relying on the eunuch Yu Chao'en's power, committed cruelties more vicious than wolves or vipers. After Chao'en and Xixian were executed, Yuan Zai held power, took Mingguan's treacherous counsel, sheltered him, and specially ordered him to serve in Jiangxi. Mingguan had not yet left the city when tens of thousands of commoners gathered outside the walls with bricks and stones, waiting to strike him down and vent their rage. When Zai heard of it, he specially ordered subordinate officials to drive the crowd back into the city, and so Mingguan escaped harm. For two years at Hongzhou, Shaoyou as observation commissioner indulged him according to Zai's wishes. When Lu Sigong replaced Shaoyou and reached the prefecture, he had Mingguan flogged to death that same day. The knowing held that this diminished Wei's reputation and enhanced Lu's. On the third day jiwei of the third month of 771 he died in office and was posthumously created grand preceptor.
11
In office Shaoyou polished his tasks, kept to regulations, knew how to employ men, and was resolute in bringing affairs to completion. Four times he headed the capital mayoralty; though he won no striking renown, he was scrupulously frugal and careful and was in some measure praiseworthy.
12
輿 使 使
In the winter of 763 Tibet invaded the capital region and the emperor withdrew to Shaan prefecture. Because Wei Boyu had capacity and resolve fit for grave responsibility, he was appointed mayor of Jingling, concurrent censor-in-chief, and military governor and observation commissioner of Jingnan. Soon he was made minister of works by inspection and enfeoffed prince of Chengyang commandery. Early in the Dali era he entered mourning for his mother; the court sent Wang Ang to replace him. Boyu secretly incited his officers and clerks to refuse the order, and was recalled from mourning to his former post as Jingnan commissioner—contemporaries despised him for it. In the second month of 776 he came to court for audience and died of illness in the capital.
13
使 使 西使 使 使
Li Cheng was a native of Gaoyi in Zhao commandery, grandson of Vice Minister of Personnel Zhiyuan and second son of the director of the imperial academy, She. Cheng lost his father in childhood; his elder brother Ye raised and nurtured him. When he came of age, he was known for filial devotion to his elder brother. He passed the Mingjing examination with high standing and rose to reviewing censor in the Court of Judicial Review, serving as legal aide to Henan visiting commissioner Guo Na. When Yin Ziqi besieged Bianzhou, Cheng was captured by the rebels and sent under guard to Luoyang. In the rebel camp he secretly reported their plots; much of what he learned reached the court. When the two capitals were recovered, by precedent he was demoted to aide in Linchuan district of Fu prefecture. Within several months he was made magistrate of Deqing; ten days later he was appointed supervisory censor. Huainan military governor Cui Yuan asked to retain him as legal aide; he rose in turn to vice minister of justice by inspection and concurrent attending palace censor. When Yuan died he served in turn as prefect of Fu and Jiang; his performance evaluations were repeatedly ranked highest. He was promoted to director of examination by inspection and concurrent prefect of Jiang, then summoned as director in the Ministry of Personnel. Soon he became visiting commissioner for promotion and demotion of Huainan West circuit; he memorialized to build the Changfeng Weir at Chu prefecture to hold back sea tides and reclaim saline land for garrison farming, increasing the harvest tenfold—a benefit that endures to this day. At that time Liang Chongyi was insolent and defiant; the court was preparing to send forces against him. Li Xilie divined their intent and submitted a memorial listing Chongyi's crimes, asking to take the lead in punishing him. The emperor was pleased; before the court he often praised Xilie's loyalty. When Cheng returned from his commission, he memorialized: "Xilie will surely win some merit on campaign—but I fear that once he has merit he will grow insolent and defiant, disregard imperial authority, and the royal army will be forced to march against him. At first the emperor did not credit him. Before long Xilie had pacified Chongyi and indeed showed signs of rebellion; the emperor recalled Cheng's warning and swiftly promoted him. In the seventh month of 781 he was made prefect of Tong, mayor of the Hezhong metropolitan area, and commissioner of defense and observation for Jin and Jiang. In the ninth month he was transferred to prefect of Xiang and military governor and observation commissioner of Shannan East circuit, with charge of salt and iron. After Xilie defeated Chongyi he massed troops at Xiangzhou and thereupon held that territory. The court feared Xilie would refuse the appointment and wished to send palace troops to escort Cheng; Cheng asked to ride through alone. When he arrived, Xilie lodged Cheng in an outer guesthouse and assailed him with every sort of coercion; Cheng remained calm, sworn to the throne unto death. Xilie could not break him; he then plundered everything of value in the circuit and withdrew, leaving Xiang and Han stripped bare. After a year under Cheng's governance the region was largely restored.
14
使 使 使
At first, though Xilie had returned to Cai prefecture, he left officers at Xiang to guard the goods plundered there; afterward traffic between Xiang and Han never ceased. Cheng also sent his trusted agent Zang Shuya back and forth between Xu and Cai, lavishly cultivating Xilie's intimates Zhou Ceng, Wang Bin, Yao Tan, and others. When Ceng and the others plotted to kill Xilie and bring their forces back to the court, the plan owed much to Cheng's original design. Secret edicts praising him were bestowed again and again. Cheng was soon made minister of works by inspection and concurrent prefect of Tan and military governor and observation commissioner of Hunan. In the seventh month of 783 he died in office at age sixty-two and was posthumously created minister of personnel. From youth Cheng bore an elegant reputation; in office he was praised in his own day for integrity, talent, and ability.
15
The Historian comments: Since antiquity harsh officials who abused the law have often escaped retribution; unless a vengeful spirit intervenes, those who would restrain them are left in doubt. Qi heaped severity upon the fallen and delighted in their ruin, yet died in high office—an end that was not natural; had Daxi not pleaded his case from beyond the grave, Qi's hidden guilt would never have been revealed. Guozhen held the Qian streams secure, Guan restored ritual and law, Kuo dealt sincerely with subordinates, Yuanfu governed with lenience and simplicity, and Shaoyou kept to regulations and brought affairs to completion—each has something to praise. Boyu broke the enemy and won merit worthy of a fierce warrior; yet seizing office while still in mourning for his mother shows him still a soldier at heart. Cheng's loyal counsel and service unto exhaustion—few can be compared with him.
16
The Eulogy says: Cui Qi piled on severity—Daxi returned to haunt him. Of these seven men, what are they? Li Cheng stands foremost.
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