1
高麗百濟新羅倭國日本
Goryeo, Baekje, Silla, Wa, and Japan
2
高麗者，出自扶餘之別種也。 其國都於平壤城，即漢樂浪郡之故地，在京師東五千一百里。 東渡海至於新羅，西北渡遼水至於營州，南渡海至於百濟，北至靺鞨。 東西三千一百里，南北二千里。 其官大者號大對盧，比一品，總知國事，三年一代，若稱職者，不拘年限。 交替之日，或不相祗服，皆勒兵相攻，勝者爲之。 其王但閉宮自守，不能制禦。 次曰太大兄，比正二品。 對盧以下官，總十二級。 外置州縣六十餘城。 大城置傉薩一，比都督。 諸城置道使，比刺史。 其下各有僚佐，分掌曹事。 衣裳服飾，唯王五彩，以白羅爲冠，白皮小帶，其冠及帶，咸以金飾。 官之貴者，則青羅爲冠，次以緋羅，插二鳥羽，及金銀爲飾，衫筒袖，褲大口，白韋帶，黃韋履。 國人衣褐戴弁，婦人首加巾幗。 好圍棋投壺之戲，人能蹴鞠。 食用籩豆、簠簋、尊俎、罍洗，頗有箕子之遺風。
Goryeo arose from a collateral line of the Fuyu people. The kingdom's capital stood at Pyongyang, on the old ground of the Han dynasty's Lelang commandery, five thousand one hundred li east of the imperial capital. To the east lay Silla across the sea; to the northwest, crossing the Liao River, lay Ying prefecture; to the south, across the sea, lay Baekje; to the north, the Mohe. It measured three thousand one hundred li from east to west and two thousand li from north to south. The highest official was called the Grand To-lu, ranked equivalent to first grade, with overall charge of state affairs. The post rotated every three years, though a man who proved capable could hold it longer. When the time for succession came, rivals sometimes refused to defer to one another; each side raised troops to fight, and whoever won assumed the office. The king could only bar himself inside the palace and had no power to restrain them. Next in rank was the Grand Elder Brother, equivalent to regular second grade. Below the To-lu there were twelve grades of office in all. Beyond the capital they maintained more than sixty walled prefectures and districts. Each major city had a Nusa, the counterpart of a regional military commissioner. Lesser cities were overseen by circuit envoys, ranked like prefectural governors. Beneath them stood assistants who divided the routine work of the various bureaus. In clothing and ornament, only the king might wear the five colors. His cap was of white gauze silk and his narrow belt of white leather; both cap and belt were set with gold. High officials wore caps of blue gauze silk, then scarlet gauze, each capped with two plumes and trimmed in gold and silver. They dressed in fitted coats with tight sleeves, loose trousers, white leather belts, and yellow leather shoes. Commoners wore brown hemp and caps; women covered their heads with kerchiefs and head-wraps. They enjoyed games of go and pitch-pot, and men played cuju football. At meals they used platters and stands, square and round grain vessels, wine vessels and basins—in customs that still recalled the legacy of Jizi.
3
其所居必依山谷，皆以茅草葺舍，唯佛寺、神廟及王宮、官府乃用瓦。 其俗貧窶者多，冬月皆作長坑，下燃； 煴火以取暖。 種田養蠶，略同中國。 其法：有謀反叛者，則集衆持火炬競燒灼之，燋爛備體，然後斬首，家悉籍沒； 守城降敵，臨陣敗北，殺人行劫者，斬； 盜物者，十二倍酬贓； 殺牛馬者，沒身爲奴婢。 大體用法嚴峻，少有犯者，乃至路不拾遺。 其俗多淫祀，事靈星神、日神、可汗神、箕子神。 國城東有大穴，名神隧，皆以十月，王自祭之。
Settlements clung to valleys and hillsides, and most dwellings were thatched with straw. Only Buddhist temples, spirit shrines, the royal palace, and government offices used tile roofs. Many among them lived in poverty. In winter everyone dug long pits and kindled fires beneath them; warming themselves with banked fires. Farming and sericulture were much the same as in China. By their law, anyone who plotted rebellion was seized by a crowd bearing torches who competed to burn him until his whole body was charred; only then was he beheaded, and his entire household confiscated. Defenders who surrendered a city to the enemy, soldiers who fled in defeat, and murderers and robbers were beheaded. Thieves paid twelvefold restitution for what they stole. Anyone who slaughtered cattle or horses was enslaved for life. On the whole their laws were harsh, and transgressions were rare—so much so that no one would pick up lost goods along the road. They practiced many improper cult sacrifices, worshipping the Spirit Star, the Sun, the Kaghan, and Jizi. East of the capital lay a great pit called the Spirit Tunnel, which every year in the tenth month the king sacrificed to in person.
4
俗愛書籍，至於衡門廝養之家，各於街衢造大屋，謂之扃堂，子弟未婚之前，晝夜于此讀書習射。 其書有《五經》及《史記》、《漢書》、范曄《後漢書》、《三國志》、孫盛《晉春秋》、《玉篇》、《字統》、《字林》； 又有《文選》，尤愛重之。
They prized learning so highly that even humble households erected large street-side halls called learning halls, where sons, before marriage, spent day and night reading and practicing archery. They possessed the Five Classics, the Records of the Grand Historian, the Book of Han, Fan Ye's Book of Later Han, the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Sheng's Annals of Jin, the Jade Chapters, Character Compendium, and Forest of Characters— and they also held the Literary Anthology, which they treasured above all.
5
其王高建武，即前王高元異母弟也。 武德二年，遣使來朝。 四年，又遣使朝貢。 高祖感隋末戰士多陷其地，五年，賜建武書曰：
Their king Go Jangmu was the half-brother of the former king Go Won. In the second year of Wude (619), he sent envoys to pay court. In the fourth year (621) he again sent tribute envoys. Moved by how many of the Sui's soldiers had ended up trapped in Goryeo after the wars at the end of the dynasty, in the fifth year (622) Emperor Gaozu sent Jangmu a letter that read:
6
朕恭膺寶命，君臨率士，祗順三靈，綏柔萬國。 普天之下，情均撫字，日月所照，咸使乂安。 王既統攝遼左，世居籓服，思稟正朔，遠循職貢。 故遣使者，跋涉山川，申布誠懇，朕甚嘉焉。 方今六合甯晏，四海清平，玉帛既通，道路無壅。 方申輯睦，永敦聘好，各保疆蕣，豈非盛美。 但隋氏季年，連兵構難，攻戰之所，各失其民。 遂使骨肉乖離，室家分析，多歷年歲，怨曠不申。 今二國通和，義無阻異，在此所有高麗人等，已令追括，尋即遣送； 彼處有此國人者，王可放還，務盡撫育之方，共弘仁恕之道。
I have reverently received Heaven's mandate and rule over all the land, bowing to the Three Powers and bringing peace to every realm. Under Heaven I nurture all alike, and wherever sun and moon shine I seek to keep every people safe and at peace. You have long ruled the lands east of the Liao as a vassal state, eager to acknowledge our calendar and to send tribute from afar. You have now sent envoys across mountains and rivers to declare your loyalty, and I commend you warmly for it. Now the realm is at peace and the four seas are calm; tribute flows freely and the roads lie open. Let us renew our friendship, keep good relations forever, and each guard our own borders—what could be finer? Yet in the Sui's last years war followed war, and wherever armies clashed people were torn from their homes. Families were split apart and homes broken up; for many years sorrow and longing had no outlet. Now that our two realms are at peace, nothing should stand in the way. I have ordered all Goryeo subjects found here to be gathered and sent home without delay; and wherever Chinese subjects remain in your lands, you should release them and see them safely home, so that together we may practice benevolence and mercy.
7
於是建武悉搜括華人，以禮賓送，前後至者萬數，高祖大喜。
Jangmu then conducted a thorough search for Chinese subjects and, with ceremonial courtesy, sent them home in successive groups numbering tens of thousands in all, to Gaozu's great delight.
8
七年，遣前刑部尚書沈叔安往冊建武爲上柱國、遼東郡王、高麗王，仍將天尊像及道士往彼，爲之講《老子》，其王及道俗等觀聽者數千人。 高祖嘗謂侍臣曰：「名實之間，理須相副。 高麗稱臣于隋，終拒煬帝，此亦何臣之有！ 朕敬於萬物，不欲驕貴，但據有土宇，務共安人，何必令其稱臣，以自尊大。 即爲詔述朕此懷也。」 侍中裴矩、中書侍郎溫彥博曰：「遼東之地，周爲箕子之國，漢家玄菟郡耳！ 魏、晉已前，近在提封之內，不可許以不臣。 且中國之于夷狄，猶太陽之對列星，理無降尊，俯同籓服。」 高祖乃止。
In the seventh year (624) he sent the former Minister of Justice Shen Shu'an to invest Jangmu as Supreme Pillar of State, Prince of Liaodong, and King of Goryeo. Shen also brought an image of the Heavenly Honored One and Daoist priests, who lectured on the Laozi to an audience of several thousand, including the king and both clerical and lay devotees. Gaozu once told his ministers, "Between title and reality there must be a fit. Goryeo called itself a vassal of the Sui yet in the end defied Emperor Yang—what kind of vassalage was that? I respect all living things and do not wish to lord it over others. I hold territory only to keep the people at peace—why should I demand that they call themselves my vassals merely to puff myself up? Draft an edict that sets out my feelings on this matter. Attendant-in-ordinary Pei Ju and Vice Director of the Secretariat Wen Yanbo replied, "Liaodong was Jizi's kingdom under the Zhou and nothing more than the Han's Xuantu commandery! Before the Wei and Jin it lay well within our domain. We cannot allow them to refuse vassal status. Moreover, China's relation to the barbarians is like the sun to the lesser stars—there is no reason for us to lower ourselves and treat them as equals among vassals. Gaozu dropped the matter.
9
九年，新羅、百濟遣使訟建武，云閉其道路，不得入朝。 又相與有隙，屢相侵掠。 詔員外散騎侍郎硃子奢往和解之。 建武奉表謝罪，請與新羅對使會盟。
In the ninth year (626) Silla and Baekje sent envoys to accuse Jangmu of blocking their routes so they could not reach the Tang court. They also nursed grievances against one another and raided each other's borders repeatedly. The emperor ordered Supernumerary Gentleman Attendant-in-ordinary Zhu Zishe to go and mediate. Jangmu submitted a memorial of apology and asked to meet Silla's envoys for a joint covenant.
10
貞觀二年，破突厥頡利可汗，建武遣使奉賀，並上封域圖。 五年，詔遣廣州都督府司馬長孫師往收瘞隋時戰亡骸骨，毀高麗所立京觀。 建武懼伐其國，乃築長城，東北自扶餘城，西南至海，千有餘里。 十四年，遣其太子桓權來朝，並貢方物，太宗優勞甚至。
In the second year of Zhenguan (628), after the defeat of the Eastern Turk Illig Qaghan, Jangmu sent envoys with congratulations and submitted a map of his realm. In the fifth year (631) an edict dispatched Guangzhou Area Command military aide Changsun Shi to gather and bury the remains of Sui soldiers killed in battle and to tear down the victory mounds Goryeo had erected. Fearing invasion, Jangmu built a long wall more than a thousand li from Fuyu in the northeast to the sea in the southwest. In the fourteenth year (640) he sent his crown prince Hwan Gwon to court with tribute, and Taizong received him with exceptional honor and kindness.
11
十六年，西部大人蓋蘇文攝職有犯，諸大臣與建武議欲誅之。 事泄，蘇文乃悉召部兵，云將校閱，並盛陳酒饌于城南，諸大臣皆來臨視。 蘇文勒兵盡殺之，死者百余人。 焚倉庫，因馳入王宮，殺建武，立建武弟大陽子藏爲王。 自立爲莫離支，猶中國兵部尚書兼中書令職也，自是專國政。 蘇文姓錢氏，須貌甚偉，形體魁傑，身佩五刀，左右莫敢仰視。 恆令其屬官俯伏於地，踐之上馬，及下馬，亦如之。 出必先布隊仗，導者長呼以辟行人，百姓畏避，皆自投坑穀。
In the sixteenth year (642) the western magnate Yeon Gaesomun committed an offense in office, and the chief ministers discussed with Jangmu putting him to death. When the plot leaked, Gaesomun summoned all his troops on the pretext of a military review, laid out a lavish feast south of the city, and drew the ministers out to watch. Gaesomun then turned his soldiers on them and slaughtered them all—more than a hundred men died. He burned the storehouses, galloped into the palace, killed Jangmu, and set Jangmu's younger brother Daeyang-ja Jang on the throne. He made himself Mo-riji—the equivalent of Minister of War and Director of the Secretariat combined—and from then on held sole power over the state. Gaesomun, of the Yeon clan, had a magnificent beard and bearing and a towering frame. He wore five swords at his belt, and none beside him dared meet his gaze. He always made his subordinates lie face down on the ground and stepped on their backs to mount and dismount his horse. Whenever he went abroad he first deployed an armed escort; heralds shouted to clear the way, and commoners in terror flung themselves into ditches and ravines to escape.
12
太宗聞建武死，爲之舉哀，使持節弔祭。 十七年，封其嗣王藏爲遼東郡王、高麗王。 又遣司農丞相里玄獎齎璽書往說諭高麗，令勿攻新羅。 蓋蘇文謂玄獎曰：「高麗、新羅，怨隙已久。 往者隋室相侵，新羅乘釁奪高麗五百里之地，城邑新羅皆據有之。 自非反地還城，此兵恐未能已。」 玄奘曰：「既往之事，焉可追論？」 蘇文竟不從。 太宗顧謂侍臣曰：「莫離支賊弑其主，盡殺大臣，用刑有同坑阱。 百姓轉動輒死，怨痛在心，道路以目。 夫出師吊伐，須有其名，因其弑君虐下，敗之甚易也。」
When Taizong learned of Jangmu's death he mourned him and sent an envoy with credentials to offer funeral rites. In the seventeenth year (643) he enfeoffed the new king Jang as Prince of Liaodong and King of Goryeo. He also sent Minister of Agriculture Xiangli Xuanjiang with an imperial letter urging Goryeo to cease its attacks on Silla. Gaesomun told Xuanjiang, "Goryeo and Silla have nursed hatred for a long time. When the Sui armies came, Silla seized the chance to seize five hundred li of our territory, and still holds those towns and cities. Unless they return our land and cities, I fear this war will never end. Xuanjiang replied, "What is past cannot be undone—why dwell on it? Gaesomun would not listen. Taizong turned to his ministers and said, "This Mo-riji rebel murdered his king and slaughtered his ministers. His punishments are like throwing men into pits. The people die for the slightest offense; hatred fills their hearts, and they dare only exchange glances in the streets. A punitive campaign needs a just cause, and he has given us one by regicide and tyranny. Such a foe would be easy to defeat."
13
十九年，命刑部尚書張亮爲平壤道行軍大總管，領將軍常何等率江、淮、嶺、硤勁卒四萬，戰船五百艘，自萊州汎海趨平壤。 又以特進英國公李勣爲遼東道行軍大總管，禮部尚書江夏王道宗爲副，領將軍張士貴等率步騎六萬趨遼東。 兩軍合勢，太宗親御六軍以會之。
In the nineteenth year (645) he appointed Minister of Justice Zhang Liang grand commander of the Pyongyang Route army. Zhang, with Generals Chang He and others, led forty thousand crack troops from the Jiang, Huai, Ling, and Xia regions in five hundred warships, sailing from Laizhou across the sea toward Pyongyang. He also made Special Advancement Duke of Yingguo Li Ji grand commander of the Liaodong Route army, with Minister of Rites Prince Daozong of Jiangxia as his deputy and Generals Zhang Shigui and others leading sixty thousand infantry and cavalry toward Liaodong. The two armies were to unite, and Taizong personally led the six armies to join them.
14
夏四月，李勣軍渡遼，進攻蓋牟城，拔之。 獲生口二萬，以其城置蓋州。 五月，張亮副將程名振攻沙卑城，拔之，虜其男女八千口。 是日，李勣進軍於遼東城。 帝次遼澤，詔曰：「頃者隋師渡遼，時非天贊，從軍士卒，骸骨相望，遍于原野，良可哀歎。 掩骼之義，誠爲先典，其令並收瘞之。」 國內及新城步騎四萬來援遼東，江夏王道宗率騎四千逆擊，大破之，斬首千餘級。 帝渡遼水，詔撤橋樑，以堅士卒志。 帝至遼東城下。 見士卒負擔以填塹者，帝分其尤重者，親於馬上持之。 從官悚動，爭齎以送城下。 時李勣已率兵攻遼東城。 高麗聞我有拋車，飛三百斤石於一里之外者，甚懼之。 乃于城上積木爲戰樓以拒飛石。 勣列車發石以擊其城，所遇盡潰。 又推撞車撞其樓閣，無不傾倒。 帝親率甲騎萬余與李勣會。 圍其城。 俄而南風甚勁，命縱火焚其西南樓，延燒城中，屋宇皆盡。 戰士登城，賊乃大潰，燒死者萬余人，俘其勝兵萬餘口，以其城爲遼州。 初，帝自定州命每數十里置一烽，屬於遼城，與太子約，克遼東，當舉烽。 是日，帝命舉烽，傳入塞。
In the fourth month of summer Li Ji's army crossed the Liao River, attacked Gaemo, and captured it. They took twenty thousand captives and organized the place as Gai prefecture. In the fifth month Zhang Liang's deputy Cheng Mingzhen attacked Sabai, captured it, and took eight thousand men and women prisoner. That same day Li Ji marched on Liaodong city. The emperor halted at Liao Marsh and issued an edict: "When the Sui armies crossed the Liao, Heaven did not favor them, and the bones of their soldiers lie scattered across these fields—a sight that moves one to grief. To gather and bury the dead is an ancient duty. Let all these remains be collected and interred. Forty thousand Goryeo infantry and cavalry from the interior and Xincheng came to relieve Liaodong. Prince Daozong of Jiangxia led four thousand horsemen against them, routed them decisively, and took more than a thousand heads. The emperor crossed the Liao River and ordered the bridges torn down to steel his soldiers' resolve. The emperor came to Liaodong city. Seeing soldiers carrying earth to fill the moat, the emperor took the heaviest bundles and carried them himself from horseback. His attendants were moved and competed to carry earth to the foot of the walls. By then Li Ji was already besieging Liaodong city. When Goryeo learned that we had trebuchets capable of hurling three-hundred-jin stones more than a li, they were deeply alarmed. They then piled timber on the ramparts and built fighting towers to defend against stones hurled at the walls. Li Ji lined up siege engines to hurl stones at the city, and wherever the missiles struck the fortifications crumbled. They also pushed battering rams against the towers and buildings on the walls, and every one of them collapsed. The Emperor personally led more than ten thousand armored cavalry to rendezvous with Li Ji. They surrounded and besieged the city. Before long a strong south wind sprang up, and the Emperor ordered his men to set fire to the southwestern tower; the blaze spread through the city until every building was burned to the ground. Our warriors climbed the walls, and the enemy broke and fled in panic. More than ten thousand died in the flames, and more than ten thousand able-bodied soldiers were taken captive. The city was renamed Liaozhou. Earlier, while still at Dingzhou, the Emperor had ordered signal beacons placed every few dozen li, all tied to Liaocheng; he had agreed with the Crown Prince that when Liaodong was conquered, the beacons would be raised. On that day the Emperor ordered the beacons lit, and word of the victory was relayed back through the frontier passes.
15
師次白崖城，命攻之，右衛大將軍李思摩中弩矢，帝親爲吮血，將士聞之，莫不感勵。 其城因山臨水，四面險絕。 李勣以撞車撞之，飛石流矢，雨集城中。 六月，帝臨其西北，城主孫伐音潛遣使請降，曰：「臣已願降，其中有貳者。」 詔賜以旗幟，曰：「必降，建之城上。」 伐音舉幟於城上，高麗以爲唐兵登也，乃悉降。 初，遼東之陷也，伐音乞降，既而中悔，帝怒其反覆，許以城中人物分賜戰士。 及是，李勣言於帝曰：「戰士奮厲爭先，不顧矢石者，貪虜獲耳。 今城垂拔，奈何更許其降，無乃辜將士之心乎？」 帝曰：「將軍言是也。 然縱兵殺戮，虜其妻孥，朕所不忍也。 將軍麾下有功者，朕以庫物賞之，庶因將軍贖此一城。」 遂受降，獲士女一萬，勝兵二千四百，以其城置岩州，授孫伐音爲岩州刺史。 我軍之渡遼也，莫離支遣加屍城七百人戍蓋牟城，李勣盡虜之，其人並請隨軍自效。 太宗謂曰：「誰不欲爾之力，爾家悉在加屍，爾爲吾戰，彼將爲戮矣！ 破一家之妻子，求一人之力用，吾不忍也！」 悉令放還。
The army encamped at Baiya Castle and was ordered to attack it. Right Guard General Li Simo was hit by a crossbow bolt, and the Emperor personally sucked the blood from his wound. When the officers and soldiers heard of this, all were deeply moved and stirred to fight. The city leaned against the mountains and overlooked the water, with steep and impassable terrain on every side. Li Ji attacked with battering rams while stones and arrows rained down on the city. In the sixth month the Emperor moved to the northwest side of the city. The city lord Sun Fuyin secretly sent an envoy to ask to surrender, saying, "I am willing to submit, but some among us are of two minds. The Emperor issued an edict granting him flags and banners with the instruction, "If you are truly surrendering, hoist these on the city walls." Fuyin raised the banners on the walls. The Goryeo defenders thought Tang soldiers had already scaled the ramparts, and they all surrendered. Earlier, when Liaodong had been taken, Fuyin had begged to surrender but then changed his mind. Angered by his fickleness, the Emperor had promised that the city's people and possessions would be divided among the soldiers as booty. At this point Li Ji said to the Emperor, "Our warriors fight so fiercely and rush ahead heedless of arrows and stones because they are eager for captives and plunder. The city is about to fall—why now permit them to surrender? Would that not disappoint the expectations of our officers and men? The Emperor said, "The general speaks rightly. Yet to let the army slaughter freely and carry off their wives and children is something I cannot bring myself to do. I will reward those under your command who have distinguished themselves with goods from the imperial treasury, so that through you I may in effect redeem this entire city." He then accepted the surrender, taking ten thousand men and women captive along with 2,400 able-bodied soldiers. The city was established as Yan Prefecture, and Sun Fuyin was appointed its prefect. When our army crossed the Liao River, Molizhi had sent seven hundred men from Jiashi Castle to garrison Gaimou Castle. Li Ji captured them all, and they all asked to join our army and serve us. Taizong told them, "Who would not want your service? But your families are all in Jiashi—if you fight for us, they will be slaughtered! To ruin a family's wives and children in order to gain the service of one man—I cannot bear to do that! He ordered them all released and sent back.
16
車駕進次安市城北，列營進兵以攻之。 高麗北部傉薩高延壽、南部耨薩高惠貞率高麗、靺鞨之衆十五萬來援安市城。 賊中有對盧，年老習事，謂延壽曰：「吾聞中國大亂，英雄並起。 秦王神武，所向無敵，遂平天下，南面爲帝，北夷請服，西戎獻款。 今者傾國而至，猛將銳卒，悉萃於此，其鋒不可當也。 今爲計者，莫若頓兵不戰，曠日持久，分遣驍雄，斷其饋運，不過旬日，軍糧必盡，求戰不得，欲歸無路，此不戰而取勝也。」 延壽不從，引軍直進。 太宗夜召諸將，躬自指麾。 遣李勣率步騎一萬五千於城西嶺爲陣； 長孫無忌率牛進達等精兵一萬一千以爲奇兵，自山北于狹穀出，以沖其後； 太宗自將步騎四千，潛鼓角，偃旌幟，趨賊營北高峰之上； 令諸軍聞鼓角聲而齊縱。 因令所司張受降幕於朝堂之側，曰：「明日午時，納降虜於此矣！」 遂率軍而進。
The imperial procession advanced and halted north of Anshi Castle, then set up camp and moved forward to attack it. Goryeo's northern ru sa Gao Yanshou and southern nou sa Gao Huizhen led 150,000 Goryeo and Mohe troops to relieve Anshi Castle. Among the enemy was a duilu, an old man experienced in affairs, who said to Yanshou, "I have heard that when the Central States were torn by great turmoil, heroes rose up on every side. The Prince of Qin was divinely martial and invincible wherever he marched; he pacified the realm and took the throne as Emperor. The northern peoples sought to submit, and the western tribes offered their allegiance. Now he has brought the full strength of the empire—famed generals and elite troops are all gathered here. Their onslaught cannot be withstood. The best plan now is to halt our army and refuse battle, wear the campaign down over many days, and send bold detachments to sever their supply lines. Within ten days their provisions will be exhausted—they will be unable to force a battle, yet will have no way home. That is how to win without fighting. Yanshou refused to listen and marched his army straight forward. That night Taizong summoned his generals and personally directed the deployment. He sent Li Ji with fifteen thousand infantry and cavalry to form a battle line on the ridge west of the city. Zhangsun Wuji led eleven thousand elite troops including Niu Jinda as a surprise force, to emerge from a narrow valley north of the mountains and strike the enemy from the rear. Taizong personally led four thousand infantry and cavalry, keeping drums and horns silent and banners lowered, and stole up to the high peak north of the enemy camp. He ordered every unit to charge together at the sound of drums and horns. He also had a tent for receiving surrenders set up beside the audience hall and declared, "Tomorrow at noon I will receive the enemy captives who surrender right here! Then he led the army forward.
17
明日，延壽獨見李勣兵，欲與戰。 太宗遙望無忌軍塵起，令鼓角並作，旗幟齊舉。 賊衆大懼，將分兵禦之，而其陣已亂。 李勣以步卒長槍一萬擊之，延壽衆敗。 無忌縱兵乘其後，太宗又自山而下，引軍臨之，賊因大潰，斬首萬餘級。 延壽等率其餘寇，依山自保。 於是命無忌、勣等引兵圍之，撤東川梁以斷歸路。 太宗按轡徐行，觀賊營壘，謂侍臣曰：「高麗傾國而來，存亡所系，一麾而敗，天佑我也！」 因下馬再拜以謝天。 延壽等膝行而前，拜手請命。 太宗簡傉薩以下酋長三千五百人，授以戎秩，遷之內地。 收靺鞨三千三百，盡坑之，餘衆放還平壤。 獲馬三萬疋、牛五萬頭、明光甲五千領，他器械稱是。 高麗國振駭，後黃城及銀城並自拔，數百里無復人煙。 因名所幸山爲駐蹕山，令將作造《破陣圖》，命中書侍郎許敬宗爲文勒石以紀其功。 授高延壽鴻臚卿，高惠真司農卿。 張亮又與高麗再戰于建安城下，皆破之，於是列長圍以攻焉。
The next day Yanshou saw only Li Ji's troops and moved to engage them. Taizong saw from afar the dust of Wuji's army rising and ordered drums and horns to sound together while all banners were raised at once. The enemy was terrified and was about to divide their forces to meet the attack, but their formation was already in chaos. Li Ji attacked with ten thousand foot soldiers bearing long spears, and Yanshou's army was defeated. Wuji sent his troops charging in from behind, while Taizong descended from the heights and pressed the attack. The enemy broke and fled in panic, and more than ten thousand heads were taken. Yanshou and the others gathered their remaining forces and held out in the mountains. He then ordered Wuji, Li Ji, and the others to surround them and had the Dongchuan bridge dismantled to cut off their line of retreat. Taizong reined in his horse and rode slowly past the enemy camps, then said to his attendants, "Goryeo staked the survival of the state on this campaign, yet they were broken at a single command—Heaven has blessed me! He dismounted and bowed twice to thank Heaven. Yanshou and the others crawled forward on their knees, bowed with clasped hands, and begged for mercy. Taizong selected thirty-five hundred chieftains of ru sa rank and below, granted them military ranks, and resettled them in the interior. Three thousand three hundred Mohe were captured and all executed by being thrown into a pit; the rest were released and sent back to Pyongyang. The Tang forces captured thirty thousand horses, fifty thousand oxen, five thousand suits of mingguang armor, and comparable amounts of other weapons and equipment. Goryeo was shaken with terror. Hwang Castle and Yin Castle both surrendered of their own accord, and for hundreds of li there was no longer any trace of human settlement. He named the mountain where he had halted Zhubi Shan, ordered the Directorate of Works to produce a Battle Formation Diagram, and commanded Secretariat Vice Minister Xu Jingzong to compose the text to be carved in stone commemorating the victory. Gao Yanshou was appointed Minister of Ceremonial, and Gao Huizhen was appointed Minister of Revenue. Zhang Liang fought Goryeo again below Jian'an Castle and defeated them in both engagements, then set up a long encirclement to besiege the city.
18
八月，移營安市城東，李勣遂攻安市，擁延壽等降衆營其城下以招之。 城中人堅守不動，每見太宗旄麾，必乘城鼓噪以拒焉。 帝甚怒。 李勣曰：「請破之日，男子盡誅。」 城中聞之，人皆死戰。 乃令江夏王道宗築土山，攻其城東南隅； 高麗亦埤城增雉以相抗。 李勣攻其西面，令拋石撞車壞其樓雉； 城中隨其崩壞，即立木爲柵。 道宗以樹條苞壤爲土，屯積以爲山，其中間五道加木，被土於其上，不舍晝夜，漸以逼城。 道宗遣果毅都尉傅伏愛領隊兵于山頂以防敵，土山自高而陟，排其城，城崩。 會伏愛私離所部，高麗百人自頹城而戰，遂據有土山而塹斷之，積火縈盾以自固。 太宗大怒，斬伏愛以徇。 命諸將擊之，三日不能克。
In the eighth month the army moved camp to the east of Anshi Castle. Li Ji then attacked Anshi, posting Yanshou and the other surrendered troops below the walls to persuade the city to surrender. The defenders held firm. Whenever they saw Taizong's command banner they mounted the walls, beating drums and shouting defiance. The Emperor was furious. Li Ji said, "When the city is taken, let every man be put to death. When word of this reached the city, every man fought as though facing certain death. The Emperor then ordered Prince Jiangxia Li Daozong to build an earthen mound and attack the southeastern corner of the city. Goryeo likewise raised the walls and added parapets to resist. Li Ji attacked the western side, using catapults and battering rams to destroy the towers and parapets. Inside the city, as sections of the wall collapsed, the defenders immediately put up wooden palisades. Daozong used wicker baskets woven from branches and filled with earth, stacking them to form a mound. Five wooden ramps ran through its interior, with earth heaped on top. Working day and night without rest, the mound gradually drew close to the city walls. Daozong sent Guoyi Commander Fu Fu'ai with a detachment to guard the summit against the enemy. The earthen mound rose ever higher until it pressed against the wall, which then gave way. But Fu'ai had left his post without permission. A hundred Goryeo soldiers sallied from the breach, seized the earthen mound, cut trenches to isolate it, and piled fires around their shields to fortify the position. Taizong was enraged and had Fu'ai beheaded as an example to the army. He ordered his generals to attack and retake it, but after three days they still had not succeeded.
19
太宗以遼東倉儲無幾，士卒寒凍，乃詔班師。 曆其城，城中皆屏聲偃幟，城主登城拜手奉辭。 太宗嘉其堅守，賜絹百匹，以勵事君之節。
With Liaodong's stores nearly exhausted and his soldiers suffering from cold, Taizong issued orders to withdraw the army. As the army marched past the city, everyone within fell silent and lowered their banners. The city lord mounted the wall, bowed with clasped hands, and offered his farewell. Taizong praised their steadfast defense, granted them one hundred bolts of silk, and thereby honored their loyalty in serving their lord.
20
初。 攻陷遼東城，其中抗拒王師，應沒爲奴婢者一萬四千人，並遣先集幽州，將分賞將士。 太宗湣其父母妻子一朝分散，令有司准其直，以布帛贖之，赦爲百姓。 其衆歡呼之聲，三日不息。 高延壽自降後，常積歎，尋以憂死。 惠真竟至長安。
Earlier: When Liaodong Castle had been taken, fourteen thousand people who had resisted the imperial army and were to be enslaved had been sent ahead to assemble at Youzhou, where they were to be divided as rewards among the officers and soldiers. Taizong took pity on them—their parents, wives, and children torn apart overnight—and ordered the officials to assess their value and use cloth and silk to redeem them, restoring them as common people. Their shouts of joy did not cease for three days. After his surrender Gao Yanshou was often sunk in sighs, and before long he died of grief. Huizhen eventually reached Chang'an.
21
二十年，高麗遣使來謝罪，並獻二美女。 太宗謂其使曰：「歸謂爾主，美色者，人之所重。 爾之所獻，信爲美麗。 憫其離父母兄弟于本國，留其身而忘其親，愛其色而傷其心，我不取也。」 並還之。
In the twentieth year Goryeo sent envoys to apologize and also presented two beautiful women. Taizong told the envoy, "Go back and tell your lord: beauty is something people greatly value. Those you have sent are indeed beautiful. Yet I pity them, torn from their parents and brothers in their own country. To keep their bodies while forgetting their kin, to prize their beauty while breaking their hearts—I will not accept that. He sent them all back.
22
二十二年，又遣右武衛將軍薛萬徹等往青丘道伐之，萬徹渡海入鴨綠水，進破其泊灼城，俘獲甚衆。 太宗又命江南造大船，遣陝州刺史孫伏伽召募勇敢之士，萊州刺史李道裕運糧及器械，貯于烏胡島，將欲大舉以伐高麗。 未行而帝崩。 高宗嗣位，又命兵部尚書任雅相、左武衛大將軍蘇定方、左驍衛大將軍契苾何力等前後討之，皆無大功而還。
In the twenty-second year the Emperor again sent Right Wuwei General Xue Wanche and others by the Qingqiu route to attack Goryeo. Wanche crossed the sea into the Yalu River, advanced, and captured Bozhuo Castle, taking a great many captives and spoils. Taizong also ordered large ships built in the Jiangnan region, sent Shaan Prefect Sun Fuga to recruit brave men, and had Laizhou Prefect Li Daoyu transport grain and equipment to Wuhu Island, intending to launch a major campaign against Goryeo. Before this could be carried out the Emperor died. When Gaozong succeeded to the throne, he again sent Minister of War Ren Yaxiang, Left Wuwei Grand General Su Dingfang, Left Xiaowei Grand General Qibi Heli, and others on successive campaigns against Goryeo, but all returned without achieving any great success.
23
二年二月，勣度遼至新城，謂諸將曰：「新城是高麗西境鎮城，最爲要害。 若不先圖，余城未易可下。」 遂引兵於新城西南，據山築柵，且攻且守，城中窘迫，數有降者，自此所向克捷。 高藏及男建遣太大兄男產將首領九十八人，持帛幡出降，且請入朝。 勣以禮延接。 男建猶閉門固守。
In the second month of the second year Li Ji crossed the Liao and reached Xincheng. He told his generals, "Xincheng is the key fortress on Goryeo's western frontier—the most critical strongpoint of all. If we do not take it first, the remaining cities will not be easy to capture. He then moved his troops to the southwest of Xincheng, seized the heights, and built palisades, attacking while holding his ground. Hard-pressed within the city, many surrendered in succession, and from that point onward his campaigns met with success wherever he turned. Gaozang and Nangjian sent their taedaegong Nangchan with ninety-eight chieftains, carrying silk banners to surrender and requesting permission to come to court. Li Ji received them with full courtesy. Nangjian still shut the gates and continued to hold out.
24
高麗國舊分爲五部，有城百七十六，戶六十九萬七千； 乃分其地置都督府九、州四十一、縣一百，又置安東都護府以統之。 擢其酋渠有功者授都督、刺史及縣令，與華人參理百姓。 乃遣左武衛將軍薛仁貴總兵鎮之，其後頗有逃散。
Formerly Goryeo had been divided into five regions, with 176 cities and 697,000 households. The Tang then divided its territory into nine area commands, forty-one prefectures, and one hundred counties, and established the Andong Protectorate to govern them. Distinguished tribal leaders who had rendered service were appointed area commanders, prefects, and county magistrates, and were paired with Chinese officials to govern the people jointly. The court then dispatched Left Wuwei General Xue Rengui to command the garrison, but afterward many people fled and dispersed.
25
儀鳳中，高宗授高藏開府儀同三司、遼東都督，封朝鮮王，居安東，鎮本蕃爲主。 高藏至安東，潛與靺鞨相通謀叛。 事覺，召還，配流邛州，並分徙其人，散向河南、隴右諸州，其貧弱者留在安東城傍。
During the Yifeng era Gaozong granted Gaozang the title of Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with honors equal to those of the Three Ducal Ministers, appointed him Liaodong Area Commander, and enfeoffed him as King of Joseon, with his seat at Andong to rule his native realm as its sovereign. When Gao Zang arrived at Andong, he secretly colluded with the Mohe to plot rebellion. Once the plot was uncovered, Gao Zang was recalled and exiled to Qiongzhou. His followers were broken up and resettled across Henan and Longyou, while only the poorest and weakest were left near Andong.
26
男生以儀鳳初卒于長安，贈并州大都督。 子獻誠，授右衛大將軍，兼令羽林衛上下。 天授中，則天嘗內出金銀實物，令宰相及南北衙文武官內擇善射者五人共賭之。 內史張光輔先讓獻誠爲第一，獻誠復讓右玉鈐衛大將軍薛吐摩支，摩支又讓獻誠。 既而獻誠奏曰：「陛下令簡能射者五人，所得者多非漢官。 臣恐自此已後，無漢官工射之名，伏望停寢此射。」 則天嘉而從之。
Namseng died at Chang'an in the early Yifeng period and was posthumously appointed Grand Commander of Bingzhou. His son Hyeonseong was made Grand General of the Right Guard and placed in command of the whole Imperial Guard. In the Tianshou era, Empress Wu once brought gold, silver, and other valuables out from the inner palace and ordered the chancellors and the civil and military officials of both courts to choose five skilled archers and hold a contest for the prizes. Inner Secretary Zhang Guangfu first conceded first place to Hyeonseong; Hyeonseong then yielded it to Xue Tumozhi, Grand General of the Right Jade Command Guard; Tumozhi in turn yielded it back to Hyeonseong. Hyeonseong then submitted a memorial: 'Your Majesty ordered five skilled archers to be chosen, yet most of those selected were not Han officials. I fear that from now on no Han official will be known for excellence in archery. I humbly ask that this contest be abolished. Empress Wu praised him and granted his request.
27
時酷吏來俊臣嘗求貨於獻誠，獻誠拒而不答，遂爲俊臣所構，誣其謀反，縊殺之。 則天后知其冤，贈右羽林衛大將軍，以禮改葬。
The notorious official Lai Junchen had once demanded bribes from Hyeonseong; when Hyeonseong refused, Junchen fabricated charges of treason against him and had him strangled. When Empress Wu learned of the injustice done to him, she posthumously made him Grand General of the Right Imperial Guard and had him reburied with full honors.
28
百濟國，本亦扶餘之別種，嘗爲馬韓故地，在京師東六千二百里，處大海之北，小海之南。 東北至新羅，西渡海至越州，南渡海至倭國，北渡海至高麗。 其王所居有東西兩城。 所置內官曰內臣佐平，掌宣納事； 內頭佐平，掌庫藏事； 內法佐平，掌禮儀事； 衛士佐平，掌宿衛兵事； 朝廷佐平，掌刑獄事； 兵官佐平，掌在外兵馬事。 又外置六帶方，管十郡，其用法：叛逆者死，籍沒其家； 殺人者，以奴婢三贖罪； 官人受財及盜者，三倍追贓，仍終身禁錮。 凡諸賦稅及風土所產，多與高麗同。 其王服大袖紫袍，青錦褲，烏羅冠，金花爲飾，素皮帶，烏革履。 官人盡緋爲衣，銀花飾冠。 庶人不得衣緋紫。 歲時伏臘，同於中國。 其書籍有《五經》、子、史，又表疏並依中華之法。
The kingdom of Baekje was originally a separate offshoot of Buyeo, occupying what had once been the land of Mahan. It stood six thousand two hundred li east of the capital, north of the Great Sea and south of the Little Sea. To the northeast lay Silla; west across the sea lay Yuezhou; south across the sea lay Wa; north across the sea lay Goguryeo. The king dwelt in two cities, one east and one west. Among the inner officials was the Inner Minister Assistant, charged with receiving petitions and memorials; the Inner Head Assistant, charged with the treasury; the Inner Rites Assistant, charged with ritual and ceremony; the Guard Assistant, charged with the palace guard; the Court Assistant, charged with prisons and punishments; and the Military Assistant, charged with field armies and cavalry. Beyond the capital six Daifang districts governed ten commanderies. By their laws, traitors were executed and their families forfeited; murderers could atone with three slaves; officials who took bribes or stole were required to repay triple the amount and were imprisoned for life. Their taxes and native products were for the most part the same as Goguryeo's. The king wore a purple robe with wide sleeves, blue brocade trousers, a black gauze crown trimmed with gold flowers, a plain leather belt, and black leather shoes. All officials dressed in scarlet and wore crowns ornamented with silver flowers. Commoners were forbidden to wear scarlet or purple. Their seasonal rites at the summer and winter festivals followed the same calendar as China. They possessed the Five Classics and works of masters and histories, and their memorials and petitions were drafted according to Chinese forms.
29
武德四年，其王扶餘璋遣使來獻果下馬。 七年，又遣大臣奉表朝貢。 高祖嘉其誠款，遣使就冊爲帶方郡王、百濟王。 自是歲遣朝貢，高祖撫勞甚厚。 因訟高麗閉其道路，不許來通中國，詔遣硃子奢往和之。 又相與新羅世爲仇敵，數相侵伐。
In the fourth year of Wude, King Buyeo Jang sent envoys bearing tribute of pony-sized horses. In the seventh year he again sent high ministers with a memorial and tribute. Emperor Gaozu commended his sincerity and dispatched envoys to invest him as King of Daifang Commandery and King of Baekje. Thereafter tribute came every year, and Gaozu received the envoys with exceptional generosity. When they complained that Goguryeo had blocked their route and denied them passage to China, the court sent Zhu Zishe to mediate. They and Silla were hereditary enemies and repeatedly invaded each other's territory.
30
十五年，璋卒，其子義慈遣使奉表告哀。 太宗素服哭之，贈光祿大夫，賻物二百段，遣使冊命義慈爲柱國，封帶方郡王、百濟王。
In the fifteenth year Jang died; his son Uija sent envoys with a memorial of mourning. Emperor Taizong put on plain mourning and wept for him, posthumously appointing him Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and sending two hundred lengths of burial goods. Envoys were dispatched to invest Uija as Pillar of State and enfeoff him as King of Daifang Commandery and King of Baekje.
31
十六年，義慈興兵伐新羅四十餘城，又發兵以守之，與高麗和親通好，謀欲取党項城以絕新羅入朝之路。 新羅遣使告急請救。 太宗遣司農丞相里玄獎齎書告諭兩蕃，示以禍福。 及太宗親征高麗，百濟懷二，乘虛襲破新羅十城。 二十二年，又破其十餘城。 數年之中，朝貢遂絕。
In the sixteenth year Uija marched against Silla and seized more than forty of its cities, leaving troops to hold them. He allied and intermarried with Goguryeo and plotted to take Tangut city and sever Silla's road to the Tang court. Silla sent envoys in desperate appeal for aid. Taizong sent Li Xuanjiang, Director of the Directorate of Palace Supplies, bearing letters to admonish both kingdoms and show them the consequences of peace and war. When Taizong marched in person against Goguryeo, Baekje turned disloyal and took advantage of the opening to seize ten Silla cities. In the twenty-second year Baekje captured more than ten Silla cities again. Within a few years tribute missions ceased altogether.
32
高宗嗣位，永徽二年，始又遣使朝貢。 使還，降璽書與義慈曰：
After Gaozong succeeded to the throne, Baekje resumed sending tribute envoys in the second year of Yonghui. When the envoys returned, the emperor issued a sealed letter to Uija, saying:
33
至如海東三國，開基自久，並列疆界，地實犬牙。 近代已來，遂構嫌隙。 戰爭交起，略無寧歲。 遂令三韓之氓，命懸刀俎，尋戈肆憤，朝夕相仍。 朕代天理物，載深矜湣。 去歲王及高麗、新羅等使並來入朝，朕命釋茲讎怨，更敦款穆。 新羅使金法敏奏書：「高麗、百濟，脣齒相依，競舉兵戈，侵逼交至。 大城重鎮，並爲百濟所並； 疆宇日蹙，威力並謝。 乞詔百濟，令歸所侵之城。 若不奉詔，即自興兵打取。 但得故地，即請交和。」 朕以其言既順，不可不許。 昔齊桓列土諸侯，尚存亡國； 況朕萬國之主，豈可不恤危籓！ 王所兼新羅之城，並宜還其本國； 新羅所獲百濟俘虜，亦遣還王。 然後解患釋紛，韜戈偃革，百姓獲息肩之願，三蕃無戰爭之勞。 比夫流血邊亭，積屍疆場，耕織並廢，士女無聊，豈可同年而語矣！ 王若不從進止，朕已依法敏所請，任其與王決戰； 亦令約束高麗，不許遠相救恤。 高麗若不承命，即令契丹諸蕃渡遼澤入抄掠。 王可深思朕言，自求多福，審圖良策，無貽後悔。
The three kingdoms east of the sea each had deep roots; their borders lay adjacent, their territories intertwined like jagged teeth. In recent times suspicion and hostility had grown among them. War followed war, and there was scarcely a year of peace. The people of the Three Han lived with their lives on the block, seizing weapons in rage day and night without rest. I hold Heaven's mandate to govern all under Heaven, and my heart is deeply moved with compassion. Last year envoys from your kingdom, Goguryeo, and Silla all attended court. I ordered that old feuds be set aside and good relations renewed. The Silla envoy Kim Beopmin submitted a memorial: 'Goguryeo and Baekje stand like lip and teeth; both have raised armies and pressed their attacks upon us in turn. Major cities and strategic strongholds have all been seized by Baekje; Our territory shrinks day by day, and our strength is nearly gone. We beg that Baekje be commanded to return the cities it has taken. If they refuse the edict, we shall raise troops ourselves and take them back by force. Once our lands are restored, we seek only peace.' Their petition was reasonable; I could not refuse it. In antiquity Duke Huan of Qi, leader among the feudal lords, still preserved states on the brink of extinction; How much more, as sovereign of all nations, can I fail to pity a tributary state in peril! The Silla cities you hold should all be returned to Silla; Silla should also return to you the Baekje captives it holds. Then grievances would be resolved, arms laid down, the people given relief from their burdens, and the three kingdoms spared the toll of war. Surely this is not to be compared with blood shed at the frontier, corpses piled on the battlefield, fields left untilled, and men and women left destitute! If you do not comply, I have already granted Beopmin's request and will allow Silla to settle matters with you in battle; I shall also restrain Goguryeo and forbid it to come to your aid from afar. If Goguryeo disobeys, I shall order the Khitan and other tribes to cross the Liao marshes and raid its lands. Consider my words carefully, seek your own advantage, choose wisely, and do not invite regret.
34
六年，新羅王金春秋又表稱百濟與高麗、靺鞨侵其北界，已沒三十餘城。 顯慶五年，命左衛大將軍蘇定方統兵討之，大破其國。 虜義慈及太子隆、小王孝演、偽將五十八人等送于京師，上責而宥之。 其國舊分爲五部，統郡三十七，城二百，戶七十六萬。 至是乃以其地分置熊津、馬韓、東明等五都督府，各統州縣，立其酋渠爲都督、刺史及縣令。 命右衛郎將王文度爲熊津都督，總兵以鎮之。 義慈事親以孝行聞，友于兄弟，時人號「海東曾、閔」。 及至京，數日而卒。 贈金紫光祿大夫、衛尉卿，特許其舊臣赴哭。 送就孫皓、陳叔寶墓側葬之，並爲豎碑。
In the sixth year King Kim Chunchu of Silla again reported that Baekje, Goguryeo, and the Mohe had invaded its northern frontier and taken more than thirty cities. In the fifth year of Xianqing he sent Left Guard Grand General Su Dingfang at the head of an army to punish Baekje and inflicted a crushing defeat on the kingdom. Uija was taken captive, together with Crown Prince Yong, Prince Hyoyeon, and fifty-eight rebel generals, and sent to the capital. The emperor rebuked them but spared their lives. Baekje had been divided into five districts, with thirty-seven commanderies, two hundred cities, and seven hundred sixty thousand households. Its territory was then divided into five protectorates—Ungjin, Mahan, Dongmyeong, and others—each governing prefectures and counties, with local chieftains appointed protector, prefect, and magistrate. Wang Wendu, Regiment Commander of the Right Guard, was made Protector of Ungjin and left to garrison the region with troops. Uija was known for filial devotion and brotherly harmony; contemporaries called him 'the Zeng and Min of the Eastern Sea.' He died within days of reaching the capital. He was posthumously made Golden Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and Minister of the Court for Imperial Insignia, and his former ministers were allowed to attend his mourning. He was buried beside the tombs of Sun Hao and Chen Shubao, and a stele was erected for him.
35
文度濟海而卒。 百濟僧道琛、舊將福信率衆據周留城以叛。 遣使往倭國，迎故王子扶余豐，立爲王。 其西部、北部並翻城應之。 時郎將劉仁願留鎮於百濟府城，道琛等引兵圍之。 帶方州刺史劉仁軌代文度統衆，便道發新羅兵合契以救仁願，轉鬥而前，所向皆下。 道琛等於熊津江口立兩柵以拒官軍，仁軌與新羅兵四面夾擊之，賊衆退走入柵，阻水橋狹，墮水及戰死萬餘人。 道琛等乃釋仁願之圍，退保任存城。 新羅兵士以糧盡引還，時龍朔元年三月也。
Wang Wendu died while crossing the sea. The Baekje monk Dojun and the former general Boksin raised troops, seized Zhouliu city, and rebelled. They sent envoys to Wa to bring back the former prince Buyeo Pung and install him as king. Cities across the western and northern districts rose in support. Regiment Commander Liu Rengyuan was left to garrison the Baekje prefectural seat; Dojun and his allies besieged him there. Daifang Prefect Liu Rengui took command in Wang Wendu's place, marched Silla troops by the nearest route under sealed orders to relieve Liu Rengyuan, fought his way forward, and took every place he attacked. Dojun's forces built two palisades at the Ungjin estuary to block the Tang army. Rengui and the Silla troops attacked from four sides. The rebels fell back into the palisades; jammed at the narrow bridges over the water, more than ten thousand drowned or were killed. Dojun then lifted the siege of Liu Rengyuan and withdrew to Imchang. The Silla troops withdrew for lack of supplies. It was the third month of the first year of Longshuo.
36
於是道琛自稱領軍將軍，福信自稱霜岑將軍，招誘叛亡，其勢益張。 使告仁軌曰：「聞大唐與新羅約誓，百濟無問老少，一切殺之。 然後以國府新羅。 與其受死，豈若戰亡！ 所以聚結自固守耳！」 仁軌作書，具陳禍福，遣使諭之。 道琛等恃衆驕倨，置仁軌之使於外館。 傳語謂曰：「使人官職小，我是一國大將，不合自參。」 不答書遣之。 尋而福信殺道琛，並其兵衆，扶余豐但主祭而已。
Dojun styled himself General-in-Chief and Boksin General of Frost Peak, gathering deserters and rebels until their power grew steadily. They sent word to Liu Rengui: 'We hear that Tang and Silla have sworn to slaughter every Baekje person, young and old alike. Then to turn the kingdom over to Silla. Better to die fighting than submit to slaughter! That is why we have gathered to hold out in defense. Liu Rengui wrote in reply, setting forth the consequences of peace and war, and sent an envoy to explain. Dojun and his allies, confident in their numbers, were haughty and lodged Liu Rengui's envoy in an outer guesthouse. They sent word: 'Your envoy's rank is too low. I am a great general of an independent state; it is not fitting that I receive him in person. They gave no written reply and dismissed him. Soon afterward Boksin killed Dojun and took over his troops; Buyeo Pung was left with nothing but ceremonial authority.
37
二年七月，仁願、仁軌等率留鎮之兵，大破福信余衆于熊津之東，拔其支羅城及尹城、大山、沙井等柵，殺獲甚衆。 仍令分兵以鎮守之。 福信等以真峴城臨江高險，又當沖要，加兵守之。 仁軌引新羅之兵乘夜薄城，四面攀堞而上，比明而入據其城，斬首八百級，遂通新羅運糧之路。 仁願乃奏請益兵，詔發淄、青、萊、海之兵七千人，遣左威衛將軍孫仁師統衆浮海赴熊津，以益仁願之衆。 時福信既專其兵權，與撫余豐漸相猜貳。 福信稱疾，臥於窟室，將候扶余豐問疾，謀襲殺之。 扶余豐覺而率其親信掩殺福信，又遣使往高麗及倭國請兵以拒官軍。 孫仁師中路迎擊，破之。 遂與仁願之衆相合，兵勢大振。 於是仁師、仁願及新羅王金法敏帥陸軍進，劉仁軌及別帥杜爽、扶余隆率水軍及糧船，自熊津江往白江以會陸軍，同趨周留城。 仁軌遇扶余豐之衆于白江之口，四戰皆捷。 焚其舟四百艘，賊衆大潰，扶余豐脫身而走。 偽王子扶余忠勝、忠志等率士女及倭衆並降。 百濟諸城皆復歸順。 孫仁師與劉仁願等振旅而還。 詔劉仁軌代仁願率兵鎮守。 乃授扶余隆熊津都督，遣還本國，共新羅和親，以招輯其餘衆。
In the seventh month of the second year Liu Rengyuan and Liu Rengui led the garrison troops to a great victory east of Ungjin over Boksin's remaining forces, taking Zhiluo city and the palisades at Yincheng, Dashan, Shajing, and elsewhere, with heavy enemy casualties. They then divided their forces to garrison the captured positions. Boksin reinforced Jinxian city, which commanded the river from steep heights and stood on a critical route. Liu Rengui led Silla troops in a night assault on the city. Scaling the walls from all sides, they took it by dawn, killing eight hundred defenders and reopening Silla's supply route. Liu Rengyuan requested reinforcements. The court ordered seven thousand men from Zi, Qing, Lai, and Hai prefectures to sail under Left Weiwei General Sun Renshi to Ungjin, bolstering Rengyuan's army. By then Boksin had seized full control of the army, and he and Buyeo Pung were growing increasingly suspicious of each other. Boksin feigned illness and withdrew to a cave, planning to ambush Buyeo Pung when he came to inquire after his health. Buyeo Pung saw through the ruse and struck first with his trusted men, killing Boksin. He then sent envoys to Goryeo and Wa seeking allies against the Tang forces. Sun Renshi intercepted them en route and routed their forces. He joined Liu Rengyuan's army, and their combined strength surged. Sun Renshi and Liu Rengyuan marched overland with King Kim Beopmin of Silla, while Liu Rengui, Du Shuang, and Buyeo Yung sailed up from the Ungjin River with the fleet and supply ships to meet them on the Ba River. Together they pushed toward Juryeong. At the mouth of the Ba River Liu Rengui met Buyeo Pung's forces and won four consecutive victories—the Battle of Baekgang. They burned four hundred enemy ships. The rebel army collapsed, and Buyeo Pung fled for his life. The rebel princes Buyeo Chungsŭng and Chungji surrendered with their soldiers, civilian followers, and Wa allies. Baekje's cities submitted once more. Sun Renshi and Liu Rengyuan led the army home in triumph. Liu Rengui was appointed to replace Liu Rengyuan as garrison commander. Buyeo Yung was installed as Protector-General of Ungjin and sent home to marry into the Silla royal house and win over the remaining Baekje people.
38
麟德二年八月，隆到熊津城，與新羅王法敏刑白馬而盟。 先祀神祇及川穀之神，而後歃血。 其盟文曰：
In the eighth month of Linde 665, Buyeo Yung reached Ungjin and sealed an alliance with King Beopmin of Silla by sacrificing a white horse. They first made offerings to the gods of heaven, earth, rivers, and valleys, then drank the oath blood. The alliance oath ran as follows:
39
往者百濟先王，迷於逆順，不敦鄰好，不睦親姻。 結托高麗，交通倭國，共爲殘暴，侵削新羅，破邑屠城，略無寧歲。 天子憫一物之失所，憐百姓之無辜，頻命行人，遣其和好。 負險恃遠，侮慢天經。 皇赫斯怒，恭行吊伐，旌旗所指，一戎大定。 固可氵豬宮汙宅，作誡來裔，塞源拔本，垂訓後昆。 然懷柔伐叛，前王之令典； 興亡繼絕，往哲之通規。 事必師古，傳諸曩冊。 故立前百濟太子司稼正卿扶余隆爲熊津都督，守其祭祀，保其桑梓。 依倚新羅，長爲與國，各除宿憾，結好和親。 恭承詔命，永爲籓服。 仍遣使人右威衛將軍魯城縣公劉仁願親臨勸諭，具宣成旨，約之以婚姻，申之以盟誓。 刑牲歃血，共敦終始； 分災恤患，恩若弟兄。 祗奉綸言，不敢失墜，既盟之後，共保歲寒。 若有棄信不恆，二三其德，興兵動衆，侵犯邊陲，明神鑒之，百殃是降，子孫不昌，社稷無守，禋祀磨滅，罔有遺餘。 故作金書鐵契，藏之宗廟，子孫萬代，無或敢犯。 神之聽之，是饗是福。
"In times past the kings of Baekje lost sight of right and wrong. They spurned their neighbors and betrayed marriage alliances, allied with Goryeo and Wa, and together ravaged Silla—razing towns, massacring cities, year after year without respite." "The Son of Heaven, grieving that all under heaven had lost its rightful order and pitying the innocent people, repeatedly sent envoys seeking peace. But you trusted in your remoteness and defied the Mandate of Heaven. The Emperor's wrath was kindled. He carried out Heaven's punitive mission, and where his banners pointed, one campaign brought total victory. "It would have been fitting to raze the palace and lay waste the royal dwellings—a warning to posterity, cutting off the evil at its root and leaving a lesson for generations to come." "Yet to show mercy while chastising rebellion is the ancient kings' precept; to restore fallen states and preserve extinguished lineages is the sages' enduring principle. We follow the ancients in this, as the old records teach. Therefore we install the former Baekje crown prince Buyeo Yung as Protector-General of Ungjin, to preserve the ancestral rites and safeguard the homeland. He shall rely on Silla as a permanent ally. Let both sides put aside old grudges and seal their friendship in marriage. Both shall obey the imperial command and remain forever as loyal vassals. The court further sends Right Weiwei General Liu Rengyuan, Duke of Lucheng, to convey the imperial will in person, cementing the alliance with marriage and binding it with solemn oaths. We sacrifice and drink the oath blood, pledging constancy from first to last; sharing each other's trials as brothers would. We shall honor this command and never fail in our duty. After swearing this oath, we shall stand together as the pine and cypress stand through winter's cold." "If either side breaks faith, turns fickle, or raises arms against the other's border, let the gods bear witness: may every affliction descend, posterity fail, the altars fall undefended, and sacrificial worship vanish without a trace." "We set down this covenant in writing on gold and iron, deposit it in the ancestral temple, and charge our descendants for ten thousand generations: let none dare breach it." "O spirits, hear and heed: accept this offering, grant this blessing."
40
劉仁軌之辭也。 歃訖，埋幣帛於壇下之吉地，藏其盟書于新羅之廟。 仁願、仁軌等既還，隆懼新羅，尋歸京師。
This was Liu Rengui's wording. When the oath was complete, they buried ceremonial silks in an auspicious spot beneath the altar and deposited the alliance text in the Silla royal shrine. Once Liu Rengyuan and Liu Rengui had departed, Buyeo Yung, fearing Silla, soon fled to the Tang capital.
41
儀鳳二年，拜光祿大夫、太常員外卿、兼熊津都督、帶方郡王，令歸本蕃，安輯餘衆。 時百濟本地荒毀，漸爲新羅所據，隆竟不敢還舊國而卒。
In 677 he was appointed Grand Master for Splendid Happiness, given concurrent appointments as Vice Minister of Rites and Protector-General of Ungjin, and enfeoffed as King of Daifang Commandery, with orders to return home and pacify the remaining Baekje people. By then Baekje's heartland lay in ruins and Silla was steadily encroaching. Buyeo Yung never dared return and died in exile.
42
其孫敬，則天朝襲封帶方郡王、授衛尉卿。 其地自此爲新羅及渤海靺鞨所分，百濟之種遂絕。
His grandson Gyeong, during Empress Wu's reign, inherited the title King of Daifang and was appointed Commandant of the Palace Guard. From that point its lands were divided between Silla and the Mohe of Bohai, and the Baekje people ceased to exist as a nation.
43
新羅國，本弁韓之苗裔也。 其國在漢時樂浪之地，東及南方俱限大海，西接百濟，北鄰高麗。 東西千里，南北二千里。 有城邑村落。 王之所居曰金城，周七八里。 衛兵三千人，設獅子隊。 文武官凡有十七等。 其王金真平，隋文帝時授上開府、樂浪郡公、新羅王。 武德四年，遣使朝貢。 高祖親勞問之，遣通直散騎侍郎庾文素往使焉，賜以璽書及畫屏風、錦彩三百段，自此朝貢不絕。 其風俗、刑法、衣服，與高麗、百濟略同，而朝服尚白。 好祭山神。 其食器作柳杯，亦以銅及瓦。 國人多金、樸兩姓，異姓不爲婚。 重元日，相慶賀燕饗，每以其日拜日月神。 又重八月十五日，設樂飲宴，賚群臣，射其庭。 婦人發繞頭，以彩及珠爲飾，發甚長美。
Silla traced its origins to the Byeonhan peoples. It occupied what had been Lelang under the Han. The eastern and southern frontiers faced the sea; Baekje lay to the west and Goryeo to the north. It measured about a thousand li east to west and two thousand li north to south. The kingdom comprised walled cities and farming villages. The royal capital, Geumseong, was surrounded by walls seven or eight li in circumference. Three thousand palace guards formed a unit called the Lion Guard. The civil and military bureaucracy had seventeen grades in all. King Kim Jinpung received from Sui Emperor Wen the titles Senior Chamberlain for the Palace Gates, Duke of Lelang, and King of Silla. In 621 Silla sent tribute envoys to the Tang court. Emperor Gaozu received them in person and sent Attendant Gentleman Yu Wensu as envoy to Silla, granting an imperial letter of appointment, painted screens, and three hundred bolts of brocade. Tribute missions continued without interruption thereafter. Its customs, laws, and dress resembled those of Goryeo and Baekje, though court robes favored white. The people were devoted to worship of mountain spirits. They drank from willow-wood cups and also used vessels of copper and earthenware. Most of the nobility belonged to the Kim and Bak clans, which did not intermarry with other surnames. New Year's Day was their greatest festival, celebrated with feasting; on that day they worshipped the sun and moon. They also celebrated the Mid-Autumn Festival on the fifteenth of the eighth month with music, feasting, gifts to officials, and archery contests in the palace courtyard. Women wore their hair wound about the head and adorned with colored silk and pearls; their hair was famously long and beautiful.
44
高祖既聞海東三國舊結怨隙，遞相攻伐，以其俱爲蕃附，務在和睦，乃問其使爲怨所由。 對曰：「先是百濟往伐高麗，詣新羅請救，新羅發兵大破百濟國，因此爲怨，每相攻伐。 新羅得百濟王，殺之，怨由此始。」 七年，遣使冊拜金真平爲柱國，封樂浪郡王、新羅王。
Learning that the three Korean kingdoms had long been at war, Emperor Gaozu—wishing harmony among his vassals—asked the Silla envoy what lay at the root of their enmity. The envoy answered: "Baekje once invaded Goryeo and asked Silla for help. Silla sent troops and routed Baekje. From that defeat the feud began, and the two kingdoms have fought ever since. Silla captured and killed the king of Baekje—and that is where the hatred truly began. In 624 the court sent envoys to invest Kim Jinpung as Grand Guardian, Duke of Lelang, and King of Silla.
45
貞觀五年，遣使獻女樂二人，皆鬒發美色。 太宗謂侍臣曰：「朕聞聲色之娛，不如好德。 且山川阻遠，懷土可知。 近日林邑獻白鸚鵡，尚解思鄉，訴請還國。 鳥猶如此，況人情乎！ 朕湣其遠來，必思親戚，宜付使者，聽遣還家。」
In 631 Silla sent two female musicians as tribute, both dark-haired and beautiful. Emperor Taizong told his ministers: "I have heard that the pleasures of music and beauty are no match for love of virtue. And these women are far from home—it is only natural that they long for their native land. Not long ago Linyi sent a white parrot that still pined for home and begged to be returned. If a bird feels thus, how much more must a human heart! I pity them for traveling so far—they must yearn for their families. Give them to the envoys and send them home."
46
是歲，真平卒，無子，立其女善德爲王，宗室大臣乙祭總知國政。 詔贈真平左光祿大夫，賻物二百段。 九年，遣使持節冊命善德柱國，封樂浪郡王、新羅王。 十七年，遣使上言：「高麗、百濟，累相攻襲，亡失數十城，兩國連兵，意在滅臣社稷。 謹遣陪臣，歸命大國，乞偏師救助。」 太宗遣相里玄獎齎璽書賜高麗曰：「新羅委命國家，不闕朝獻。 爾與百濟，宜即戢兵。 若更攻之，明年當出師擊爾國矣！」 太宗將親伐高麗，詔新羅纂集士馬，應接大軍。 新羅遣大臣領兵五萬人，入高麗南界，攻水口城，降之。
That year King Jinpung died without a male heir, and his daughter Queen Seondeok ascended the throne, with the royal minister Ije directing state affairs. The court posthumously honored Jinpung as Left Grand Master for Splendid Happiness and sent two hundred bolts of funeral gifts. In 638 envoys were sent to invest Queen Seondeok as Grand Guardian, Duke of Lelang, and Queen of Silla. In 643 Silla sent envoys with a petition: "Goryeo and Baekje have joined forces against us, seizing dozens of our cities. Their aim is nothing less than the destruction of our kingdom. We humbly send our ministers to submit to the Great State and beg for a relief force. Emperor Taizong sent Xiangli Xuanying to Goryeo with an imperial letter: "Silla has entrusted itself to our empire and never failed in its tribute duties. You and Baekje must cease hostilities at once. If you attack again, I will send an army against your kingdom next year! When Emperor Taizong prepared to invade Goryeo personally, he ordered Silla to raise troops and coordinate with the Tang forces. Silla sent a senior minister with fifty thousand men into southern Goryeo, captured Shuikou city, and forced its surrender.
47
二十一年，善德卒，贈光祿大夫，余官封並如故。 因立其妹真德爲王，加授柱國，封樂浪郡王。
In 647 Queen Seondeok died. She was posthumously honored as Grand Master for Splendid Happiness; her other titles were preserved unchanged. Her sister Queen Jindeok succeeded her, invested as Grand Guardian and enfeoffed as Duke of Lelang.
48
二十二年，真德遣其弟國相、伊贊子金春秋及其子文正來朝。 詔授春秋爲特進，文正爲左武衛將軍。 春秋請詣國學觀釋奠及講論，太宗因賜以所制《溫湯》及《晉祠碑》並新撰《晉書》。 將歸國，令三品以上宴餞之，優禮甚稱。
In 648 Queen Jindeok sent her brother, State Chancellor Kim Chunchu, and his son Munjeong to the Tang court. Kim Chunchu was appointed Special Advancement and Munjeong Left Wuwei General. Chunchu asked to visit the Imperial Academy for the sacrificial rites and scholarly debates. Taizong gifted him his own writings "On the Hot Springs" and "Inscription for the Jin Shrine," along with the newly compiled Book of Jin. Before their departure, officials of third rank and above were ordered to give them a farewell banquet; the hospitality was lavish and widely praised.
49
永徽元年，真德大破百濟之衆，遣其弟法敏以聞。 真德乃織錦作五言《太平頌》以獻之，其詞曰：「大唐開洪業，巍巍皇猷昌。 止戈戎衣定，修文繼百王。 統天崇雨施，理物體含章。 深仁偕日月，撫運邁陶唐。 幡旗既赫赫，鉦鼓何鍠鍠。 外夷違命者，翦覆被天殃。 淳風凝幽顯，遐邇競呈祥。 四時和玉燭，七曜巡萬方。 維嶽降宰輔，維帝任忠良。 五三成一德，昭我唐家光。」 帝嘉之，拜法敏爲太府卿。
In 650 Queen Jindeok won a great victory over Baekje and sent her brother Kim Beopmin to report the news. Queen Jindeok wove a brocade bearing a five-character "Ode to Great Peace" and presented it. It read: "Great Tang opens its vast enterprise; imperial design rises noble and bright. Warfare ceases and armor is laid aside; culture flourishes, succeeding the sage kings of old. Heaven's mandate is honored; nourished as by gentle rain; all creation is governed with hidden grace. Deep benevolence shines like sun and moon; governing the age, surpassing even Yao and Tang. Banners blaze in splendor; drums and gongs resound. Foreign peoples who defy the mandate are struck down, overwhelmed by Heaven's wrath. Virtue pervades seen and unseen worlds; near and far alike flourish with good omens. The four seasons run in harmony; the seven luminaries shine over every land. From the sacred peaks come worthy ministers; the Emperor enlists the loyal and able. In perfect harmony they serve as one; thus shines the glory of Tang. The Emperor praised the ode and appointed Kim Beopmin Grand Master of the Palace Storehouses.
50
三年，真德卒，爲舉哀。 詔以春秋嗣，立爲新羅王。 加授開府儀同三司，封樂浪郡王。 六年，百濟與高麗、靺鞨率兵侵其北界，攻陷三十餘城，春秋遣使上表求救。 顯慶五年，命左武衛大將軍蘇定方爲熊津道大總管，統水陸十萬。 仍令春秋爲嵎夷道行軍總管，與定方討平百濟，俘其王扶餘義慈，獻于闕下。 自是新羅漸有高麗、百濟之地。 其界益大，西至於海。
In 653 Queen Jindeok died, and the Tang court observed mourning rites for her. An imperial edict named Kim Chunchu as successor and invested him as King of Silla. He was further granted the title of Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments and enfeoffed as Duke of Lelang Commandery. In the sixth year Baekje, Goguryeo, and the Mohe invaded Silla's northern frontier and took more than thirty cities. Kim Chunchu sent envoys with an urgent memorial pleading for Tang aid. In 660 the court appointed Left Wuwei Grand General Su Dingfang Grand Commander of the Xiongjin Circuit with one hundred thousand troops by land and sea. Chunchu was also made Mobile Campaign Commander of the Yuyi Circuit. Alongside Su Dingfang he crushed Baekje, captured King Buyeo Uija, and brought him before the throne. From then on Silla gradually absorbed lands once held by Goguryeo and Baekje. Silla's domain expanded still further, extending west to the sea.
51
龍朔元年，春秋卒，詔其子太府卿法敏嗣位，爲開府儀同三司、上柱國、樂浪郡王、新羅王。 三年，詔以其國爲雞林州都督府，授法敏爲雞林州都督。 法敏以開耀元年卒，其子政明嗣位。 垂拱二年，政明遣使來朝，因上表請唐禮一部並雜文章，則天令所司寫《吉凶要禮》，並于《文館詞林》采其詞涉規誡者，勒成五十卷以賜之。
In 661 Kim Chunchu died. The court named his son Beopmin—already Grand Master of the Palace Storehouses—as his successor, investing him as Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments, Upper Pillar of State, Duke of Lelang, and King of Silla. In 663 the court created Silla's realm as the Jilin Prefecture Protectorate and appointed Beopmin its Protector General. Kim Beopmin died in 681; his son Kim Jeongmyeong succeeded him. In 686 King Jeongmyeong sent envoys who memorialized asking for Tang ritual texts and assorted writings. Empress Wu Zetian ordered officials to transcribe the Essential Rites for Auspicious and Inauspicious Occasions and, from the Forest of Literary Treasures, extract passages of moral counsel. The selection was compiled into fifty fascicles and presented to Silla.
52
天授三年，政明卒，則天爲之舉哀，遣使弔祭，冊立其子理洪爲新羅王。 仍令襲父輔國大將軍，行豹韜衛大將軍、雞林州都督。 理洪以長安二年卒。 則天爲之舉哀，輟朝二日。 遣立其弟興光爲新羅王，仍襲兄將軍、都督之號。 興光本名與太宗同，先天中則天改焉。
In 692 Jeongmyeong died. Wu Zetian observed mourning rites, sent envoys to mourn and sacrifice, and invested his son Kim Rihong as King of Silla. Rihong also inherited his father's posts as General Assisting the State, Acting Grand General of the Leopard-Hidden Guard, and Protector General of Jilin Prefecture. Kim Rihong died in 702. Wu Zetian again held mourning rites and suspended court for two days. She invested his younger brother Kim Seonggwang as king, who also inherited his brother's military and gubernatorial titles. Seonggwang had originally borne the same personal name as Emperor Taizong; Wu Zetian changed it during the Xiantian reign.
53
開元十六年，遣使來獻方物，又上表請令人就中國學問經教，上許之。 二十一年，渤海靺鞨越海入寇登州。 時興光族人金思蘭先因入朝留京師，拜爲太僕員外卿，至是遣歸國發兵以討靺鞨。 仍加授興光爲開府儀同三司、甯海軍使。
In 728 Seonggwang sent tribute and asked permission to send Silla subjects to study the classics in China; the Emperor agreed. In 733 the Mohe of Bohai crossed the sea and raided Dengzhou. Kim Sillan, a kinsman of Seonggwang who had stayed at the capital after an earlier embassy, had been made Vice Minister of the Imperial Stud. Now he was sent home to raise troops against the Mohe. Seonggwang was further granted Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments and made Pacification Commissioner of the Pacified Sea Army.
54
二十五年，興光卒，詔贈太子太保。 仍遣左贊善大夫邢璹攝鴻臚少卿，往新羅弔祭，並冊立其子承慶襲父開府儀同三司、新羅王。 璹將進發，上制詩序，太子以下及百僚鹹賦詩以送之。 上謂璹曰：「新羅號爲君子之國，頗知書記，有類中華。 以卿學術，善與講論，故選使充此。 到彼宜闡揚經典，使知大國儒教之盛」。 又聞其人多善奕棋，因令善棋人率府兵曹楊季鷹爲璹之副。 璹等至彼，大爲蕃人所敬。 其國棋者皆在季鷹之下，於是厚賂璹等金寶及藥物等。
Seonggwang died in 737 and was posthumously honored as Crown Prince Grand Tutor. The court sent Left Advisor Xing Shu, acting as Vice Director of the Court of Diplomatic Reception, to mourn in Silla and invest Seonggwang's son Kim Seonggyeong as King of Silla, with his father's title of Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments. Before Xing Shu set out, the Emperor wrote a preface for the farewell poems; the Crown Prince and the entire bureaucracy composed verses to send him off. The Emperor told Xing Shu: "Silla is known as a kingdom of gentlemen. Its people are well versed in writing and record-keeping, much like China. Your scholarly gifts and aptitude for discourse make you the right choice for this mission. When you arrive, expound the classics so they may see how great the Confucian civilization of the empire truly is." Hearing that Silla was a nation of keen go players, the Emperor also appointed Yang Jiying of the Commandant's office—an accomplished player—as Xing Shu's deputy. Xing Shu and his party were warmly received by the Silla court. None of Silla's players could defeat Yang Jiying. In gratitude, the court lavished gold, treasures, and medicines upon Xing Shu and his companions.
55
天寶二年，承慶卒，詔遣贊善大夫魏曜往弔祭之。 冊立其弟憲英爲新羅王，並襲其兄官爵。
In 743 King Seonggyeong died. The court sent Advisor Wei Yao to offer condolences and perform rites. His younger brother Kim Hyeongyeong was invested as king and inherited his brother's titles and offices.
56
大曆二年，憲英卒，國人立其子乾運爲王，仍遣其大臣金隱居奉表入朝，貢方物，請加冊命。 三年，上遣倉部郎中、兼御史中丞、賜紫金魚袋歸崇敬持節齎冊書往吊冊之。 以乾運爲開府儀同三司、新羅王、仍冊乾運母爲太妃。 七年，遣使金標石來賀正，授衛尉員外少卿，放還。 八年，遣使來朝，並獻金、銀、牛黃、魚牙納朝霞紬等。 九年至十二年，比歲遣使來朝，或一歲再至。
In 767 King Hyeongyeong died. The Silla court enthroned his son Kim Gyeonun and sent the minister Kim Eungun with tribute and a memorial requesting formal investiture from Tang. In 768 the Emperor sent Gui Chongjing of the Revenue Section—also serving as Censor in Chief and bearing the purple-gold fish bag—with imperial credentials and investiture documents to mourn and confirm the succession. Kim Gyeonun was invested as Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments and King of Silla; his mother was also enfeoffed as Grand Consort. In 772 envoy Kim Pyoseok came to offer New Year's congratulations. He was appointed Vice Minister of the Court of Palace Receptions and sent home. In 773 Silla sent envoys with gold, silver, bezoar, fish-tooth tribute cloth, dawn-glow silk gauze, and other goods. From 774 through 777 Silla sent envoys every year, sometimes twice in a single year.
57
建中四年，乾運卒，無子，國人立其上相金良相爲王。 貞元元年，授良相檢校太尉、都督雞林州刺史、甯海軍使、新羅王。 仍令戶部郎中蓋塤持節冊命。 其年，良相卒，立上相敬信爲王，令襲其官爵。 敬信即從兄弟也。
In 783 Gyeonun died childless. The Silla court enthroned Chief Minister Kim Yangsang. In 785 Kim Yangsang was invested as Acting Grand Commandant, Protector General and Prefect of Jilin Prefecture, Commissioner of the Pacified Sea Army, and King of Silla. Revenue Section Director Gai Xun was dispatched with imperial credentials to confer the investiture. Yangsang died the same year. Chief Minister Kim Gyeongsin succeeded him and inherited his titles. Gyeongsin was his paternal cousin.
58
十四年，敬信卒，其子先敬信亡，國人立敬信嫡孫俊邕爲王。
In 798 Gyeongsin died. His son had predeceased him, and the court enthroned his grandson Kim Junyung.
59
十六年，授俊邕開府儀同三司、檢校太尉、新羅王。 令司封郎中、兼御史中丞韋丹持節冊命。 丹至鄆州，聞俊邕卒，其子重興立，詔丹還。 永貞元年，詔遣兵部郎中元季方持節冊重興爲王。
In 800 Kim Junyung received investiture as Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments, Acting Grand Commandant, and King of Silla. Directorate of Registrations Director Wei Dan, also serving as Censor in Chief, was sent with credentials to invest him. Wei Dan reached Yunzhou and learned that Junyung had died and been succeeded by his son Kim Junghing. He was ordered to return. In 805 War Section Director Yuan Jifang was dispatched with credentials to invest Kim Junghing as king.
60
七年，重興卒，立其相金彥升爲王，遣使金昌南等來告哀。 其年七月，授彥升開府儀同三司、檢校太尉、持節大都督雞林州諸軍事，兼持節充甯海軍使、上柱國、新羅國王，彥升妻貞氏冊爲妃，仍賜其宰相金崇斌等三人戟，亦令本國准例給。 兼命職方員外郎、攝御史中丞崔廷侍節弔祭冊立，以其質子金士信副之。
In 811 Junghing died. Minister Kim Eonseung was enthroned; envoys led by Kim Changnam came to announce his death. That July Kim Eonseung was invested as Grand Master of the Palace with Honorary Three Departments, Acting Grand Commandant, Grand Protector General of Jilin Prefecture with full military authority, Commissioner of the Pacified Sea Army, Upper Pillar of State, and King of Silla. His wife Lady Jeong was enfeoffed as royal consort. Three ministers including Chancellor Kim Sungbin were granted ceremonial halberds, with orders that Silla provide comparable honors by its own custom. Directorate of Personnel Acting Chief Clerk Cui Ting, also serving as Acting Censor in Chief, was sent to mourn, sacrifice, and invest the new king. Hostage-prince Kim Sishin accompanied him as deputy.
61
十一年十一月，其入朝王子金士信等遇惡風，飄至楚州鹽城縣界，淮南節度使李鄘以聞。 是歲，新羅饑，其衆一百七十人求食於浙東。 十五年十一月，遣使朝貢。
In the eleventh month of 816, Prince Kim Sishin and his party were caught in a storm and driven ashore at Yancheng in Chuzhou. Huainan Military Governor Li Yun reported the incident to the court. That same year famine struck Silla, and one hundred seventy Silla subjects went to Zhedong seeking food. In the eleventh month of 819 Silla sent envoys with tribute.
62
倭國者，古倭奴國也。 去京師一萬四千里，在新羅東南大海中。 依山島而居，東西五月行，南北三月行，世與中國通。 其國，居無城郭，以木爲柵，以草爲屋。 四面小島五十余國，皆附屬焉。 其王姓阿每氏，置一大率，檢察諸國，皆畏附之。 設官有十二等。 其訴訟者，匍匐而前。 地多女少男。 頗有文字，俗敬佛法。 並皆跣足，以幅布蔽其前後。 貴人戴錦帽，百姓皆椎髻，無冠帶。 婦人衣純色裙，長腰襦，束發於後，佩銀花，長八寸，左右各數枝，以明貴賤等級。 衣服之制，頗類新羅。
Wa was known in antiquity as Wono. It lay fourteen thousand li from the capital, in the ocean southeast of Silla. Its people lived on mountainous islands stretching five months' sail east to west and three months north to south. It had exchanged embassies with China since antiquity. The country had no walled cities; settlements were fenced with timber and roofed with thatch. More than fifty small island realms on every side were all subject to it. The royal house bore the surname Ami. A Grand Governor oversaw the subordinate realms, and all feared and obeyed him. Its government had twelve ranks of office. Litigants approached crawling on hands and knees. Women outnumbered men. The people had a written script and widely practiced Buddhism. Everyone went barefoot and wore strips of cloth before and behind. Nobles wore brocade caps; commoners wore topknots and went without caps or belts. Women wore plain skirts and long jackets, their hair bound behind. Silver flowers eight inches long, several on each side, marked rank and status. Their dress resembled Silla custom.
63
貞觀五年，遣使獻方物。 太宗矜其道遠，敕所司無令歲貢，又遣新州刺史高表仁持節往撫之。 表仁無綏遠之才，與王子爭禮，不宣朝命而還。 至二十二年，又附新羅奉表，以通起居。
In 631 Wa sent envoys bearing tribute. Taizong, mindful of the long voyage, exempted Wa from annual tribute and sent Xinzhou Prefect Gao Biaoren with imperial credentials to reassure the realm. Gao Biaoren lacked the tact needed for distant diplomacy. He quarreled over ceremonial precedence with the Wa prince and returned without delivering the imperial message. By 648 Wa again sent word through Silla with a memorial to restore regular communication with the court.
64
日本國者，倭國之別種也。 以其國在日邊，故以日本爲名。 或曰：倭國自惡其名不雅，改爲日本。 或云：日本舊小國，併倭國之地。 其人入朝者，多自矜大，不以實對，故中國疑焉。 又云：其國界東西南北各數千里，西界、南界咸至大海，東界、北界有大山爲限，山外即毛人之國。
Japan was a distinct branch of the Wa peoples. Its name Japan—"Origin of the Sun"—reflects its position at the sun's eastern rim. Some say Wa found its old name vulgar and adopted Japan instead. Others hold that Japan began as a small kingdom that absorbed Wa's lands. Envoys from Japan often bragged extravagantly and answered questions evasively, so the Chinese court grew skeptical. They also claim their realm extends thousands of li in every direction—west and south to the ocean, east and north to great mountain ranges. Beyond those mountains lie the lands of the Hairy People.
65
長安三年，其大臣朝臣真人來貢方物。 朝臣真人者，猶中國戶部尚書，冠進德冠，其頂爲花，分而四散，身服紫袍，以帛爲腰帶。 真人好讀經史，解屬文，容止溫雅。 則天宴之於麟德殿，授司膳卿，放還本國。
In 703 the Japanese minister Ason no Mahito arrived with tribute. Ason no Mahito ranked like a Chinese Minister of Revenue. He wore the Cap of Advancing Virtue, its crown spreading like flowers in four directions, a purple robe, and a silk sash. Mahito was an avid reader of the classics and histories, skilled at prose, and gracious in bearing. Wu Zetian entertained him in Linde Hall, appointed him Master of Palace Provisions, and sent him home.
66
開元初，又遣使來朝，因請儒士授經。 詔四門助教趙玄默就鴻臚寺教之。 乃遺玄默闊幅布以爲束修之禮。 題云「白龜元年調布」。 人亦疑其偽。 所得錫賚，盡市文籍，泛海而還。 其偏使朝臣仲滿，慕中國之風，因留不去，改姓名爲朝衡，仕曆左補闕、儀王友。 衡留京師五十年，好書籍，放歸鄉，逗留不去。 天寶十二年，又遣使貢。 上元中，擢衡爲左散騎常侍、鎮南都護。 貞元二十年，遣使來朝，留學生橘免勢、學問僧空海。 元和元年，日本國使判官高階真人上言：「前件學生，藝業稍成，願歸本國，便請與臣同歸。」 從之。 開成四年，又遣使朝貢。
Early in the Kaiyuan era Japan again sent envoys who asked for Confucian scholars to teach the classics. The court ordered Four Gates Assistant Instructor Zhao Xuanno to teach them at the Court of Diplomatic Reception. They presented Zhao Xuanno with broad bolts of cloth as the customary gift to a teacher. The cloth was marked "Tribute cloth of the first year of the White Tortoise era." Many suspected the label was fraudulent. They spent every gift and stipend on books and sailed home. Deputy envoy Ason no Nakamaro, enthralled by Tang civilization, stayed behind, took the Chinese name Chao Heng, and rose to Left Remonstrance and Friend of the Prince of Yi. Chao Heng spent fifty years in the capital, amassing books. When granted leave to return home, he lingered and would not go. In 753 Japan again sent envoys with tribute. During the Shangyuan era Chao Heng was promoted to Left Regular Attendant and Protector General of the Southern Pacified Region. In 804 Japanese envoys came to court, leaving behind the student Tachibana no Mianishi and the scholar-monk Kukai. In 806 Japanese envoy Associate Chief Takashina no Mabito memorialized: "The students mentioned above have completed enough of their studies to return home. I ask that they be permitted to sail back with me. The request was granted. In 839 Japan again sent envoys with tribute.