Volume 165 Biographies 115: Wei Xiaqing, Wang Zhengya, Liu Gongchao, Cui Xuanliang, Wen Zao, Guo Chenggu, Yin You, Xu Hui

韋夏卿，字雲客，杜陵人。父迢，檢校都官郎中、嶺南節度行軍司馬。夏卿苦學，大暦中與弟正卿倶應制舉，同時策入髙等，授髙陵主簿。累遷刑部員外郎。時久旱蝗，詔於郎官中選赤畿令，改奉天縣令。以課最第一，轉長安令。改吏部員外郎，轉本司郎中，拜給事中。出爲常州刺史。夏卿深於儒術，所至招禮通經之士。時處士竇群寓於郡界，夏卿以其所著史論，薦之於朝，遂爲門人。改蘇州刺史。貞元末，徐州張建封卒，初授夏卿徐州行軍司馬，尋授徐泗濠節度使。夏卿未至，建封子愔爲軍人立爲留後，因授旄鉞。征夏卿爲吏部侍郎，轉京兆尹、太子賓客，檢校工部尚書、東都留守，遷太子少保。卒時年六十四，贈左僕射。

Wei Xiaqing, styled Yunke, was a native of Duling. His father Tiao served as Acting Director of the Bureau of Justice and Military Affairs Aide of the Lingnan Military Commission. Xiaqing studied hard. In the Dali era he and his younger brother Zhengqing both took the imperial examination together, passed the policy examination with high rank, and were appointed chief clerks of Gaoling County. He was repeatedly promoted to Vice Director in the Ministry of Justice. During a prolonged drought and locust plague, an edict ordered that palace officials be chosen as magistrates of the metropolitan suburban counties; he was reassigned as magistrate of Fengtian County. Because his administration rating ranked first, he was transferred to magistrate of Chang'an. He was reassigned as Vice Director of the Ministry of Personnel, promoted to director of that ministry, and appointed attending censor. He was appointed prefect of Chang Prefecture. Xiaqing was deeply learned in Confucian studies; wherever he served, he recruited and honored scholars versed in the classics. At that time the recluse Dou Qun was living within the prefecture; Xiaqing recommended his Historical Discourse to the court and took him as a disciple. He was reassigned as prefect of Su Prefecture. At the end of the Zhenyuan era, Zhang Jianfeng of Xu Prefecture died. Xiaqing was first appointed Military Affairs Aide of Xu Prefecture, then soon made military commissioner of Xu, Si, and Hao. Before Xiaqing arrived, Jianfeng's son Yin was installed as acting commissioner by the troops and was granted the commissioner's insignia. Xiaqing was recalled as Vice Minister of Personnel, then transferred to metropolitan magistrate and Household Companion to the Heir Apparent, Acting Minister of Works and Eastern Capital commissioner, and promoted to Junior Mentor to the Heir Apparent. He died at age sixty-four and was posthumously enfeoffed as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs.

夏卿有風韻，善談宴，與人同處，終年而喜慍不形於色。撫孤侄，恩逾己子，早有時稱。其所與遊辟之賓佐，皆一時名士。爲政務通適，不喜改作。始在東都，傾心辟士，頗得才彦，其後多至卿相，世謂之知人。

Xiaqing had personal grace and was skilled at conversation and banquets; living with others, he could pass a whole year without pleasure or anger showing on his face. He raised his orphaned nephew with kindness surpassing that shown his own sons, earning early renown. The guests and aides he associated with and recruited were all celebrated men of the age. In governing he sought practical adaptability and disliked needless innovation. When he was first in the Eastern Capital, he devoted himself to recruiting talent and obtained many outstanding men; many later rose to ministerial rank, and the age called him a discerning judge of men.

王正雅，字光謙，其先太原尹東都留守翃之子。伯父翊，代宗朝御史大夫，以貞亮鯁直，名於當代，卒謚曰忠惠。正雅少時，以孝行修謹聞。元和初，舉進士，登甲科，禮部侍郎崔邠甚知之，累從職使府。元和十一年，拜監察御史，三遷爲萬年縣令。

Wang Zhengya, styled Guangqian, was descended from Hong, formerly metropolitan magistrate of Taiyuan and Eastern Capital commissioner. His father's elder brother Yi, Censor-in-Chief under Emperor Daizong, was renowned in his age for integrity and blunt uprightness; upon his death he was granted the posthumous title Loyal and Kind. In his youth Zhengya was known for filial conduct and careful self-cultivation. At the beginning of the Yuanhe era he passed the jinshi examination with top honors. Vice Minister of Rites Cui Bin greatly appreciated him, and he successively served on various commissioners' staffs. In the eleventh year of Yuanhe he was appointed investigating censor and, after three promotions, became magistrate of Wannian County.

當穆宗時，京邑號爲難理，正雅抑強扶弱，政甚有聲。會柳公綽爲京兆尹，上前褒稱，穆宗命以緋衣銀章，就縣宣賜。遷戸部郎中，尋加知臺雜事，再遷太常少卿，出爲汝州刺史，充本州防禦使。有中人爲監軍，怙權幹政，正雅不能堪，乃謝病免。

Under Emperor Muzong, when the capital district was said to be hard to govern, Zhengya suppressed the strong and aided the weak, and his administration won great renown. When Liu Gongchuo was metropolitan magistrate, he praised Zhengya before the throne; Muzong ordered scarlet robes and silver insignia presented and conferred upon him at the county seat. He was promoted to director in the Ministry of Revenue, soon given additional charge of miscellaneous censorial affairs, then promoted again to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and sent out as prefect of Ru Prefecture, serving also as defense commissioner of that prefecture. An eunuch served as army supervisor and, relying on power, meddled in government; unable to endure it, Zhengya pleaded illness and resigned.

入爲大理卿。會宋申錫事起，獄自内出，卒無證驗。是時王守澄之威權，鄭註之寵勢，雖宰相重臣，無敢顯言其事者。唯正雅與京兆尹崔綰上疎，請出造事者，付外考驗其事，別具狀聞。由是獄情稍緩，申錫止於貶官，中外翕然推重之。太和五年十一月卒，贈左散騎常侍。

He entered service as grand councilor of the Court of Judicial Review. When the Song Shenxi case arose, the investigation came from within the palace, and in the end there was no corroborating evidence. At that time Wang Shoucheng's awe-inspiring power and Zheng Zhu's favored influence were such that even chancellors and senior ministers dared not speak openly of the matter. Only Zhengya and metropolitan magistrate Cui Guan submitted memorials requesting that those who fabricated the case be handed over for external investigation and that a separate report be submitted. Thereby the investigation eased somewhat; Shenxi was demoted rather than punished more severely, and within and outside the court all alike admired and respected them. He died in the eleventh month of the fifth year of Taihe and was posthumously enfeoffed as Left Regular Attendant on Horseback.

正雅從弟重，翊之子也，位止河東令。重子衆仲，登進士第，累官衡州刺史。衆仲子凝。

Zhengya's younger cousin Zhong, a son of Yi, rose no higher than magistrate of Hedong. Zhong's son Zhongzhong passed the jinshi examination and rose through successive offices to prefect of Heng Prefecture. Zhongzhong's son was Ning.

凝，字致平，少孤，宰相鄭肅之甥，少依舅氏。年十五，兩經擢第。嘗著《京城六崗銘》，爲文士所稱。再登進士甲科。崔璪領鹽鐵，辟爲巡官。歴佐梓潼、宣歙使幕。宰相崔龜從奏爲鄠縣尉、集賢校理，遷監察御史，轉殿中。宰相崔鉉出鎭揚州，奏爲節度副使。入爲起居郎，歴禮部、兵部、考功三員外。遷司封郎中、長安令。中丞鄭處誨奏知臺雜，換考功郎中，遷中書舍人。時政不協，出爲同州刺史，賜金紫。暮年，移疾華州敷水別墅。逾年，以禮部侍郎征。

Ning, styled Zhiping, was orphaned young. He was the nephew of Chancellor Zheng Su and in youth relied on his maternal uncle's household. At fifteen he passed both classics examinations. He once wrote "Inscriptions on the Six Ridges of the Capital," which won praise from literati. He again passed the jinshi examination with top honors. When Cui Can headed the Salt and Iron Monopoly, he recruited Ning as touring official. He successively served on the staffs of the Zitong and Xu-She commissioners. Chancellor Cui Guicong recommended him as bailiff of Hu County and collator in the Hall of Assembled Worthies; he was promoted to investigating censor, then palace censor. When Chancellor Cui Xuan went out to command Yang Prefecture, he recommended Ning as deputy military commissioner. He entered service as diarist and successively served as vice director in the Ministries of Rites and War and in the Bureau of Merit Evaluation. He was promoted to director of the Bureau of Enfeoffments and magistrate of Chang'an. Censor-in-Chief Zheng Chuhui recommended him for additional charge of miscellaneous censorial affairs; he was transferred to director of the Bureau of Merit Evaluation, then promoted to drafting secretary in the Secretariat. When court politics were discordant, he went out as prefect of Tong Prefecture and was granted gold and purple insignia. In his later years he retired to a villa at Fushui in Hua Prefecture on account of illness. After more than a year he was summoned as Vice Minister of Rites.

凝性堅正，貢闈取士，拔其寒俊，而權豪請托不行，爲其所怒，出爲商州刺史。明年，檢校右散騎常侍、潭州刺史、湖南團練觀察使。入爲兵部侍郎，領鹽鐵轉運使。又以不奉權幸，改秘書監。出爲河南尹、檢校禮部尚書、宣州刺史、宣歙觀察使。凝咸通中兩佐宣城使幕，備究人之利病，滌除積弊，民俗阜康。

Ning's character was firm and upright. In the examination hall he selected talented men from humble backgrounds and refused favors sought by powerful families, provoking their anger; he was sent out as prefect of Shang Prefecture. The next year he was appointed Acting Right Regular Attendant on Horseback, prefect of Tan Prefecture, and training and observation commissioner of Hunan. He entered service as Vice Minister of War and headed the Salt and Iron Transport Commission. Because again he would not court the powerful and favored, he was reassigned as director of the Imperial Archives. He went out as metropolitan magistrate of Henan, Acting Minister of Rites, prefect of Xuan Prefecture, and observation commissioner of Xuan and She. During the Xiantong era Ning twice served on the staff of the Xuan Prefecture commissioner, thoroughly investigating people's gains and hardships, eliminating long-standing abuses, and bringing peace and prosperity to the region.

逾歳，黃巣自嶺表北歸，大掠淮南，攻圍和州。凝令牙將樊儔率師據采石以援之。儔犯令，凝即斬之以徇，命別將烏穎代儔赴援，竟解歴陽之圍。賊怒，引衆攻宣城。大將王涓請出軍逆戰，凝曰：「賊忿恚而來，宜持重待之。彼衆我寡，萬一不捷，則州城危矣！」涓鋭意請行，凝即閲集丁壯，分守要害，登陴設備。涓果戰死。賊乘勝而來，則守有備矣。賊爲梯沖之具，急攻數月，禦備力殫，吏民請曰：「賊之兇勢不可當，願尚書歸款退之，懼覆尚書家族。」凝曰：「人皆有族，予豈獨全？誓與此城同存亡也。」既而賊退去，時乾符五年也。其年夏，疾甚，有大星墜於正寢。八月卒於郡，時年五十八。無子，以弟子鑣爲嗣。鑣兄鉅，位終兵部侍郎。

After more than a year Huang Chao returned north from the Lingnan region, ravaged Huainan on a large scale, and attacked and besieged He Prefecture. Ning ordered his guard general Fan Chou to lead troops to seize Caishi and relieve the city. Fan violated orders; Ning immediately executed him as a public warning, appointed the subordinate general Wu Ying to replace him in the relief effort, and ultimately lifted the siege of Liyang. Enraged, the rebels led their forces to attack Xuan Prefecture. General Wang Juan requested to go out with the army to meet them in battle. Ning said, "The rebels come in fury and rage; we should hold firm and wait them out. They are many and we are few; if by any chance we do not prevail, the prefectural city will be in peril!" Juan insisted on going forth; Ning immediately mustered able-bodied men, assigned them to guard key points, mounted the walls, and made preparations. Juan was indeed killed in battle. When the rebels came riding their victory, the defenders were already prepared. The rebels made scaling ladders and battering rams and pressed the attack for months until defensive strength was exhausted. Officials and people pleaded, "The rebels' ferocious momentum cannot be withstood; we beg the Minister to submit in good faith to send them away, fearing the destruction of your entire clan." Ning said, "All men have clans—why should I alone be preserved whole? I swear to share life and death with this city." Before long the rebels withdrew; this was the fifth year of Qianfu. That summer his illness grew severe, and a great star fell into his principal chamber. In the eighth month he died in the prefecture at age fifty-eight. Having no sons, he made his younger brother's son Biao his heir. Biao's elder brother Ju rose no higher than Vice Minister of War.

柳公綽，字起之，京兆華原人也。祖正禮，邠州士曹參軍。父子温，丹州刺史。公綽幼聰敏。年十八，應制舉，登賢良方正、直言極諫科，授秘書省校書郎，貞元元年也。貞元四年，復應制舉，再登賢良方正科，時年二十一。制出，授渭南尉。

Liu Gongchuo, styled Qizhi, was a native of Huayuan in Jingzhao. His grandfather Zhengli was a registrar of Shicao in Bin Prefecture. His father Ziwen was prefect of Dan Prefecture. Gongchuo was intelligent from childhood. At eighteen he took the imperial examination, passed the categories Incorrupt and Upright and Frank Counsel and Extreme Remonstrance, and was appointed collator in the Secretariat; this was the first year of Zhenyuan. In the fourth year of Zhenyuan he again took the imperial examination and passed the Incorrupt and Upright category at age twenty-one. When the edict was issued, he was appointed bailiff of Weinan.

公綽性謹重，動循禮法。屬歳饑，其家雖給，而毎飯不過一器。歳稔復初。家甚貧，有書千巻，不讀非聖之書。爲文不尚浮靡。慈隰觀察使姚齊梧奏爲判官，得殿中侍御史。冬，薦授開州刺史，入爲侍御史，再遷吏部員外郎。武元衡罷相鎭西蜀，與裴度倶爲元衡判官，尤相善。先度入爲吏部郎中，度以詩餞別，有「兩人同日事征西，今日君先捧紫泥」之句。

Gongchuo's character was careful and solemn; in action he followed ritual and law. When famine came, although his household had provisions, at every meal he took no more than one bowl. When the harvest was good again, he returned to his former ways. His family was very poor yet possessed a thousand scrolls; he would not read books that were not the works of sages. In writing he did not prize florid extravagance. Cizi observation commissioner Yao Qiwu recommended him as administrative aide and secured him the post of palace attendant censor. In winter he was recommended and appointed prefect of Kai Prefecture; he entered service as attendant censor and was again promoted to Vice Director in the Ministry of Personnel. When Wu Yuanheng resigned the chancellorship to command western Shu, Pei Du and he together served as Yuanheng's aides and were especially close. Pei entered service first as director in the Ministry of Personnel; Pei presented a farewell poem with the line, "Both of us on the same day serve the western campaign—today it is you who first receives the purple decree."

元和初，憲宗頗出遊畋，鋭意用兵；公綽欲因事諷諫。五年十一月，獻《太醫箴》一篇，其辭曰：

At the beginning of Yuanhe, Emperor Xianzong frequently went out hunting and touring, and was intent on military campaigns; Gongchuo wished to seize the occasion to offer indirect remonstrance. In the eleventh month of the fifth year he submitted "Admonition of the Great Physician," which reads:

天布寒暑，不私於人。品類既一，崇髙以均。惟謹好愛，能保其身。淸凈無瑕，輝光以新。寒暑滿天地之間，浹肌膚於外；好愛溢耳目之前，誘心知於内。淸潔爲隄，奔射猶敗，氣行無章，隙不在大。睿聖之姿，淸明絶俗；心正無邪，志髙寡欲。謂天髙矣，氣蒙晦之；謂地厚矣，橫流潰之。聖德超邁，萬方賴之。飲食所以資身也，過則生患；衣服所以稱德也，侈則生慢。唯過與侈，心必隨之，氣與心流，疾亦伺之。聖心不惑，孰能移之？畋遊恣樂，流情蕩志；馳騁勞形，咤叱傷氣。惟天之重，從禽爲累。不養其外，前修所忌。聖心非之，孰敢違之。人乘氣生，嗜欲以萌，氣離有患，氣凝則成。巧必喪眞，智必誘情，去彼煩慮，在此誠明。醫之上者，理於未然，患居慮後，防處事先。心靜樂行，體和道全，然後能德施萬物，以享億年。聖人在上，各有攸處。庶政有官，群藝有署。臣司太醫，敢告諸禦。

Heaven spreads cold and heat and is partial to no one. Once all things share one kind, the high is honored to balance them. Only prudent cherishing and love can preserve one's person. Clear and pure without blemish, its radiance ever renewed. Cold and heat fill heaven and earth and soak the skin from without; Cherishing love overflows before eye and ear and tempts the mind within. Purity is the dike; once rushing arrows pierce it, all is lost. When vital breath moves without order, the gap need not be large. The countenance of sagely wisdom is clear and bright beyond the vulgar; the heart upright without depravity, aspirations high and desires few. One says heaven is high, yet breath can cloud and darken it; one says earth is thick, yet cross-flows can burst and breach it. When sage virtue surpasses all bounds, the ten thousand regions rely upon it. Food and drink sustain the body; excess breeds illness; clothing displays virtue; extravagance breeds arrogance. With excess and extravagance the heart surely follows; breath flows with the heart, and illness waits upon them. If the sage heart is not misled, who can divert it? Hunting and roaming in reckless pleasure dissipate feeling and unsettle purpose; Galloping wearies the form; shouting harms the breath. For one who bears heaven's weight, chasing birds becomes a burden. Failing to nurture the outer self is what past worthies dreaded. When the sage heart rejects it, who dares disobey? Humans live by riding breath; appetites arise and sprout. When breath disperses there is harm; when breath congeals, illness forms. Craftiness must lose truth; cleverness must lure emotion—cast off those troubling thoughts, hold to this sincere clarity. The supreme physician treats what is not yet ill, places illness after forethought, and stations defense before events. With a still heart, joyous conduct, bodily harmony, and the Way complete, one can then extend virtue to the myriad things and enjoy ten thousand years. When the sage ruler is above, each has his proper place. Common administration has its offices; the various arts have their bureaus. Your servant oversees the Great Physician and ventures to inform all riders.

憲宗深嘉之。翌日，降中使獎勞之，曰：「卿所獻之文云：『氣行無間，隙不在大。』何憂朕之深也？」逾月，拜御史中丞。

Xianzong greatly praised it. The next day an imperial messenger was dispatched with commendation, saying, "In the text you submitted: 'When vital breath moves without order, the gap need not be large.' How deeply you worry for me!" After more than a month he was appointed Censor-in-Chief.

公綽素與裴垍厚，李吉甫出鎭淮南，深怨垍。六年，吉甫復輔政，以公綽爲潭州刺史、兼御史中丞，充湖南觀察使。湖南地氣卑濕，公綽以母在京師，不可迎侍，致書宰相，乞分司洛陽，以便奉養，久不許。八年，移爲鄂州刺史、鄂嶽觀察使，乃迎母至江夏。

Gongchuo had long been close to Pei Ji; when Li Jifu went out to command Huainan, he deeply resented Ji. In the sixth year, when Jifu again served as chancellor, he appointed Gongchuo prefect of Tan and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, as observation commissioner of Hunan. Hunan's climate was low and humid. Because his mother was in the capital and could not be brought to him for care, Gongchuo wrote to the chancellor requesting assignment in Luoyang on detached duty to facilitate supporting her, but permission was long denied. In the eighth year he was transferred to prefect of E and observation commissioner of E and Yue, and then brought his mother to Jiangxia.

九年，呉元濟據蔡州叛，王師討伐。詔公綽以鄂嶽兵五千隸安州刺史李聽，率赴行營。公綽曰：「朝廷以吾儒生不知兵耶？」即日上奏，願自征行，許之。公綽自鄂濟湘江，直抵安州；李聽以廉使之禮事之。公綽謂之曰：「公所以屬鞬負弩者，豈非爲兵事耶？若去戎容，被公服，兩郡守耳，何所統攝乎？以公名家曉兵，若吾不足以指麾，則當赴闕；不然，吾且署職名，以兵法從事矣。」聽曰：「唯公所命。」即署聽爲鄂嶽都知兵馬使、中軍先鋒、行營兵馬都虞候，三牒授之。乃選卒六千屬聽，戒其部校曰：「行營之事，一決都將。」聽感恩畏威，如出麾下。其知權制變，甚爲當時所稱。鄂軍既在行營，公綽時令左右省問其家。如疾病、養生、送死，必厚廩給之。軍士之妻治容不謹者，沈之於江。行卒相感曰：「中丞爲我輩知家事，何以報效？」故鄂人戰毎克捷。

In the ninth year Wu Yuanji seized Cai Prefecture and rebelled; the imperial army marched to suppress him. An edict ordered Gongchuo to place five thousand E-Yue troops under An Prefecture prefect Li Ting and lead them to the campaign headquarters. Gongchuo said, "Does the court think that because I am a Confucian scholar I do not know warfare?" That same day he submitted a memorial asking to campaign in person himself, and permission was granted. Gongchuo crossed the Xiang River from E and went straight to An Prefecture; Li Ting treated him with the courtesies due an observation commissioner. Gongchuo said to him, "The reason you were given command of bow-bearers and crossbowmen—is it not for military affairs? If you cast off martial dress and wear civilian robes, we are merely two prefects—what is there to command? Coming from a famous family and understanding warfare, if I am not fit to give orders, then I should go to court; otherwise I shall post official titles and proceed according to military law." Ting said, "I obey whatever you command." He immediately posted Ting as Chief of E-Yue Troops, vanguard of the central army, and chief controller of campaign forces, conferring three commissions. He then selected six thousand soldiers for Ting's command and admonished the officers, "All campaign matters are decided solely by the commanding general." Ting, grateful and awed, served as though under his own general's banner. His grasp of authority, system, and adaptation was greatly praised in his age. Once the E troops were at campaign headquarters, Gongchuo regularly sent attendants to inquire after their families. For illness, care in life, or burial upon death, he always gave generous allowances. Soldiers' wives who dressed immodestly were drowned in the river. The marching soldiers were moved to say, "The Censor-in-Chief attends to our household affairs for us—how can we repay him?" Therefore the men of E won victory in every battle.

十一年，入爲給事中。李師道歸朝，遣公綽往鄆州宣諭。使還，拜京兆尹，以母憂免。

In the eleventh year he entered service as Supervising Secretary. When Li Shidao submitted to the court, Gongchuo was dispatched to Yan Prefecture to proclaim the imperial will. Upon returning from his mission, he was appointed metropolitan magistrate but resigned on account of mourning for his mother.

十四年，起爲刑部侍郎，領鹽鐵轉運使。轉兵部侍郎、兼御史大夫，領使如故。長慶元年，罷使，復爲京兆尹、兼御史大夫。

In the fourteenth year he was recalled as Vice Minister of Justice and headed the Salt and Iron Transport Commission. He was transferred to Vice Minister of War and concurrent Censor-in-Chief while retaining his commission unchanged. In the first year of Changqing he was relieved of his commission and again served as metropolitan magistrate and concurrent Censor-in-Chief.

時河朔復叛，朝廷用兵，補授行營諸將，朝令夕改，驛騎相望。公綽奏曰：「自幽、鎭用兵，使命繁並，館遞匱乏，鞍馬多闕。又敕使行李人數，都無限約。其衣緋紫乘馬者，二十、三十匹，衣黃緑者，不下十匹、五匹。驛吏不得視券牒，隨口即供。驛馬既盡，遂奪路人鞍馬。衣冠士庶，驚擾怨嗟，遠近喧騰，行李將絶。伏望聖慈，聊爲定限。」乃下中書條疎人數。自是吏不告勞。以言直爲北司所惡，尋轉吏部侍郎。

At that time Hebei rebelled again; the court waged war and appointed replacement generals for the campaign headquarters—orders changed morning and evening, and relay riders passed one after another. Gongchuo memorialized, "Since the campaign in You and Zhen, missions have multiplied, postal stations and relays have been depleted, and saddled horses are greatly lacking. Moreover, the number of attendants in imperial envoys' retinues is entirely unlimited. Those wearing scarlet or purple who ride horses take twenty or thirty mounts; those in yellow and green take no fewer than ten or five. Postal clerks may not examine vouchers but must supply whatever is demanded on the spot. Once relay horses are exhausted, they seize saddled horses from passersby. Officials and commoners alike are alarmed, distressed, and resentful; near and far there is uproar, and provisions for travel are nearly exhausted. I humbly hope for sacred compassion to set some limits." Thereupon the Secretariat issued detailed regulations on numbers of personnel. From this the clerks no longer complained of exhaustion. Because his outspokenness offended the Northern Bureau, he was soon transferred to Vice Minister of Personnel.

二年九月，遷御史大夫。韓弘病，自河中入朝。以弘守司徒、中書令，詔百僚問疾。弘遣其子達情，言不能接見。公綽謂其子曰：「聖上以公官重，令百司省問，異禮也。如拜君賜，宜力疾公見。安有臥令子弟傳言耶？」弘懼，挾扶而出，人皆聳然。

In the ninth month of the second year he was promoted to Censor-in-Chief. Han Hong fell ill and came to court from Hezhong. Because Hong held the posts of Minister of Education and Chief Minister of the Secretariat, an edict ordered all officials to inquire after his health. Hong sent his son to convey that he was unable to receive visitors. Gongchuo told his son, "The Sage Lord, considering your father's high rank, ordered all bureaus to inquire after him—this is exceptional courtesy. As though receiving the sovereign's gift, he should strain his illness and receive visitors openly. How can one lie abed and send children to speak for him?" Hong feared this and, supported on both sides, went out; all were startled.

三年，改尚書左丞，又拜檢校戸部尚書、襄州刺史、山南東道節度使。行部至鄧縣，縣二吏犯法，一贓賄，一舞文。縣令以公綽守法，必殺贓吏。獄具，判之曰：「贓吏犯法，法在；奸吏壞法，法亡。誅舞文者。」公綽馬害圉人，命斬之。賓客進言曰：「可惜良馬，圉人自防不至。」公綽曰：「安有良馬害人乎？」亟命殺之。牛僧孺罷相鎭江夏，公綽具戎容，於郵舍候之。軍吏自以漢上地髙於鄂，禮太過。公綽曰：「奇章才離臺席，方鎭重宰相，是尊朝廷也。」竟以戎容見。有道士獻丹藥，試之有驗，問所從來，曰：「煉此丹於薊門。」時硃克融方叛，公綽遽謂之曰：「惜哉，至藥來於賊臣之境，雖驗何益！」乃沈之於江，而逐道士。鄧縣人鄭懷政病狂，妄稱天子，公綽捕而殺之。

In the third year he was reassigned as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and appointed Acting Minister of Revenue, prefect of Xiang Prefecture, and military commissioner of Shannan East Circuit. On an inspection tour at Deng County, two clerks had broken the law—one for bribery, one for twisting documents. The magistrate thought that because Gongchuo upheld the law, he would surely execute the bribe-taking clerk. When the case was complete, he judged, "The bribe-taking clerk broke the law—the law remains; the scheming clerk destroyed the law—the law perishes. Execute the one who twisted documents." Gongchuo's horse injured a groom; he ordered the horse killed. Guests urged, "It is a pity to lose a fine horse—the groom failed to guard himself." Gongchuo said, "How can there be a fine horse that harms people?" He immediately ordered it killed. When Niu Sengru resigned the chancellorship to command Jiangxia, Gongchuo donned full military dress and waited for him at the postal station. His military officers thought that since the Han River region was higher in status than E, the courtesy was excessive. Gongchuo said, "Qizhang has just left the council dais; for a frontier commissioner to honor a chancellor is to honor the court." In the end he received him in full military dress. A Daoist presented elixir pills; tested, they proved effective. Asked where they came from, he said, "I refined this elixir at Jimen." At that time Zhu Kerong had just rebelled; Gongchuo immediately said to him, "What a pity—even the finest medicine comes from the land of rebel ministers; though it proves effective, what good is it!" He then sank them in the river and expelled the Daoist. Zheng Huaizheng of Deng County, maddened by illness, falsely declared himself Son of Heaven; Gongchuo arrested and executed him.

敬宗即位，加檢校左僕射。寶暦元年，入爲刑部尚書。

When Emperor Jingzong took the throne, he was given the additional title Acting Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. In the first year of Baoli he entered service as Minister of Justice.

二年，授邠州刺史、邠寧慶節度使。所部有神策諸鎭，屯列要地，承前不受節度使制置，遂致北虜深入。公綽上疎論之，因詔諸鎭皆稟邠寧節度使制置。

In the second year he was appointed prefect of Bin and military commissioner of Bin, Ning, and Qing. Within his jurisdiction were several Shence Army garrisons stationed at key points; by precedent they did not accept the military commissioner's authority, and consequently northern barbarians penetrated deep. Gongchuo memorialized on the matter; consequently an edict ordered all garrisons to obey the Bin-Ning military commissioner's disposition.

三年，入爲刑部尚書，京兆人有姑鞭婦致死者，府斷以償死。公綽議曰：「尊毆卑非鬥，且其子在，以妻而戮其母，非教也。」竟減死。

In the third year he entered service as Minister of Justice. In Jingzhao, a mother-in-law flogged her daughter-in-law to death; the prefecture sentenced death in compensation. Gongchuo argued, "Beating by a superior against an inferior is not mutual combat; moreover, with her son still living, to execute the mother because of the wife is not instructional." In the end the death sentence was commuted.

太和四年，復檢校左僕射、太原尹、北都留守、河東節度觀察等使。是歳，北虜遣梅祿將軍李暢以馬萬匹來市，托雲入貢。所經州府，守帥假之禮分，嚴其兵備。留館則戒卒於外，懼其襲奪。太原故事，出兵迎之。暢及界上，公綽使牙將祖考恭單馬勞問，待以修好之意。暢感義出涕，徐驅道中，不妄馳獵。及至，辟牙門，令譯引謁，宴以常禮。及市馬而還，不敢侵犯。陘北有沙陁部落，自九姓、六州皆畏避之。公綽至鎭，召其酋硃耶執宜，直抵雲、朔塞下，治廢柵十一所，募兵三千付之，留屯塞上，以禦匈奴。其妻母來太原者，請梁國夫人對酒食問遺之。沙陁感之，深得其效。

In the fourth year of Taihe, he was again appointed acting Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, Governor of Taiyuan, Northern Capital Garrison Commander, and Military Governor and Inspector of Hedong. That year the northern tribes sent Meilu General Li Chang with ten thousand horses to sell, passing it off as tribute. At every prefecture and circuit along the route, local commanders extended him full ceremonial honors and tightened their military defenses. When he stayed at relay stations, guards were posted outside, fearing he might seize the place by surprise. By Taiyuan custom, troops were sent out to receive him. When Chang reached the border, Gongchuo sent his adjutant Zu Kaogong alone on horseback to greet him and receive him with an eye to restoring friendly relations. Touched by this courtesy, Chang wept; he rode slowly along the road and did not hunt or gallop recklessly. When he arrived, the side gate was opened, an interpreter was sent to conduct him in for audience, and he was entertained with ordinary ceremony. When he returned after buying the horses, he did not dare commit any violation. North of the Taihang Mountains lived the Shatuo tribe, whom the Nine Surnames and Six Prefectures all feared and avoided. On taking up his post, Gongchuo summoned their chieftain Zhuye Chiyi, went straight to the passes below Yun and Shuozhou, restored eleven abandoned stockades, recruited three thousand soldiers and placed them under his command, and left them garrisoned on the frontier to hold off the northern raiders. When Zhuye's wife and mother came to Taiyuan, Gongchuo had Lady of Liang State receive them with wine and food and send them gifts of inquiry. Deeply moved, the Shatuo served him with great loyalty.

六年，以病求代。三月，授兵部尚書，征還京師。四月卒，贈太子太保，謚曰成。

In the sixth year he asked to be relieved on account of illness. In the third month he was appointed Minister of War and recalled to the capital. He died in the fourth month and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, with the posthumous title Cheng.

公綽天資仁孝，初丁母崔夫人之喪，三年不沐浴。事繼親薛氏三十年，姻戚不知公綽非薛氏所生。外兄薛宮早卒，一女孤，配張毅夫，資遺甚於己子。性端介寡合，與錢微、蔣乂、杜元穎、薛存誠文雅相知，交情款密。凡六開府幕，得人尤盛。錢徽掌貢之年，鄭朗覆落，公綽將赴襄陽，首辟之，朗竟爲名相。盧簡辭、崔玙、夏侯孜、韋長、李續、李拭，皆至公卿。爲吏部侍郎，與舅左丞崔從同省，人士榮之。子仲郢，弟公權、公諒。

Gongchuo was naturally benevolent and filial; when he first mourned his mother, Lady Cui, he did not bathe for three years. He served his stepmother of the Xue clan for thirty years, and even his in-laws did not know he was not her son by birth. His maternal cousin Xue Gong died young, leaving an orphaned daughter; Gongchuo married her to Zhang Yifu and provided for her more generously than for his own sons. Upright and reserved by nature, he was close to Qian Wei, Jiang Yi, Du Yuanying, and Xue Chengcheng in refined friendship, and their bonds ran deep. In all he opened six prefectural staffs, and the talent he gathered was especially impressive. In the year Qian Hui oversaw the examinations, Zheng Lang failed the re-examination; Gongchuo, on his way to Xiangyang, recruited him first, and Lang eventually became a celebrated chancellor. Lu Jianci, Cui Yu, Xiahou Zi, Wei Chang, Li Xu, and Li Shi all rose to the highest offices. As Vice Minister of the Civil Office he served in the same ministry as his uncle, Left Vice Director Cui Cong—a distinction the court took pride in. His son was Zhong Ying; his younger brothers were Gongquan and Gongliang.

仲郢，字諭蒙，元和十三年進士擢第，釋褐秘書省校書郎。牛僧孺鎭江夏，辟爲從事。仲郢有父風，動修禮法，僧孺嘆曰：「非積習名教，安能及此！」入爲監察御史。

Zhong Ying, styled Yumeng, passed the jinshi examination in the thirteenth year of Yuanhe and took his first post as proofreader in the Secretariat. When Niu Sengru governed Jiangxia, he recruited Zhong Ying as an aide. Zhong Ying had his father's bearing and always observed ritual propriety; Niu Sengru sighed, "Without long cultivation in civilized teaching, how could one reach this!" He entered service as an investigating censor.

五年，遷侍御史。富平縣人李秀才，籍在禁軍，誣鄕人斫父墓柏，射殺之。法司以專殺論。文宗以中官所庇，決杖配流。右補闕蔣系上疎論之，不省。仲郢執奏曰：「聖王作憲，殺人有必死之令；聖明在上，當官無壞法之臣。今秀才犯殺人之科，愚臣備監決之任，此賊不死，是亂典章。臣雖至微，豈敢曠職？其秀才未敢行決，望別降敕處分。」乃詔御史蕭傑監之。傑又執奏。帝遂詔京兆府行決，不用監之。然朝廷嘉其守法。

In the fifth year he was promoted to attendant censor. A Licentiate Li of Fuping County, enrolled in the Palace Corps, falsely accused a neighbor of cutting the cypress at his father's tomb and shot him dead. The judicial office judged the case as unauthorized killing. Because the Licentiate was protected by palace eunuchs, Emperor Wenzong ordered him beaten with the rod and banished. Right Supplementation Censor Jiang Xi submitted a memorial protesting the decision, but it went unheeded. Zhong Ying firmly memorialized, "When a sage king makes law, murder carries a mandatory death sentence; with a sage ruler above, no serving official should be one who breaks the law. Now the Licentiate has violated the statute for murder, and I, your humble servant, am charged with supervising the execution. If this criminal does not die, the statutes are thrown into disorder. Though I am utterly insignificant, how dare I neglect my duty? The Licentiate has not yet been executed; I beg that a separate edict be issued to dispose of the matter." The emperor then ordered Censor Xiao Jie to supervise the execution. Jie again submitted a firm memorial. The emperor then ordered the metropolitan government to carry out the execution without supervision. Yet the court praised both men for upholding the law.

會昌中，三遷吏部郎中，李德裕頗知之。武宗有詔減冗官，吏部條疎，欲牒天下州府取額外官員。仲郢曰：「諸州毎冬申闕，何煩牒耶？」幸門頓塞。仲郢條理旬日，減一千二百員，時議爲愜。遷諫議大夫。

In the Huichang era he was promoted three times to Director in the Ministry of the Civil Office, and Li Deyu came to know him well. Emperor Wuzong issued an edict to reduce redundant officials; the Ministry of the Civil Office drew up a plan to dispatch documents to every prefecture and circuit to collect supernumerary officials. Zhong Ying said, "Every winter the prefectures report their vacancies—why bother with dispatches?" The avenue of favor-seeking was suddenly cut off. Zhong Ying organized the matter in ten days and eliminated twelve hundred posts; public opinion found it deeply satisfying. He was promoted to Grand Master of Remonstrance.

五年，準南奏呉湘獄，御史崔元藻覆按得罪。仲郢上疎理之，人皆危懼。德裕知其無私，益重之。武宗築望仙臺，仲郢累疎切諫。帝召諭之曰：「聊因舊趾增葺，愧卿忠言。」德裕奏爲京兆尹，謝日，言曰：「下官不期太尉恩獎及此，仰報厚德，敢不如奇章門館。」德裕不以爲嫌。時廢浮圖法，以銅像鑄錢。仲郢爲京畿鑄錢使，錢工欲於模加新字；仲郢止之，唯淮南加新字，後竟爲僧人取之爲像設鐘罄。紇幹臯訴表甥劉詡毆母，詡爲禁軍小校，仲郢不俟奏下，杖殺。爲北司所譖，改右散騎常侍，權知吏部尚書銓事。

In the fifth year Huainan reported the Wu Xiang case, and Investigating Censor Cui Yuanzao, sent to re-examine it, was punished. Zhong Ying submitted a memorial defending Yuanzao, and everyone feared for him. Deyu knew he acted without private motive and esteemed him all the more. When Emperor Wuzong built the Terrace of Gazing at Immortals, Zhong Ying repeatedly submitted forceful memorials in protest. The emperor summoned and reassured him, "I am only adding to and repairing the old site; I am ashamed before your loyal words." Deyu recommended him as metropolitan governor; on the day he thanked the throne for the appointment he said, "Your subordinate did not expect the Grand Marshal's gracious reward to reach this far; to repay your great kindness, how could I fail to match the loyalty I showed in Niu Sengru's household?" Deyu did not take offense. At that time the Buddhist law was abolished and bronze images were melted down for coin. Zhong Ying served as coinage commissioner for the capital region; the mint workers wished to add new characters to the molds; Zhong Ying stopped them. Only Huainan added new characters, and in the end monks reclaimed the metal for image stands, bells, and chimes. Qogan Gao accused his cousin Liu Xu of beating his mother; Xu was a junior officer in the Palace Corps, and Zhong Ying, without waiting for imperial approval, had him beaten to death. Slandered by the eunuch bureau, he was demoted to Right Regular Attendant with provisional charge of the Ministry of the Civil Office and its selection affairs.

宣宗即位，德裕罷相，出仲郢爲鄭州刺史。周墀自江西移鎭滑臺。過鄭，觀其境内大理，甚獎之。俄而墀入輔政，遷爲河南尹。蒞事逾月，召拜戸部侍郎。居無何，墀罷知政事。同列有疑仲郢與墀善，左授秘書監。數月，復出爲河南尹。以寬惠爲政，言事者以爲不類京兆之政。仲郢曰：「輦轂之下，彈壓爲先；郡邑之治，惠養爲本。何取類耶？」

When Emperor Xuanzong took the throne, Deyu was removed as chancellor and Zhong Ying was sent out as Prefect of Zheng. Zhou Chi was transferred from Jiangxi to govern Bian Prefecture. Passing through Zheng, he observed how well governed the territory was and praised him warmly. Soon afterward Chi entered the government as chief minister, and Zhong Ying was transferred to Governor of Henan. After little more than a month in office, he was summoned and appointed Vice Minister of Revenue. Before long Chi was removed from active government. Colleagues suspected Zhong Ying's closeness to Chi, and he was demoted to Director of the Secretariat. Several months later he was again sent out as Governor of Henan. He governed with lenience and kindness, and critics said this did not resemble his metropolitan policy. Zhong Ying said, "Beneath the imperial carriage, suppression comes first; in governing prefectures and districts, nourishing the people is fundamental. Why should they be alike?"

大中年，轉梓州刺史、劍南東川節度使。孔目吏邊章簡者，以貨交近幸，前後廉使無如之何。仲郢因事決殺，部内肅然，不俟行法而自理。在鎭五年，美績流聞，征爲吏部侍郎。入朝未謝，改兵部侍郎，充諸道鹽鐵轉運使。

In the Dazhong era he was transferred to Prefect of Zi and Military Governor of Eastern Chuan in Jiannan. The chief clerk Bian Zhangjian used wealth to cultivate connections with those close to the throne; successive inspection commissioners could do nothing about him. Zhong Ying seized on an offense and had him executed; within his jurisdiction all was solemn, and order was restored without waiting for formal legal process. After five years in the post his fine achievements spread abroad, and he was summoned as Vice Minister of the Civil Office. Before he could thank the throne on entering court, he was changed to Vice Minister of War and made Commissioner for Salt and Iron Transport on all circuits.

大中十二年，罷使，守刑部尚書。咸通初，轉兵部，加金紫光祿大夫、河東男、食邑三百戸。俄出爲興元尹、山南西道節度使。鳳州刺史盧方乂以輕罪決部叫，數日而斃。其妻列訴，又旁引他吏，械系滿獄。仲郢召其妻謂之曰：「刺史科小罪誡人，但本非死刑，雖未出辜，其實病死。」罰方乂百直，系者皆釋，郡人深感之。因決贓吏過當，以太子賓客分司東都。逾年，爲虢州刺史。數月，檢校尚書左僕射、東都留守。盜發先人墓，棄官歸華原。除華州刺史，不拜。數月，以本官爲鄆州刺史，天平軍節度觀察等使，授節鉞於華原別墅，卒於鎭。

In the twelfth year of Dazhong he was relieved of the commission and remained Minister of Punishments. At the beginning of Xiantong he was transferred to the Ministry of War, with the added titles Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon, Baron of Hedong, and a fief of three hundred households. Soon he was sent out as Governor of Xingyuan and Military Governor of Shannan West Circuit. Lu Fangyi, Prefect of Feng, punished a subordinate for a minor offense by having him shout under discipline; several days later the man died. His wife filed a complaint and also implicated other officials; prisoners in shackles filled the jail. Zhong Ying summoned the wife and told her, "The prefect punished a minor offense to admonish the man; it was never a capital crime. Though he had not yet completed his term of guilt, in fact he died of illness." He fined Fangyi one hundred strings of cash; all those imprisoned were released, and the people of the prefecture were deeply grateful. Because he punished corrupt officials excessively, he was made Grand Mentor to the Heir Apparent with duty at the Eastern Capital. After more than a year he became Prefect of Guo. Several months later he was made acting Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and Garrison Commander of the Eastern Capital. When robbers desecrated his ancestors' tombs, he resigned his office and returned to Huayuan. He was appointed Prefect of Hua but declined. Several months later, retaining his former rank, he became Prefect of Yan, Military Governor and Inspector of the Tianping Army; the command baton was conferred at his villa in Huayuan, and he died in the post.

初，仲郢自拜諫議後，毎遷官，群烏大集於升平裏第，廷樹戟架皆滿，凡五日而散。詔下，不復集，家人以爲候，唯除天平，烏不集。

From the time Zhong Ying was appointed Grand Master of Remonstrance, every promotion brought flocks of crows in great numbers to his mansion in Shengping Lane, filling the courtyard trees and halberd racks; after five days they dispersed. When the edict was issued the crows did not gather again; his family took this as an omen—only for the Tianping appointment did the crows stay away.

仲郢嚴禮法，重氣義，嘗感李德裕之知。大中朝，李氏無祿仕者。仲郢領鹽鐵時，取德裕兄子從質爲推官，知蘇州院事，令以祿利贍南宅。令孤綯爲宰相，頗不悅。仲郢與綯書自明，其要云：「任安不去，常自愧於昔人；呉詠自裁，亦何施於今日？李太尉受責既久，其家已空，遂絶蒸嘗，誠增痛惻。」綯深感嘆，尋與從質正員官。

Zhong Ying was strict in ritual propriety and valued integrity; he had long been moved by Li Deyu's recognition. In the Dazhong court no member of the Li clan held salaried office. When Zhong Ying headed the Salt and Iron Commission, he took Deyu's elder brother's son Congzhi as investigating officer in charge of the Suzhou office and ordered that his salary support the southern residence. When Linghu Tao became chancellor, he was quite displeased. Zhong Ying wrote Tao a letter to explain himself; the gist ran, "Ren An did not leave, and I am constantly ashamed before the men of old; Wu Yong took his own life—what use would that be today? Grand Marshal Li has long borne punishment; his household is already empty and ancestral offerings have ceased—this truly adds to my anguish." Tao was deeply moved; soon afterward he gave Congzhi a regular appointment.

仲郢以禮法自持，私居未嘗不拱手，内齋未嘗不束帶。三爲大鎭，廄無名馬，衣不薰香。退公布巻，不舍晝夜。《九經》、《三史》一鈔；魏、晉已來南北史再鈔；手鈔分門三十巻，號《柳氏自備》。又精釋典，《瑜伽》、《智度大論》皆再鈔；自余佛書，多手記要義。小楷精謹，無一字肆筆。撰《尚書二十四司箴》，韓愈、柳宗元深賞之。有文集二十巻。子珪、璧、玭。

Zhong Ying held himself to ritual propriety; at home he never failed to stand with hands clasped, and for private devotions he never failed to wear his sash. Though thrice governor of a great command, his stables held no famous horses and his robes bore no perfume. When he retired he spread out books and never put them away, day or night. He copied the Nine Classics and the Three Histories once; the Northern and Southern Histories from Wei and Jin onward he copied twice; by hand he copied thirty fascicles arranged by category, titled "The Liu Family's Self-Sufficiency." He was also versed in Buddhist scriptures; the Yogacarabhumi and the Mahaprajnaparamita Sastra he copied twice; of the remaining Buddhist books, he mostly noted the essentials by hand. His small regular script was precise and careful, without a single careless stroke. He composed "Admonitions for the Twenty-Four Bureaus of the Book of Documents," which Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan deeply admired. He left a collected works in twenty fascicles. His sons were Gui, Bi, and Pin.

珪，字鎭方，大中五年登進士第，累辟使府，早卒。

Gui, styled Zhenfang, passed the jinshi in the fifth year of Dazhong, was repeatedly recruited to prefectural staffs, and died young.

璧，大中九年登進士第。文格髙雅。嘗爲《馬嵬詩》，詩人韓琮、李商隱嘉之。馬植鎭陳許，辟爲掌書記，又從植汴州。李瓚鎭桂管，奏爲觀察判官。軍政不愜，璧極言不納，拂衣而去。桂府尋亂，入爲右補闕。僖宗幸蜀，召充翰林學士，累遷諫議大夫，充職。

Bi passed the jinshi in the ninth year of Dazhong. His literary style was lofty and refined. He once wrote "Poem on Mawei," which the poets Han Cong and Li Shangyin praised. When Ma Zhi governed Chen and Xu, he recruited Bi as chief secretary; Bi later followed Zhi to Bian Prefecture. When Li Zan governed Guiguan, he recommended Bi as administrative aide to the inspection commissioner. Dissatisfied with military and civil administration, Bi spoke out to the limit and was not heeded, so he shook out his robes and left. The Guiguan headquarters soon fell into disorder; he entered service as Right Supplementation Censor. When Emperor Xizong fled to Shu, Bi was summoned as Hanlin Academician, was repeatedly promoted to Grand Master of Remonstrance, and continued in that office.

玭應兩經舉，釋褐秘書正字。又書判拔萃，髙湜辟爲度支推官。逾年，拜右補闕。湜出鎭澤潞，奏爲節度副使。入爲殿中侍御史。李蔚鎭襄陽，辟爲掌書記。湜再鎭澤潞，復爲副使。入爲刑部員外。湜爲亂將所逐，貶髙要尉，玭三上疎申理。湜見疎本嘆曰：「我自辨析，亦不及此。」尋出廣州節度副使。明年，黃巣陷廣州，郡人鄧承勛以小舟載玭脱禍。召爲起居郎。賊陷長安，爲刃所傷，出奔行在，歴諫議給事中，位至御史大夫。

Pin entered the Two Classics examination and took his first post as proofreader in the Secretariat. He also excelled in the Document Judgment examination; Gao Shi recruited him as investigating officer in the Revenue Commission. After more than a year he was appointed Right Supplementation Censor. When Shi went out to govern Ze and Lu, he recommended Pin as deputy military governor. He entered service as attendant palace censor. When Li Wei governed Xiangyang, he recruited Pin as chief secretary. When Shi again governed Ze and Lu, Pin again served as deputy. He entered service as Vice Director in the Ministry of Punishments. Shi was driven out by mutinous officers and demoted to magistrate of Gaoyao; Pin thrice submitted memorials in his defense. When Shi saw the memorial text he sighed, "Even my own analysis does not match this." Soon he was sent out as deputy military governor of Guangzhou. The next year Huang Chao captured Guangzhou; a townsman, Deng Chengxun, carried Pin in a small boat to safety. He was summoned as Court Diarist. When the rebels captured Chang'an he was wounded by a blade; he fled to the mobile court, served through Grand Master of Remonstrance and Attendant of the Secretariat, and rose to Censor-in-Chief.

玭嘗著書誡其子弟曰：

Pin once wrote a book admonishing his sons and younger brothers:

予幼聞先訓，講論家法。立身以孝悌爲基，以恭默爲本，以畏怯爲務，以勤儉爲法，以交結爲末事，以氣義爲兇人。肥家以忍順，保交以簡敬。百行備，疑身之未周；三緘密，慮言之或失。廣記如不及，求名如儻來。去吝與驕，庶幾減過。蒞官則潔己省事，而後可以言守法；守法而後可以言養人。直不近禍，廉不沽名。廩祿雖微，不可易黎氓之膏血；榎楚雖用，不可恣褊狹之胸襟。憂與福不偕，潔與富不並。比見門家子孫，其先正直當官，耿介特立，不畏強禦；及其衰也，唯好犯上，更無他能。如其先遜順處己，和柔保身，以遠悔尤；及其衰也，但有暗劣，莫知所宗。此際幾微，非賢不達。

From childhood I heard the instructions of my forebears and discussions of our family rules. Establish yourself on filial piety and brotherly duty as foundation, on respectful silence as root, on cautious timidity as duty, on diligence and frugality as method, on forming connections as a matter of last resort, and on swaggering righteousness as the mark of violent men. Enrich the household through forbearance and compliance; preserve friendships through simplicity and respect. Though the hundred conduct-points are complete, one may still doubt whether the person is whole; though the threefold seal is tight, one still fears that words may slip. Record widely as though never enough; seek fame as though it came by chance. Cast off stinginess and arrogance, and one may perhaps reduce one's faults. In holding office, keep yourself pure and reduce affairs; only then may one speak of upholding the law; only after upholding the law may one speak of nourishing the people. Uprightness does not court disaster; integrity does not trade for reputation. Though salary and grain are slight, one must not exchange them for the lifeblood of the common people; though the rod may be used, one must not indulge a narrow and petty breast. Care and fortune do not go together; purity and wealth do not stand side by side. I have lately seen descendants of our house whose forebears were upright in office, stern and independent, unafraid of the powerful; when they declined, they only delighted in defying superiors and had no other ability. If their forebears were yielding in conduct, gentle in preserving themselves, and kept far from regret and blame; when they declined, they had only dull incapacity and knew nothing to follow. At this subtle turning point, only the worthy perceive it.

夫壞名災己，辱先喪家。其失尤大者五，宜深志之。其一，自求安逸，靡甘淡泊，茍利於己，不恤人言。其二，不知儒術，不悅古道：懵前經而不恥，論當世而解頤；身既寡知，惡人有學。其三，勝己者厭之，佞己者悅之，唯樂戲譚，莫思古道。聞人之善嫉之，聞人之惡揚之。浸漬頗僻，銷刻德義，簪裾徒在，廝養何殊。其四，崇好慢遊，耽嗜曲糵，以銜杯爲髙致，以勤事爲俗流，習之易荒，覺已難悔。其五，急於名宦，昵近權要，一資半級，雖或得之；衆怒群猜，鮮有存者。茲五不是，甚於痤疽。痤疽則砭石可瘳，五失則巫醫莫及。前賢炯戒，方冊具存，近代覆車，聞見相接。

To ruin one's name and bring disaster on oneself, disgrace one's ancestors and destroy the family— the failures especially great number five; they should be deeply borne in mind. The first: seeking ease for oneself, refusing to be content with simplicity, grasping profit for oneself without caring for others' words. The second: not knowing Confucian learning, not delighting in the ancient way—befuddled by the former classics yet unashamed, discussing the present age with grinning ease; the person himself has little knowledge, yet hates those who have learning. The third: detesting those who surpass oneself, delighting in those who flatter oneself, taking pleasure only in jest and talk, never thinking of the ancient way. On hearing others' good one is jealous; on hearing others' evil one spreads it. Soaked in perversity, moral principle is filed away; though the cap and gown remain, what difference from a groom? The fourth: loving idle wandering, addicted to wine—taking the raised cup as lofty attainment and diligent service as vulgar fashion; the habit is easy to waste away, and once aware it is hard to repent. The fifth: urgent for rank and office, drawing close to the powerful; one salary or half a grade may sometimes be obtained, but popular anger and collective suspicion—few survive. These five wrongs are worse than boils. Boils may be cured with stone needles; the five failures are beyond shaman and physician. The bright warnings of former worthies are fully preserved in the records; overturned carts of recent times are heard and seen in succession.

夫中人已下，修辭力學者，則躁進患失，思展其用；審命知退者，則業荒文蕪，一不足采。唯上智則研其慮，博其聞，堅其習，精其業，用之則行，舍之則藏。茍異於斯，豈爲君子？

Among those of middling talent and below, those who polish their prose and strive in learning become restless in advance and fearful in loss, thinking to display their use; those who examine fate and know when to withdraw let their work grow barren and their writing overgrown, and one line is not worth gathering. Only the highest wisdom refines its thought, broadens its hearing, strengthens its practice, and perfects its craft—employed, it acts; set aside, it hides. If one differs from this, how can one be called a gentleman?

初公綽理家甚嚴，子弟克稟誡訓，言家法者，世稱柳氏云。

From the first Gongchuo governed the household with great strictness; the sons and younger brothers were able to receive his admonitions, and when people spoke of family rules, the world called them the Liu clan.

公權，字誠懇。幼嗜學，十二能爲辭賦。元和初，進士擢第，釋褐秘書省校書郎。李聽鎭夏州，辟爲掌書記。穆宗即位，入奏事，帝召見，謂公權曰：「我於佛寺見卿筆跡，思之久矣。」即日拜右拾遺，充翰林侍書學士。遷右補闕、司封員外郎。穆宗政僻，嘗問公權筆何盡善，對曰：「用筆在心，心正則筆正。」上改容，知其筆諫也。歴穆、敬、文三朝，侍書中禁。公綽在太原，致書於宰相李宗閔云：「家弟苦心辭藝，先朝以侍書見用，頗偕工祝，心實恥之，乞換一散秩。」乃遷右司郎中，累換司封、兵部二郎中、弘文館學士。

Gongquan, styled Chenken. From childhood he loved learning; at twelve he could compose rhapsodies and fu. At the beginning of Yuanhe he passed the jinshi examination and took his first post as proofreader in the Secretariat. When Li Ting governed Xia Prefecture, he recruited Gongquan as chief secretary. When Emperor Muzong took the throne, Gongquan entered to report affairs; the emperor summoned him and told Gongquan, "I saw your handwriting at a Buddhist temple and have long thought of you." That same day he was appointed Right Reminder and made Hanlin Attendant Calligrapher Academician. He was transferred to Right Supplementation Censor and Vice Director in the Ministry of Rites. Emperor Muzong's governance was eccentric; he once asked Gongquan why his brushwork was entirely excellent, and he replied, "The brush is used in the heart; when the heart is upright, the brush is upright." The emperor changed expression, knowing this was remonstrance through calligraphy. Through the Muzong, Jing, and Wen reigns he served as calligrapher within the inner palace. Gongchuo, in Taiyuan, wrote to Chancellor Li Zongmin, "My younger brother has labored at literary craft; the former court employed him as attendant calligrapher, which put him rather on a level with artisans and prayer-writers—he is truly ashamed and begs to be exchanged for some ordinary post." Thereupon he was transferred to Right Director in the Ministry of Revenue, and after successive changes became Vice Director in the Ministries of Rites and War and Academician of the Hongwen Institute.

文嘗思之，復召侍書，遷諫議大夫。俄改中書舍人，充翰林書詔學士。毎浴堂召對，繼燭見跋，語猶未盡，不欲取燭，宮人以蠟涙揉紙繼之。從幸未央宮，苑中駐輦謂公權曰：「我有一喜事，邊上衣賜，久不及時，今年二月給春衣訖。」公權前奉賀，上曰：「單賀未了，卿可賀我以詩。」宮人迫其口進，公權應聲曰：「去歳雖無戰，今年未得歸。皇恩何以報，春日得春衣。」上悅，激賞久之。便殿對六學士，上語及漢文恭儉，帝舉袂曰：「此浣濯者三矣。」學士皆贊詠帝之儉德，唯公權無言。帝留而問之，對曰：「人主當進賢良，退不肖，納諫諍，明賞罰。服浣濯之衣，乃小節耳。」時周墀同對，爲之股栗，公權辭氣不可奪。帝謂之曰：「極知舍人不合作諫議，以卿言事有諍臣風彩，卻授卿諫議大夫。」翌日降制，以諫議知制誥，學士如故。

Emperor Wen missed him and again summoned him as attendant calligrapher, promoting him to Grand Master of Remonstrance. Soon he was changed to Attendant of the Secretariat and made Hanlin Academician for Imperial Script. Every time he was summoned for audience in the Bathing Hall, when the added candles burned down to the socket and his words were still unfinished, unwilling to take more candles, palace women kneaded wax drippings into paper to continue the light. Accompanying the emperor on a visit to Weiyang Palace, the emperor halted his carriage in the park and told Gongquan, "I have a happy matter: grants of clothing to the frontier armies have long missed the season, but this year in the second month spring clothing was issued." Gongquan stepped forward to offer congratulations; the emperor said, "A single congratulation is not enough—you may congratulate me with a poem." Palace women pressed at his mouth for him to proceed; Gongquan answered on the spot, "Last year though there was no war, this year we have not yet returned home. How may imperial grace be repaid? In spring we received spring clothing." The emperor was pleased and praised him warmly for a long time. In a side hall he faced the six academicians; the emperor spoke of Emperor Wen of Han's respectful frugality and raised his sleeve, "This has been washed three times." The academicians all praised and extolled the emperor's frugal virtue; only Gongquan was silent. The emperor kept him and questioned him; he replied, "A ruler should advance the worthy and good, remove the unworthy, accept remonstrance, and make rewards and punishments clear. Wearing washed clothes is only a small matter." At the time Zhou Chi was also in audience; his thighs trembled for Gongquan, but Gongquan's tone could not be shaken. The emperor told him, "I know perfectly well an Academician ought not to hold the post of Remonstrance Counselor—but because your remonstrances carry the spirit of a true critic, I am giving you that office instead." The following day an edict named him Remonstrance Counselor with concurrent duty as Director of Imperial Edicts, while he retained his Academician post.

開成三年，轉工部侍郎，充職。嘗入對，上謂曰：「近日外議如何？」公權對曰：「自郭旼除授邠寧，物議頗有臧否。」帝曰：「旼是尚父之從子，太皇太后之季父，在官無過。自金吾大將授邠寧小鎭，何事議論耶？」公權曰：「以旼勛德，除鎭攸宜。人情論議者，言旼進二女入宮，致此除拜，此信乎？」帝曰：「二女入宮參太后，非獻也。」公權曰：「瓜李之嫌，何以戸曉？」因引王珪諫太宗出廬江王妃故事。帝即令南内使張日華送二女還旼。公權忠言匡益，皆此類也。累遷學士承旨。

In 838, he was transferred to Vice Minister of Works and continued in office. On one occasion when he came for audience, the emperor asked, "What are people saying outside lately?" Gongquan answered, "Since Guo Min's appointment to Binning, there has been considerable praise and blame in public talk." The emperor said, "Min is a cousin of the late Prince of Shang and the Great Empress Dowager's youngest uncle. In office he has done nothing wrong. He went from Commandant of the Gold Crow Guards to a minor frontier post at Binning—what is there to debate?" Gongquan said, "Given Min's achievements and virtue, appointing him to a command is entirely appropriate. What people are saying is that Min advanced two daughters into the palace and thereby won this appointment—is that true?" The emperor said, "The two daughters entered the palace to wait upon the Empress Dowager. They were not presented as tribute." Gongquan said, "Even the shadow of impropriety—how can every household see through it?" He then cited the precedent of Wang Gui remonstrating with Emperor Taizong to send away the Princess of Lujiang. The emperor immediately ordered Zhang Rihua, envoy of the Southern Inner Palace, to send the two daughters back to Min. Gongquan's loyal remonstrances that corrected and strengthened the government were all of this kind. He was promoted in due course to Academician-in-Attendance.

武宗即位，罷内職，授右散騎常侍。宰相崔珙用爲集賢學士、判院事。李德裕素待公權厚，及爲珙奏薦，頗不悅。左授太子詹事，改賓客。累遷金紫光祿大夫、上柱國、河東郡開國公、食邑二千戸。復爲左常侍、國子祭酒。歴工部尚書。咸通初，改太子少傅，改少師，居三品、二品班三十年。六年卒，贈太子太師，時年八十八。

When Wuzong came to the throne, Gongquan was dismissed from inner-court office and appointed Right Regular Palace Attendant. Chancellor Cui Gong appointed him Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies with supervisory charge of the institute. Li Deyu had always treated Gongquan well, and when Cui recommended him, Li was deeply displeased. He was demoted to Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent, then reassigned as Preceptor. He rose in succession to Grand Master of Brilliant Happiness with Golden Ornament, Upper Pillar of the State, and Duke of Hedong Commandery with a fief of two thousand households. He again served as Left Regular Palace Attendant and Chancellor of the Directorate of Education. He served as Minister of Works. Early in the Xiantong era he became Junior Preceptor of the Heir Apparent, then Junior Mentor, and for thirty years stood in the third- and second-rank court ranks. In the sixth year he died and was posthumously enfeoffed as Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. He was eighty-eight.

公權初學王書，遍閲近代筆法，體勢勁媚，自成一家。當時公卿大臣家碑板，不得公權手筆者，人以爲不孝。外夷入貢，皆別署貨貝，曰此購柳書。上都西明寺《金剛經碑》備有鍾、王、歐、虞、褚、陸之體，尤爲得意。文宗夏日與學士聯句，帝曰：「人皆苦炎熱，我愛夏日長。」公權續曰：「薰風自南來，殿閣生微涼。」時丁、袁五學士皆屬繼，帝獨諷公權兩句，曰：「辭淸意足，不可多得。」乃令公權題於殿壁，字方圓五寸，帝視之，嘆曰：「鍾、王復生，無以加焉！」

Gongquan began by studying Wang Xizhi's calligraphy, surveyed the brush methods of recent masters, and forged a vigorous, graceful style entirely his own. At the time, for steles and plaques in the households of ministers and great officials, those that lacked Gongquan's own brushwork were thought unfilial. When foreign envoys brought tribute, they all set aside goods separately, marked as payment for Liu's calligraphy. His Diamond Sutra stele at Ximing Temple in the capital united the manners of Zhong, Wang, Ouyang, Yu, Chu, and Lu, and was among the works he prized most. On a summer day Wenzong joined the academicians in linked verse. The emperor opened with, "All men chafe at the heat—I love how long the summer day is." Gongquan answered, "The balmy breeze comes from the south, and the palace halls breathe a subtle cool." The five academicians of the Ding and Yuan families all added lines in turn, but the emperor singled out Gongquan's couplet alone, saying, "The language is clear and the thought complete—lines like these are rare." He then ordered Gongquan to write the lines on the hall wall in five-inch-square characters. When the emperor saw them he sighed, "If Zhong and Wang were reborn, they could add nothing more!"

大中初，轉少師，中謝，宣宗召升殿，御前書三紙，軍容使西門季玄捧硯，樞密使崔巨源過筆。一紙眞書十字，曰「衞夫人傳筆法於王右軍」；一紙行書十一字，曰「永禪師眞草《千字文》得家法」；一紙草書八字，曰「謂語助者焉哉乎也」。賜錦彩、甁盤等銀器，仍令自書謝狀，勿拘眞行，帝尤奇惜之。

Early in the Dazhong era, when Gongquan became Junior Mentor and came to offer thanks at court, Xuanzong summoned him up the hall. Before the throne the emperor wrote on three sheets—Army Affairs Commissioner Ximen Jixuan held the inkstone while Military Affairs Commissioner Cui Juyuan passed the brush. On one sheet in standard script, ten characters: "Lady Wei transmitted brush methods to Wang, General of the Right." On one sheet in running script, eleven characters: "Monk Yong's standard and cursive Thousand-Character Classic mastered the family tradition." On one sheet in cursive script, eight characters: "As for the particles—yan, zai, hu, ye." He received brocades, vases, dishes, and other silver vessels, and was told to write his own letter of thanks in whatever script he chose. The emperor treasured it all the more.

公權志耽書學，不能治生；爲勛戚家碑板，問遺歳時鉅萬，多爲主藏豎海鷗、龍安所竊。別貯酒器杯盂一笥，緘滕如故，其器皆亡。訊海鷗，乃曰：「不測其亡。」公權哂曰：「銀杯羽化耳。」不復更言。所寶唯筆硯圖畫，自扃鐍之。常評硯，以靑州石末爲第一，言墨易冷，絳州黑硯次之。尤精《左氏傳》、《國語》、《尚書》、《毛詩》、《莊子》。毎説一義，必誦數紙。性曉音律，不好奏樂。常云：「聞樂令人驕怠故也。」

Gongquan devoted himself wholly to calligraphy and learning and could not manage his household affairs; for steles he wrote for meritorious kinsmen, gifts ran to tens of thousands each year, yet much was stolen by his chief stewards Hai'ou and Long'an. He kept wine vessels, cups, and bowls in a separate chest, the seal still intact—and the vessels were all gone. When he questioned Hai'ou, the man answered, "I cannot fathom how they disappeared." Gongquan smiled wryly and said, "The silver cups have transformed and ascended." He said no more about it. What he treasured were only brushes, inkstones, and paintings, which he locked away himself. He often ranked inkstones, placing Qingzhou stone dust first; as he remarked, ink easily grows cold—Jiangzhou black inkstones came next. He was especially accomplished in the Zuo Commentary, Discourses of the States, Documents, Mao's Odes, and Zhuangzi. Whenever he expounded a point, he would recite several sheets of text from memory. By nature he understood musical pitch, yet he disliked having music performed. He often said, "Hearing music makes men proud and slack—that is why I avoid it."

公綽伯父子華，永泰初，爲嚴武西蜀判官，奏爲成都令。累遷池州刺史。入爲昭應令，知府東十三縣捕賊，尋檢校金部郎中、修葺華淸宮使。元載欲用爲京兆尹，未拜而卒。自知死日，預爲墓誌。有知人之明。公綽生三日，視之，謂其弟子温曰：「保惜此兒，福祚吾兄弟不能及。興吾門者，此兒也。」因以起之爲公綽字。

Gongchuo, elder brother of Gongquan's father Zihua—in the beginning of the Yongtai era served as Yan Wu's western Shu aide and was recommended as magistrate of Chengdu. He rose in succession to prefect of Chi Prefecture. He entered service as magistrate of Zhaoying, took charge of capturing bandits in the thirteen eastern counties of the metropolitan district, and soon served as acting director in the Ministry of Revenue and Commissioner for Repair of Huaqing Palace. Yuan Zai wished to appoint him metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, but he died before the appointment was issued. Knowing the day of his death in advance, he prepared his epitaph beforehand. He had a gift for judging men. When Gongchuo was three days old, Zihua looked at him and told his younger brother Wen, "Cherish this boy. The fortune and rank of us brothers cannot equal his. The one who will raise our house is this boy." He therefore took Qi as Gongchuo's style name.

子華二子：公器、公度。

Zihua had two sons: Gongqi and Gongdu.

公度善攝生，年八十餘，歩履輕便。或祈其術，曰：「吾初無術，但未嘗以元氣佐喜怒，氣海常温耳！」位止光祿少卿。

Gongdu was skilled at nurturing life; past eighty, he still walked lightly. When some asked his secret, he said, "I had no method at first—I simply never let anger or joy disturb my vital breath. The sea of breath stays warm, that is all!" His rank rose no higher than Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments.

公器子遵。遵子璨。璨仕至宰相，自有傳。

Gongqi's son was Zun. Zun's son was Can. Can rose to chancellor and has his own biography.

崔玄亮，字晦叔，山東磁州人也。玄亮貞元十一年登進士第，從事諸侯府。性雅淡，好道術，不樂趨競，久遊江湖。至元和初，因知己薦達入朝。再遷監察御史，轉侍御史。出爲密、湖、曹三郡刺史。毎一遷秩，謙讓輒形於色。

Cui Xuanliang, styled Huishu, was a native of Cizhou in Shandong. Xuanliang passed the jinshi examination in 795 and served in the staffs of various lords. Refined and detached by nature, he loved Daoist arts, disliked scrambling for advancement, and for years wandered the rivers and lakes. By the beginning of the Yuanhe era, a patron's recommendation brought him into court service. He was promoted twice to investigating censor, then transferred to attendant censor. He went out to serve as prefect of Mi, Hu, and Cao Prefectures. With each promotion his humility showed plainly on his face.

太和初，入爲太常少卿。四年，拜諫議大夫，中謝日，面賜金紫。朝廷推其名望，遷右散騎常侍。

Early in the Taihe era he entered service as Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. In 830 he was appointed Remonstrance Counselor; on the day he offered thanks at court, he was personally granted the gold seal and purple robe. The court valued his standing and promoted him to Right Regular Palace Attendant.

來年，宰相宋申錫爲鄭註所構，獄自内起，京師震懼。玄亮首率諫官十四人，詣延英請對，與文宗往復數百言。文宗初不省其諫，欲置申錫於法。玄亮泣奏曰：「孟軻有言：衆人皆曰殺之，未可也；卿大夫皆曰殺之，未可也；天下皆曰殺之，然後察之，方置於法。今至聖之代，殺一凡庶，尚須合於典法，況無辜殺一宰相乎？臣爲陛下惜天下法，實不爲申錫也。」言訖，俯伏嗚咽，文宗爲之感悟。玄亮由此名重於朝。

The following year Chancellor Song Shenxi was framed by Zheng Zhu. The case arose from within the palace, and the capital trembled with fear. Xuanliang was the first to lead fourteen remonstrance officials to the Yanying Hall to request audience, exchanging several hundred words with Wenzong. At first Wenzong did not take in their remonstrance and intended to punish Shenxi by law. Xuanliang wept as he submitted, "Mencius said: when all the common people say kill him, it is not yet permissible; when all the ministers and grandees say kill him, it is not yet permissible; when all under Heaven say kill him, then examine the matter, and only then apply the law. In this age of utmost sagacity, even killing a common man must accord with the statutes—how much less may one kill a guiltless chancellor? I grieve for the laws of the realm on Your Majesty's behalf—it is truly not for Shenxi's sake." When he finished he bowed prostrate and sobbed, and Wenzong was moved to understanding. From this Xuanliang's name weighed heavily at court.

七年，以疾求爲外任；宰相以弘農便其所請。乃授檢校左散騎常侍、虢州刺史。是歳七月，卒於郡所，中外無不嘆惜。

In the seventh year, on account of illness he requested an outer appointment; the chancellor thought Hongnong suited his request. He was therefore appointed Acting Left Regular Palace Attendant and prefect of Guo Prefecture. That year in the seventh month he died in his prefecture; within and without the court all mourned him.

始玄亮登第，弟純亮、寅亮相次升進士科。蕃府辟召，而玄亮最達。玄亮孫貽孫，位至侍郎。

When Xuanliang first passed the examination, his younger brothers Chunliang and Yinliang passed the jinshi in succession. Frontier headquarters all recruited them, but Xuanliang rose highest. Xuanliang's grandson Yisun rose to Vice Minister.

温造，字簡輿，河内人。祖景倩，南鄭令。父輔國，太常丞。造幼嗜學，不喜試吏，自負節概，少所降志，隱居王屋，以漁釣逍遙爲事。壽州刺史張建封聞風致書幣招延，造欣然謂所親曰：「此可人也。」徙家從之。建封動靜咨詢，而不敢縻以職任。及建封授節彭門，造歸下邳，有髙天下之心。建封恐一旦失造，乃以兄女妻之。

Wen Zao, styled Jian-yu, was a native of Henei. His grandfather Jingqian was magistrate of Nanzheng. His father Fuguo was Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. From childhood Zao loved learning and disliked taking office. Confident in his integrity, he seldom bowed his will, lived in seclusion on Mount Wangwu, and made fishing and angling his free life. Zhang Jianfeng, prefect of Shou Prefecture, hearing of his reputation sent letters and gifts to invite him. Zao gladly told those close to him, "This is a man one may serve." He moved his household to follow him. Jianfeng consulted him on every move, yet dared not bind him with an official post. When Jianfeng received his command at Pengmen, Zao returned to Xiapi with a heart set on transcending the world. Jianfeng feared he might lose Zao at any moment and therefore gave him his elder brother's daughter in marriage.

時李希烈方悖，侵寇籓鄰，屢陷郡邑。天下城鎭恃兵者，從而動搖，多逐主帥，自立留後，邀求節鉞。德宗患之，以范陽劉濟方輸忠款，但未能盡達朝廷倚賴之意；與密詔建封選特達識略之士往喩之。建封乃強署造節度參謀，使於幽州。造與語未訖，濟俯伏流涕曰：「濟僻在遐裔，不知天子神聖，大臣忠藎。願得率先諸侯，效以死節。」造還，建封以其名上聞。德宗愛其才，召至京師，謂之曰：「卿誰家子？年復幾何？」造對曰：「臣五代祖大雅，外五代祖李勣。臣犬馬之年三十有二。」德宗奇之，欲用爲諫官，以語泄事寢。

At the time Li Xilie was in rebellion, invading neighboring commands and repeatedly capturing prefectures and counties. Fortresses throughout the realm that relied on troops followed suit in wavering; many expelled their commanders, installed themselves as acting commissioners, and demanded command seals. Dezong was troubled by this. Liu Ji of Fanyang was then offering loyal submission, yet the court's reliance on him could not be fully conveyed; he secretly ordered Jianfeng to select a man of exceptional insight and strategy to go explain this to him. Jianfeng therefore forcibly appointed Zao military staff officer of the command and sent him to Youzhou. Before Zao had finished speaking with him, Ji bowed prostrate and wept, "Ji dwells in a remote borderland and did not know the Son of Heaven's sagacity, nor the loyalty of great ministers. I wish to take the lead among all lords and pledge my life in loyal service." When Zao returned, Jianfeng reported his name to the throne. Dezong admired his talent and summoned him to the capital, asking, "Whose son are you? How many years have you?" Zao replied, "My fifth-generation ancestor was Daya; on my mother's side the fifth-generation ancestor was Li Jixu. In the years of a hound and horse I am thirty-two." Dezong marveled at him and wished to appoint him a remonstrance official, but because the plan leaked the matter came to nothing.

長慶元年，授京兆府司録參軍。奉使河朔稱旨，遷殿中侍御史。既而幽州劉總請以所部九州聽朝旨。穆宗選可使者，或薦造。帝召而謂之曰：「朕以劉總輸忠，雖書詔便蕃，未盡朕之深意。以卿素能辦事，爲朕此行。」造對曰：「臣府縣走吏，初受憲職，望輕事重，恐辱國命，無能諭旨。」帝曰：「我在東宮時，聞劉總請覲；及我即位，比年上書不絶，及約以行期，即喑默不報。卿識機知變，往喩我懷，無多讓也。」乃拜起居舍人，賜緋魚袋，充太原、鎭州、幽州宣諭使。造初至范陽，劉總具櫜鞬郊迎；乃宣聖旨，示以禍福。總俯伏流汗，若兵加於頸矣。及造使還，總遂移家入覲，朝廷遂以張弘靖代之。及硃克融逐弘靖，鎭州殺田弘正，朝廷用兵，乃先令造銜命河東、魏博、澤潞、橫海、深冀、易定等道，喩以軍期，事皆稱旨。

In 821 he was appointed Recorder of Jingzhao Prefecture. On a mission to the Hebei region he pleased the throne and was promoted to Palace Censor. Soon afterward Liu Zong of Youzhou requested that his nine prefectures submit to court authority. Muzong chose someone fit to go as envoy; some recommended Zao. The emperor summoned him and said, "I regard Liu Zong's loyal submission. Though written edicts reach the frontier, they do not fully convey my deeper intent. Because you have always been able to handle affairs, go on this mission for me." Zao replied, "I am a runner from prefecture and county offices, newly receiving an inspector's post. My standing is light and the task heavy—I fear I will disgrace the imperial command and fail to convey Your Majesty's intent." The emperor said, "When I was in the Eastern Palace I heard that Liu Zong requested audience; after I ascended the throne he sent memorial after memorial for years, and when an appointment for his journey was set, he fell silent and did not answer. You read the moment and know how to change—go explain my heart, and do not decline overmuch." He was therefore appointed Attendant on the Heir Apparent, granted the crimson robe and fish tally, and made Imperial Envoy to Taiyuan, Zhen Prefecture, and Youzhou. When Zao first reached Fanyang, Liu Zong fully equipped himself with bow case and quiver and met him beyond the suburbs; Zao then proclaimed the sacred edict and showed him fortune and ruin. Zong bowed prostrate, sweating as though weapons were at his neck. When Zao's mission returned, Zong moved his household to attend court, and the court appointed Zhang Hongjing to replace him. When Zhu Kerong expelled Hongjing, Zhen Prefecture killed Tian Hongzheng, and the court took up arms, Zao was first sent with imperial orders to Hedong, Weibo, Zelu, Henghai, Shenji, Yiding, and other circuits to announce campaign deadlines. All pleased the throne.

俄而坐與諫議大夫李景儉史館飲酒，景儉醉謁丞相，出造爲朗州刺史。在任開後鄕渠九十七里，溉田二千頃，郡人獲利，乃名爲右史渠。居四年，召拜侍御史，請復置彈事硃衣、豸冠於外廊，大臣阻而不行。李祐自夏州入拜金吾，違制進馬一百五十匹。造正衙彈奏，祐股戰汗流。祐私謂人曰：「吾夜逾蔡州城擒呉元濟，未嘗心動，今日膽落於温御史。籲，可畏哉！」遷左司郎中，再知雜事。尋拜御史中丞。

Soon afterward he was demoted for sitting and drinking with Remonstrance Counselor Li Jingjian at the Historiographical Institute. Jingjian, drunk, paid court to the chancellor, and Zao was sent out as prefect of Lang Prefecture. In office he opened the Houxiang Canal ninety-seven li, irrigating two thousand qing of fields. The people of the prefecture profited, and it was named the Right Historian Canal. After four years he was summoned and appointed Attendant Censor. He requested that the censorial red robe and unicorn cap for presenting charges be restored to the outer corridor, but great ministers blocked it and the request was not carried out. Li You entered from Xia Prefecture to take the post of Commandant of the Gold Crow Guards and, violating regulations, presented one hundred fifty horses. Zao impeached him in the main court. You's thighs trembled and sweat poured. You privately told others, "By night I scaled the walls of Cai Prefecture and captured Wu Yuanji without my heart ever faltering—today my courage fell before Censor Wen. Alas, how fearsome!" He was transferred to Left Director in the Secretariat and again took charge of miscellaneous censorial business. Soon he was appointed Imperial Censor.

太和二年十一月，宮中昭德寺火。寺在宣政殿東隔垣，火勢將及，宰臣、兩省、京兆尹、中尉、樞密，皆環立於日華門外，令神策兵士救之，晡後稍息。是日，唯臺官不到。造奏曰：「昨宮中遺火，縁臺有系囚，恐縁爲奸，追集人吏堤防，所以至朝堂在後，臣請自罰三十直。其兩巡使崔蠡、姚合火滅方到，請別議責罰。」敕曰：「事出非常，臺有囚系，官曹警備，亦爲周慮，即合待罪朝堂，候取進止。量罰自許，事渉乖儀。温造、姚合、崔蠡各罰一月俸料。」

In the eleventh month of 828, fire broke out at Zhaode Temple within the palace. The temple stood east of Xuanzheng Hall beyond the partition wall. As the blaze neared, chancellors, officials of the Two Departments, the metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, the commissioner of the Inner Palace, and the commissioner of military affairs all stood ringed outside Rihua Gate while Shence troops fought the fire. After the hour of shen it gradually died down. That day only the censorial officials did not arrive. Zao submitted, "Yesterday fire broke out in the palace. Because the Censorate had prisoners in custody, fearing they might take advantage of the disorder I gathered clerks and officers to guard against it—therefore I reached the court hall later. I request to fine myself thirty zhi. The two patrol commissioners Cui Li and Yao He arrived only after the fire was out—please consider separate penalties." The edict read, "The matter was extraordinary. The Censorate had prisoners in custody and the offices took precautions—this too was thorough forethought. You should have awaited judgment in the court hall. To set your own penalty was contrary to protocol. Wen Zao, Yao He, and Cui Li are each fined one month's salary."

造性剛褊，人或激觸，不顧貴勢，以氣淩藉。嘗遇左補闕李虞於街，怒其不避，捕祗承人決脊十下。左拾遺舒元褒等上疎論之曰：「國朝故事，供奉官街中，除宰相外，無所回避。温造蔑朝廷典禮，淩陛下侍臣，恣行胸臆，曾無畏忌。凡事有小而關分理者，不可失也。分理一失，亂由之生。遺、補官秩雖卑，陛下侍臣也；中丞雖髙，法吏也。侍臣見淩，是不廣敬；法吏壞法，何以持繩？前時中書舍人李虞仲與造相逢，造乃曳去引馬。知制誥崔咸與造相逢，造又捉其從人。當時縁不上聞，所以暴犯益甚。臣聞元和、長慶中，中丞行李不過半坊，今乃遠至兩坊，謂之『籠街喝道』。但以崇髙自大，不思僭擬之嫌。若不糾繩，實虧彜典。」敕曰：「憲官之職，在指佞觸邪，不在行李自大；侍臣之職，在獻可替否，不在道路相髙。並列通班，合知名分，如聞喧競，亦已再三，既招人言，甚損朝體。其臺官與供奉官同道，聽先後而行，道途即祗揖而過，其參從人則各隨本官之後，少相辟避，勿言沖突。又聞近日已來，應合導從官，事力多者，街衢之中，行李太過。自今後，傳呼前後，不得過三百歩。」然造之舉奏，無所吐茹。朝廷有喪不以禮、配不以類者，悉劾之。獲偽官王果等九十餘人，杖殺南曹吏李賨等六人，刑於都市。遷尚書右丞，加大中大夫，封祁縣開國子，賜金紫。

Zao's nature was stern and narrow. If someone provoked him he paid no heed to rank and power and trampled others with his spirit. Once he met Left Supplementation Officer Li Yu in the street, grew angry that Yu did not yield, and had his attendants seize and flog the bearer ten strokes. Left Reminder Shu Yuanbao and others submitted a memorial arguing, "By the precedents of our dynasty, for palace attendants in the streets, apart from the chancellor, none need yield. Wen Zao scorned the court's ritual and trampled the emperor's attendants, giving free rein to his breast and never fearing. In all affairs, what is small yet touches right principle must not be lost. Once right principle is lost, disorder arises from it. The Reminder and Supplementation Officers, though low in rank, are the emperor's attendants; the Imperial Censor, though high, is an officer of the law. When attendants are trampled, respect is not broadly shown; when an officer of the law breaks the law, how can he hold the cord? Earlier when Secretariat Drafter Li Yuzhong met Zao, Zao dragged away the man leading his horse. When Director of Imperial Edicts Cui Xian met Zao, Zao again seized his attendants. At the time because it did not reach the throne, his violent offenses grew worse. We have heard that in the Yuanhe and Changqing eras a censor's retinue did not pass half a ward; now it extends as far as two wards, called 'caging the street and shouting the way.' He merely exalts himself and does not consider the suspicion of overstepping. If this is not corrected, it truly damages the constant statutes." The edict read, "The censor's duty lies in pointing out flattery and striking down evil—not in making one's retinue grand; the attendant's duty lies in offering what is acceptable and replacing what is not—not in competing for precedence in the road. All stand in the same court ranks and should know their places. As we hear of these quarrels, they have already happened again and again, inviting talk and greatly harming court dignity. When censorial officials and palace attendants share the same road, let them go first or last as they will. On the road let them bow and pass, while their attendants follow each behind his own master, yielding slightly and not speaking of collision. We have also heard that recently, among officials who should have escorts, those with greater manpower make their retinues in the streets too large. From this day forward, before and behind the herald's call, no more than three hundred paces." Yet in Zao's impeachments he never held back. Whenever at court there was mourning not according to ritual or matching not according to category, he impeached them all. He seized more than ninety false officials such as Wang Guo and had six Southern Bureau clerks including Li Bin beaten to death, executing them in the market. He was promoted to Right Vice Minister of the Secretariat, given the additional title Grand Master of the Palace, enfeoffed as Viscount of Qi County, and granted the gold seal and purple robe.

四年，興元軍亂，殺節度使李絳。文宗以造氣豪嫉惡，乃授檢校右散騎常侍、興元尹、山南西道節度使。造辭赴鎭，以興元兆亂之狀奏之，文宗盡悟其根本，許以便宜從事。帝慮用兵勞費，造奏曰：「臣計諸道征蠻之兵已回，俟臣行程至褒縣，望賜臣密詔，使受約束。比臣及興元，諸軍相續而至，臣用此足矣。」乃授造手詔四通。神策行營將董重質、河中都將温德彜、郃陽都將劉士和等，咸令稟造之命。造行至褒城，會興元都將衞志忠征蠻回，謁見。造即留以自衞，密與志忠謀。又召亞將張丕、李少直各諭其旨。暨發褒城，以八百人爲衙隊，五百人爲前軍，入府分守諸門。造下車置宴，所司供帳於廳事。造曰：「此隘狹，不足以饗士卒，移之牙門。」坐定，將卒羅拜，志忠兵周環之。造曰：「吾欲問新軍去住之意。可悉前，舊軍無得錯雜。」勞問既畢，傳言令坐，有未至者，因令舁酒巡行。及酒匝，未至者皆至，牙兵圍之亦合。坐卒未悟，席上有先覺者，揮令起，造傳言叱之，因帖息不敢動。即召坐卒，詰以殺絳之狀。志忠、張丕夾階立，拔劍呼曰「殺」。圍兵齊奮，其賊首教練使丘鑄等並官健千人，皆斬首於地，血流四註。監軍楊叔元在座，遽起求哀，擁造靴以請命；遣兵衞出之，以俟朝旨。敕旨配流康州。其親刃絳者斬一百斷，號令者斬三斷，餘並斬首。内一百首祭李絳，三十首祭王景延、趙存約等，並投屍於江。以功就加檢校禮部尚書。

In the fourth year the Xingyuan army mutinied and killed Military Commissioner Li Jue. Wenzong, because Zao was bold, jealous of evil, and fierce, appointed him Acting Right Regular Palace Attendant, metropolitan magistrate of Xingyuan, and Military Commissioner of Shannan West Circuit. When Zao set out for his command he submitted the circumstances of Xingyuan's impending disorder. Wenzong fully grasped its root and permitted him to act as circumstances required. The emperor feared the labor and expense of using troops. Zao submitted, "By my reckoning the armies from the various circuits sent against the barbarians have already returned. When my journey reaches Bao County, I hope Your Majesty will grant me a secret edict so that I may receive their constraint. By the time I reach Xingyuan the armies will arrive in succession—this will be enough for me." He was therefore given four handwritten edicts from the emperor. The Shence field generals Dong Chongzhi, Hedong commander Wen Deyi, and Heyang commander Liu Shihe were all ordered to obey Zao's command. When Zao reached Bao City, Xingyuan commander Wei Zhizhong, returning from the barbarian campaign, came to pay his respects. Zao immediately kept him as his own guard and secretly plotted with Zhizhong. He also summoned sub-commanders Zhang Pi and Li Shaozhi and explained his intent to each. When they set out from Bao City, eight hundred men formed the headquarters guard and five hundred the vanguard. Entering the headquarters they garrisoned each gate. When Zao descended from his carriage a banquet was set. The offices prepared the tent in the main hall. Zao said, "This is too cramped to feast the soldiers—move it to the headquarters gate." Once seated, the officers and soldiers bowed in ranks, with Zhizhong's troops encircling them. Zao said, "I wish to ask the new army's intent to stay or go. Let all come forward; the old army must not mix in." After the greetings were finished, word was passed to sit. Those who had not yet arrived were told to carry wine and circulate. When the wine had gone round, those who had not come all came, and the headquarters troops closed the ring as well. The seated soldiers had not yet understood. Some who sensed it first on the mats waved to rise, but Zao passed word to shout them down, and they posted themselves and dared not move. He then summoned the seated soldiers and interrogated them on the killing of Jue. Zhizhong and Zhang Pi stood flanking the steps, drew their swords, and shouted, "Kill!" The encircling troops charged together. The ringleaders, training commissioner Qiu Zhuo, and a thousand officers and soldiers were all beheaded on the ground, and blood flowed in four streams. Army Supervisor Yang Shuyuan was among those seated. He sprang up to beg for mercy and clutched Zao's boots to plead for his life; Zao sent troops to escort him out and await the court's decree. An imperial edict banished him to Kang Prefecture. Those who personally struck Jue were cut in one hundred segments, those who gave the orders in three segments, and the rest were all beheaded. One hundred heads were offered in sacrifice to Li Jue, thirty to Wang Jingyan, Zhao Cunyue, and others, and the corpses were all cast into the river. For this achievement he was promptly made acting Minister of Rites.

五年四月，入爲兵部侍郎，以耳疾求退。七月，檢校戸部尚書、東都留守，判東都尚書省事、東畿汝防禦使。

In the fourth month of the fifth year he returned to the capital as Vice Minister of War and asked to retire on account of an ear ailment. In the seventh month he was named acting Minister of Revenue and Eastern Capital Protector, with charge of the Eastern Capital Secretariat and duty as defense commissioner of the Eastern Metropolitan Region and Ru Prefecture.

造至洛中。九月，制改授河陽懷節度觀察等使。造以河内膏腴，民戸雕瘵，奏開浚懷州古秦渠枋口堰；役工四萬，溉濟源、河内、温、武陟四縣田五千餘頃。

Zao reached Luoyang. In the ninth month an edict reassigned him as military commissioner and circuit supervisor of Heyang and Huai. Finding the lands within the river fertile yet the people wasted and impoverished, Zao memorialized to open and dredge the ancient Qin Canal weir at Fangkou in Huai Prefecture; Forty thousand workers were employed, irrigating more than five thousand mou of farmland in Jiyuan, Henei, Wen, and Wuzhi.

七年十一月，入爲御史大夫。造初赴鎭漢中，遇大雨，平地水深尺餘，乃禱鷄翁山祈晴，俄而疾風驅雲，即時開齊。文宗嘗聞其事，會造入對言之，乃詔封鷄翁山爲侯。

In the eleventh month of the seventh year he returned to the capital as Censor-in-Chief. On his first journey to his post at Hanzhong, Zao was caught in heavy rain that left the flat ground more than a foot underwater. He prayed at Cock-Old-Man Mountain for clear weather, and soon a fierce wind drove off the clouds and the skies opened. Wenzong had heard of the incident; when Zao mentioned it during an audience, the emperor issued an edict ennobling Cock-Old-Man Mountain as a marquis.

九年五月，轉禮部尚書。其年六月病卒，時年七十，贈右僕射。有文集八十巻。造於晩年積聚財貨，一無散施，時頗譏之。子璋嗣。

In the fifth month of the ninth year he was transferred to Minister of Rites. He died of illness that sixth month, at the age of seventy, and was posthumously honored as Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat. He left collected works in eighty scrolls. In his later years Zao amassed wealth but gave nothing away, and many at the time mocked him for it. His son Zhang succeeded him.

璋以廕入仕，累佐使府，歴三郡刺史。咸通末，爲徐泗節度使，徐州牙卒曰銀刀軍，頗驕橫。璋至，誅其惡者五百餘人，自是軍中畏法。入爲京兆尹，持法太深，豪右一皆屛跡。會同昌公主薨，懿宗怒，殺醫官，其家屬宗枝下獄者三百人。璋上疎切諫，以爲刑法太深。帝怒，貶璋振州司馬。制出，璋嘆曰：「生不逢時，死何足惜？」是夜自縊而卒。

Zhang entered government through hereditary privilege, served repeatedly on commissioners' staffs, and governed three prefectures in succession. Late in the Xiantong reign he became military commissioner of Xu and Si, where the Xu Prefecture guards—the Silver Blade Army—were notoriously arrogant and domineering. On arrival Zhang executed more than five hundred of the worst offenders, and thereafter the army feared the law. He returned to the capital as metropolitan magistrate of Jingzhao, where his stern enforcement of the law drove every powerful family into hiding. When Princess Tongchang died, Yizong in his rage executed the physicians and imprisoned three hundred of their kinsmen and clansmen. Zhang submitted a forceful memorial arguing that the punishments were too harsh. Enraged, the emperor demoted Zhang to staff administrator of Zhen Prefecture. When the edict was issued, Zhang sighed, "Born out of season—why regret death?" That night he hanged himself.

郭承嘏，字復卿。曾祖尚父汾陽王。祖晞，諸衞將軍。父鈞。承嘏生而秀異，乳保之年，即好筆硯。比及成童，能通《五經》。元和四年，禮部侍郎張弘靖知其才，擢升進士第，累辟使幕。歴渭南尉。入朝爲監察御史，遷起居舍人。丁内艱，以孝聞，終喪，爲侍御史，職方、兵部二員外，兵部郎中。太和六年，拜諫議大夫。頻上疎，言時政得失。文宗以鄭註爲太仆卿，承嘏論諫激切，註甚懼之。本官知匭院事。九年，轉給事中。

Guo Chenggu, styled Fuqing. His great-grandfather was the Prince of Fenyang, the Lord Father of the State. His grandfather Xi was a general of the imperial guards. His father was Jun. Chenggu was gifted from birth; even as a nursling he loved brush and inkstone. By boyhood he had mastered the Five Classics. In the fourth year of Yuanhe, Vice Minister of Rites Zhang Hongjing recognized his talent and advanced him to the jinshi degree; he served repeatedly on commissioners' staffs. He served as magistrate of Weinan. He entered court as investigating censor and was promoted to recorder of conduct. During mourning for his mother he was known for filial piety; after the mourning period he became attendant censor, then successively vice director in the Ministries of Appointments and War, and director in the Ministry of War. In the sixth year of Taihe he was appointed Remonstrance and Reviser. He repeatedly submitted memorials on the strengths and failings of current policy. When Wenzong appointed Zheng Zhu Director of the Imperial Stud, Chenggu remonstrated with fierce urgency, and Zhu was greatly afraid of him. In his regular post he also managed affairs of the Petition Box. In the ninth year he was transferred to Supervising Secretary.

開成元年，出爲華州刺史、兼御史中丞。詔下，兩省叠詣中書，求承嘏出麾之由。給事中盧載封還詔書，奏曰：「承嘏自居此官，繼有封駁，能奉其職，宜在瑣闥。牧守之才，易爲推擇。」文宗謂宰臣曰：「承嘏久在黃扉，欲優其祿俸，暫令廉問近關。而諫列拜章，惜其稱職，甚美事也。」乃復爲給事中。

In the first year of Kaicheng he was appointed prefect of Hua and concurrent Vice Censor-in-Chief. When the edict was issued, members of the two bureaus went repeatedly to the Secretariat to ask why Chenggu was being sent out of the capital. Supervising Secretary Lu Zai returned the sealed edict and memorialized, "Since Chenggu has held this office he has repeatedly drafted rejections and fulfilled his duties well; he should remain at court. A capable prefect is easy enough to find." Wenzong told the chancellors, "Chenggu has long served at court; I wished to improve his salary and briefly sent him to inspect a nearby pass. Yet the remonstrance officials submitted memorials, valuing his competence in office—a very fine thing indeed." He was then restored to Supervising Secretary.

文宗以淮南諸道累歳大旱，租賦不登，國用多闕。及是，以度支、戸部分命宰臣鎭之。承嘏論之曰：「宰相者，上調陰陽，下安黎庶，致君堯、舜，致時淸平。俾之閲簿書，算緡帛，非所宜也。」帝深嘉之，遷刑部侍郎。時因朔望，以刑法官得對，文宗從容顧問，恩禮甚厚。未及大用，以二年二月卒。承嘏身歿之後，家無餘財，喪祭所費，皆親友共給而後具。搢紳之流，無不痛惜。贈吏部尚書。

Because the circuits south of the Huai had suffered great drought for successive years and taxes had gone uncollected, Wenzong found state revenues greatly short. At this time the ministries of revenue and household accounts were entrusted to chancellors to supervise. Chenggu argued, "Chancellors should harmonize yin and yang above and settle the common people below, bring the ruler to the level of Yao and Shun, and bring the age to clarity and peace. To have them examine ledgers and count strings of cash is not fitting." The emperor greatly approved and promoted him to Vice Minister of Justice. At that time, on the first and fifteenth of each month, judicial officials were permitted audience; Wenzong questioned him at leisure, and his favor and courtesy were very great. Before he could be greatly employed, he died in the second month of the second year. After Chenggu's death his household had no surplus wealth; burial and sacrifice expenses were all supplied by relatives and friends before they could be completed. The gentry grieved deeply. He was posthumously honored as Minister of Personnel.

殷侑，陳郡人。父懌。侑爲兒童時，勵志力學，不問家人資産。及長，通經，以講習自娯。貞元末，以《五經》登第，精於歴代沿革禮。元和中，累爲太常博士。時回紇請和親，朝廷計費五百萬緡。朝廷方用兵伐叛，費用百端，欲緩其期。乃命宗正少卿李孝誠奉使宣諭，以侑爲副。侑謹重有節概，臨事俊辯。既至虜庭，可汗初待漢使，盛陳兵甲，欲臣漢使而不答拜。侑堅立不動，宣諭畢，可汗責其倨，宣言欲留而不遣。行者皆懼，侑謂虜使曰：「可汗是漢家子婿，欲坐受使臣拜，是可汗失禮，非使臣之倨也。」可汗憚其言，卒不敢逼。使還，拜虞部員外郎。王承宗拒命，遣侑銜命招諭之。承宗尋稟朝旨，獻德、棣二州，遣二子入朝。遷侑諫議大夫。凡朝廷之得失，悉以陳論。前後上八十四章，以言激切，出爲桂管觀察使。

Yin You was a man of Chen Commandery. His father was Yi. As a child You was determined to study hard and paid no heed to his family's property. When he grew up he mastered the classics and took lecturing and study as his pleasure. At the end of Zhenyuan he passed the examination in the Five Classics and was expert in the rites and institutions of successive dynasties. In Yuanhe he served repeatedly as erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. At that time the Uighurs requested a marriage alliance, and the court calculated the cost at five million strings of cash. The court was then campaigning against rebels and expenses were manifold; it wished to delay the matter. It therefore appointed Vice Director of the Court of the Imperial Clan Li Xiaocheng to go as envoy to announce and instruct, with You as his deputy. You was careful, weighty, and possessed of integrity; in handling affairs he was sharp and eloquent. Once they reached the khan's court, the khan at first received the Han envoys with a great display of arms and armor, intending to make them bow without returning the courtesy. You stood firm without moving; when the announcement was finished the khan reproached his arrogance and declared he intended to detain them and not send them back. The travelers were all afraid; You told the barbarian envoy, "The khan is the Han emperor's son-in-law; if he wishes to sit and receive the envoy's bow, it is the khan who has lost propriety, not the envoy's arrogance." The khan feared his words and in the end did not dare compel him. On returning from the mission he was appointed Vice Director of the Court of the Imperial Parks. Wang Chengzong defied orders; You was sent bearing imperial command to summon and instruct him. Chengzong soon submitted to court instructions, presented De and Di prefectures, and sent two sons to court. You was promoted to Remonstrance and Reviser. Whatever gains or losses the court suffered, he set them all forth in discussion. In all he submitted eighty-four memorials; because his words were fierce and urgent he was sent out as supervisory commissioner of the Gui circuit.

寶暦元年，檢校右散騎常侍、洪州刺史，轉江西觀察使。所至以潔廉著稱。入爲衞尉卿。文宗初即位，滄州李同捷叛，而王廷湊助逆，欲加兵鎭州，詔五品已上都省集議。時上鋭於破賊，宰臣莫敢異議。獨侑以廷湊再亂河朔，方徇招懷，雖附兇徒，未甚彰露，宜且含容，專討同捷。其疎末云：「伏願以宗社安危爲大計，以善師攻心爲神武，以含垢安人爲遠圖，以網漏呑舟爲至誡。」文宗雖不納，深所嘉之。

In the first year of Baoli he was made acting Right Regular Palace Attendant and prefect of Hong, then transferred to supervisory commissioner of the Jiangxi circuit. Wherever he went he was known for purity and integrity. He returned to the capital as Director of the Court of the Imperial Stud. When Wenzong first took the throne, Li Tongjie of Cang Prefecture rebelled while Wang Tingcou aided the rebellion; the court wished to send troops against Zhen Prefecture and ordered all officials of the fifth rank and above in the central ministries to assemble for deliberation. At that time the emperor was eager to crush the rebels, and no chancellor dared dissent. Only You held that Tingcou had twice thrown the Hebei region into turmoil; the court was then pursuing appeasement, and though he had joined the violent faction his offense was not yet fully exposed—he should for the time being be tolerated while the court concentrated on Tongjie. At the end of his memorial he wrote, "I humbly hope Your Majesty will take the security of the altars of state as the great plan, take winning hearts by a good army as divine martial prowess, take bearing grime to settle the people as far-reaching design, and take letting the net leak so great boats pass as the highest caution." Wenzong did not adopt it, but greatly approved of it.

滄景平，以侑嘗爲滄州行軍司馬。太和四年，加檢校工部尚書、滄齊德觀察使。時大兵之後，滿目荊榛，遺骸蔽野，寂無人煙。侑不以妻子之官，始至，空城而已。侑攻苦食淡，與士卒同勞苦。周歳之後，流民繈負而歸。侑上表請借耕牛三萬，以給流民，乃詔度支賜綾絹五萬匹，買牛以給之。數年之後，戸口滋饒，倉稟盈積，人皆忘亡。初州兵三萬，悉取給於度支。侑一歳而賦入自贍其半，二歳而給用悉周，請罷度支給賜。而勸課多方，民吏胥悅，上表請立德政碑。以功加檢校吏部尚書。侑以郭下淸池縣在子城北，非便，奏移於南郭之内。

When Cang and Jing were pacified, because You had once served as acting military administrator of Cang Prefecture. In the fourth year of Taihe he was made acting Minister of Works and supervisory commissioner of the Cang, Qi, and De circuit. At that time, after great military campaigns, thorns and brambles filled the landscape, abandoned corpses covered the wilds, and the land lay silent and deserted. You did not bring his wife and children to his post; when he first arrived there was only an empty city. You ate sparingly and labored bitterly, sharing hardship with the soldiers. After a full year, displaced people returned carrying their children on their backs. You submitted a memorial requesting to borrow thirty thousand plow oxen to supply the displaced people; an edict was then issued for the Ministry of Revenue to grant fifty thousand bolts of silk and damask to buy oxen and distribute them. After several years households multiplied and storehouses overflowed; people forgot exile and death. At first the prefectural army numbered thirty thousand, all supplied by the Ministry of Revenue. In one year You's tax revenues supported half of them; in two years supplies were fully covered, and he requested that Ministry of Revenue grants be ended. He also encouraged agriculture in many ways; officials and clerks were all pleased, and he submitted a memorial requesting a stele of virtuous governance. For his achievement he was made acting Minister of Personnel. You held that Qingchi County under the prefectural seat lay north of the inner city and was inconvenient; he memorialized to move it within the southern wall.

六年，入爲刑部尚書，尋復檢校吏部尚書、鄆州刺史、兼御史大夫，充天平軍節度、鄆曹濮觀察等使。自元和末，收復師道十二州爲三鎭。朝廷務安反側，征賦所入，盡留贍軍，貫緡尺帛，不入王府。侑以軍賦有餘，賦不上供，非法也，乃上表起太和七年，請歳供兩稅、榷酒等錢十五萬貫、粟五萬碩。詔曰：「鄆、曹、濮等州，元和已來，地本殷實，自分三道，十五餘年，雖頒詔書，竟未入賦。殷侑承兵戈之後，當歉旱之餘，勤力奉公，謹身守法。才及周歳，已致阜安。而又體國輸忠，率先入貢，成三軍奉上之志，陳一境樂輸之心。尋有表章，良用嘉嘆！」尋就加檢校右僕射。

In the sixth year he returned to the capital as Minister of Justice, then again became acting Minister of Personnel, prefect of Yan, and concurrent Censor-in-Chief, serving as military commissioner of the Tianping Army and supervisory commissioner of Yan, Cao, and Pu. From the end of Yuanhe, when the twelve prefectures of Shidao were recovered they became three commands. The court sought to settle those who had turned against it; all tax revenues collected were retained to support the army—strings of cash and bolts of cloth and silk did not enter the imperial treasury. You held that since military levies had a surplus and taxes were not submitted upward, this was unlawful; he therefore submitted a memorial beginning with the seventh year of Taihe, requesting annual submission of fifteen thousand strings of the two taxes and monopoly wine revenues, and fifty thousand shi of grain. An edict read, "The prefectures of Yan, Cao, and Pu, since Yuanhe, were originally prosperous lands; since they were divided into three commands, more than fifteen years have passed; though edicts were repeatedly issued, taxes were never submitted. Yin You, after the warfare, amid famine and drought, labored diligently in service to the state and kept himself careful and law-abiding. In barely a full year he already brought prosperity and peace. Moreover he embodied the state's loyalty, took the lead in submitting tribute, fulfilled the three armies' intent to serve the throne, and expressed the whole circuit's willingness to contribute. Soon afterward he submitted another memorial—truly worthy of praise and admiration!" He was then promptly made acting Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat.

九年，御史大夫温造劾侑不由制旨，增監軍俸入，賦斂於人。上不問，以庾承宣代還。

In the ninth year Censor-in-Chief Wen Zao impeached You for increasing the army supervisor's salary income without following the prescribed edict and levying taxes on the people. The emperor did not inquire into it and sent Yu Chengxuan to replace him and return.

其年，濮州録事參軍崔元武，於五縣人吏率斂，及縣官料錢，以私馬擡估納官，計絹一百二十匹。大理寺斷三犯倶發，以重者論。只以中私馬爲重，止令削三任官。而刑部覆奏，令決杖配流。獄未決。侑奏曰：「法官不習法律，三犯不同，即坐其所重。元武所犯，皆枉法取受，準律，枉法十五匹已上絞。《律疎》云：即以贓致罪，頻犯者並累科。據元武所犯，令當入處絞刑。」疎奏，元武依刑部奏，決六十，流賀州。乃授侑刑部尚書。八月，檢校右僕射，復爲天平軍節度使。上以温造所奏深文故也。

That year, Pu Prefecture recorder Cui Yuanwu, among the clerks and officials of five counties, collected levies and official stipend money, used a private horse to inflate the valuation and submit it to the government, totaling one hundred twenty bolts of silk. The Court of Judicial Review ruled on three offenses committed together and judged by the most serious. They took only the private horse offense as the serious one and merely ordered removal from three ranks of office. But the Ministry of Justice on review memorialized ordering beating with the staff and banishment. The case was not yet decided. You memorialized, "The judges do not understand the law; when three offenses differ, they should be punished for the most serious. All of Yuanwu's offenses were wrongful taking and receipt; according to the code, wrongful taking of fifteen bolts or more warrants strangulation. The Statutes Commentary states: when crimes are caused by illicit goods and offenses are repeatedly committed, punishments are cumulated. According to Yuanwu's offenses, he should receive strangulation." When the memorial was submitted, Yuanwu was decided according to the Ministry of Justice memorial: sixty blows with the staff and banishment to He Prefecture. You was then appointed Minister of Justice. In the eighth month he was made acting Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat and again became military commissioner of the Tianping Army. The emperor did this because of the harsh legalism in Wen Zao's impeachment.

開成元年，復召爲刑部尚書。時初經李訓之亂，上問侑治安之術。侑極言委任責成，宜在朝之耆德，新進小生，無宜輕用。帝深嘉之，賜錦彩三百匹。及中謝，又令中使就第賜金十斤。其年七月，檢校左僕射，出爲襄州刺史、山南東道節度使。

In the first year of Kaicheng he was again summoned as Minister of Justice. At that time, having just passed through the turmoil of Li Xun, the emperor asked You about the art of securing peace. You spoke forcefully of entrusting responsibility and demanding results; the court should rely on elders of virtue, and newly advanced young men should not be lightly employed. The emperor greatly approved and bestowed three hundred bolts of brocade and silk. At his audience of thanks he was again ordered by palace envoy to his residence to bestow ten jin of gold. In the seventh month of that year he was made acting Left Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat and went out as prefect of Xiang and military commissioner of the Shannan East circuit.

二年三月，以病求代，以太子賓客分司東都。十一月，復檢校右僕射，出爲忠武節度、陳許蔡觀察等使。三年七月，卒於鎭，時年七十二，贈司空。

In the third month of the second year he requested replacement on account of illness and was made Crown Prince's Mentor with duty at the Eastern Capital. In the eleventh month he was again made acting Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat and went out as military commissioner of Zhongwu and supervisory commissioner of Chen, Xu, and Cai. In the seventh month of the third year he died at his post, at age seventy-two, and was posthumously honored as Minister of Works.

侑以通經入仕，觀風撫俗，所蒞有聲。而晩年急於大用，稍通權幸，物望減於往時。子羽。

You entered service through mastery of the classics; in observing customs and settling the people, wherever he served he had a reputation. But in his later years he was eager for great employment and gradually cultivated connections with the powerful; public esteem fell short of earlier times. His son was Yu.

羽太和五年登進士第，籓府辟召，不至通顯。子盈孫。

Yu passed the jinshi examination in the fifth year of Taihe; he was recruited to commissioners' staffs but never rose to prominence. His son was Yingsun.

盈孫，乾符末爲成都掾。駕在西川，用爲太常博士，禮學有祖風。光啓二年冬，隨駕自成都還。三年二月，駐蹕鳳翔。時宗廟爲賊所焚，車駕至京，告享無所。四月，盈孫謂宰執曰：「太廟十一室，並祧廟八室，及三太后三室，因光啓元年十二月二十五日車駕出宮，其縁室法物神主，本司載行，至鄠縣並被盜剽奪。皇帝還宮，合先制造。」宰相鄭延昌奏曰：「太廟大殿二十二間，功績至大，計料支費不少；兼宗廟制度，損益重難，今未審依元料修奉，爲復別有商量。」敕付禮院詳議。

Yingsun, at the end of the Qianfu reign, was an aide in Chengdu. When the emperor was in western Shu he was employed as erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; in ritual learning he had his family's style. In the winter of the second year of Guangqi he followed the emperor back from Chengdu. In the second month of the third year the imperial carriage halted at Fengxiang. At that time the imperial ancestral temple had been burned by rebels; when the imperial carriage reached the capital there was nowhere to announce the sacrifices. In the fourth month Yingsun told the chief ministers, "The main temple has eleven chambers, together with eight chambers of the disestablished temple, and three chambers for the three empresses—a total of twenty-two. Because on the twenty-fifth day of the twelfth month of the first year of Guangqi, when the imperial carriage left the palace, the ritual objects and spirit tablets of those chambers that the office was to transport were all looted at Hu County. Now that the emperor has returned to the palace, they should first be remade." Chancellor Zheng Yanchang memorialized, "The main hall of the imperial ancestral temple has twenty-two bays; the materials and expenses are very great; and the temple institutions, whether to reduce or increase, are weighty and difficult. It is not yet clear whether to repair according to the original specifications or to deliberate otherwise." An edict entrusted the matter to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices for detailed deliberation.

時博士四人，杜用勵在利州，崔澄在河中，封舜卿在巴南。獨盈孫獻議曰：「太廟制度。歴代參詳，皆符典經，難議損益。謹按舊制，十一室，二十三間，十一架。垣墉廣袤之度，堂室淺深之規，階陛等級之差，棟宇崇低之則，前古所謂奢不能侈，儉不能逾者也。今以朝廷帑藏方虚，費用稍廣，須資變禮，將務從宜，固不可易前聖之規模，狹大朝之制度，當憑典實，別有參詳。謹按至德二年，以太廟方修，新作神主，於長安殿安置，便行饗告之禮，如同宗廟之儀，以俟廟成，方爲遷祔。當時議論，無所是非。竊知今者京城除大内正衙外，別無殿宇。伏聞先有詔旨，且以少府監大廳權充太廟。伏縁十一室於五間之中，陳設隘狹，伏請接續廳之兩頭，成十一室，薦饗之。三太后廟，即於監内西南，別取屋宇三間，且充廟室。候太廟修奉畢日，別議遷祔。」敕旨依奏。其神主、法物、樂懸，皆盈孫奏重修制，知禮者稱爲博洽。

At that time there were four erudites: Du Yongli was in Li Prefecture, Cui Cheng in Hezhong, and Feng Shunqing in Banan. Only Yingsun submitted an opinion: "On the institutions of the imperial ancestral temple, successive dynasties have examined them in detail; all accord with canonical standards, and reduction or increase is difficult to discuss. I respectfully examine the old institutions: eleven chambers, twenty-three bays, eleven frames. The breadth and length of the enclosing walls, the depth and shallowness of the halls and chambers, the gradations of steps and stairs, the standards of height and loftiness of the beams and rafters—all these are what the ancients called that extravagance cannot exceed and frugality cannot fall below. Now the court treasury is empty and expenses somewhat broad; we must rely on altered rites and strive for what is fitting—but we cannot change the former sage's scale or narrow the great court's institutions; we should rely on canonical fact and deliberate separately. I respectfully note that in the second year of Zhide, because the imperial ancestral temple was under repair, new spirit tablets were made and placed in Chang'an Hall, and the offering and announcement rites were performed as in the ancestral temple, to await completion of the temple before transfer and enshrinement. At that time in discussion there was no dispute. I know that at present in the capital, apart from the inner palace and main audience hall, there are no other halls. I have heard there was already an edict temporarily using the great hall of the Palace Directorate as the imperial ancestral temple. Because eleven chambers within five bays are cramped for arrangement, I humbly request extending the two ends of the adjoining hall to form eleven chambers for offerings. For the temple of the three empresses, take three rooms in the southwest of the directorate and temporarily use them as temple chambers. When repair of the imperial ancestral temple is completed, transfer and enshrinement may be discussed separately." An edict approved the memorial. The spirit tablets, ritual objects, and musical instruments were all remade on Yingsun's memorial; those who understood ritual praised his breadth of learning.

龍紀元年十一月，昭宗郊祀圓丘。兩中尉楊復恭及兩樞密，皆請朝服。盈孫上疎曰：「臣昨赴齋宮，見中尉、樞密内臣，皆具朝服。臣尋前代及國朝典令，無内官朝服制度。伏以皇帝陛下，承天御暦，聖祚中興，祗見宗祧，克陳大禮，皆稟髙祖、太宗之成制，必循虞、夏、商、周之舊經。軒冕服章，式遵彜憲。若内官要衣朝服，令依所守官本品之服。事雖無據，粗可行之。臣忝禮司，合具陳奏。」時中貴皆如宰相大臣朝服，故盈孫論之。帝雖不從，嘉其所守。轉秘書少監，卒。

In the eleventh month of the first year of Longji, Zhaozong performed the suburban sacrifice at the Round Mound. Both army supervisors Yang Fugong and the two privy secretaries all requested court robes. Yingsun submitted a memorial, "Yesterday when I went to the fasting palace I saw the army supervisors and privy secretaries, all inner officials, fully equipped in court robes. I have examined former dynasties and our court's statutes and orders; there is no institution of court robes for inner officials. I humbly consider that the emperor, receiving Heaven's mandate and governing the era, with the sacred reign in restoration, has reverently appeared before the ancestral temple and can perform the great rites—all following the completed institutions of Gaozu and Taizong, and necessarily following the old canons of Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou. Carriages, caps, robes, and insignia should follow canonical law. If inner officials must wear court robes, let them wear the robes of the official rank they hold. Though the matter lacks precedent, it may roughly be done. I, who am charged with ritual affairs, should set it forth in full." At that time the powerful inner officials all wore court robes like chancellors and great ministers; therefore Yingsun argued against it. Though the emperor did not follow it, he approved his integrity. He was transferred to Vice Director of the Secretariat and died.

徐晦，進士擢第，登直言極諫制科，授櫟陽尉，皆自楊憑所薦。及憑得罪，貶臨賀尉，交親無敢祖送者；獨晦送至藍田，與憑言別。時故相權德輿與憑交分最深，知晦之行，因謂晦曰：「今日送臨賀，誠爲厚矣，無乃爲累乎！」晦曰：「晦自布衣受楊公之眷，方茲流播，爭忍無言而別？如他日相公爲奸邪所譖，失意於外，晦安得與相公輕別？」德輿嘉其眞懇，大稱之於朝。不數日，御史中丞李夷簡請爲監察，晦白夷簡曰：「生平不踐公門，公何取信而見獎拔？」夷簡曰：「聞君送楊臨賀，不顧犯難，肯負國乎？」由是知名。歴殿中侍御史、尚書郎，出爲晉州刺史。入拜中書舍人。寶暦元年，出爲福建觀察使。二年，入爲工部侍郎，出爲同州刺史、兼御史中丞。太和四年，征拜兵部侍郎。五年，爲太子賓客，分司東都。晦性強直，不隨世態，當官守正。唯嗜酒太過，晩年喪明，乃至沈廢。以禮部尚書致仕。開成三年三月卒，贈兵部尚書。

Xu Hui passed the jinshi examination, passed the direct-criticism examination, and was appointed magistrate of Liyang—all through Yang Ping's recommendation. When Ping was found guilty and demoted to magistrate of Linhe, none of his relatives and friends dared escort him on his way; only Hui escorted him as far as Lantian and spoke his farewell with Ping. At that time the former chancellor Quan Deyu, who had the deepest ties with Ping, knowing of Hui's journey, therefore told Hui, "Today in escorting the Linhe magistrate you have indeed shown great depth—but will it not become a burden?" Hui replied, "Hui, from commoner status, received Lord Yang's favor; now that he is cast into exile, how could I bear to part without a word? If someday, Lord Chancellor, you are slandered by the wicked and lose favor outside the capital, how could Hui lightly part from the Lord Chancellor?" Deyu admired his sincerity and praised him greatly at court. Within a few days Vice Censor-in-Chief Li Yijian requested him as investigating censor; Hui told Yijian, "All my life I have not crossed the gates of great officials—why do you trust and reward me with promotion?" Yijian replied, "I heard that you escorted Yang the Linhe magistrate, not fearing offense and willing to bear the state's burden—is that not so?" From this he became known. He served successively as attendant censor and director in the Secretariat, and went out as prefect of Jin. He entered court as Secretariat Drafter. In the first year of Baoli he went out as supervisory commissioner of Fujian. In the second year he returned to the capital as Vice Minister of Works, then went out as prefect of Tong and concurrent Vice Censor-in-Chief. In the fourth year of Taihe he was summoned as Vice Minister of War. In the fifth year he became Crown Prince's Mentor with duty at the Eastern Capital. Hui's nature was forceful and upright; he did not follow the ways of the age and in office upheld rectitude. Only he loved wine too much; in his later years he lost his sight and was reduced to utter incapacity. He retired as Minister of Rites. In the third month of the third year of Kaicheng he died; posthumously honored as Vice Minister of War.

史臣曰：温、柳二公，以文行飾躬，砥礪名節，當官守法，侃侃有大臣之節，而竟不登三事，位止正卿。所以知公輔之量，以和爲貴。漢武帝畏汲黯而相孫弘，太宗重魏徴而委玄齡，其旨遠也。韋、崔名士，薦賢致主，綽有古風。殷司空治民，斯爲循吏，而忠規壯節，至晩不衰。徐、郭讜言，郁爲佳士。如數君者，實爲令人。

The historian remarks: The two lords Wen and Liu, adorning themselves with literary conduct, honing their name and integrity, upholding the law in office, were earnest and possessed the integrity of great ministers—yet in the end they did not ascend to the Three Dukes and stopped at regular third rank. From this one knows that the measure of chief minister values harmony. Emperor Wu of Han feared Ji An yet made Sun Hong chancellor; Taizong valued Wei Zheng yet entrusted Xuanling—how far-reaching the intent! Wei and Cui were famous scholars who recommended the worthy to serve the ruler; they had abundant ancient style. Minister of Works Yin in governing the people was a model circumspect official, yet his loyal remonstrance and stalwart integrity did not fade even in old age. Xu and Guo's forthright words were rich and formed excellent scholars. Men such as these several lords were truly admirable.

贊曰：柳氏禮法，公忠節概。搏撃爲優，彌綸則隘。夏卿獎拔，晦叔匡將。徐、郭之議，金玉鏘鏘。

Praise runs: The Liu family's ritual law, public loyalty and stalwart integrity. Striking blows was their strength; weaving governance was their limit. Xiaqing rewarded and elevated; Huishu supported and guided. The remonstrance of Xu and Guo—gold and jade, ringing clear.

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