1
德宗子德宗皇帝十一子：昭德皇后王氏生順宗皇帝； 舒王誼，昭靖太子之子； 文敬太子，順宗之子； 諸妃生通王已下八王，本錄不載母氏。
Emperor Dezong had eleven sons. Empress Zhaode, Lady Wang, bore Emperor Shunzong. Prince of Shu Yi was the son of Crown Prince Zhaojing. Crown Prince Wenjing was the son of Shunzong. The eight princes from Prince of Tong on down were born to various consorts; their mothers are not recorded in this account.
2
舒王誼，本名謨，代宗第三子昭靖太子邈之子也。 以其最幼，德宗憐之，命之為子。 大曆十四年六月，封舒王，拜開府儀同三司，與通王、虔王同日封。 仍詔所司，其開府俸料，逐月進內，尋以軍興罷支。 建中元年，領四鎮北庭行軍、涇原節度大使； 以涇州刺史孟皞為節度留後。 以誼愛弟之子，諸王之長，軍國大事，欲其更踐，必委試之。
Prince of Shu Yi, whose original name was Mo, was the son of Crown Prince Zhaojing (Miao), the third son of Emperor Daizong. As the youngest, he won Dezong's affection, and the emperor adopted him as his own son. In the sixth month of Dali 14 (779), he was enfeoffed as Prince of Shu and appointed Grand Preceptor with Honorary Credentials Equal to the Three Excellencies, on the same day as the Princes of Tong and Qian received their titles. The emperor also ordered the relevant offices to deliver his Grand Preceptor stipend to the inner palace each month, but payment was soon suspended when the armies were mobilized. In Jianzhong 1 (780), he assumed command of the Four Garrisons and Beiting campaign army and served as military governor of Jingyuan. Meng Hao, the prefect of Jingzhou, was appointed deputy military governor. As the emperor's beloved nephew and the eldest among the princes, Yi was invariably given trial assignments whenever major military or state affairs arose, so that he might gain further experience.
3
明年，尚父郭子儀病篤，上御紫宸，命誼持制書省之。 誼冠遠遊冠，絳紗袍，乘象輅，駕駟馬，飛龍騎士三百人隨之。 國府之官，皆褲褶騎而導前，鹵簿備引而不樂，在遏密故也。 及門，郭氏子弟迎拜於外，王不答拜。 子儀臥不能興，以手叩頭謝恩已。 王解冠珮，以常服傳詔勞問之。
The following year, when Guo Ziyi, the Esteemed Father, lay gravely ill, the emperor went to Zichen Hall and ordered Yi to carry an imperial writ and visit him. Yi wore the distant-travel cap and a crimson gauze robe, rode in an elephant carriage drawn by a team of four, and was escorted by three hundred Feilong cavalry. Officials of the Imperial Clan Directorate all rode ahead in riding dress, and the full guard of honor was deployed without music, in observance of mourning restraint. At the gate, members of the Guo clan came out to welcome him and bowed, but the prince did not return their bows. Ziyi was too ill to rise and could only knock his head with his hand in gratitude for the imperial favor. The prince removed his cap and insignia, changed into ordinary dress, and conveyed the edict of consolation and inquiry.
4
三年，蔡帥李希烈叛，詔哥舒曜討之。 八月，希烈自帥眾三萬，圍哥舒曜於襄城，又詔河南都統李勉援之。 勉舍襄城，令大將唐漢臣等選勁兵，徑襲許州以解圍。 漢臣未至許，上遣中使追之，責以違詔，亟旋師，為賊所乘，漢臣之眾大敗。 勉恐東都危急，乃分兵數千赴洛，又為賊所隔。 賊眾急攻汴、滑，勉走宋州，朝廷大聳，乃詔誼為揚州大都督，持節荊襄、江西、沔鄂等道節度，兼諸軍行營兵馬元帥，改名誼。 又以哥舒翰聲近，士卒竊議，改封普王，令統攝諸軍，進攻希烈。 仍以兵部侍郎蕭復為戶部尚書、兼御史大夫、元帥府統軍長史。 舊例有行軍長史，以復父名衡，特更之。 又以新除潭州觀察使孔巢父為右庶子、兼御史大夫，充行軍司馬； 以山南東道節度行軍司馬、檢校兵部郎中、兼御史中丞樊澤為諫議大夫、兼御史中丞、行軍右司馬。 刑部員外郎劉從一為吏部郎中、兼中丞； 侍御史韋儹為工部郎中、兼中丞，並充元帥府判官。 兵部員外郎高參為本司郎中，充元帥府掌書記。 以右金吾大將軍渾瑊檢校工部尚書、兼御史大夫，為中軍虞候。 江西節度使嗣曹王臯為前軍兵馬使，鄂嶽團練使李兼為之副。 山南東道節度使賈耽為中軍兵馬使。 荊南節度使張伯儀充後軍兵馬使。 以左神武軍使王價檢校太子賓客； 左衛將軍高承謙檢校太子詹事； 前司農少卿郭曙檢校左庶子，前秘書省著作郎常願為秘書少監，並充元帥府押衙。 制下未行，涇原兵亂而止。
In the third year, Li Xilie, the military commissioner of Cai, rebelled, and an edict ordered Geshu Yao to campaign against him. In the eighth month, Xilie personally led thirty thousand men and besieged Geshu Yao at Xiangcheng, and Li Mian, overall commander of Henan, was also ordered to relieve him. Mian left Xiangcheng and ordered his chief generals Tang Hanchen and others to select crack troops and strike Xuzhou directly in order to lift the siege. Before Hanchen reached Xu, the emperor sent a palace envoy to overtake him, rebuked him for disobeying orders, and ordered an immediate withdrawal; the rebels seized the opportunity, and Hanchen's force was routed. Fearing that the Eastern Capital was in peril, Mian detached several thousand troops for Luoyang, but they too were cut off by the rebels. As rebel forces pressed their attacks on Bian and Hua, Mian fled to Songzhou. The court was thrown into alarm, and Yi was appointed Grand Governor of Yangzhou with authority over the Jingxiang, Jiangxi, Mian, E, and related circuits, and concurrently supreme commander of all campaign armies; his name was also changed to Yi. Because the name Geshu Han sounded too similar to another, the troops murmured among themselves, so he was re-enfeoffed as Prince of Pu and ordered to take overall command and advance against Xilie. Xiao Fu, vice minister of war, was also appointed minister of revenue, concurrent censor-in-chief, and chief of staff at the supreme commander's headquarters. By precedent the post was called campaign chief of staff, but because Fu's father's name was Heng, the title was specially changed. Kong Chaofu, newly appointed observation commissioner of Tanzhou, was made right vice heir apparent, concurrent censor-in-chief, and campaign vice commander. Fan Ze, campaign vice commander of the Shannan East Circuit, acting director of the war ministry, and concurrent vice censor-in-chief, was appointed remonstrance official, concurrent vice censor-in-chief, and right campaign vice commander. Liu Congyi, outer vice director of punishments, was appointed director of the personnel ministry and concurrent vice censor-in-chief. Wei Qian, attendant censor, was appointed director of the works ministry and concurrent vice censor-in-chief; all served as staff judges at the supreme commander's headquarters. Gao Can, outer vice director of war, was promoted to director of that ministry and appointed secretary at the supreme commander's headquarters. Hun Jian, great general of the Right Golden Crow Guard, was appointed acting minister of works, concurrent censor-in-chief, and middle-army provost marshal. Li Gao, the Prince of Cao and military commissioner of Jiangxi, was appointed front-army commander, with Li Jian, regimental commissioner of E and Yue, as his deputy. Jia Dan, military commissioner of Shannan East Circuit, was appointed middle-army commander. Zhang Boyi, military commissioner of Jingnan, served as rear-army commander. Wang Jia, commander of the Left Divine Martial Army, was appointed acting heir apparent's mentor. Gao Chengqian, general of the Left Guard, was appointed acting heir apparent's household superintendent. Guo Shu, former vice minister of agriculture, was appointed acting left vice heir apparent; Chang Yuan, former compiler in the Secretariat, was made vice director of the Secretariat; all served as headquarters escort officers. The appointments had been issued but not yet carried out when the Jingyuan troops mutinied and the plan was abandoned.
5
德宗初聞兵士出怨言，不得賞設，乃令誼與翰林學士姜公輔傳詔安撫，許以厚賞。 行及內門，兵已陣於闕前； 誼狼狽而還，遂奉德宗出幸奉天。 賊之攻城，誼晝夜傳詔，慰勞諸軍，僅不解帶者月餘。 從車駕還宮，復封舒王、開府儀同三司，揚州大都督如故。 永貞元年十月薨，廢朝三日。
When Dezong first heard the troops complaining that they had received no rewards or provisions, he ordered Yi and Hanlin academician Jiang Gongfu to convey an edict of reassurance and promised generous rewards. By the time they reached the inner gate, the troops had already formed ranks before the palace gate. Yi turned back in disarray, and then escorted Dezong on the flight to Fengtian. During the rebel siege, Yi conveyed edicts day and night to comfort and encourage the armies, going more than a month without so much as loosening his belt. When he followed the emperor back to the capital, he was again enfeoffed as Prince of Shu and Grand Preceptor with Honorary Credentials Equal to the Three Excellencies, retaining his title as Grand Governor of Yangzhou. He died in the tenth month of Yongzhen 1 (805), and court audiences were suspended for three days.
6
通王諶，德宗第三子也。 大曆十四年封，制授開府儀同三司。 貞元九年十月，領宣武軍節度大使、汴宋等州觀察支度營田等使，以宣武都知兵馬使李萬榮為留後，王不出閣。 十一年，河東帥李自良卒，以諶為河東節度大使，以行軍司馬李說知府事，充留後，亦不出閣。
Prince of Tong Chen was Dezong's third son. He was enfeoffed in Dali 14 (779) and appointed Grand Preceptor with Honorary Credentials Equal to the Three Excellencies by edict. In the tenth month of Zhenyuan 9 (793), he was named military commissioner of the Xuanwu Army and observation, supply, and garrison commissioner for Bian, Song, and related prefectures; Li Wanrong, overall commander of Xuanwu forces, was appointed deputy commissioner, and the prince did not leave his residence. In the eleventh year, Li Ziliang, commander of Hedong, died; Chen was appointed military commissioner of Hedong, with Li Shuo, campaign vice commander, managing prefectural affairs as deputy commissioner; again the prince did not leave his residence.
7
虔王諒，德宗第四子。 大曆十四年封，授開府儀同三司。 貞元二年，領蔡州節度大使、申光蔡觀察等使，以大將吳少誠為留後。 十年，領朔方靈鹽節度大使、靈州大都督，以朔方行軍司馬李欒為靈府左司馬，知府事，朔方留後。 十一年九月，橫海大將程懷信逐其帥懷直。 十月，以諒領橫海節度大使、滄景觀察等使，以都知兵馬使程懷信為留後，王不出閣。 十六年，徐帥張建封卒，徐軍亂，又以諒領徐州節度大使、徐泗濠觀察處置等使，以建封子愔為留後。
Prince of Qian Liang was Dezong's fourth son. He was enfeoffed in Dali 14 (779) and appointed Grand Preceptor with Honorary Credentials Equal to the Three Excellencies. In Zhenyuan 2 (786), he was named military commissioner of Caizhou and observation commissioner for Shen, Guang, and Cai, with the great general Wu Shaocheng as deputy commissioner. In the tenth year, he was named military commissioner of Shuofang, Ling, and Yan and Grand Governor of Lingzhou; Li Luan, campaign vice commander of Shuofang, was appointed left vice commander of Ling prefecture, managed prefectural affairs, and served as Shuofang deputy commissioner. In the ninth month of the eleventh year, Cheng Huaixin, a great general of Henghai, drove out his commander Huaizhi. In the tenth month, Liang was appointed military commissioner of Henghai and observation commissioner for Cang and Jing; Cheng Huaixin, overall commander of forces, was made deputy commissioner, and the prince did not leave his residence. In the sixteenth year, Zhang Jianfeng, commander of Xu, died and the Xu army mutinied; Liang was again appointed military commissioner of Xuzhou and observation and disposition commissioner for Xu, Si, and Hao, with Jianfeng's son Yin as deputy commissioner.
8
肅王詳，德宗第五子。 大曆十四年六月封。 建中三年十月薨，時年四歲，廢朝三日，贈揚州大都督。 性聰惠，上尤憐之，追念無已，不令起墳墓，詔如西域法，議層磚造塔。 禮儀使判官、司門郎中李巖上言曰：「墳墓之義，經典有常，自古至今，無聞異制。 層磚起塔，始於天竺，名曰『浮圖』，行之中華，竊恐非禮。 況肅王天屬，名位尊崇，喪葬之儀，存乎簡冊，舉而不法，垂訓非輕。 伏請準令造墳，庶遵典禮。」 詔從之。
Prince of Su Xiang was Dezong's fifth son. He was enfeoffed in the sixth month of Dali 14 (779). He died in the tenth month of Jianzhong 3 (782), aged four; court audiences were suspended for three days, and he was posthumously made Grand Governor of Yangzhou. Clever and quick-witted, he was especially beloved by the emperor, whose grief knew no end. Dezong would not permit a tomb mound and ordered that, following Western Regions practice, a pagoda of stacked bricks be built instead. Li Yan, judge under the commissioner of rites and director of the gate ministry, submitted a memorial saying, "The meaning of tombs and graves is fixed in the classics. From antiquity to the present, no different system has ever been heard of. Raising a pagoda of stacked bricks began in India, where it is called a stupa. To practice it in the Central Realm, I fear, would not accord with ritual propriety. Moreover, Prince of Su was of the imperial blood and held an exalted rank. Funeral rites are preserved in the written records. To act contrary to them would set a precedent of no small weight. I humbly request that a tomb be made according to statute, so that canonical ritual may be followed." The edict approved his request.
9
文敬太子謜，順宗之子。 德宗愛之，命為子。 貞元四年，封邕王，授開府儀同三司。 七年，定州張孝忠卒，以謜領義武軍節度大使、易定觀察等使，以定州刺史張茂昭為留後。 十年六月，潞帥李抱真卒，又以謜領昭義節度大使、澤潞邢洺名磁觀察等使，以潞將王虔休為潞府司馬、知留後。 十五年十月薨，時年十八，廢朝三日，贈文敬太子，所司備禮冊命。 其年十二月，葬於昭應，有陵無號。 發引之日，百官送於通化門外，列位哭送。 是日風雪寒甚，近歲未有。 詔置陵署令丞。
Crown Prince Wenjing Song was the son of Shunzong. Dezong loved him and adopted him as his own son. In Zhenyuan 4 (788), he was enfeoffed as Prince of Yong and appointed Grand Preceptor with Honorary Credentials Equal to the Three Excellencies. In the seventh year, Zhang Xiaozhong of Dingzhou died; Song was appointed military commissioner of the Yiwu Army and observation commissioner for Yi and Ding, with Zhang Maozhao, prefect of Dingzhou, as deputy commissioner. In the sixth month of the tenth year, Li Baozhen, commander of Lu, died; Song was again appointed military commissioner of Zhaoyi and observation commissioner for Ze, Lu, Xing, Ming, Ci, and related prefectures, with the Lu general Wang Qianxiu as Lu prefecture vice commander and acting deputy commissioner. He died in the tenth month of the fifteenth year, aged eighteen; court audiences were suspended for three days; he was posthumously made Crown Prince Wenjing, and the relevant offices prepared the ritual investiture. In the twelfth month of that year he was buried at Zhaoying; he had a mausoleum but no posthumous temple name. On the day the funeral procession set out, officials of all ranks escorted him outside Tonghua Gate, standing in ranks and weeping as they sent him off. That day brought wind and snow of exceptional bitterness, such as had not been seen in recent years. An edict established director and vice director posts for the mausoleum office.
10
資王謙，德宗第七子。 大曆十四年封。
Prince of Zi Qian was Dezong's seventh son. He was enfeoffed in Dali 14 (779).
11
代王諲，德宗第八子。 本封縉雲郡王，早薨。 建中二年，追封代王。
Prince of Dai Jin was Dezong's eighth son. He had originally been enfeoffed as Prince of Jinyun commandery and died young. In Jianzhong 2 (781), he was posthumously enfeoffed as Prince of Dai.
12
昭王誡，德宗第九子。 貞元二十一年封。
Prince of Zhao Jie was Dezong's ninth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21 (805).
13
欽王諤，德宗第十子。 順宗即位，詔曰：「王者之制，子弟畢封，所以固籓輔而重社稷，古今之通義也。 第十弟諤等，寬簡忠厚，生知孝敬，行皆由禮，誌不違仁。 樂善本於性情，好賢宗於師傅。 纘修六藝，達人倫風化之源； 博習群言，知惠和睦友之道。 溫恭朝夕，允茂厥猷，克有嘉聞，宜封土宇。 諤可封欽王。 第十一弟可封珍王。
Prince of Qin E was Dezong's tenth son. When Shunzong took the throne, an edict said, "The institution of kings is that all younger brothers and sons receive fiefs, thereby securing the feudal support and giving weight to the altars of soil and grain. This is the universal principle of antiquity and the present. My tenth younger brother E and the others are generous, simple, loyal, and honest. Filial respect comes naturally to them. Their conduct is guided by ritual, and their intent never strays from benevolence. Their delight in goodness springs from their nature, and their love of worth they learned from their teachers and tutors. They continue and cultivate the Six Arts and comprehend the source of human relations and civilizing instruction. They study broadly the many teachings and understand the way of kindness, harmony, and friendship. Warm and respectful from morning to evening, they truly flourish in their conduct and have earned fine repute. It is fitting that they receive territorial enfeoffments. E is to be enfeoffed as Prince of Qin. The eleventh younger brother is to be enfeoffed as Prince of Zhen.
14
珍王諴，德宗第十一子，與欽王同制封。
Prince of Zhen Kan was Dezong's eleventh son and was enfeoffed by the same edict as Prince of Qin.
15
德宗仁孝，動循法度，雖子弟姑妹之親，無所假借。 建中初，詔親王子弟帶開府朝秩者，出就本班。 又以公主、郡縣主出降，與舅姑抗禮。 詔曰：「冠婚之義，人倫大經。 昔唐堯降嬪，帝乙歸妹。 迨於漢氏，同姓主之。 爰自近古，禮教陵夷，公郡法度，僭差殊制。 姻族闕齒序之義，舅姑有拜下之禮，自家刑國，多愧古人。 今縣主有行，將俟嘉令，俾親執棗栗，以見舅姑； 敬遵宗婦之儀，降就家人之禮。 事資變革，以抑浮華。 其令禮儀使與禮官博士，約古今舊儀及《開元禮》，詳定公主、郡縣主出降、覿見之文儀以聞。」
Dezong was benevolent and filial and in all his actions followed the law. Even toward sons, younger brothers, aunts, and sisters, he made no exceptions. At the beginning of Jianzhong, an edict ordered imperial sons and younger brothers who held Grand Preceptor court rank to take their proper places in the regular ranks. He also addressed the fact that when princesses and commandery and county princesses married, they stood on equal ritual footing with their parents-in-law. An edict said, "The meaning of capping and marriage is the great constant of human relations. In antiquity, Tang Yao sent down a consort in marriage, and Di Yi gave his younger sister in marriage. By the Han dynasty, those of the same surname took precedence. From recent antiquity onward, ritual teaching declined, and ducal and commandery regulations diverged into irregular and excessive practices. Marriage kin lacked proper seniority, and parents-in-law were made to perform bowing rituals. From family regulation to state governance, much of this shamed the ancients. Now that the county princesses are about to marry, they shall await the proper command so that they may personally present dates and chestnuts when meeting their parents-in-law. They shall reverently follow the ritual of a clan daughter-in-law and descend to the rites owed within the family. This matter requires reform in order to restrain empty display. Let the commissioner of rites and the ritual officials and erudites, drawing on ancient and modern precedents and the Kaiyuan Rites, work out in detail the written rites for princesses and commandery and county princesses marrying down and for presentation audiences, and report them."
16
初，開元中置禮會院於崇仁裏。 自兵興已來，廢而不修，故公、郡、縣主不時降嫁，殆三十年，至有華發而猶丱者，雖居內館，而不獲覲見十六年矣。 凡皇族子弟，皆散棄無位，或流落他縣，湮沈不齒錄，無異匹庶。 及德宗即位，敘用枝屬，以時婚嫁，公族老幼，莫不悲感。 初即位，將謁太廟，始與公、郡、縣主相見於大次中，尊者展其敬，幼者申其愛，歔欷哭泣之聲聞於朝，公卿陪列者為之淒然。 每將有大禮，必與諸父昆弟同其齋次。 及岳陽、信寧、宜芳、永順、朗陵、陽安、襄城、德清、南華、元城、新鄉等十一縣主同月出降，敕所司大小之物，必周其用。 至於櫛、纚、笄、總，皆經於心，各給錢三百萬，使中官主之，以買田業，不得侈用。 其衣服之飾，使內司計造，不在此數。 是時所司度人用一籠花，計錢七十萬。 帝曰：「籠花首飾，婦禮不可闕，然用費太廣，即無謂也。 宜損之又損之。」 及三萬而止。 帝謂主等曰：「吾非有所愛，但不欲無益之費耳。」 各以余錢六十萬賜之，以備他用。
Earlier, during the Kaiyuan era, a Rites Assembly Court had been established in Chongren Lane. Since the armies were raised it had fallen into disuse, so ducal, commandery, and county princesses went unmarried for nearly thirty years. Some with gray hair still wore childhood coiffure, and though they lived in the inner lodges, they had not been granted audience for sixteen years. Imperial clansmen were scattered and left without posts, or drifted to other prefectures, sunk into obscurity and omitted from the registers, no different from commoners. When Dezong took the throne, he arranged employment for branch kin and timely marriages. The ducal clan, old and young alike, were moved to tears of grief and gratitude. Shortly after his accession, as he was about to visit the Imperial Ancestral Temple, he first met the ducal, commandery, and county princesses in the great side hall. The elders displayed their respect and the young expressed their affection. Sobbing and weeping were heard throughout the court, and the dukes and ministers in attendance were moved to sorrow. Whenever a great state rite was impending, he invariably shared the fasting quarters with his uncles and brothers. When the eleven county princesses of Yueyang, Xinning, Yifang, Yongshun, Langling, Yang'an, Xiangcheng, Deqing, Nanhua, Yuancheng, and Xinxiang married down in the same month, an edict ordered the relevant offices to supply everything needed, great and small alike. Even combs, silk threads, hairpins, and coiled hair received his personal attention. Each princess was given three million cash, with palace eunuchs placed in charge to buy fields and estates, and extravagant spending was forbidden. Their clothing and ornaments were ordered calculated and made by the inner service and were not included in that sum. At that time the relevant offices estimated that one cage of flowers per person would cost seven hundred thousand cash. The emperor said, "Cage flowers as head ornaments are a woman's rite that cannot be omitted, yet if the expense is too great, it is meaningless. It should be reduced again and again." The cost was finally set at thirty thousand. The emperor said to the princesses, "It is not that I favor one over another. I simply do not wish useless expense." Each was then given the remaining six hundred thousand cash for other uses.
17
舊例，皇姬下嫁，舅姑返拜而婦不答。 及是制下，禮官定制曰：「既成婚於禮會院，明晨，舅坐於堂東階西向，姑南向，婦執笄，盛以棗栗，升自西階，再拜，跪奠於舅席前。 退降受胙，盛以腶修。 升，北面再拜，跪奠於姑席前。 降，東面拜婿之伯叔兄弟姊妹。 已而謝恩於光順門，婿之親族亦隨之，然後會宴於十六宅。」 是日，縣主皆如其制。 初，贈司徒沈易良之妻崔氏，即太后之季父母也，帝每見之，方屣而靴，召王、韋二美人出拜。 敕崔氏坐受勿答。 故戚屬之間，罔不憚其敬，不肅而遵禮法焉。 順宗子順宗二十三子：莊憲皇后王氏生憲宗皇帝； 王昭儀生郯王經； 趙昭儀生宋王結； 王昭儀生郇王綜； 王昭訓生衡王絢； 余十八王，本錄不載母氏。
By old precedent, when an imperial daughter married down, the parents-in-law returned the bow while the wife did not respond. When this regulation was issued, the ritual officials fixed the rites, saying, "After the marriage is completed at the Rites Assembly Court, the next morning the father-in-law sits on the eastern steps of the hall facing west and the mother-in-law faces south. The wife holds the hairpin filled with dates and chestnuts, ascends by the western steps, bows twice, and kneels to present it before the father-in-law's mat. She withdraws, descends, and receives the sacrificial meat placed in dried meat strips. She ascends, faces north, bows twice, and kneels to present it before the mother-in-law's mat. She descends and, facing east, bows to the husband's uncles, brothers, and sisters. She then gives thanks at Guangshun Gate, followed by the husband's kin, and afterward a banquet is held at the Sixteen Mansions." That day, all the county princesses followed this regulation. Lady Cui, wife of the posthumously made Minister of Works Shen Yiliang, was the empress dowager's youngest aunt and uncle. Whenever the emperor saw her, he was still slipping on his shoes and boots and would summon the two beauties Wang and Wei to come out and bow. An edict ordered Lady Cui to sit and receive the bow without returning it. Therefore among affinal kin none failed to respect his authority, and without harshness they followed ritual law. Shunzong had twenty-three sons. Empress Zhuangxian, Lady Wang, bore Emperor Xianzong. Wang Zhaoyi bore Prince of Tan Jing. Zhao Zhaoyi bore Prince of Song Jie. Wang Zhaoyi bore Prince of Xun Zong. Wang Zhaoxun bore Prince of Heng Xuan. The remaining eighteen princes are not listed with their mothers in this account.
18
郯王經，本名渙，順宗次子。 始封建康郡王，貞元二十一年封。 太和八年薨。
Prince of Tan Jing, whose original name was Huan, was Shunzong's second son. He was first enfeoffed as Prince of Jiankang commandery in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 8.
19
均王緯，本名沔，順宗第三子。 始封洋川郡王，貞元二十一年進封。
Prince of Jun Wei, whose original name was Mian, was Shunzong's third son. He was first enfeoffed as Prince of Yangchuan commandery and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21.
20
漵王縱，本名洵，順宗第四子。 初授殿中監，封臨淮郡王，貞元二十一年進封。
Prince of Xu Zong, whose original name was Xun, was Shunzong's fourth son. He was first appointed Director of the Palace, enfeoffed as Prince of Linhuai commandery, and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21.
21
莒王紓，本名浼，順宗第五子。 初授秘書監，封弘農郡王。 貞元二十一年進封。 太和八年薨。
Prince of Ju Shu, whose original name was Mei, was Shunzong's fifth son. He was first appointed Director of the Secretariat and enfeoffed as Prince of Hongnong commandery. He was advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 8.
22
密王綢，本名泳，順宗第六子。 始封漢東郡王，貞元二十一年進封。 元和二年九月薨。
Prince of Mi Chou, whose original name was Yong, was Shunzong's sixth son. He was first enfeoffed as Prince of Handong commandery and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. He died in the ninth month of Yuanhe 2.
23
郇王綜，本名湜，順宗第七子。 初授少府監，封晉陵郡王，貞元二十一年進封。 元和三年四月薨。
Prince of Xun Zong, whose original name was Shi, was Shunzong's seventh son. He was first appointed Director of the Palace Workshops, enfeoffed as Prince of Jinling commandery, and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. He died in the fourth month of Yuanhe 3.
24
邵王約，本名漵，順宗第八子。 初授國子祭酒，封高平郡王，貞元二十一年進封。
Prince of Shao Yue, whose original name was Xu, was Shunzong's eighth son. He was first appointed Rector of the Imperial University, enfeoffed as Prince of Gaoping commandery, and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21.
25
宋王結，本名滋，順宗第九子。 始封雲安郡王，貞元二十一年進封。 長慶二年薨。
Prince of Song Jie, whose original name was Zi, was Shunzong's ninth son. He was first enfeoffed as Prince of Yun'an commandery and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Changqing 2.
26
集王緗，貞元二十一年封。 長慶二年薨。
Prince of Ji Xiang was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Changqing 2.
27
冀王絿，本名淮，順宗第十子。 初授太常卿，封宣城郡王，貞元二十一年進封。 太和九年薨。
Prince of Ji Qiu, whose original name was Huai, was Shunzong's tenth son. He was first appointed Minister of Ceremonies, enfeoffed as Prince of Xuancheng commandery, and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 9.
28
和王綺，本名湑，順宗第十一子。 始封德陽郡王，貞元二十一年進封。 太和七年薨。
Prince of He Qi, whose original name was Xu, was Shunzong's eleventh son. He was first enfeoffed as Prince of Deyang commandery and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 7.
29
衡王絢，順宗第十二子。 貞元二十一年封。 寶歷二年薨。
Prince of Heng Xuan was Shunzong's twelfth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Baoli 2.
30
欽王績，順宗第十三子。 貞元二十一年封。
Prince of Qin Ji was Shunzong's thirteenth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21.
31
會王纁，順宗第十四子。 貞元二十一年封。 元和五年十一月薨。
Prince of Hui Xun was Shunzong's fourteenth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in the eleventh month of Yuanhe 5.
32
福王綰，本名浥，順宗第十五子。 母莊憲王皇后，憲宗同出。 初授光祿卿，封河東郡王，貞元二十一年進封。 咸通元年，特冊拜司空。 明年薨。
Prince of Fu Wan, whose original name was Yi, was Shunzong's fifteenth son. His mother was Empress Zhuangxian, Lady Wang; he shared the same mother as Xianzong. He was first appointed Director of the Imperial Household, enfeoffed as Prince of Hedong commandery, and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21. In Xiantong 1 he was specially invested as Minister of Works. He died the following year.
33
珍王繕，本名況，順宗第十六子。 初授衛尉卿，封洛交郡王，貞元二十一年進封。
Prince of Zhen Shan, whose original name was Kuang, was Shunzong's sixteenth son. He was first appointed Commandant of the Guard, enfeoffed as Prince of Luojiao commandery, and advanced in rank in Zhenyuan 21.
34
撫王紘，順宗第十七子。 貞元二十一年封。 咸通四年，特冊拜司空。 五年，冊司徒。 乾符三年，冊太尉。 其年薨。
Prince of Fu Hong was Shunzong's seventeenth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. In Xiantong 4 he was specially invested as Minister of Works. In the fifth year he was invested as Minister over the Masses. In Qianfu 3 he was invested as Grand Commandant. He died that same year.
35
嶽王緄，順宗第十八子。 貞元二十一年封。 太和二年薨。
Prince of Yue Gun was Shunzong's eighteenth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 2.
36
袁王紳，順宗第十九子。 貞元二十一年封。 太和十四年薨。
Prince of Yuan Shen was Shunzong's nineteenth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 14.
37
桂王綸，順宗第二十子。 貞元二十一年封。 太和九年薨。
Prince of Gui Lun was Shunzong's twentieth son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Taihe 9.
38
翼王綽，順宗第二十一子。 貞元二十一年封。 咸通二年薨。
Prince of Yi Chuo was Shunzong's twenty-first son. He was enfeoffed in Zhenyuan 21. He died in Xiantong 2.
39
蘄王緝，順宗第二十二子。 咸通八年封。 【論】史臣曰：夫聖人君臨宇縣，肇啟邦基，莫不受命上玄，膺名帝箓。 自太昊已降，五運相推，迄於殷湯，歷數綿永。 但設均平之化，未聞封建之名。 洎乎周、漢，始以子弟建侯樹屏，以作維城。 及王室浸微，遂有莽、卓之亂。 唐室自艱難已後，兩河兵革屢興，諸王雖封，竟不出閣，夫帝王居寰宇之尊，撫億兆之眾，但能平一理道，夙夜嚴恭，任賢使能，設官分職，自然四海樂推。 天命所祐，縱無封建，亦鴻基永固，安俟嬰孺鎮重哉？
Prince of Qi Ji was Shunzong's twenty-second son. He was enfeoffed in Xiantong 8. [Discussion] The historiographer writes: The sage who rules all under heaven and lays the foundation of the state invariably receives his mandate from Heaven and bears his name on the imperial register. From Taihao onward, the five cycles succeeded one another, and down to Tang of Yin the dynastic span endured without end. They established only the transforming influence of equitable rule; enfeoffment was not yet heard of. By the Zhou and Han dynasties, sons and younger brothers were first enfeoffed as lords to serve as bulwarks of the realm. When the royal house gradually declined, the disorders of Wang Mang and Dong Zhuo followed. Since the Tang dynasty's time of hardship, warfare in the two He regions arose repeatedly. Though the princes received fiefs, in the end they never left their residences. The emperor occupies the highest honor under heaven and governs the masses in the hundreds of millions. If he can unify and rectify the Way, remain vigilant morning and night, employ the worthy and use the capable, and establish offices with divided duties, the four seas will naturally acclaim him. Protected by Heaven's mandate, even without enfeoffment the great foundation remains forever secure. Why must one wait for infants and children to hold weighty posts?
40
贊曰：孝文秉禮，道弘籓邸。 睦族展親，儀刑戚裏。 自閣臨籓，所謂周爰。 無如惡鳥，終懷籠樊。
Praise: Xiaowen upheld ritual, and the Way flourished in the princely mansions. He harmonized the clan and extended kinship, setting a model of discipline for affinal kin. From the mansion to nominal command over the fiefs—this was what was called comprehensive care. Yet like caged birds of ill omen, in the end they knew only enclosure and restraint.