1
鐵勒契丹奚室韋靺鞨渤海靺鞨霫烏羅渾
Tiele, Khitan, Xi, Shiwei, Mohe, Bohai Mohe, Xi, and Wuluohun.
2
鐵勒，本匈奴別種。 自突厥強盛，鐵勒諸郡分散，衆漸寡弱。 至武德初，有薛延陀、契苾、回紇、都播、骨利幹、多覽葛、僕骨、拔野古、同羅、渾部、思結、斛薛、奚結、阿跌、白霫等，散在磧北。 薛延陀者，自雲本姓薛氏，其先擊滅延陀而有其衆，因號爲薛延陀部。 其官方兵器及風俗，大抵與突厥同。
The Tiele were originally a separate branch of the Xiongnu. Once the Turks rose to power, the Tiele tribes were scattered and their numbers gradually declined. By the opening years of the Wude era, groups including the Xueyantuo, Qibi, Huihe, Dubo, Guligan, Duolange, Pugu, Bayegu, Tongluo, Hun, Sijie, Huxue, Xijie, Adie, and Baixi were scattered across the lands north of the desert. The Xueyantuo took their name from the Xue clan of Yun. Their forebears had conquered and absorbed the Yantuo people, and from that they came to be known as the Xueyantuo tribe. Their ranks, arms, and customs were largely the same as those of the Turks.
3
初，大業中，西突厥處羅可汗始強大，鐵勒諸部皆臣之，而處羅徵稅無度，薛延陀等諸部皆怨，處羅大怒，誅其酋帥百餘人。 鐵勒相率而叛，共推契苾哥楞爲易勿真莫賀可汗，居貪汗山北； 又以薛延陀乙失缽爲也咥小可汗，居燕末山北。 西突厥射匱可汗強盛，延陀、契苾二部並去可汗之號以臣之。 回紇等六部在郁督軍山者，東屬於始畢，乙失缽所部在金山者，西臣于葉護。
Earlier, during the Daye reign, Choru Qaghan of the Western Turks first rose to power, and all the Tiele tribes submitted to him. Choru levied taxes without restraint, however, and the Xueyantuo and other tribes grew resentful. Enraged, Choru executed more than a hundred of their chieftains. The Tiele rose in revolt together and jointly enthroned Qibi Geleng as Yiwuzhen Mohe Qaghan, with his seat north of Tanhan Mountain; They also installed Yishibo of the Xueyantuo as Yedie Lesser Qaghan, with his seat north of Yanmo Mountain. When Shegui Qaghan of the Western Turks grew powerful, the Yantuo and Qibi tribes both abandoned the title of qaghan and submitted to him. The six tribes including the Huihe at Yudujun Mountain looked east to Shibi, while the followers of Yishibo at Jinshan looked west to Yehu as their overlord.
4
貞觀二年，葉護可汗死，其國大亂。 乙失缽之孫曰夷男。 率其部落七萬余家附於突厥。 遇頡利之政衰，夷男率其徒屬反攻頡利，大破之。 於是頡利部諸姓多叛頡利，歸於夷男，共推爲主，夷男不敢當。 時太宗方圖頡利，遣遊擊將軍喬師望從間道齎冊書拜夷男爲真珠毗伽可汗，賜以鼓纛。 夷男大喜，遣使貢方物，復建牙於大漠之北郁督軍山下，在京師西北六千里。 東至靺鞨，西至葉護，南接沙磧，北至俱倫水，回紇、拔野古、阿跌、同羅、僕骨、霫諸大部落皆屬焉。
In the second year of the Zhenguan reign, Qaghan Yehu died and his realm fell into turmoil. Yishibo's grandson was named Yinan. He led his tribe of more than seventy thousand households to submit to the Turks. As Jieli's power waned, Yinan led his followers in a counterattack against him and won a great victory. Many clans of Jieli's tribe then rebelled against him and went over to Yinan, urging him jointly to become their leader, but Yinan did not dare accept. At that time Emperor Taizong was plotting against Jieli. He sent the raiding general Qiao Shiwang by a hidden route with investiture documents to ennoble Yinan as Zhenzhu Pijia Qaghan and bestowed upon him drums and banners. Yinan was overjoyed. He sent envoys bearing local tribute and re-established his royal camp below Yudujun Mountain, north of the great desert, six thousand li northwest of the capital. His domain reached east to the Mohe, west to Yehu, south to the sandy desert, and north to the Julun River. The great tribes of the Huihe, Bayegu, Adie, Tongluo, Pugu, and Xi all submitted to him.
5
三年，夷男遣其弟統特勒來朝，太宗厚加撫接，賜以寶刀及寶鞭。 謂曰：「汝所部有大罪者鞭之。」 夷男甚喜。
In the third year, Yinan sent his younger brother Tongtelu to court. Emperor Taizong received him warmly and bestowed a precious knife and whip. He told him, "Use this whip on any of your people who commit grave offenses. Yinan was delighted.
6
四年，平突厥頡利之後，朔塞空虛，夷男率其部東返故國，建庭于都尉揵山北，獨邏河之南，在京師北三千三百里； 東至室韋，西至金山，南至突厥，北臨瀚海，即古匈奴之故地。 勝兵二十萬，立其二子爲南北部。 太宗亦以其強盛，恐爲後患。
In the fourth year, after Jieli of the Turks had been subdued, the northern frontier stood empty. Yinan led his tribe east back to their former lands and established his court north of Duyu Jian Mountain, on the south bank of the Tuo River alone, three thousand three hundred li north of the capital; It reached east to the Shiwei, west to Jinshan, south to the Turks, and north to the Hanhai—the old lands of the Xiongnu. He could field two hundred thousand fighting men and installed his two sons as heads of the northern and southern divisions. Emperor Taizong also feared that their growing strength might become a future threat.
7
十二年，遣使備禮冊命，拜其二子皆爲小可汗，外示優崇，實欲分其勢也。 會朝廷立李思摩爲可汗，處其部衆于漠南之地。 夷男心惡思摩，甚不悅。
In the twelfth year he sent envoys with full ceremonial investiture to ennoble both sons as lesser qaghans—an outward show of honor, but in truth an attempt to divide their power. About this time the court established Li Simo as qaghan and settled his tribes south of the desert. Yinan deeply resented Simo and was greatly displeased.
8
十五年，太宗幸洛陽，將有事於太山。 夷男謀于其國曰：「天子封太山，萬國必會，士馬皆集，邊境空虛，我於此時取思摩如拉朽耳。」 因命其子大度設勒兵二十萬，屯白道川，據善陽嶺以擊思摩之部。 思摩遣使請救，詔英國公李勣、蒲州刺史薛萬徹率步騎數萬赴之。 逾白道川至青山，與大度設相及。 追之累月，至諾真水，大度設知不脫，乃互十里而陳兵。
In the fifteenth year Emperor Taizong went to Luoyang, intending to perform the rites at Mount Tai. Yinan plotted with his people, saying, "When the Son of Heaven performs the feng rite at Mount Tai, every state will assemble and troops will be drawn away, leaving the frontier empty. If we strike Simo then, it will be like pulling down rotten timber. He therefore ordered his son Dadu She to muster two hundred thousand troops, encamp along the Baidao River, and seize Shanyang Ridge to attack Simo's tribe. Simo sent envoys begging for aid. An edict ordered the Duke of Ying, Li Ji, and Xue Wanche, prefect of Puzhou, to lead tens of thousands of infantry and cavalry to the rescue. They crossed the Baidao River to Qingshan and caught up with Dadu She. They pursued him for months until they reached the Nuozhen River. Seeing that he could not escape, Dadu She drew up his troops in battle lines ten li apart.
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先是，延陀擊沙缽羅及阿史那社爾等，以步戰而勝。 及其將來寇也，先講武于國中，教習步戰； 每五人，以一人經習戰陣者使執馬，而四人前戰； 克勝即授馬以追奔，失應接罪至於死，沒其家口，以賞戰人，至是遂行其法。 突厥兵先合輒退，延陀乘勝而逐之。 勣兵拒擊，而延陀萬矢俱發，傷我戰馬。 乃令去馬步陣，率長槊數百爲隊，齊奮以沖之，其衆潰散。 副總管薛萬徹率數千騎收其執馬者。 其衆失馬，莫知所從，因大縱，斬首三千餘級，獲馬萬五千匹，甲仗輜重不可勝計。 大度設跳身而遁，萬徹將數百騎追之，弗及。 其餘衆大奔走，相騰踐而死者甚衆，伏屍被野。 夷男因乞與突厥和，並遣使謝罪。
Earlier the Yantuo had defeated Shaboluo, Ashina She'er, and others by fighting on foot. Before they came to raid, they first held military exercises at home and trained in foot combat; for every five men, one veteran of battle held the horses while four advanced to fight; if they won, they were given horses to pursue the fleeing enemy; anyone who failed to support his comrades was put to death and his household confiscated to reward the fighters. On this occasion they put that method into practice. The Turk troops engaged and then fell back, and the Yantuo pursued them in victory. Ji's troops met the attack, but the Yantuo loosed volleys of arrows that wounded the Tang war horses. He then ordered his men to dismount and form infantry lines, leading companies of several hundred long-spearmen in a mass charge that broke the enemy ranks. Deputy commander Xue Wanche led several thousand cavalry to round up the men holding the horses. Deprived of their horses, the enemy host did not know which way to flee. A great slaughter followed: more than three thousand heads were taken, fifteen thousand horses captured, and armor, weapons, and baggage beyond reckoning. Dadu She leaped away and fled. Wanche led several hundred cavalry in pursuit but could not catch him. The rest of the host fled in disorder. Many were trampled to death, and corpses lay strewn across the plain. Yinan then begged for peace with the Turks and sent envoys to apologize.
10
十六年，遣其叔父沙缽羅泥敦策斤來請婚，獻馬三千匹。 太宗謂侍臣曰：「北狄世爲寇亂，今延陀崛強，須早爲之所。 朕熟思之，唯有二策：選徒十萬，擊而虜之，滅除凶醜，百年無事，此一策也； 若遂其來請，結以婚姻，緩轡羈縻，亦足三十年安靜，此亦一策也。 未知何者爲先？」 司空房玄齡對曰：「今大亂之後，瘡痍未復，且兵凶戰危，聖人所慎。 和親之策，實天下幸甚。」 太宗曰：「朕爲蒼生父母，苟可以利之，豈惜一女？」 遂許以新興公主妻之。 因征夷男備親迎之禮。 仍發詔將幸靈州與之會。 夷男大悅，謂其國中曰：「我本鐵勒之小帥也，天子立我爲可汗，今復嫁我公主，車駕親至靈州，斯亦足矣！」 於是稅諸部羊馬以爲聘財。 或說夷男曰：「我薛延陀可汗與大唐天子俱一國主，何有自往朝謁？ 如或拘留，悔之無及！」 夷男曰：「吾聞大唐天子聖德遠被，日月所照，皆來賓服。 我歸心委質，冀得睹天顏，死無所恨！ 然磧北之地，必當有主，舍我別求，固非大國之計。 我志決矣，勿復多言！」 於是言者遂止。 太宗乃發使受其羊馬。 然夷男先無府藏，調斂其國，往返且萬里，既涉沙磧，無水草，羊馬多死，遂後期。 太宗於是停幸靈州。 既而其聘羊馬來至，所耗將半。 議者以爲夷狄不可禮義畜，若聘財未備而與之婚，或輕中國，當須要其備禮，於是下詔絕其婚。 既而李思摩數遣兵侵掠之。 延陀復遣突利失擊思摩，至定襄，抄掠而去。 太宗遣英國公李勣援之，見虜已出塞而還。 太宗以其數與思摩交兵，璽書責讓之。
In the sixteenth year he sent his uncle Shaboluo Nitun Cejin to request a marriage alliance, presenting three thousand horses. Emperor Taizong told his ministers, "The northern peoples have raided and rebelled for generations. Now the Yantuo have grown powerful, and we must deal with them before it is too late. I have considered the matter carefully and see only two courses: raise one hundred thousand troops, strike and capture them, wipe out these vicious foes, and secure a century of peace—that is one course; or grant their request and bind them by marriage, holding the reins loosely to keep them in check—that would also buy thirty years of peace. That is the other course. Which should we choose? Minister of Works Fang Xuanling replied, "After the great disorders the realm is still scarred, and war is inauspicious and perilous—what the sage himself warns against. A marriage alliance would truly be a blessing for the realm." Emperor Taizong said, "I am parent to the common people. If one daughter can benefit them, how could I begrudge her?" He thereupon promised Princess Xinxing in marriage. He then summoned Yinan to prepare the ceremonial reception of the bride. He also issued an edict that he would travel to Lingzhou to meet him. Yinan was overjoyed and told his people, "I was only a petty chief of the Tiele. The Son of Heaven made me qaghan, and now he gives me a princess and will come in person to Lingzhou. What more could I ask? He thereupon levied sheep and horses from the tribes as betrothal gifts. Someone urged Yinan, "Our Xueyantuo qaghan and the Son of Heaven of Great Tang are both sovereigns of a state. Why should you go in person to pay court? If you are detained, it will be too late for regret! Yinan replied, "I have heard that the Son of Heaven of Great Tang is sage and virtuous, and that all lands touched by sun and moon come to submit. I give my heart in loyal submission and hope to behold the imperial countenance. Even in death I would have no regret! Yet the lands north of the desert must have a master. To set me aside and seek another would not be the great state's plan. My mind is made up. Say no more!" Those who had urged caution fell silent. Emperor Taizong then sent envoys to receive their sheep and horses. Yet Yinan had no treasury of his own. He levied his whole realm, and the round trip was nearly ten thousand li. Crossing the desert without grass or water, many sheep and horses died, and they arrived late. Emperor Taizong thereupon canceled his visit to Lingzhou. When the betrothal sheep and horses finally arrived, nearly half had been lost on the way. Critics argued that barbarians cannot be governed by ritual alone; if the betrothal gifts were incomplete yet a marriage were granted, they might slight China. Full ceremonial gifts must be required, and an edict broke off the marriage. Soon after, Li Simo repeatedly sent troops to raid them. The Yantuo again sent Tuli Shi to attack Simo, reaching Dingxiang, plundering, and withdrawing. Emperor Taizong sent the Duke of Ying, Li Ji, to their aid, but the enemy had already left the frontier and withdrawn. Because they had repeatedly fought with Simo, Emperor Taizong sent an imperial letter rebuking them.
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十九年，謂其使人曰：「語爾可汗，我父子並東征高麗，汝若能寇邊者，但當來也！」 夷男遣使致謝，復請發兵助軍，太宗答以優詔而止。 其冬，太宗拔遼東諸城，破駐蹕陳，而高麗莫離支潛令靺鞨誑惑夷男，啖以厚利，夷男氣懾不敢動。 俄而夷男卒，太宗爲之舉哀。 夷男少子肆葉護拔灼襲殺其兄突利失可汗而自立，是爲頡利俱利薛沙多彌可汗。 拔灼性褊急，馭下無恩，多所殺戮，其下不附。 是時復乙太宗尚在遼東，遂發兵寇夏州，將軍執失思力擊敗之，虜其衆數萬，拔灼輕騎遁去，尋爲回紇所殺，宗族殆盡。 其餘衆尚五六萬，竄於西域，又諸姓俟斤遞相攻擊，各遣使歸命。
In the nineteenth year he told their envoy, "Tell your qaghan: my father and I are both campaigning east against Goguryeo. If you wish to raid the frontier, come whenever you like! Yinan sent envoys to thank him and again offered troops to aid the campaign. Emperor Taizong replied with a gracious edict declining. That winter Emperor Taizong captured the cities of Liaodong and broke the encampment at Zhubi. Molichi of Goguryeo secretly had the Mohe deceive Yinan with rich rewards, and Yinan was cowed into inaction. Before long Yinan died, and Emperor Taizong mourned for him. Yinan's youngest son Siyehu Baozhuo attacked and killed his elder brother Qaghan Tuli Shi and seized power, taking the title Jieli Julixue Shaduomi Qaghan. Baozhuo was narrow-tempered and impatient, ruled without kindness, killed many, and his followers would not stand by him. At that time Emperor Taizong was still in Liaodong. Baozhuo thereupon raised troops to raid Xiazhou. General Zhishi Sili defeated him and captured tens of thousands of his followers. Baozhuo fled on a swift horse and was soon killed by the Huihe, and his clan was nearly wiped out. Some fifty or sixty thousand survivors fled westward. The various tribal leaders attacked one another in turn, each sending envoys to submit.
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二十年，太宗遣使江夏王道宗、左衛大將軍阿史那社爾爲瀚海道安撫大使； 右領軍大將軍執失思力領突厥兵，代州都督薛萬徹、營州都督張儉、右驍衛大將軍契苾何力各統所部兵分道並進，太宗親幸靈州，爲諸軍聲援。 既而道宗渡磧，遇延陀余衆數萬來拒戰。 道宗擊破之，斬首千餘級。 萬徹又與回紇相遇，二將各遣使諭以綏懷之意。 其酋帥見使者，皆頓顙歡呼，請入朝。 太宗至靈州，其鐵勒諸部相繼至數千人，仍請列爲州縣，北荒悉平。 詔曰：
In the twentieth year Emperor Taizong sent the Prince of Jiangxia, Li Daozong, and Grand General of the Left Guard Ashina She'er as pacification commissioners of the Hanhai circuit; Grand General Zhishi Sili led Turk troops; Xue Wanche, military governor of Daizhou, Zhang Jian of Yingzhou, and Grand General Qibi Heli each led their forces by separate routes. Emperor Taizong went in person to Lingzhou to support the armies. Daozong crossed the desert and encountered tens of thousands of remaining Yantuo who came to resist. Daozong defeated them and took more than a thousand heads. Wanche also met the Huihe. Both generals sent envoys to explain their intent to pacify and reassure them. Their chieftains, seeing the envoys, all bowed their foreheads to the ground and shouted for joy, asking to come to court. When Emperor Taizong reached Lingzhou, Tiele tribes arrived in succession by the thousands and asked to be organized as prefectures and counties. The northern frontier was fully pacified. An edict proclaimed:
13
惟天爲大，合其德者弗違； 謂地蓋厚，體其仁者光被。 故能彌倫八極，輿蓋二儀，振絕代之英聲，畢天下之能事。 彼匈奴者，與開闢而俱生； 奄有龍庭，共上皇而並列。 僭稱驕子，分天街於紫宸； 仰應旄頭，抗大禮於皇極。 糸面窺邃古，能無力制。 自朕臨御天下，二紀於茲，粵以眇身，一匡寰宇。 始勤勞於昧旦，終致治於升平。 曩者聊命偏師，遂擒頡利； 今茲始弘廟略，已滅延陀。 雖麾駕出征，未逾郊甸； 前驅所轥，才掩塞垣。 長策風行，已振金徽之表，揚威電發，遠璟沙場之外。 鐵勒諸姓、回紇胡祿俟利發等，總百余萬戶，散處北溟，遠遣使人，委身內屬，請同編列，並爲州郡。 收其瀚海，盡入提封； 解其辮發，並垂冠帶。 上變星昴，歸於東井之躔； 下掩蹛林，袪入南山之囿。 混元已降，殊未前聞； 無疆之業，永貽來裔。 古人所不能致，今既吞之； 前王所不能屈，今鹹滅之。 斯實書契所未有，古今之壯觀，豈朕一人獨能宣力！ 蓋由上靈儲祉，錫乙太康； 宗廟威靈，成茲克定。 即宜備禮，告於清廟，仍頒示普天。
Only Heaven is great; none who unite with its virtue can defy it; the earth is vast, and those who embody its benevolence shine across the world. Thus one may span the eight directions, bear up heaven and earth, raise a peerless heroic renown, and accomplish all that is possible under heaven. The Xiongnu arose together with the opening of the world; they held the Dragon Court and stood as peers to the Supreme Emperor. They arrogantly styled themselves favored sons and divided the Heavenly Street at Zichen; they looked up to answer the Bushel Star and resisted the great rites at the imperial pole. Gazing back into remote antiquity, who could restrain them by force alone? Since I ascended to rule all under heaven, two reign-periods have passed; with my own slight person I have set the realm aright. At first I toiled from dawn; in the end I brought the realm to lasting peace. Earlier I merely ordered a detached force and captured Jieli; now I have expanded the imperial plan and destroyed the Yantuo. Although the imperial carriage went forth on campaign, it did not pass beyond the suburban districts; what the vanguard overran barely covered the frontier ramparts. Long plans moved like the wind and shook the lands beyond the frontier; glory flashed like lightning and reached far beyond the desert battlefield. The Tiele clans, the Huihe, the Hulü Toli, and others—more than a million households scattered across the northern sea—sent envoys from afar to submit in person, asking to be enrolled as prefectures and counties. Their Hanhai was taken in and fully entered the imperial domain; their braided hair was undone and they all wore caps and belts. Above, the stars of the Bushel changed and returned to the mansion of the Well; below, the steppe forests were covered and drawn into the southern mountain parks. Since the primordial unity descended, nothing like this has been heard before; this boundless achievement will be handed down to posterity forever. What the ancients could not attain, we have now swallowed up; what former kings could not subdue, we have now all extinguished. This is truly what the written records have never recorded—a spectacle of past and present. How could I alone have accomplished such power! It is because the Supreme Spirit stored blessings and bestowed great peace; the awe of the ancestral temples accomplished this conquest. At once full rites should be prepared to report to the Pure Temple, and it should also be proclaimed throughout all under heaven.
14
其後延陀西遁之衆，共推夷男兄子咄摩支爲伊特勿失可汗，率部落七萬餘口，西歸故地。 乃去可汗之號，遣使奉表，請居郁督軍山北。 詔兵部尚書崔敦禮就加綏撫。 而諸部鐵勒素服薛延陀之衆，及咄摩支至，九姓渠帥莫不危懼。 朝議恐爲磧北之患，復令英國公李勣進加討擊。 勣率九姓鐵勒二萬騎至於天山。 咄摩支見官軍奄至，惶駭不知所爲； 且聞詔使蕭嗣業在回紇中，因而請降。 嗣業與之俱至京師，詔授右武衛將軍，賜以田宅。 咄摩支入國後，鐵勒酋帥潛知其部落，仍持兩端。 李勣因縱兵追擊，前後斬五千餘級，虜男女三萬計。
Afterward the Yantuo who had fled west jointly enthroned Yinan's nephew Duomozhi as Yite Wushi Qaghan and led more than seventy thousand people back west to their former lands. He relinquished the title of qaghan, sent envoys with a memorial, and asked to dwell north of Yudujun Mountain. An edict ordered Minister of War Cui Dunli to go and pacify them. The Tiele tribes had long submitted to the Xueyantuo. When Duomozhi arrived, every chieftain of the nine clans was filled with dread. The court feared he would become a threat north of the desert and again ordered the Duke of Ying, Li Ji, to attack. Ji led twenty thousand cavalry of the nine-clan Tiele to Tianshan. Duomozhi, seeing government troops suddenly arrive, was terrified and did not know what to do; he also heard that the imperial envoy Xiao Siye was among the Huihe, and therefore requested to surrender. Siye came with him to the capital. An edict appointed Duomozhi General of the Right Martial Guard and bestowed fields and a residence. After Duomozhi entered the realm, Tiele chieftains still knew where his tribe was and kept their options open. Li Ji unleashed his troops in pursuit, cutting off more than five thousand heads and capturing some thirty thousand men and women.
15
二十一年，契苾、回紇等十余部落以薛延陀亡散殆盡，乃相繼歸國。 太宗各因其地土，擇其部落，置爲州府：以回紇部爲瀚海都督府，僕骨爲金徽都督府，多覽葛爲燕然都督府，拔野古部爲幽陵都督府，同羅部爲龜林都督府，思結部爲盧山都督府，渾部爲皋蘭州，斛薛部爲高闕州，奚結部爲雞鹿州，阿跌部爲雞田州，契苾部爲榆溪州，思結別部爲蹛林州，白霫部爲寘顏州，凡一十三州。 拜其酋長爲都督、刺史，給玄金魚以爲符信，又置燕然都護以統之。 是歲，太宗以鐵勒諸部並皆內屬，詔賜京城百姓大酺三日。
In the twenty-first year, more than ten tribes including the Qibi and Huihe, with the Xueyantuo nearly destroyed and scattered, returned to the realm in succession. Emperor Taizong established thirteen prefectures and protectorates according to each tribe's territory: the Huihe as Hanhai Protectorate, the Pugu as Jinwei, the Duolange as Yanran, the Bayegu as Youling, the Tongluo as Guilin, the Sijie as Lushan, the Hun as Gaolan, the Huxue as Gaoque, the Xijie as Jilu, the Adie as Jitian, the Qibi as Yuxi, a Sijie branch as Dianlin, and the Baixi as Zhiyan. Their chieftains were appointed protectors and prefects, given black-gold fish tally tokens as credentials, and a Yanran Protector-General was established to govern them. That year, because all the Tiele tribes had submitted, Emperor Taizong ordered a three-day feast for the people of the capital.
16
永徽元年，延陀首領先逃逸者請歸國，高宗更置溪彈州以安恤之。 至則天時，突厥強盛，鐵勒諸部在漠北者漸爲所並。 回紇、契苾、思結、渾部徙于甘、涼二州之地。
In the first year of Yonghui, Yantuo chieftains who had fled earlier asked to return. Emperor Gaozong re-established Xidan Prefecture to pacify them. By the time of Empress Wu the Turks were powerful, and the Tiele tribes north of the desert were gradually absorbed by them. The Huihe, Qibi, Sijie, and Hun tribes were moved to the territory of Gan and Liang prefectures.
17
其骨利幹北距大海，去京師最遠，自古未通中國。 貞觀中遣使來朝貢，遣雲麾將軍康蘇密往慰撫之，仍列其地爲玄闕州。 俄又遣使隨蘇密使入朝，獻良馬十匹。 太宗奇其駿異，爲之制名。 號爲十驥：一曰騰霜白，二曰皎雪驄，三曰凝露驄，四曰懸光驄，五曰決波騟，六曰飛霞驃，七曰發電赤，八曰流金𩢍，九曰翱麟紫，十曰奔虹赤。 又爲文以敘其事。 自延陀叛後，朝貢遂絕。
The Guligan bordered the great sea to the north, were farthest from the capital, and from antiquity had had no contact with China. During the Zhenguan era they sent envoys to court with tribute. Cloud Banner General Kang Sumi was sent to comfort them, and their territory was listed as Xuanque Prefecture. Soon after they sent envoys following Sumi's mission to court, presenting ten fine horses. Emperor Taizong marveled at their exceptional swiftness and gave them names. They were named the Ten Steeds: Tengshuangbai, Jiaoxuecong, Ninglucong, Xuanguangcong, Jueboju, Feixiapiao, Fadianchi, Liujinju, Aolinzi, and Benhongchi. He also composed a text to narrate the matter. After the Yantuo rebellion, tribute to court ceased.
18
契丹，居潢水之南，黃龍之北，鮮卑之故地，在京城東北五千三百里。 東與高麗鄰，西與奚國接，南至營州，北至室韋。 冷陘山在其國南，與奚西山相崎，地方二千里。 逐獵往來，居無常處。 其君長姓大賀氏。 勝兵四萬三千人，分爲八部，若有徵發，諸部皆須議合。 不得獨舉。 獵則別部，戰則同行。 本臣突厥，好與奚鬥，不利則遁保青山及鮮卑山。 其俗死者不得作冢墓，以馬駕車送入大山，置之樹上，亦無服紀。 子孫死，父母晨夕哭之； 父母死，子孫不哭。 其餘風俗與突厥同。
The Khitan dwelt south of the Huangshui and north of the Yellow Dragon—the former land of the Xianbei, five thousand three hundred li northeast of the capital. To the east they bordered Goguryeo, to the west the Xi, to the south Yingzhou, and to the north the Shiwei. Lengling Mountain lay in the south of their state, facing the western mountains of the Xi. Their territory was two thousand li square. They moved about in pursuit of the hunt and had no fixed dwelling. Their chieftains bore the surname Dahe. They could field forty-three thousand fighting men, divided into eight tribes. Any mobilization required all tribes to deliberate together. None could act alone. In hunting they went by separate tribes; in war they marched together. They had long submitted to the Turks, loved to fight the Xi, and when at a disadvantage fled to Qing Mountain and Xianbei Mountain. By custom the dead were not given tombs. They were taken by horse-drawn cart into the mountains and placed in trees, and there was no mourning dress or observance. When children died, parents wept morning and evening; when parents died, children did not weep. Their other customs were the same as those of the Turks.
19
武德初，數抄邊境。 二年，入寇平州。 六年，其君長咄羅遣使貢名馬豐貂。 貞觀二年，其君摩會率其部落來降。 突厥頡利遣使請以梁師都易契丹，太宗謂曰：「契丹、突厥，本是別類，今來降我，何故索之？ 師都本中國人，據我州城，以爲盜竊，突厥無故容納之，我師往討，便來救援。 計不久自當擒滅。 縱其不得，終不以契丹易之。」
At the beginning of the Wude era they repeatedly raided the frontier. In the second year they invaded Pingzhou. In the sixth year their chieftain Zhuoluo sent envoys presenting famous horses and rich sable furs. In the second year of Zhenguan their chief Mohui led his tribe to submit. Jieli of the Turks sent envoys asking to exchange Liang Shidu for the Khitan. Emperor Taizong said, "The Khitan and Turks are separate peoples. They have come to submit to me—why should I give them up? Shidu is a Chinese subject who seized our cities as a bandit. The Turks harbored him without cause, and when our army went to punish him, you came to his rescue. I reckon he will soon be captured and destroyed. Even if he is not taken, I would never exchange the Khitan for him."
20
太宗伐高麗，至營州，會其君長及老人等，賜物各有差，授其蕃長窟哥爲左武衛將軍。
When Emperor Taizong campaigned against Goguryeo and reached Yingzhou, he met their chieftains and elders, bestowed gifts in varying measure, and appointed their tribal chief Kuge as General of the Left Martial Guard.
21
二十二年，窟哥等部咸請內屬，乃置松漠都督府，以窟哥爲左領軍將軍兼松漠都督府、無極縣男，賜姓李氏。 顯慶初，又拜窟哥爲左監門大將軍。 其曾孫祜莫離，則天時曆左衛將軍兼檢校彈汗州刺史，歸順郡王。
In the twenty-second year Kuge's tribe and others all asked to submit. The Songmo Protectorate was established, and Kuge was made General of the Left Vanguard Army and Protector of Songmo, Baron of Wuji County, with the surname Li. At the beginning of Xianqing, Kuge was again appointed Grand General of the Left Gate Guards. His great-grandson Humoli, in the time of Empress Wu, served as General of the Left Guard and acting prefect of Tanhan, Prince of Guishun Commandery.
22
又契丹有別部酋帥孫敖曹，初仕隋爲金紫光祿大夫。 武德四年，與靺鞨酋長突地稽俱遣使內附，詔令于營州城傍安置，授雲麾將軍，行遼州總管。 至曾孫萬榮，垂拱初累授右玉鈐衛將軍、歸誠州刺史，封永樂縣公。 萬歲通天中，萬榮與其妹婿松漠都督李盡忠，俱爲營州都督趙翽所侵侮，二人遂舉兵殺翽，據營州作亂。 盡忠即窟哥之胤，歷位右武衛大將軍兼松漠都督。 則天怒其叛亂，下詔改萬榮名爲萬斬，盡忠爲盡滅。 盡滅尋自稱無上可汗，以萬斬爲大將，前鋒略地，所向皆下，旬日兵至數萬，進逼檀州。 詔令右金吾大將軍張玄遇、左鷹揚衛將軍曹仁師、司農少卿麻仁節率兵討之。 與萬斬戰于西硤石穀，官軍敗績，玄遇、仁節並爲賊所虜。 又令夏官尚書王孝傑、左羽林將軍蘇宏暉領兵七萬以繼之。 與萬斬戰于東硤石穀，孝傑在陣陷沒。 宏暉棄甲而遁。 萬斬乘勝度其衆入幽州，殺略人吏。 清邊道大總管、建安郡王武攸宜遣裨將討之，不能克。 又詔左金吾大將軍、河內王武懿宗爲大總管，御史大夫婁師德爲副大總管，右武衛將軍沙吒忠義爲前軍總管，率兵三十萬以討之。 俄而李盡滅死，萬斬代領其衆。 萬斬又遣別帥駱務整、何阿小爲游軍前鋒，攻陷冀州，殺刺史陸寶積，屠官吏子女數千人。 俄而奚及突厥之衆掩擊其後，掠其幼弱。 萬斬棄其衆，以輕騎數千人東走。 前軍副總管張九節率數百騎設伏以邀之。 萬斬窮蹙，乃將其家奴輕騎宵遁，至潞河東，解鞍憩于林下，其奴斬之。 張九節傳其首於東都，自是其餘衆遂降突厥。
There was also a separate Khitan chieftain, Sun Aocao, who had first served the Sui as Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. In the fourth year of Wude, together with the Mohe chieftain Tudi Ji, he sent envoys to submit. An edict ordered them settled beside Yingzhou city, and he was appointed Cloud Banner General and acting military governor of Liaozhou. His great-grandson Wanrong, at the beginning of Chuigong, was repeatedly appointed General of the Right Jade Bell Guard and prefect of Guicheng, enfeoffed as Duke of Yongle County. In the Wansui Tongtian era, Wanrong and his brother-in-law, Protector of Songmo Li Jinzhong, were both insulted by the military governor of Yingzhou, Zhao Hui. The two raised troops, killed Hui, seized Yingzhou, and rebelled. Jinzhong was a descendant of Kuge and had held the posts of Grand General of the Right Martial Guard and Protector of Songmo. Empress Wu, enraged at their rebellion, issued an edict changing Wanrong's name to Wanzhan and Jinzhong's to Jinmie. Jinmie soon styled himself Supreme Qaghan and made Wanzhan his great general. The vanguard seized territory wherever it went; within ten days their troops reached tens of thousands and advanced on Tanzhou. An edict ordered Grand General Zhang Xianyu of the Right Golden Crow, General Cao Renshi of the Left Eagle-Flying Guard, and Vice Minister of Agriculture Ma Renjie to lead troops against them. They fought Wanzhan at West Xiashi Valley. The government army was defeated, and Xianyu and Renjie were both captured. Wang Xiaojie, Minister of Summer Affairs, and Su Honghui, General of the Left Forest of Feathers, were ordered to lead seventy thousand troops to follow up. They fought Wanzhan at East Xiashi Valley, and Xiaojie fell in battle. Honghui cast off his armor and fled. Wanzhan, riding his victory, led his host into Youzhou and killed and plundered officials and people. Wu Youyi, Prince of Jian'an and commander-in-chief of the Qingbian circuit, sent subordinate generals against them but could not overcome them. An edict appointed Wu Yizong, Prince of Henei and Grand General of the Left Golden Crow, as commander-in-chief, Censor-in-Chief Lou Shide as deputy, and Shazha Zhongyi, General of the Right Martial Guard, as vanguard commander, to lead three hundred thousand troops against them. Before long Li Jinmie died, and Wanzhan took command of his host. Wanzhan sent separate commanders Luo Wuzheng and He Axiao as mobile vanguard. They captured Jizhou, killed Prefect Lu Baoji, and slaughtered several thousand officials and their families. Before long the Xi and Turks struck from behind and carried off their women and children. Wanzhan abandoned his host and fled east with several thousand light cavalry. Zhang Jiujie, deputy vanguard commander, led several hundred cavalry in ambush to intercept him. Hard pressed, Wanzhan fled by night with his household slaves on light horses. East of the Lu River he dismounted to rest under the trees, and a slave beheaded him. Zhang Jiujie sent his head to the eastern capital. From then on the rest of his host submitted to the Turks.
23
開元三年，其首領李失活以默啜政衰，率種落內附。 失活，即盡忠之從父弟也。 於是復置松漠都督府。 封失活爲松漠郡王，拜左金吾衛大將軍兼松漠都督。 其所統八部落，各因舊帥拜爲刺史，又以將軍薛泰督軍以鎮撫之。 明年，失活入朝，封宗室外甥女楊氏爲永樂公主以妻之。
In the third year of Kaiyuan their chieftain Li Shihuo, seeing Mojie's power wane, led his tribe to submit. Shihuo was Jinzhong's younger cousin. The Songmo Protectorate was thereupon re-established. Shihuo was enfeoffed as Prince of Songmo Commandery and appointed Grand General of the Left Golden Crow Guard and Protector of Songmo. The eight tribes under his command each had their former chiefs appointed prefects, and General Xue Tai was sent to command troops to pacify them. The next year Shihuo came to court. A clanswoman of the imperial house, Lady Yang, was enfeoffed as Princess Yongle and given to him in marriage.
24
六年，失活死，上爲之舉哀，贈特進。 失活從父弟娑固代統其衆，遣使冊立，仍令襲其兄官爵。 娑固大臣可突于驍勇，頗得衆心，娑固謀欲除之。 可突於反攻娑固，娑固奔營州。 都督許欽淡令薛泰帥驍勇五百人，又征奚王李大輔者及娑固合衆以討可突於。 官軍不利，娑固、大輔臨陣皆爲可突於所殺，生拘薛泰。 營府震恐，許欽澹移軍西入渝關。 可突於立娑固從父弟郁于爲主。 俄又遣使請罪，上乃令冊立郁於，令襲娑固官爵，仍赦可突於之罪。
In the sixth year Shihuo died. The emperor mourned for him and posthumously granted the title of Special Advancement. Shihuo's younger cousin Suogu succeeded to command of his people. Envoys were sent to invest him, and he was ordered to inherit his elder brother's offices and titles. Suogu's minister Ketuyu was fierce and valiant and had won strong popular support, so Suogu plotted to eliminate him. Ketuyu counterattacked Suogu, and Suogu fled to Yingzhou. Protector Xu Qindan ordered Xue Tai to lead five hundred elite troops and also summoned the Xi king Li Dafu and Suogu to combine forces and attack Ketuyu. The government army was defeated. Suogu and Dafu were both killed in battle by Ketuyu, and Xue Tai was taken alive. The frontier command was shaken with fear, and Xu Qindan withdrew his army west into Yuguans. Ketuyu installed Suogu's younger cousin Yuyu as ruler. Soon afterward Ketuyu again sent envoys to plead guilty. The emperor then invested Yuyu, ordered him to inherit Suogu's offices and titles, and still pardoned Ketuyu's crimes.
25
十年，郁於入朝請婚。 上又封從妹夫率更令慕容嘉賓女爲燕郡公主以妻之，仍封郁於爲松漠郡王，授左金吾衛員外大將軍、兼靜析軍經略大使，賜物千段。 郁於還蕃，可突於來朝，拜左羽林將軍，從幸并州。
In the tenth year Yuyu came to court to request a marriage alliance. The emperor also enfeoffed the daughter of Murong Jiabin, Rate Supervisor of the Palace and husband of a younger cousin, as Princess of Yancheng Commandery and gave her to Yuyu in marriage. Yuyu was further enfeoffed as Prince of Songmo Commandery, appointed Supernumerary Grand General of the Left Golden Crow Guard and Commissioner for the Jingxi Army, and granted a thousand rolls of goods. Yuyu returned to his realm. Ketuyu came to court, was appointed General of the Left Feathered Forest Guard, and accompanied the emperor to Bingzhou.
26
明年，郁於病死，弟吐于代統其衆，襲兄官爵，復以燕郡公主爲妻。 吐于與可突於復相猜阻。
The next year Yuyu died of illness. His younger brother Tuyu succeeded to command of his people, inherited his brother's offices and titles, and again took the Princess of Yancheng Commandery as his wife. Tuyu and Ketuyu again grew mutually suspicious and obstructive.
27
十三年，攜公主來奔，便不敢還，改封遼陽郡王，因留宿衛。 可突于立李盡忠弟邵固爲主。 其冬，車駕東巡，邵固詣行在所，因從至嶽下，拜左羽林軍員外大將軍、靜析軍經略大使，改封廣化郡王，又封皇從外甥女陳氏爲東華公主以妻之。
In the thirteenth year Tuyu fled to the court with the princess. He then dared not return and was re-enfeoffed as Prince of Liaoyang Commandery, and was kept at court as a palace guard. Ketuyu installed Li Jinzhong's younger brother Shaogu as ruler. That winter, when the emperor toured east, Shaogu came to the temporary palace and accompanied him to the foot of the sacred peak. He was appointed Supernumerary Grand General of the Left Feathered Forest Guard and Commissioner for the Jingxi Army, re-enfeoffed as Prince of Guanghua Commandery, and the emperor's younger clanswoman Lady Chen was enfeoffed as Princess Donghua and given to him in marriage.
28
邵固還蕃，又遣可突於入朝，貢方物，中書侍郎李元紘不禮焉，可突於怏怏而去。 左丞相張說謂人曰：「兩蕃必叛。 可突於人面獸心，唯利是視，執其國政，人心附之，若不優禮縻之，必不來矣！」 十八年，可突于殺邵固，率部落並脅奚衆降於突厥，東華公主走投平盧軍。 於是詔中書舍人襲寬、給事中薛侃等於京城及關內、河東、河南、河北分道募壯勇之士，以忠王浚爲河北道行軍元帥以討之，師竟不行。
Shaogu returned to his realm and again sent Ketuyu to court with tribute goods. Vice Director of the Secretariat Li Yuanhong treated him discourteously, and Ketuyu left in discontent. Left Chancellor Zhang Yue said to others, "The two tribes will surely rebel. Ketuyu has a human face but a beast's heart. He looks only to profit, holds the government of his state, and the people are attached to him. Unless he is treated with generous courtesy to keep him bound, he will surely not come again! In the eighteenth year Ketuyu killed Shaogu, led his tribe and coerced the Xi host to submit to the Turks, and Princess Donghua fled in distress to the Pinglu Army. Thereupon an edict ordered Secretariat Draftsmen Xi Kuan, Supervising Secretary Xue Kan, and others to recruit stalwart warriors in the capital and in Guannei, Hedong, Henan, and Hebei along separate routes. Prince Zhong Li Jun was made Grand Commander of the Hebei campaigning army to attack them, but the army was never dispatched.
29
二十年，詔禮部尚書信安王禕爲行軍副大總管，領衆與幽州長史趙含章出塞擊破之，俘獲甚衆。 可突於率其麾下遠遁，奚衆盡降，禕乃班師。 明年，可突於又來抄掠。 幽州長史薛楚玉遣副將郭英傑、吳克勤、鄔知義、羅守忠率精騎萬人，並領降奚之衆追擊之。 軍至渝關都山之下，可突於領突厥兵以拒官軍。 奚衆遂持兩端，散走保險。 官軍大敗，知義、守忠率麾下遁歸，英傑、克勤沒於陣，其下六千餘人，盡爲賊所殺。 詔以張守珪爲幽州長史兼御史中丞以經略之。 可突於漸爲守珪所逼，遣使偽降。 俄又回惑不定，引衆漸向西北，將就突厥。 守珪遣管記王悔等就部落招諭之。 時契丹衙官李過折與可突於分掌兵馬，情不葉，悔潛誘之，過折夜勒兵斬可突于及其支黨數十人。
In the twentieth year an edict appointed Minister of Rites Prince Xin'an Li Yi as Deputy Grand Commander of the campaigning army. He led his forces with Youzhou Chief Administrator Zhao Hanzhang beyond the passes, defeated the enemy, and took a great many captives. Ketuyu fled far away with his personal followers. The Xi host all submitted, and Yi then withdrew his army. The next year Ketuyu raided the frontier again. Youzhou Chief Administrator Xue Chuyu dispatched Deputy Generals Guo Yingjie, Wu Keqin, Wu Zhiyi, and Luo Shouzhong to lead ten thousand elite cavalry, together with submitted Xi forces, in pursuit. When the army reached Dushan below Yuguans, Ketuyu led Turk troops to resist the government forces. The Xi host then wavered between the two sides and scattered, fleeing to fortified terrain. The government army was routed. Zhiyi and Shouzhong fled back with their personal followers, while Yingjie and Keqin died in battle. More than six thousand of their men were killed by the enemy. An edict appointed Zhang Shougui Youzhou Chief Administrator and concurrently Censor-in-Chief to manage the frontier. Ketuyu was gradually pressed by Shougui and sent envoys in feigned submission. Soon he wavered again, leading his people gradually northwest toward the Turks. Shougui dispatched Recorder Wang Hui and others to the tribe to summon and instruct them. At the time Khitan yamen officer Li Guozhe and Ketuyu shared command of troops and horses but were not of one mind. Hui secretly won Guozhe over, and Guozhe mobilized troops by night and beheaded Ketuyu and several tens of his partisans.
30
二十三年正月，傳首東都。 詔封過折爲北平郡王，授特進，檢校松漠州都督，賜錦衣一副、銀器十事、絹彩三千疋。 其年，過折爲可突於餘黨泥禮所殺，並其諸子，唯一子刺乾走投安東得免，拜左驍衛將軍。
In the first month of the twenty-third year his head was sent to the eastern capital. An edict enfeoffed Guozhe as Prince of Beiping Commandery, appointed him Special Advancement and Inspector of Songmo Prefecture, and bestowed a set of brocade robes, ten pieces of silverware, and three thousand bolts of silk. That year Guozhe was killed by Nili, a remnant partisan of Ketuyu, along with all his sons. Only one son, Cigan, fled to Andong and escaped; he was appointed General of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard.
31
天寶十年，安祿山誣其酋長欲叛，請舉兵討之。 八月，以幽州、雲中、平盧之衆數萬人，就潢水南契丹衙與之戰，祿山大敗而還，死者數千人。 至十二年，又降附。 迄于貞元，常間歲來修籓禮。
In the tenth year of Tianbao, An Lushan falsely accused their chieftains of intending rebellion and requested permission to raise troops against them. In the eighth month he fought them at the Khitan yamen south of the Huangshui River with several tens of thousands of troops from Youzhou, Yunzhong, and Pinglu. Lushan was defeated and withdrew, and several thousand men were killed. By the twelfth year they submitted again. Down to the Zhenyuan era they regularly came every other year to observe tributary rites.
32
貞元四年，與奚衆同寇我振武，大掠人畜而去。 九年、十年，復遣使來朝，大首領悔落拽何已下，各授官放還。 十一年，大首領熱蘇等二十五人來朝。 自後至元和、長慶、寶曆、太和、開成時遣使來朝貢。 會昌二年九月，制：「契丹新立王屈戍，可雲麾將軍，守右武衛將軍員外置同正員。」 幽州節度使張仲武上言：「屈戍等雲，契丹舊用回紇印，今懇請聞奏，乞國家賜印。」 許之，以「奉國契丹之印」爲文。
In the fourth year of Zhenyuan they joined the Xi in raiding Zhenwu, plundering people and livestock on a large scale before withdrawing. In the ninth and tenth years they again sent envoys to court. Great chieftains from Huiluozhuaihe downward were each granted offices and sent back. In the eleventh year great chieftains Resu and twenty-five others came to court. From then through the Yuanhe, Changqing, Baoli, Taihe, and Kaicheng eras they sent envoys to court with tribute. In the second year of Huichang, ninth month, an edict stated, "Qushu, newly installed king of the Khitan, is appointed Cloud Banner General and Supernumerary Right Martial Guard General with regular commissioner rank. Youzhou Military Commissioner Zhang Zhongwu memorialized, "Qushu and others report that the Khitan formerly used Uyghur seals. They now earnestly request that this be reported to the throne and ask the state to bestow a seal. This was granted, with the inscription "Seal of the Khitan who serve the State."
33
奚國，蓋匈奴之別種也，所居亦鮮卑故地，即東胡之界也，在京師東北四千餘里。 東接契丹，西至突厥，南拒白狼河，北至霫國。 自營州西北饒樂水以至其國。 勝兵三萬餘人，分爲五部，每部置俟斤一人。 風俗並於突厥。 每隨逐水草，以畜牧爲業，遷徙無常。 居有氈帳，兼用車爲營，牙中常五百人持兵自衛。 此外部落皆散居山谷，無賦稅。 其人善射獵，好與契丹戰爭。
The Xi were probably a separate branch of the Xiongnu. They also lived in the former Xianbei lands, on the borders of the Eastern Hu, more than four thousand li northeast of the capital. To the east they bordered the Khitan, to the west the Turks, to the south the Bailang River, and to the north the Xi state. Their territory extended from the Raole River northwest of Yingzhou to their own lands. They had more than thirty thousand fighting men, divided into five divisions, each with one irkin. Their customs were entirely like those of the Turks. They constantly followed pasture and water, lived by herding, and moved without fixed settlements. They lived in felt tents and also used carts to form camps. Five hundred armed men constantly guarded the yurt. Beyond this the tribes all lived scattered in valleys and paid no taxes or levies. They were skilled at archery and hunting and delighted in fighting the Khitan.
34
武德中，遣使朝貢。 貞觀二十二年，酋長可度者率其所部內屬，乃置饒樂都督府，以可度者爲右領軍兼饒樂都督，封樓煩縣公，賜姓李氏。 顯慶初，又授右監門大將軍。 萬歲通天年，契丹叛後，奚衆管屬突厥，兩國常遞爲表裏，號曰「兩蕃」。 景雲元年，其首領李大輔遣使貢方物，睿宗嘉之，宴賜甚厚。
In the Wude era they sent envoys to court with tribute. In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan chieftain Keduzhe led his division to submit. The Raole Protectorate was then established, with Keduzhe as Right Army Commander and Protector of Raole, enfeoffed as Duke of Loufan County, and granted the surname Li. At the beginning of Xianqing he was again appointed Grand General of the Right Gate Guard. In the Wansui Tongtian years, after the Khitan rebelled, the Xi came under Turk control. The two peoples regularly acted as outer and inner allies and were called "the two tribes." In the first year of Jingyun their chieftain Li Dafu sent envoys with tribute goods. Ruizong was pleased and feasted and rewarded them very generously.
35
開元三年，大輔遣其大臣粵蘇梅落來請降，詔復立其地爲饒樂州，封大輔爲饒樂郡王，仍拜左金吾員外大將軍、饒樂州都督。 五年，大輔與契丹首領松漠郡王李失活咸請于柳城依舊置營州都督府，上從之。 敕太子詹事姜師度充使督工作，役八千餘人。 其年，大輔入朝，詔封從外甥女辛氏爲固安公主以妻之，賜物一千五百疋，遣右領軍將軍李濟持節送還蕃。
In the third year of Kaiyuan Dafu sent his senior minister Yuesu Meiluo to request submission. An edict restored their lands as Raole Prefecture, enfeoffed Dafu as Prince of Raole Commandery, and appointed him Supernumerary Grand General of the Left Golden Crow Guard and Protector of Raole Prefecture. In the fifth year Dafu and Khitan chieftain Prince of Songmo Commandery Li Shihuo together requested that the Yingzhou Protectorate be re-established at Liucheng as before. The emperor assented. Crown Prince Household Steward Jiang Shidu was ordered to serve as commissioner supervising the work, with more than eight thousand men employed. That year Dafu came to court. An edict enfeoffed a younger clanswoman of the emperor, Lady Xin, as Princess Guo'an and gave her to him in marriage, granted fifteen hundred bolts of goods, and dispatched Right Army Commander General Li Ji bearing credentials to escort him back to his realm.
36
八年，大輔率兵救契丹，戰死，其弟魯蘇嗣立。
In the eighth year Dafu led troops to rescue the Khitan and died in battle. His younger brother Lusu succeeded him.
37
十年，入朝，詔令襲其兄饒樂郡王、右金吾員外大將軍、兼保塞軍經略大使，賜物一千段，仍以固安公主爲妻。 而公主與嫡母未和，遞相論告，詔令離婚，復以成安公主之女韋氏爲東光公主以妻之。
In the tenth year he came to court. An edict ordered him to inherit his brother's titles as Prince of Raole Commandery, Supernumerary Grand General of the Right Golden Crow Guard, and Commissioner for the Baosai Army, granted a thousand rolls of goods, and again took Princess Guo'an as his wife. But the princess and her legitimate mother-in-law were not on good terms and repeatedly accused each other. An edict ordered divorce, and the daughter of Princess Cheng'an, Lady Wei, was enfeoffed as Princess Dongguang and given to him in marriage.
38
十四年，又改封魯蘇爲奉誠王，授右羽林軍員外將軍。
In the fourteenth year Lusu was re-enfeoffed as Prince of Fengcheng and appointed Supernumerary General of the Right Feathered Forest Guard.
39
十八年，奚衆爲契丹衙官可突於所脅，復叛降突厥。 魯蘇不能制，走投渝關，東光公主奔歸平盧軍。 其秋，幽州長史趙含章發清夷軍兵擊奚。 破之，斬首二百級。 自是奚衆稍稍歸降。
In the eighteenth year the Xi were coerced by Khitan yamen officer Ketuyu and again rebelled and submitted to the Turks. Lusu could not control them and fled in distress to Yuguans. Princess Dongguang fled back to the Pinglu Army. That autumn Youzhou Chief Administrator Zhao Hanzhang dispatched Qingyi Army troops to attack the Xi. He defeated them and took two hundred heads. From then on the Xi gradually returned in submission.
40
二十年，信安王禕奉詔討叛奚。 奚酋長李詩、瑣高等以其部落五千帳來降。 詔封李詩爲歸義王、兼特進、左羽林軍大將軍同正。 仍充歸義州都督，賜物十萬段，移其部落於幽州界安置。 天寶五載，又封其王娑固爲昭信王，仍授饒樂都督。
In the twentieth year Prince Xin'an Li Yi received an edict to attack the rebellious Xi. Xi chieftains Li Shi and Suogao led their tribes, five thousand tents, to submit. An edict enfeoffed Li Shi as Prince of Guiyi, concurrently Special Advancement, and Left Feathered Forest Guard Grand General with regular rank. He was also made Protector of Guiyi Prefecture, granted one hundred thousand rolls of goods, and their tribes were resettled on the borders of Youzhou. In the fifth year of Tianbao their king Suogu was again enfeoffed as Prince of Zhaoxin and appointed Protector of Raole.
41
十一年，遣使獻名馬。 爾後每歲朝貢不絕，或歲中二三至。 故事，常以范陽節度使爲押奚、契丹兩蕃使。 自至德之後，籓臣多擅封壤，朝廷優容之，彼務自完，不生邊事，故二蕃亦少爲寇。 其每歲朝賀，常各遣數百人至幽州，則選其酋渠三五十人赴闕，引見於麟德殿，錫以金帛遣還，餘皆駐而館之，率爲常也。
In the eleventh year they sent envoys presenting famous horses. Thereafter they sent tribute every year without fail, sometimes two or three missions in a single year. By precedent the Fanyang Military Commissioner was regularly made Commissioner for the Xi and Khitan, the two tribes. After the Zhide era frontier governors mostly usurped their own territories. The court indulged them, and they sought self-preservation rather than border trouble, so the two tribes also raided little. Each year for court congratulations they regularly sent several hundred men each to Youzhou. Then thirty to fifty of their chieftains were selected to go to the capital, received audience in Qinde Hall, granted gold and silk, and sent back, while the rest remained lodged there. This became the regular practice.
42
室韋者，契丹之別類也。 居峱越河北，其國在京師東北七千里。 東至黑水靺鞨，西至突厥，南接契丹，北至於海。 其國無君長，有大首領十七人，並號「莫賀弗」，世管攝之，而附於突厥。 兵器有角弓楛矢，尤善射，時聚弋獵，事畢而散。 其人土著，無賦斂。 或爲小室，以皮覆上，相聚而居，至數十百家。 剡木爲犁，不加金刃，人牽以種，不解用牛。 夏多霧雨，冬多霜霰。 畜宜犬豕，豢養而啖之，其皮用以爲韋，男子女人通以爲服。 被髮左衽，其家富者項著五色雜珠。 婚嫁之法，男先就女舍，三年役力，因得親迎其婦。 役日已滿，女家分其財物，夫婦同車而載，鼓舞共歸。
The Shiwei were a separate branch of the Khitan. They lived north of the Nao River, seven thousand li northeast of the capital. To the east lay the Heishui Mohe, to the west the Turks, to the south the Khitan, and to the north the sea. Their state had no single ruler. Seventeen great chieftains, all styled "Mohefu," managed affairs by hereditary succession, and they were attached to the Turks. Their weapons included horn bows and oak arrows. They were especially skilled at archery, gathering for hunts and dispersing when finished. They were sedentary and paid no taxes or levies. Sometimes they built small dwellings covered with hides and lived together in settlements of several tens or hundreds of households. They carved wooden ploughs without metal blades, pulled them by hand to sow, and did not know how to use oxen. Summers brought much fog and rain; winters brought much frost and hail. Dogs and pigs were their main livestock. They raised and ate them, used the hides for leather, and men and women alike wore them as clothing. They wore their hair loose and folded their lapels to the left. Wealthy families wore multi-colored beads at the neck. In marriage custom the man first went to the woman's house and served with his labor for three years, after which he could personally welcome his bride. When the term of service was fulfilled, the woman's family divided their property. Husband and wife rode in the same cart, drumming and dancing together as they returned home.
43
武德中，獻方物。 貞觀三年，遣使貢豐貂，自此朝貢不絕。
In the Wude era they presented tribute goods. In the third year of Zhenguan they sent envoys presenting sable furs. From then on their tribute missions never ceased.
44
又云：室韋，我唐有九部焉。 所謂嶺西室韋、山北室韋、黃頭室韋、大如者室韋、小如者室韋、婆萵室韋、訥北室韋、駱駝室韋，並在柳城郡之東北，近者三千五百里，遠者六千二百里。 今室韋最西與回紇接界者，烏素固部落，當俱輪泊之西南。 次東有移塞沒部落。 次東又有塞曷支部落，此部落有良馬，人戶亦多，居啜河之南，其河彼俗謂之燕支河。 次又有和解部落，次東又有烏羅護部落，又有那禮部落。 又東北有山北室韋，又北有小如者室韋，又北有婆萵室韋，東又有嶺西室韋，又東南至黃頭室韋，此部落兵強，人戶亦多，東北與達姤接。 嶺西室韋北又有訥北支室韋，此部落較小。 烏羅護之東北二百餘里，那河之北有古烏丸之遺人，今亦自稱烏丸國。 武德、貞觀中，亦遣使來朝貢。 其北大山之北有大室韋部落，其部落傍望建河居。 其河源出突厥東北界俱輪泊，屈曲東流，經西室韋界，又東經大室韋界，又東經蒙兀室韋之北，落俎室韋之南，又東流與那河、忽汗河合，又東經南黑水靺鞨之北，北黑水靺鞨之南，東流注於海。 烏丸東南三百里，又有東室韋部落，在峱越河之北。 其河東南流，與那河合。 開元、天寶間，比年或間歲入貢。 大曆中，亦頻遣使來貢。 貞元八年閏十二月，室韋都督和解熱素等一十人來朝。 太和五年至八年，凡三遣使來。 九年十二月，室韋大都督阿成等三十人來朝。 開成、會昌中，亦遣使來朝貢不絕。
It is also recorded that the Shiwei comprised nine divisions under our Tang. These were Lingxi Shiwei, Shanbei Shiwei, Huangtou Shiwei, Daruzhe Shiwei, Xiaoruzhe Shiwei, Powo Shiwei, Nebei Shiwei, and Luotuo Shiwei—all northeast of Liucheng Commandery, the nearest three thousand five hundred li away and the farthest six thousand two hundred li. Of the Shiwei tribes today, the westernmost one bordering the Huihe is the Wusugu tribe, situated southwest of Lake Julun. Next to the east lies the Yisaimo tribe. Farther east is the Saihebu tribe, which has fine horses and a large population. They live south of the Chuo River, which they call the Yanzhi River. Next comes the Hejie tribe, then farther east the Wuluohu tribe, and also the Nali tribe. To the northeast are the Shanbei Shiwei; farther north the Xiaoruzhe Shiwei and still farther north the Powo Shiwei; to the east the Lingxi Shiwei; and to the southeast the Huangtou Shiwei. The Huangtou tribe is militarily strong and populous, and to the northeast it borders the Dada. North of the Lingxi Shiwei is the Neibeizhi Shiwei, a comparatively small tribe. Some two hundred li northeast of Wuluohu, north of the Na River, live the descendants of the ancient Wuhuan, who now also style themselves the state of Wuhuan. During the Wude and Zhenguan eras they also sent envoys to court with tribute. North of the great mountain range to their north is the Great Shiwei tribe, which lives along the Wangjian River. Its source lies in Lake Julun on the Turks' northeastern frontier. Winding eastward, it passes through Western Shiwei territory and then Great Shiwei territory, running north of the Mengwu Shiwei and south of the Luozu Shiwei. Farther east it joins the Na and Hohan rivers, then flows east between the Southern and Northern Heishui Mohe before emptying into the sea. Three hundred li southeast of the Wuhuan is the Eastern Shiwei tribe, north of the Nao River. That river flows southeast and joins the Na River. During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao eras they sent tribute annually or every other year. During the Dali era they also sent tribute envoys frequently. In the intercalary twelfth month of the eighth year of Zhenyuan, Shiwei Protector Hejie Resu and nine others—ten men in all—came to court. From the fifth through the eighth year of Taihe, they sent envoys three times in all. In the twelfth month of the ninth year, Great Shiwei Protector Acheng and twenty-nine others—thirty men in all—came to court. During the Kaicheng and Huichang eras their tribute missions to court likewise never ceased.
45
靺鞨，蓋肅慎之地，後魏謂之勿吉，在京師東北六千餘里。 東至於海，西接突厥，南界高麗，北鄰室韋。 其國凡爲數十部，各有酋帥，或附於高麗，或臣於突厥。 而黑水靺鞨最處北方，尤稱勁捷，每恃其勇，恆爲鄰境之患。 俗皆編發，性兇悍，無憂戚，貴壯而賤老。 無屋宇，並依山水掘地爲穴，架木於上，以土覆之，狀如中國之塚墓，相聚而居。 夏則出隨水草，冬則入處穴中。 父子相承，世爲君長。 俗無文字。 兵器有角弓及楛矢。 其畜宜豬，富人至數百口，食其肉而衣其皮。 死者穿地埋之，以身襯土，無棺斂之具，殺所乘馬於屍前設祭。
The Mohe occupied the ancient land of the Sushen. The Later Wei called them Wuji, and they lay more than six thousand li northeast of the capital. Their lands reached east to the sea, west to the Turks, south to Goryeo, and north to the Shiwei. Their country was divided into several dozen tribes, each with its own chieftain. Some were attached to Goryeo, others submitted to the Turks. The Heishui Mohe, farthest to the north, were especially famed for vigor and swiftness. Trusting in their courage, they constantly menaced their neighbors. They plaited their hair by custom. Fierce by nature, they knew little of sorrow and valued strength while despising age. They had no houses. Instead they dug pits into hillsides by mountains and rivers, framed them with timber, and covered them with earth so that they resembled Chinese tombs, living together in clusters. In summer they moved with the grass and water; in winter they returned to their pit dwellings. Leadership passed from father to son, each generation serving as tribal chief. They had no written language. Their weapons included horn bows and oak arrows. Pigs were their principal livestock. The wealthy might keep several hundred head, eating the meat and wearing the hides. The dead were buried in the earth with the body laid directly against the soil, without coffin or grave goods. They slaughtered the deceased's mount and made offerings before the corpse.
46
有酋帥突地稽者，隋末率其部千餘家內屬，處之于營州，煬帝授突地稽金紫光祿大夫、遼西太守。 武德初，遣間使朝貢，以其部落置燕州，仍以突地稽爲總管。 劉黑闥之叛也，突地稽率所部赴定州，遣使詣太宗請受節度，以戰功封蓍國公。 又徙其部落於幽州之昌平城。 會高開道引突厥來攻幽州，突地稽率兵邀擊，大破之。
A chieftain named Tudiji led more than a thousand households of his tribe to submit at the end of the Sui. They were settled at Yingzhou, and Emperor Yang appointed Tudiji Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Golden Seal and Grandee's Tally and made him Administrator of Liaoxi. At the beginning of the Wude era he sent secret envoys with tribute. His tribe was organized as Yanzhou, and Tudiji was appointed its area commander. When Liu Heita rebelled, Tudiji led his tribe to Dingzhou and sent envoys to Emperor Taizong asking to serve under Tang command. For his military merit he was enfeoffed as Duke of Shiguo. His tribe was then moved to Changping City in Youzhou. When Gao Kaidao brought the Turks to attack Youzhou, Tudiji led troops to intercept them and won a great victory.
47
貞觀初，拜右衛將軍，賜姓李氏。 尋卒。 子謹行，偉貌，武力絕人。 麟德中，曆遷營州都督。 其部落家僮數千人，以財力雄邊，爲夷人所憚。 累拜右領軍大將軍，爲積石道經略大使。 吐蕃論欽陵等率衆十萬人入寇湟中，謹行兵士樵采，素不設備，忽聞賊至，遂建旗伐鼓，開門以待之。 吐蕃疑有伏兵，竟不敢進。
At the beginning of the Zhenguan era he was appointed General of the Right Guard and granted the surname Li. He died soon afterward. His son Jinxing was imposing in appearance and possessed extraordinary strength. During the Linde era he rose through the ranks to become Protector of Yingzhou. His tribe kept several thousand household retainers. With his wealth and power he dominated the frontier, and the frontier peoples feared him. He was repeatedly promoted to Grand General of the Right Inspecting Army and appointed Commissioner for Frontier Affairs on the Jishi Route. The Tibetan Lun Qinling and others led one hundred thousand men to raid Huangzhong. Jinxing's soldiers were out gathering firewood and were wholly unprepared. When they suddenly heard the enemy was upon them, he raised banners, beat drums, and opened the gates to receive them. The Tibetans suspected an ambush and in the end did not dare advance.
48
其白山部，素附於高麗，因收平壤之後，部衆多入中國。 汨咄、安居、骨室等部，亦因高麗破後奔散微弱，後無聞焉。 縱有遺人，並爲渤海編戶。 唯黑水部全盛，分爲十六部，部又以南北爲稱。
The Baishan division had long been attached to Goryeo. After the capture of Pyongyang, many of its people entered Tang territory. The Mizhu, Anju, Gushi, and other divisions likewise fled and scattered after Goryeo's fall, dwindled away, and were heard from no more. Any survivors who remained were enrolled as registered households of Bohai. Only the Heishui division remained fully flourishing. It was divided into sixteen subdivisions, which were further distinguished as northern and southern.
49
開元十三年，安東都護薛泰請于黑水靺鞨內置黑水軍。 續更以最大部落爲黑水府，仍以其首領爲都督，諸部刺史隸屬焉。 中國置長史，就其部落監領之。 十六年，其都督賜姓李氏，名獻誠，授雲麾將軍兼黑水經略使，仍以幽州都督爲其押使，自此朝貢不絕。
In the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan, Protector-General of Andong Xue Tai requested the establishment of the Heishui Army among the Heishui Mohe. The largest tribe was then organized as Heishui Prefecture, its chieftain appointed Protector, and the governors of the various subdivisions placed under his authority. The court appointed a chief administrator to supervise them in their own territory. In the sixteenth year its Protector was granted the surname Li and the name Xiancheng, appointed General of Cloud-like Might and concurrently Commissioner for Frontier Affairs of Heishui, with the Protector of Youzhou as his supervising commissioner. From then on their tribute missions never ceased.
50
渤海靺鞨
Bohai Mohe
51
渤海靺鞨大祚榮者，本高麗別種也。 高麗既滅，祚榮率家屬徙居營州。 萬歲通天年，契丹李盡忠反叛，祚榮與靺鞨乞四比羽各領亡命東奔，保阻以自固。 盡忠既死，則天命右玉鈐衛大將軍李楷固率兵討其餘黨，先破斬乞四比羽，又度天門嶺以迫祚榮。 祚榮合高麗、靺鞨之衆以拒楷固； 王師大敗，楷固脫身而還。 屬契丹及奚盡降突厥，道路阻絕，則天不能討，祚榮遂率其衆東保桂婁之故地，據東牟山，築城以居之。
Dazuorong of the Bohai Mohe was originally a separate branch of the Goryeo people. After Goryeo was destroyed, Zuorong moved with his family to Yingzhou. In the Wansui Tongtian era, when the Khitan Li Jinzhong rebelled, Zuorong and the Mohe chieftain Qi Sibi each led fugitives eastward and held mountain defiles to secure themselves. After Jinzhong's death, Empress Zetian ordered General of the Right Jade Talisman Guard Li Kaigu to lead troops against the remaining rebels. He first defeated and beheaded Qi Sibi, then crossed Tianmen Ridge to press Zuorong. Zuorong combined Goryeo and Mohe forces to resist Kaigu; The imperial army was routed, and Kaigu escaped with his life. When the Khitan and Xi all submitted to the Turks and the routes were cut off, Zetian could not continue the campaign. Zuorong then led his followers east to the former territory of Guiweng, seized Mount Dongmou, and built a city to dwell in.
52
祚榮驍勇善用兵，靺鞨之衆及高麗餘燼，稍稍歸之。 聖曆中，自立爲振國王，遣使通於突厥。 其地在營州之東二千里，南與新羅相接。 越熹靺鞨東北至黑水靺鞨，地方二千里，編戶十余萬，勝兵數萬人。 風俗瑟高麗及契丹同，頗有文字及書記。
Zuorong was fierce, brave, and skilled in war. Mohe tribesmen and the remnants of Goryeo gradually rallied to him. During the Shengli era he declared himself King of Zhen and sent envoys to establish contact with the Turks. His territory lay two thousand li east of Yingzhou and bordered Silla to the south. From Yuexi Mohe in the northeast to Heishui Mohe, its territory measured two thousand li across. It had more than one hundred thousand registered households and several tens of thousands of fighting men. Their customs resembled those of Goryeo and the Khitan, and they had a written language and kept records.
53
開元七年，祚榮死，玄宗遣使弔祭。 乃冊立其嫡子桂婁郡王大武藝襲父爲左驍衛大將軍、渤海郡王、忽汗州都督。
In the seventh year of Kaiyuan, Zuorong died, and Emperor Xuanzong sent envoys to offer condolences and sacrifices. He then invested Zuorong's legitimate son, Prince Dawuyi of Guiweng Commandery, to succeed his father as Grand General of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard, King of Bohai Commandery, and Protector of Hohan Prefecture.
54
十四年，黑水靺鞨遣使來朝，詔以其地爲黑水州，仍置長史，遣使鎮押。 武藝謂其屬曰：「黑水途經我境，始與唐家相通。 舊請突厥吐屯，皆先告我同去。 今不計會，即請漢官，必是與唐家通謀，腹背攻我也。」 遣母弟大門藝及其舅任雅發兵以擊黑水。 門藝曾充質子至京師，開元初還國，至是謂武藝曰：「黑水請唐家官史，即欲擊之，是背唐也。 唐國人衆兵強，萬倍於我，一朝結怨，但自取滅亡。 昔高麗全盛之時，強兵三十余萬，抗敵唐家，不事賓伏，唐兵一臨，掃地俱盡。 今日渤海之衆，數倍少於高麗，乃欲違背唐家，事必不可。」
In the fourteenth year the Heishui Mohe sent envoys to court. An edict organized their territory as Heishui Prefecture, appointed a chief administrator, and dispatched envoys to garrison and supervise them. Wuyi told his followers, "The Heishui route passes through our territory before anyone can reach the Tang. In the past, when they sought Turkish tutuns, they always informed us first and went together with us. Now they consult us no longer and immediately request Tang officials. They must be in secret collusion with the Tang and plan to attack us from both front and rear. He dispatched his younger brother Da Menyi and his maternal uncle Ren Ya to raise troops and attack the Heishui Mohe. Menyi had once served as a hostage at the capital and returned home at the beginning of the Kaiyuan era. On this occasion he told Wuyi, "The Heishui have requested Tang officials, and you wish at once to attack them. That means turning against the Tang. The Tang has vast numbers and mighty armies, ten thousand times our strength. Once we incur their enmity, we will only bring destruction upon ourselves. When Goryeo was at its height it had more than three hundred thousand strong troops and resisted the Tang without submitting. Yet once Tang armies arrived, everything was swept away. Bohai's forces today are several times smaller than Goryeo's at its peak, yet you wish to defy the Tang. Such a course is absolutely impossible."
55
武藝不從。 門藝兵至境，又上書固諫。 武藝怒，遣從兄大壹夏代門藝統兵，征門藝，欲殺之。 門藝遂棄其衆，間道來奔，詔授左驍衛將軍。 武藝尋遣使朝貢，仍上表極言門藝罪狀，請殺之。 上密遣門藝往安西，仍報武藝云：「門藝遠來歸投，義不可殺。 今流向嶺南，已遣去訖。」 乃留其使馬文軌、蔥勿雅，別遣使報之。 俄有泄其事者，武藝又上書云：「大國示人以信，豈有欺誑之理！ 今聞門藝不向嶺南，伏請依前殺卻。」 由是鴻臚少卿李道邃、源復以不能督察官屬，致有漏泄，左遷道邃爲曹州刺史，復爲澤州刺史。 遣門藝暫向嶺南以報之。
Wuyi would not listen. When Menyi's troops reached the border, he submitted another memorial firmly remonstrating. Wuyi grew angry and dispatched his older clansman Da Yixia to replace Menyi in command of the army, then marched against Menyi intending to kill him. Menyi then abandoned his troops, fled by a hidden route, and was appointed by edict General of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard. Wuyi soon sent tribute envoys and submitted a memorial detailing Menyi's crimes, asking that he be executed. The emperor secretly sent Menyi to Anxi and replied to Wuyi, "Menyi came from afar to submit. By every principle of justice he cannot be killed. He has now been sent into exile in Lingnan and is already on his way. He then detained Wuyi's envoys Ma Wengui and Cong Wuya and sent separate envoys to deliver this reply. Before long someone leaked the truth. Wuyi submitted another memorial saying, "A great state shows good faith to others. How could there be any reason to deceive! I now hear that Menyi did not go to Lingnan. I humbly ask that he be executed as originally requested. Thereupon Vice Minister of the Court for State Ceremonial Li Daosui and Yuan Fu were demoted for failing to supervise their subordinates and allowing the leak—Daosui to Prefect of Caozhou and Fu to Prefect of Zezhou. Menyi was sent temporarily to Lingnan to satisfy this report.
56
二十年，武藝遣其將張文休率海賊攻登州刺史韋俊。 詔遣門藝往幽州徵兵以討之，仍令太僕員外卿金思蘭往新羅發兵以攻其南境。 屬山阻寒凍，雪深丈余，兵士死者過半，竟無功而還。 武藝懷怨不已，密遣使至東都，假刺客刺門藝于天津橋南，門藝格之，不死。 詔河南府捕獲其賊，盡殺之。
In the twentieth year Wuyi dispatched his general Zhang Wenxiu to lead sea raiders in an attack on Prefect Wei Jun of Dengzhou. An edict dispatched Menyi to Youzhou to levy troops for the campaign and ordered Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud Jin Silan to go to Silla to raise troops and attack Bohai's southern frontier. Mountains blocked the way, bitter cold set in, and snow lay more than ten feet deep. More than half the soldiers died, and the campaign ended in failure. Wuyi nursed his grievance without cease. He secretly sent envoys to the Eastern Capital to hire assassins to kill Menyi south of Tianjin Bridge. Menyi fought them off and survived. An edict ordered Henan Prefecture to capture the assassins and execute them all.
57
二十五年，武藝病卒，其子欽茂嗣立。 詔遣內侍段守簡往冊欽茂爲渤海郡王，仍嗣其父爲左驍衛大將軍、忽汗州都督。 欽茂承詔赦其境內，遣使隨守簡入朝貢獻。
In the twenty-fifth year Wuyi died of illness, and his son Qinmao succeeded him. An edict dispatched Palace Attendant Duan Shoujian to invest Qinmao as King of Bohai Commandery and have him succeed his father as Grand General of the Left Valiant Cavalry Guard and Protector of Hohan Prefecture. Qinmao received the edict and proclaimed an amnesty within his borders, then sent envoys to accompany Shoujian to court with tribute.
58
大曆二年至十年，或頻遣使來朝，或間歲而至，或歲內二三至者。 十二年正月，遣使獻日本國舞女一十一人及方物。 四月、十二月，使復來。 建中三年五月、貞元七年正月，皆遣使來朝，授其使大常靖爲衛尉卿同正，令還蕃。 八月，其王子大貞翰來朝，請備宿衛。 十年正月，以來朝王子大清允爲右衛將軍同正，其下三十餘人，拜官有差。
From the second through the tenth year of Dali, they sometimes sent envoys frequently, sometimes came every other year, and sometimes two or three times in a single year. In the first month of the twelfth year they sent envoys presenting eleven dancing girls from Japan along with local products. In the fourth and twelfth months, envoys came again. In the fifth month of the third year of Jianzhong and the first month of the seventh year of Zhenyuan, they sent envoys to court. Their envoy Da Changjing was appointed Acting Minister of the Court of the Imperial Stud and ordered to return home. In the eighth month his prince Da Zhenhan came to court and requested appointment to the palace guard. In the first month of the tenth year, the visiting prince Da Qingyun was appointed Acting General of the Right Guard, and more than thirty of his followers received offices of varying rank.
59
十一年二月，遣內常侍殷志贍冊大嵩璘爲渤海郡王。 十四年，加銀青光祿大夫、檢校司空，進封渤海國王。
In the second month of the eleventh year, the court dispatched Palace Attendant Yin Zhishan to invest Da Songlin as King of Bohai Commandery. In the fourteenth year he was promoted to Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Acting Minister of Works, and advanced to King of Bohai.
60
二十一年，遣使來朝。 順宗加嵩璘金紫光祿大夫、檢校司空。 元和元年十月，加檢校太尉。 十二月，遣使朝貢。
In the twenty-first year they sent envoys to court. Emperor Shunzong promoted Songlin to Golden-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and Acting Minister of Works. In the tenth month of the first year of Yuanhe, he was further appointed Acting Grand Commandant. In the twelfth month they sent envoys with tribute.
61
四年，以嵩璘男元瑜爲銀青光祿大夫、檢校秘書監、忽汗州都督，依前渤海國王。 五年，遣使朝貢者二。 七年，亦遣使來朝。 八年正月，授元瑜弟權知國務言義銀青光祿大夫、檢校秘書監、都督、渤海國王，遣內侍李重旻使焉。
In the fourth year Songlin's son Yuanyu was appointed Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, Acting Director of the Imperial Library, and Protector of Hohan Prefecture, and continued as King of Bohai as before. In the fifth year they sent envoys with tribute on two occasions. In the seventh year they again sent envoys to court. In the first month of the eighth year Yuanyu's younger brother Yanyi, who was managing state affairs, was invested as Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, Acting Director of the Imperial Library, Protector, and King of Bohai, and Palace Attendant Li Chongmin was dispatched to carry out the investiture.
62
五年，大仁秀卒，以權知國務大彝震爲銀青光祿大夫、檢校秘書監、都督、渤海國王。 六年，遣王子大明俊等來朝。 七年正月，遣同中書右平章事高寶英來謝冊命，仍遣學生三人，隨寶英請赴上都學問。 先遣學生三人，事業稍成，請歸本國，許之。 二月，王子大先晟等六人來朝。 開成後，亦修職貢不絕。
In the fifth year Da Renxiu died, and Da Yizhen, who was managing state affairs, was appointed Silver-Gleaming Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, Acting Director of the Imperial Library, Protector, and King of Bohai. In the sixth year they sent princes including Da Mingjun to court. In the first month of the seventh year they sent Associate Chief Counselor of the Right Gao Baoying to thank the court for the investiture, and three students accompanied him to request permission to study at the Upper Capital. Three students had been sent earlier. When their studies had made some progress, they asked to return home, and the request was granted. In the second month six persons including the prince Da Xiansheng came to court. After the Kaicheng era, they likewise continued sending tribute without interruption.
63
霫，匈奴之別種也，居於潢水北，亦鮮卑之故地，其國在京師東北五千里。 東接靺鞨，西至突厥，南至契丹，北與烏羅渾接。 地週二千里，四面有山，環繞其境。 人多善射獵，好以赤皮爲衣緣，婦人貴銅釧，衣襟上下懸小銅鈴，風俗略與契丹同。 有都倫紇斤部落四萬戶，勝兵萬餘人。 貞觀三年，其君長遣使貢方物。
The Xi were a separate branch of the Xiongnu. They lived north of the Huang River, in the former Xianbei lands, five thousand li northeast of the capital. To the east they bordered the Mohe, to the west the Turks, to the south the Khitan, and to the north Wuluohun. Their land measured two thousand li around, with mountains on every side enclosing their territory. The people were skilled archers and hunters. They liked to edge their garments with red leather. Women prized copper armlets and hung small copper bells above and below their collars. Their customs were much like those of the Khitan. The Dulun Hejin tribe numbered forty thousand households, with more than ten thousand fighting men. In the third year of Zhenguan their chieftain sent envoys with local products as tribute.
64
烏羅渾
Wuluohun
65
烏羅渾國，蓋後魏之烏洛侯也，今亦謂之烏羅護，其國在京師東北六千三百里，東與靺鞨，西與突厥，南與契丹，北與烏丸接。 風俗與靺鞨同。 貞觀六年，其君長遣使獻貂皮焉。
The state of Wuluohun was probably the Wuluohe of the Northern Wei; it is also called Wuluohu today. It lay six thousand three hundred li northeast of the capital, bordering the Mohe to the east, the Turks to the west, the Khitan to the south, and the Wuhuan to the north. Its customs were the same as those of the Mohe. In the sixth year of Zhenguan its chieftain sent envoys presenting sable furs.
66
史臣曰：北狄密邇中華，侵邊蓋有之矣； 東夷隔礙瀛海，作梗罕常聞之。 非惟勢使之然，抑亦稟於天性。 太平之人仁，空峒之人武，信矣。 隨煬帝縱欲無厭，興兵遼左，急斂暴欲，由是而起。 亂臣賊子，得以爲資，不戢自焚，遂亡其國。 我太宗文皇帝親馭戎輅，東征高麗，雖有成功，所損亦甚。 及凱還之日，顧謂左右曰：「使朕有魏征在，必無此行矣！」 則是悔于出師也可知矣。 何者？ 夷狄之國，猶石田也，得之無益，失之何傷？ 必務求虛名，以勞有用。 但當修文德以來之，被聲教以服之，擇信臣以撫之，謹邊備以防之，使重譯來庭，航海入貢，茲庶得其道也！
The chronicler writes: The Northern Di lie close to China, and border raids have certainly occurred; The Eastern Yi are separated by the encircling sea, and trouble from them is seldom heard. This reflects not only the force of circumstance, but also what is born in their nature. That the people of Taiping are humane and the people of Kongtong are martial—it is indeed so. Emperor Yang of Sui indulged his desires without limit, raised armies in eastern Liaodong, and through urgent levies and oppressive exactions set the turmoil in motion. Rebellious ministers and wicked sons seized upon this as their opportunity. Unable to restrain themselves, they burned themselves up and thus destroyed their state. Our Emperor Taizong the Cultured personally took the field and marched east against Goguryeo. Though he won success, the cost was also very heavy. On the day of his victorious return he turned to those beside him and said, "If Wei Zheng were still alive, I would never have made this campaign! From this one may know that he regretted having gone to war. Why? Barbarian lands are like stony fields: gaining them brings no profit, and losing them—what injury is done? Yet one insists on pursuing empty glory and thereby exhausting what is useful. One should cultivate civil virtue to draw them in, spread cultural instruction to win their hearts, choose trustworthy ministers to soothe them, and keep frontier defenses strong to guard against them—so that men come to court through many rounds of translation and ships cross the sea bearing tribute. In this way one may broadly attain the right course!
67
贊曰：東夷之人，北狄之俗。 爰考《周官》，是稱蠻服。 未得無傷，已得何足！ 宜務懷柔，謂之羈束。
In praise: the peoples of the Eastern Yi and the customs of the Northern Di. Consult the Rites of Zhou—they are called the barbarian domains. Not gaining them does no harm; once gained, what is there worth keeping! One should devote oneself to gentle conciliation—this is what is called keeping them on the bridle and reins.